请教Materials Letters投稿的要求

钛是同素异构体，熔点为1668℃，在低于882℃时呈密排六方晶格结构，称为α钛；在882℃以上呈体心立方晶格结构，称为β钛。利用钛的上述两种结构的不同特点，添加适当的合金元素，使其相变温度及相分含量逐渐改变而得到不同组织的钛合金（titaniumalloys）。室温下，钛合金有三种基体组织，钛合金也就分为以下三类：α合金,(α+β)合金和β合金。中国分别以TA、TC、TB表示。它是双相合金，具有良好的综合性能，组织稳定性好，有良好的韧性、塑性和高温变形性能，能较好地进行热压力加工，能进行淬火、时效使合金强化。热处理后的强度约比退火状态提高50%～100%；高温强度高，可在400℃～500℃的温度下长期工作，其热稳定性次于α钛合金。三种钛合金中最常用的是α钛合金和α+β钛合金；α钛合金的切削加工性最好，α+β钛合金次之，β钛合金最差。α钛合金代号为TA，β钛合金代号为TB，α+β钛合金代号为TC。钛合金按用途可分为耐热合金、高强合金、耐蚀合金（钛-钼，钛-钯合金等）、低温合金以及特殊功能合金（钛-铁贮氢材料和钛-镍记忆合金）等。典型合金的成分和性能见表。热处理钛合金通过调整热处理工艺可以获得不同的相组成和组织。一般认为细小等轴组织具有较好的塑性、热稳定性和疲劳强度；针状组织具有较高的持久强度、蠕变强度和断裂韧性；等轴和针状混合组织具有较好的综合性能。

没有这个牌子的

如下：1、energy <数值＞增加＜数值＞数量的能量币。只输入energy或cash，不加具体数值，会增加5000能量。2、minerals <数值＞增加＜数值＞数量的矿物。只输入minerals不加具体数值，会增加5000矿物。3、food <数值＞增加＜数值＞数量的食物。只输入food不加具体数值，会增加5000食物。4、alloys <数值＞增加＜数值＞数量的合金。只输入alloys不加具体数值，会增加5000合金。5、influence <数值＞增加＜数值＞数量的影响力。只输入influence，不加具体数值，会增加5000影响力（不开instant_build时会超过上限，所以实际只加到上限值）。6、unity <数值＞增加＜数值＞数量的凝聚力。只输入unity，不加具体数值，会增加500凝聚力。7、engineering <数值＞增加＜数值＞数量的工程学研究。只输入engineering，不加具体数值，会增加5000工程学点数。8、society <数值＞增加＜数值＞数量的社会学研究。只输入society，不加具体数值，会增加5000社会学点数。9、physics <数值＞增加＜数值＞数量的物理学研究。只输入physics，不加具体数值，会增加5000物理学点数。

高熵合金做理论其实很有意思，用传统合金的研究方式做辅助，就会发现很多有趣的结果，教科书里面的理论是有局限性的，但对科研者本身的理论功底要求较高，要比搞一般方向的高的多！经常看看文献就去图书馆看书去了

高熵合金（High-entropy alloys）简称HEA，是由五种或五种以上等量或大约等量金属形成的合金。由于高熵合金可能具有许多理想的性质，因此在材料科学及工程上相当受到重视。以往的合金中主要的金属成分可能只有一至两种。例如会以铁为基础，再加入一些微量的元素来提升其特性，因此所得的就是以铁为主的合金。过往的概念中，若合金中加的金属种类越多，会使其材质脆化，但高熵合金和以往的合金不同，有多种金属却不会脆化，是一种新的材料。

前几天上架的当乐就有，3.6G英文版，谢谢采纳

银铝合金（silver-aluminium alloys）是指银基添加铝的二元合金。

由于考虑环境保护和人类健康,采用无铅焊料已经成为一个不可避免的趋势在电子行业。在各种无铅焊料合金、锡ag铜(囊)系统已经被提出作为最有前途的替代锡铅焊料在回流应用由于其相对较低的熔点,一般优越的机械性能,和相对良好的焊接能力[1 - 3]。然而,许多问题与囊焊料仍然仍没有解决,比如最好的成分,在凝固,大型素体形成大,脆性国米金属化合物(IMC)[4]。特别是,合金与高Ag含量具有形成大Ag 3在焊料反应Sn血小板层接口,无论什么样的sub-strate[5]。然而,在满足集成电路的小型化,无铅焊料的小说与更好的性能和可靠性,从互连BGA关节是必要的。为了进一步提高性能的sn ag铜焊料合金,合金元素如过渡金属、稀土和纳米颗粒被选为这些合金的添加[-14]。例如。、铅自由焊料掺杂纳米级,无反应,无粗化氧化物dispersoids被认为是潜在的材料,可以提供更高的微观结构的稳定性和更好的力学性能比传统的焊接,如二氧化钛[7,8],2 o3(9、10)、碳化硅、氧化锆[11][12]。另一个,添加分钟数量的稀土(RE)的焊料合金被认为是一个有效的方法来提高高温性能的焊料(13、14)。稀土元素是表面活性的元素,中扮演着很重要的角色在冶金材料,如精致的微观结构、合金化和净化材料和夹杂物的蜕变。然而,在过去的十年里,中国收紧控制稀土出口通过引入出口配额,每年减少,使得稀土元素相对昂贵的[15]。

【HSLA钢】就是高强度低合金钢（HSLA是HighStrengthLowAlloys的简称），是在融化过程中加入了稀有金属，强度可以达到中强度低合金钢的两倍。由于属非热处理型，其含碳量一般均不高于0.15%；由于合金元素含量少，它们多能固溶于肥粒铁。若以商用观点而言，合金量少则成本较低，合于经济实用原则。高强度合金钢之凹槽韧性、降伏比、焊接性及耐蚀性等优于普通钢，而加工方法则与一般碳钢者无异。【HSLA钢种类】高强度低合金钢的ASTM等级编号有下列数种：ASTMA533，GradeB，用途核电厂蒸气容器等一级设备；ASTMA517，GradeF，用途桥梁结构物等；ASTMA543，Class1，用途压力容器，船舰；ASTMA542，Class1，用途化学压力容器；ASTMA203，GradeD，用途低温设备。

dying out

C150为什么要分w5打不了具体这方面的东西，我也不是很了解。

司太立（Stellite）是一种能耐各种类型磨损和腐蚀以及高温氧化的硬质合金。即通常所说的钴基合金，司太立合金由美国人Elwood Hayness 于1907年发明。司太立合金是以钴作为主要成分，含有相当数量的镍、铬、钨和少量的钼、铌、钽、钛、镧等合金元素，偶而也还含有铁的一类合金。根据合金中成分不同，它们可以制成焊丝，粉末用于硬面堆焊，热喷涂、喷焊等工艺，也可以制成铸锻件和粉末冶金件。司太立合金铸件适用于核电、石化、电力、电池、玻璃、轻工、食品等诸多领域。具有耐磨、耐蚀、抗氧化和耐高温特性。常用的产品有阀芯、阀座、轴类、轴套、泵类部件，玻璃、电池模具、喷嘴及切割刀具等。合金类别有：Co基合金铸件、Ni基合金铸件、Fe基合金铸件。司太立粉末冶金制品采用钴基、镍基或铁基合金雾化粉末，经压制、烧结、精加工制成。主要产品有阀杆、阀芯（球）、阀座、阀圈、密封环、木材锯齿、轴承泵、轴承球等。STL 是司太立（Stellite）合金的简称。

你好，该文献的正确详细信息如下，请参考，望采纳答案哦！作者：Zhijie Cao, Liuzhang Ouyang*, Yuyu Wu, Hui Wang, Jiangwen Liu, Fang Fang, Dalin Sun, Qingan Zhang, Min Zhu,文题：Dual-tuning effects of In, Al, and Ti on the thermodynamics and kinetics of Mg85In5Al5Ti5 alloy synthesized by plasma milling,期刊：J. Alloys Compd.,卷期：623年份：2015页码：354-358

是的BTW，一楼废话太多，一句话结束的问题非要长篇大论

工程材料材料的种类材料分类有很多种方法：科学家通常是根据它们的状态来：固体，液体和汽体，他们也被分为有机物和无机物两种。作为工业用途，材料分为工程材料和非工程材料，工程材料就是那些用来生产产品的零件的材料，非工程材料就是化学品，燃料，润滑品和其他用于生产过程中但不是产品的一部分的材料。这样分其实不太精确。工程材料还可以分为：1.金属2.聚合物3.陶制品4.化合物、第四种材料通常由两种或更多的工程材料组成的。化合物中的每种原材料还保留其原有的物性。例如化合物包含有木材，混凝土，玻璃纤维，涤纶和石墨等高级复合材料。普通金属材料纯金属很少用于普通的工业生产中。纯铜主要用于电器设备，汽车引擎的冷却器和垫圈中。纯铝在化学和电气工程中有应用。但是绝大多数金属是合金。有超过25000种铁碳合金和超过200种标准铜合金，包括青铜，黄铜，和镍黄铜。这些合金都有一个编号来区分他们。

可以。成为journalofalloysandcompounds期刊评审人需要良好的职业情操，大公无私，也需要优秀的职业素养，可以说主编恰恰吻合这些条件。

astma470里面没有type316这个牌号。他是a、b、c、d、e这5个级别，化学成分与316相差很远。主要用途是转子和轴类零件用。astma313316是弹性的丝astma182f316是锻制法兰管件用316，具体要求可以参见标准。

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有热处理可强化铝合金：包括硬铝合金、超硬铝合金、锻造铝合金；还有热处理不可强化的铝合金。主要是各种防锈铝合金。在航空、汽车、造船、建筑、化工、机械等各工业部门有广泛应用。 变形铝合金可分为两大类，第一类是热处理非强化型，第二类是可热处理强化型。 主要变形铝合金的化学成份(Chemical Composition Limit Of Aluminum Alloys) 　　合金牌号 硅Si 铁Fe 铜Cu 锰Mn 镁Mg 铬Cr 锌Zn 钛Ti 其它 铝 变形铝合金的退火可分为：铸锭的均匀化退火、热加工合金的预先退火、冷变形工序间的再结晶退火、半成品出厂前的成品退火。变形铝合金主要控制冷却速度,加热温度在300左右,风冷或水冷.大件风冷小件水冷完全退火主要对非热处理强化的和热处理强化的锻造合金，通过完全退火获得最软、延性最好、最易加工的状态；一般采用300摄氏度以下温度。消除应力退火主要对于冷作加工的锻造合金，仅仅为消除应变硬化影响；常采用345摄氏度以下温度，不需很长的保温时间。铸造铝合金件退火在315~345摄氏度保温2~4小时即可。

不导电。铁基材料不导电，但铁基材料导电性能差，而且循环充放电中的体积效应将导致电极材料的粉化，与集流体分离，使其电化学性能快速衰减。铁基合金（Ironbasealloys）是硬面材料中使用量大而广的一类，这类材料最大的特点是综合性能良好。

能源 cash 1231231矿物 minerals 351353食物 food 2135135合金 alloys 5135135影响力 influence 321353凝聚力 unity 415153工业科研点数 engineering 131353社会研究点数 society 5313513物理学点数 physics 5135135research_all_technologies研究所有科技瞬间建造 instant_build瞬间调查 survey舰船无敌 invincible瞬间完成当前科技 finish_research添加一个成长中的人口至选中的星球10=1单位 grow_pops 100执行末日10 开始 ，100 群虫女王，1000 次元入侵者 2000 AI 暴乱 event crisis.1000增加选中星球的幸福度 planet_happiness 100调整星球和地表块的大小 planet_size 50effect add_deposit = d_minerals_10 X最小1，最大10 矿物 effect add_deposit = d_energy_10 电力effect add_deposit = d_alloys_5 Y最小1，最大5 合金effect add_deposit = d_living_metal_deposit 活金属1effect add_deposit = d_rare_crystals_5 稀有水晶effect add_deposit = d_exotic_gases_5 异星天然气effect add_deposit = d_volatile_motes_5 高爆粉尘skills 10 人物满级activate_ascension_perk ap_enigmatic_engineering 加天机工程activate_ascension_perk ap_colossus巨像计划activate_ascension_perk ap_xeno_compatibility跨物种杂交activate_ascension_perk ap_imperial_prerogative帝都特权activate_ascension_perk ap_evolutionary_mastery掌控进化activate_ascension_perk ap_engineered_evolution设计进化activate_ascension_perk ap_galactic_force_projection星河力量投射activate_ascension_perk ap_arcology_project理想城计划

silversilversil.verAHD:[s¹l“v…r] D.J.[6s!lv*]K.K.[6s!lv+]n.（名词）Symbol Ag A lustrous white, ductile, malleable metallic element, occurring both uncombined and in ores such as argentite, having the highest thermal and electrical conductivity of the metals. It is highly valued for jewelry, tableware, and other ornamental use and is widely used in coinage, photography, dental and soldering alloys, electrical contacts, and printed circuits. Atomic number 47; atomic weight 107.868; melting point 960.8=C; boiling point 2,212=C; specific gravity 10.50; valence 1, 2.See table at element 符号 Ag 银：一种白色有光泽、韧性的可延展的金属元素，单独或结合在铁矿石如银辉石中，在金属中导热和导电性能最好。用它作珠宝，银器和其它装饰品时价格很高，还广泛用于铸币、照相、镶牙用和焊接用的合金、电接触器和印刷电路。原子序数47；原子量107.868；熔点960.8=C；沸点2,212=C；比重10.50；原子价1或2参见 elementThis metallic element as a commodity or medium of exchange.交易的钱币：作为商品或交换媒介的这种金属元素Coins made of this metallic element.银币：用这种金属制成的铸币

成份：铜Cu3.0-4.0Max；镁Mg0.1Max；铁Fe2.0Max；锌Zn3.0Max；锰Mn0.5Max；镍Ni0.5Max； 锡Sn0.35Max。A380型铝合金特点：易铸模，便于机械加工，热传导好等特性。A380型铝合金用途：运用于各种产品，包括电机设备的底盘，引擎支架，变速箱，家具，发电机和手工工具。扩展资料 焊接A380铝合金注意事项：1、在热水顶用硬毛刷细心地洗刷焊接接头。2、将焊件在温度为60-80℃、质量分数为2%～3%的铬酐水溶液或重溶液中浸洗约5-10min，并用硬毛刷细心洗刷。 3、在热水中冲刷洗刷焊件。4、将焊件用热空气吹干或在100℃枯燥箱内烘干。材料牌号: A380标准： AA国家与地区： USA金属类别： Aluminium Alloy次级类别： Aluminum Alloys in the Form of Die Castings and Ingot化学成分 (%)Al (*) 余量Cu 3.0000 － 4.0000Fe 0.6000 －1.3000Mn 0.1000 － 0.5000Ni 0.1000 － 0.5000Si 7.5000 － 9.5000Zn 0.1000 － 3.0000

另外，磁性转变温度和结构转变温度并不相等。comma(站内联系TA)奥氏体具有顺磁性。hehuan51888(站内联系TA)不能说奥氏体不锈钢无磁性。一般，奥氏体不锈钢里含有少量的铁素体相。奥氏体相没有磁性，铁素体有磁性，但是当铁素体含量越低，磁性越弱。所以单纯的用磁铁来验证不能说明问题。stanley_chou(站内联系TA)你是不是想知道什么导致的磁性啊wangyujia(站内联系TA)Originally posted by stanley_chou at 2010-10-11 19:36:07: 你是不是想知道什么导致的磁性啊 这个我知道，就是原子磁矩的排列问题。在低温下，铁素体中铁的磁矩按规则排列了，就产生了宏观铁磁性。而奥氏体却没有这样的转变，很奇怪。lkmilk(站内联系TA)只知道奥氏体转变温度在居里点以上 居里点以上就没磁性了wangyujia(站内联系TA)Originally posted by lkmilk at 2010-10-11 20:07:06: 大致看了看，应该是奥氏体的居里点降低了。 Several characteristics of Fe-Ni-Co alloys differ from the binary Fe-Ni alloys used in reverse martensite transformation investigations. Both anstenitic and martensitic phases are ferromagnetic with high saturation and Curie temperatures substantially above room temperature. 12 Conversely, in Fe-Ni alloys containing about 30 at. pct Ni, ferromagnetic saturation induction and Curie temperature are considerably reduced in the austenite phase. 不锈钢是Fe-Cr-Ni，估计和Fe-Ni体系比较接近。 其面心立方结构决定了其为顺磁性 我找到原因了，并不是结构问题，而是居里点发生了变化。

Journal of Alloys and Compounds《合金与化合物杂志》荷兰的一个出版物。这是一个研究材料科学与固态化学和物理的交叉学科杂志。

轻质合金 [网络] light alloys; light alloy; [例句]它们由黄铜、钢或轻质合金制成，且通过滚子引导。They are made from brass, steel or light alloy, and they are guided on the rollers.

AlMgSiSnBi是德国标准的环保型无铅铝合金。Alloy AlMgSiSnBi is developed specifically for electronics and automotive industry for machining applications and it is renowned for good machining characteristics and excellent anodizing response. Used for automotive brake components, hydraulic valve blocks and many other applications. AlMgSiSnBi alloy is replacement for 6012 and 6262, where lead is replaced with tin and bismuth and retains all the technological properties of the original alloys.

食品级不锈钢 Stainless steel grades Type 304, 316, and 430-L are often specified as alloys for food contact. 简单中文意思：食品机械接触食品的部分，必须符合一定食品安全的要求。因为，食品制作过程要使用很多酸碱，必须用不锈钢；而不锈钢含铬，不合格的不锈钢，会溶出各种价位的铬，有毒；而且，要求限制铅、镉等多种合金杂质元素的含量。

ERNICR-3 需要的话可以联系我--赛尚合金，镍基合金库存商 还有配套焊丝 焊条

群星秘籍没有公布。《群星》是由Paradox Interactive研发的一款太空策略类游戏。游戏中包含了大量的外星种族和紧凑的游戏剧情，玩家在游戏中会对各个星系根据顺序先后进行探索，并遇到遇到多种多样的有趣的外星生物和随机产生的敌人。背景设定玩家可以探索巨大星系，发起战争或者通过外交行为来征服宇宙。多样化的外星种族与迷人的叙述故事方式，玩家可以在星际旅行时，体验穿越、探索、互动乐趣，学习到更多关于不同外星族群的故事。

材料牌号:1070 标准：AA 国家与地区：USA 金属类别：Aluminium 次级类别：Wrought alloys 化学成分 (%) Zn ≤ 0.0400 V ≤ 0.0500 Ti ≤ 0.0300 Si ≤ 0.2000 Mn ≤ 0.0300 Mg ≤ 0.0300 Fe ≤ 0.2500 Cu ≤ 0.0400 Al ≥99.7000

1、energy <数值>增加<数值>数量的能量币。只输入energy或cash，不加具体数值，会增加5000能量。2、minerals <数值>增加<数值>数量的矿物。只输入minerals不加具体数值，会增加5000矿物。3、food <数值>增加<数值>数量的食物。只输入food不加具体数值，会增加5000食物。4、alloys <数值>增加<数值>数量的合金。只输入alloys不加具体数值，会增加5000合金。5、influence <数值>增加<数值>数量的影响力。只输入influence，不加具体数值，会增加5000影响力（不开instant_build时会超过上限，所以实际只加到上限值）。6、unity <数值>增加<数值>数量的 凝聚力。只输入unity，不加具体数值，会增加500凝聚力。7、engineering <数值>增加<数值>数量的工程学研究。只输入engineering，不加具体数值，会增加5000工程学点数。8、society <数值>增加<数值>数量的社会学研究。只输入society，不加具体数值，会增加5000社会学点数。9、physics <数值>增加<数值>数量的物理学研究。只输入physics，不加具体数值，会增加5000物理学点数。

不会。硅钙合金存放时间对性能无影响。硅钙合金(silicon-calciumalloys)硅和钙组成的二元合金，属铁合金范畴。它的主成分为硅和钙，还含有不同数量的铁、铝、碳、硫和磷等杂质。

1、energy <数值>增加<数值>数量的能量币。只输入energy或cash，不加具体数值，会增加5000能量。2、minerals <数值>增加<数值>数量的矿物。只输入minerals不加具体数值，会增加5000矿物。3、food <数值>增加<数值>数量的食物。只输入food不加具体数值，会增加5000食物。4、alloys <数值>增加<数值>数量的合金。只输入alloys不加具体数值，会增加5000合金。5、influence <数值>增加<数值>数量的影响力。只输入influence，不加具体数值，会增加5000影响力（不开instant_build时会超过上限，所以实际只加到上限值）。6、unity <数值>增加<数值>数量的 凝聚力。只输入unity，不加具体数值，会增加500凝聚力。7、engineering <数值>增加<数值>数量的工程学研究。只输入engineering，不加具体数值，会增加5000工程学点数。8、society <数值>增加<数值>数量的社会学研究。只输入society，不加具体数值，会增加5000社会学点数。9、physics <数值>增加<数值>数量的物理学研究。只输入physics，不加具体数值，会增加5000物理学点数。

1、energy <数值>增加<数值>数量的能量币。只输入energy或cash，不加具体数值，会增加5000能量。2、minerals <数值>增加<数值>数量的矿物。只输入minerals不加具体数值，会增加5000矿物。3、food <数值>增加<数值>数量的食物。只输入food不加具体数值，会增加5000食物。4、alloys <数值>增加<数值>数量的合金。只输入alloys不加具体数值，会增加5000合金。5、influence <数值>增加<数值>数量的影响力。只输入influence，不加具体数值，会增加5000影响力（不开instant_build时会超过上限，所以实际只加到上限值）。6、unity <数值>增加<数值>数量的 凝聚力。只输入unity，不加具体数值，会增加500凝聚力。7、engineering <数值>增加<数值>数量的工程学研究。只输入engineering，不加具体数值，会增加5000工程学点数。8、society <数值>增加<数值>数量的社会学研究。只输入society，不加具体数值，会增加5000社会学点数。9、physics <数值>增加<数值>数量的物理学研究。只输入physics，不加具体数值，会增加5000物理学点数。

1、energy <数值>增加<数值>数量的能量币。只输入energy或cash，不加具体数值，会增加5000能量。2、minerals <数值>增加<数值>数量的矿物。只输入minerals不加具体数值，会增加5000矿物。3、food <数值>增加<数值>数量的食物。只输入food不加具体数值，会增加5000食物。4、alloys <数值>增加<数值>数量的合金。只输入alloys不加具体数值，会增加5000合金。5、influence <数值>增加<数值>数量的影响力。只输入influence，不加具体数值，会增加5000影响力（不开instant_build时会超过上限，所以实际只加到上限值）。6、unity <数值>增加<数值>数量的 凝聚力。只输入unity，不加具体数值，会增加500凝聚力。7、engineering <数值>增加<数值>数量的工程学研究。只输入engineering，不加具体数值，会增加5000工程学点数。8、society <数值>增加<数值>数量的社会学研究。只输入society，不加具体数值，会增加5000社会学点数。9、physics <数值>增加<数值>数量的物理学研究。只输入physics，不加具体数值，会增加5000物理学点数。

Lead is a kind of chemical element, chemical symbol mensa, chemical symbol is the Pb (Latin), the Plumbum 207.2 atomic weight, atomic number for 82. Lead is all stable chemical element of atomic number.Lead as heavy silvery blue, it is toxic, a group of metal extensibility. 327.502 melting, boiling 17.4 degrees c, g / 11.3437 density, hardness is 1.5 cm ^ 3, texture is soft, tensile strength is small.Lead is one of the earliest use of humans, 3000 BC metal from ore, humans will already lead smelting in. Lead in the content of 0.0016% crust, main mineral is galena. Lead in nature have four stable isotopes: lead 204, 206, 207, 208, and more than 20 kinds of radioactive isotopes.Metal lead in the air, water and carbon dioxide by oxygen, its surface oxidation generating protection film will soon, In heating, can quickly lead with oxygen, sulfur compounds, halogen, Lead and cold, cold sulfuric acid, with little effect to heat or strong sulfuric acid, reaction, Lead and dilute nitric acid reaction, but not with strong nitric acid reaction, Lead to slow in alkaline solution is strong.Lead is mainly used to produce lead battery, Lead alloys can be used to cast type, make soldering, Lead is also used to manufacture radioactive radiation, X-ray protective equipment, Lead and compounds are bigger toxicity of human body, and in the human body. Lead used in building materials, lead acid battery, as bullets and shells, soldering, trophies and some alloys are lead.Lead in the crust is in the nature of content, there is a natural lead. But because contain lead things together, melting and low (ep), lead in ancient times was used by people.Galena until today (PbS) is the main source of extracting lead people. In ancient times, people had accidentally put into bonfires, galena it burned into oxide, and then by the reduction of carbon, formed a metal lead.In the British museum boasts more than worshipped in Egypt, mosques, found the paste 3000 BC. In the Iraqi city of ur excavation sites and other cities of materials, not only find all sorts of 4,000 years BC, and metal objects of ancient Persian use text clay board type fellowship records. These records, B.C., already from ore 23.5 extract large iron, copper, silver and lead. In 1792 before 1750 BC - HanMuLaBi reign of emperor, has large production of lead. Yin and burial in China are also found in the attic, come late shang and amraphel, etc.Han Chinese in Yin to the amount of lead in the bronze has the tendency of increase. The increase in bronze lead in liquid alloy liquidity plays an important role in improving their grain, make casting.However, the ancient respectively to lead and tin and not very clear. Roma said lead to black lead, says that later, as it BaiQian element symbols as Pb.Sino-foreign ancient alchemists and LianDan economists to lead and lead some compounds, such as in the view that received zhou yi can tong qi said: "hu powder fire, color bad shots for lead." With today"s chemical formula that is:Pb3O4 + 2C -- - 3Pb + 2CO2Until 16 centuries ago, graphite in pencil, made in Europe, from the Greek, Roman times, people is in the hands of QianTiao stick on paper writing, it"s a pencil. "today" name. In the middle ages, to lead the American oil-rich, some churches, houses, especially the roof is built with QianBan lead, because of laziness, chemical corrosion. First use of lead acid made by the method of room also lead the characteristics.Lead element symbols Pb is derived from Latin name plumbum.Lead pollutionIn all known in the toxic substances, the book is the largest lead. On record that lead a water pipe. There are many ways of public contact lead. In recent years, a major concern for the public petroleum products contain lead. Lead-based paint, especially some old lead-based paints, higher, has caused many deaths, so some special formulated the environmental standards in the contents of lead paint should be controlled in 600PPM.Some countries have a high standard, but the market sell when the lead paint posted labels warning users. Food also found the residue, or lead in the air pollution, or lead showers of canned food lead pollution canned food. Another important sources of the lead is lead tube. Decades ago when building houses with lead tube lined pipe, or lead with the natural refrigerator in the summer, has banned lead lining, plastic, or other materials.General safety of drinking water amount is 100 microgram/boundaries, and maximum acceptable level is 50 micrograms/litre. Then further regulation in tap water is acceptable for the largest concentration of lead 50 ug/liter (0.05 mg/litre). In addition, in order to study the influence of lead to human body health, scientists to lead human blood test, as if the concentration of lead first index. Data shows that: if the water nearly 50 ug/litre, so the patient"s blood lead levels in about 30 micrograms/litres. The infant requirements should be more strictly, average blood lead levels or more than 10-15 microgram/litre.Water treatment process of water can join the calcium carbonate in water and keep in alkaline, then to reduce water conveyance pipeline corrosion, this process will bring new risks. But the corrosion problems are complicated, isn"t so, should be solved, but overall purification and expensive.Many chemicals in the residence environment after a period of time for the final may degrade harmless, but cannot lead compounds, once into the environmental degradation long remained the usability. Due to lead in the environment of long-term durability, and many lives have stronger organization of potential toxicity, so the lead has been listed as strong pollutants.Acute poisoning the present study more thoroughly, the symptom is: the stomach, headache, trembling, neurological fidgety, in the most severe cases, could not wake up until the death of personnel. In very low concentrations and lead the chronic health effects: on the brain and nervous system. Scientists found that even the blood lead children maintain acceptable level of concentration, still significantly affect children"s intelligence development and performance. We only lower levels in drinking water can ensure people to lead the total. The popularization and application of the unleaded gasoline to reduce the environment pollution have made of lead, especially reduces the atmospheric particulates lead.Lead and particulates from the urban transportation by the wind to the suburbs, from one province to another, even to other regions, became the effects of pollution. Scientists in north area of Greenland ice on the tip of the region by drill drilling, the year old icicles, top years trying to different levels, determination of lead ice. Results: 1750 in lead to 20 micrograms per ton alone, 1860 for 50 ug/tons. In 1950 to 120 microgram/tons. In 1965 to 210 micrograms per ton. The development of modern industry, the serious pollution worldwide.Toxicology material and environmental behaviortoxicityAcute toxicity: LD5070mg/kg (rat transvenous)Subacute toxicity: 10 mu g/m3, rats contact 30 to 40 days, the red and ALAD (bravery pigment 80% ~ 90%), blood lead levels as high as 150 to 200 mu g / 100 ml. Overt symptoms. 10 mu g/m3, rats inhaled 3-12 months, from the lungs elution down macrophages reduced 60%, poisoning. 0.01 mg/m3, occupational exposure, urinary system pressure changes, death, inflammation, women fetal deaths.Chronic toxicity: long-term exposure to lead and compounds Yi palpitations, will lead to increased erythrocyte, adopted. After the nervous system, lead infringement insomnia, dream, memory drops,, and development for the weary manic, blindness, sane fuzzy, coma, finally died due to cerebral oxygen. Blood lead levels tend to be higher than 2.16 micro Moore/litre, clinical symptoms occur, so many children"s body blood lead levels, although high, but no particular discomfort, mild mental or changes in behaviour is difficult to parents or doctors found. This is why children lead poisoning in foreign countries are called "hidden killer".Cancer: lead the animal experiment of inorganic compounds that may cause cancer. Another according to the document, the lead is a chronic and accumulating poisons, individual sensitivity is not identical, to people lead is a potential carcinogens urinary system.Teratogenic: there is not enough to provide evidence of animal experiment and lead compounds have teratogenic role.Cause mutation: with 1% of pbch3 feed fed mice, cultivating the chromosome fissure - white fracture type, the increase in the number of distortion that individual chromosomes, change involves DNA damage in duplicate.Metabolism and degradation of inorganic lead and environment is very stable, not easy metabolic compounds and degradation. Lead poisoning is accumulating on the human body, inhaled lead in the lungs, 25% of sedimentary water soluble part through the blood. If a person contact air lead 1 muon g/m3, human blood leels of the lead for 1 ~ 2 muon g / 100 ml of blood. From the intake of food and beverage lead approximately 10% is absorbed. If intake of food every day from 10 mu g, contain blood lead for 6 ~ 18 mu g / 100 ml of blood, these lead compounds can be through a digestive system, which mainly through urine discharge (76%) and intestinal (16%), and the rest is not known by all kinds of ways, such as by sweating, peeling and removal of metabolic product to pass.And the residue accumulation: lead is a kind of accumulating human food intake by poison, and can also lead from polluted air intake of lead, the American lung contain more than Africa, near and far east area is high, it is because of the atmospheric pollution than these areas lead in serious cause. The results from the human anatomy, invades the body"s lead 70% ~ 90% in phosphoric acid PbHPO4 lead (last) attached to the bone deposition and the form of organization, the bones of modern American vendors and 100 times higher than ancient. This part of the content of lead, and gradually increase the lifetime accumulation in the human body tissue, including blood lead to a certain extent (man), and then after early adulthood, almost no longer part will be pa ontaneously external surplus (as described above), showed obvious turnover. Fish to lead strong enrichment.Migration and transformation: according to national research council of Canada, Ottawa in 1978 to lead in the world environment, migration concentration of lead in the sea world mean 0.03 muon g/L, freshwater 0.5 muon g/L. Rural atmosphere around the average levels of 0.1 g/m3, the city through the atmosphere lead concentration range 1 ~ 10 mu g/m3. The soil and rock lead in the bottom 13mg average value/kg. Lead in the world of soil environmental outcomes is: from the air to 15 million tons of soil from the air, sea 25 million tons, transferred from the soil to Marine 41.6y/o tons. Every year from water transfer to the beach for 40 to 60 tons. Due to water, soil, air is the lead to absorb and biological organisms, resulted in the world of plant food vendors in the range of 0.1 ~ mean 1mg/kg (dry weight, food products in the lead) mean for 2.5 mg/kg, fish contain lead 0.2 ~ 0.6 mg average range, part coastal/kg polluted areas crustaceans and molluscs with even more 3000mg up/kg.Lead industrial pollution from mining and smelting, rubber production, dyestuff, printing, ceramics, glass, lead solder, cable and lead tube manufacturing wastewater and waste. In addition, the automobile exhaust is poisonous substances tetraethyl lead. Water pollution by lead Pb0.3 (mg/L) 0.5 ~, inhibit the water from the net effect, 2 ~ 4mg/L, water is a murky.DangerWhen heated, powder in flame or contact will cause burning antioxidant.Combustion (decomposition product)Lead oxideOn-site monitoring methodFour carboxy quinone dipstick colorimetric method of harmful substances in the air, HangShiPing determination methodSpeed measuring instrument, Spectrophotometric method, Anodic stripping voltammetry the environment pollution accident emergency monitoring and disposal technology WanBenTai editorLaboratory monitoring methodMonitoring method source categoryAtomic absorption spectrophotometry GB7475-87MCSO - 4 (were) of sulfonylurea porphyrin spectrophotometric WS/T126-1999 workplaces airHydride atomic absorption spectrophotometry - WS/T127-1999 workplaces airAtomic absorption spectrophotometry GB/T15555.2-95 solid waste leaching solutionGraphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry GB/T17141-1997 soilFlame atomic absorption spectrophotometry GB/T17140-1997 soilFlame atomic absorption spectrophotometry GB/T15264-94 air qualityAtomic absorption spectrophotometry CJ/T101-99 of urban living garbageAtomic absorption spectrophotometry "solid wastes test analysis and evaluation of China environmental monitoring station handbook of solid wasteEnvironmental standardsChina (TJ36-79) in the air of workplace of the maximum allowed harmful material concentration 0.03 mg/m3 / lead smoke], 0.05 mg/m3 / lead dust]China (TJ36-79) residential air harmful substances in the allowable concentration 0.0007 mg/m3 (mean),China (1996) GB3092 - air environmental quality standard season average: 1.50 ug/m3Average annual: 1.00 ug/m3China (1996) GB16297 - comprehensive discharge atmospheric pollutants standard (lead) and (the highest emission concentrations (mg/m3) :0.90 (table 1), 0.70 (table 2.)2 the highest emission rate (kg/h) :Secondary 0.005 ~ 0.39, 3 0.007 ~ 0.60 (table 1)Secondary 0.004 ~ 0.33, 3 0.006 ~ 0.51 (table 2.)3 no organization emissions monitoring concentration limits:0.0060 mg/m3 (table 2), 0.

1、弯圆时内腔灌满沙子、两端塞相似大小的铁块，拉力稍微大点，最好铝合金不要时效。2、铅合金（leadalloys）是以铅为基材加入其他元素组成的合金。铅合金广泛应用于电解锌、电解铜和蓄电池等行业，作为湿法冶金工艺中的应用阳极，具有硬度高、力学性能好、铸造性能优、使用寿命长、生产工艺简单等优点。

聚四氟乙烯等全氟类聚合物。铅合金（leadalloys）是以铅为基材加入其他元素组成的合金。铅合金广泛应用于电解锌、电解铜和蓄电池等行业，作为湿法冶金工艺中的应用阳极，具有硬度高、力学性能好、铸造性能优、使用寿命长、生产工艺简单等优点。涂层一般是聚四氟乙烯等全氟类聚合物。

ASSY不是材料，它的意思是：装配; 总成; 组件装配; 组装线;一般由不同材质的零件组成的总成件，图纸上材质用ASSY表示

氧化膜的表面上发现的铝合金是不透水的，持续的和自愈唯一在室温下或在较高温度在初始阶段的氧化。随着薄膜厚度的增加而温度和时间，出现裂缝，并进一步氧化的铝合金是可能的。实际上，铝合金高度抵制1.Introduction形成于500米C对一个格A1 - 3 ％ Mg合金含量表明存在MgA1204 。 Leontis和Rhines和Markworth也表明存在MgA1204的表面氧化膜的高格A1 - Mg合金。的氧化降解的Al - （ 1至14 ％ ） ，镁合金在温度为600至1100 ç显示，保护膜的非晶态金属表面形成以magnesiumoxide和镁铝的陪同下，突然增加的氧化速率。。据报道，在A1 - Mg合金含有高达8 ％ ，镁含量，逐步升温至-40和500C可能导致形成一个全双工氧化膜组成的一本厚厚的外层氧化镁的内在致密层7 - A1203 。粉照片的剥离无线网络铝工业存在的普遍性，因为在场的情况下保护层的氧化2纳米厚的外露表面的铝及其合金。这防渗氧化层防止扩散的氧气内铝基复合并允许一些变形而不断裂的衬底。如何有史以来，氧化膜的表面上发现的铝合金是不透水的，持续的和自愈唯一在室温下或在较高温度在初始阶段的氧化。随着薄膜厚度的增加而温度和时间，出现裂缝，并进一步氧化的铝合金是可能的。实际上，铝合金高度抵制抗氧化温度可达200 C.在更高的温度，氧化速率增加，当温度超过350 ℃ ，内氧化的A1 - Mg合金含有大量的镁可观可能发生的气氛中载有氧气和水。这个过程报告，更重要的在温度超过480C 。其他合金铝据说不易被氧化。

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS_有道翻译翻译结果：杂志的合金和化合物compounds_有道词典compounds混合更多释义>>[网络短语]Compounds 化合物,复方,复合工具栏Phenolic Compounds 紫锥菊多酚,酚化合物,酚类化合物

钛是同素异构体，熔点为1720℃，在低于882℃时呈密排六方晶格结构，称为α钛;在882℃以上呈体心立方品格结构，称为β钛。利用钛的上述两种结构的不同特点，添加适当的合金元素，使其相变温度及相分含量逐渐改变而得到不同组织的钛合金(itaniumalloys)。室温下，钛合金有三种基体组织，钛合金也就分为以下三类:α合金,(α+β)合金和β合金。中国分别以TA、TC、TB表示。α钛合金它是α相固溶体组成的单相合金，不论是在一般温度下还是在较高的实际应用温度下，均是α相，组织稳定，耐磨性高于纯钛，抗氧化能力强。在500℃~600℃的温度下，仍保持其强度和抗蠕变性能，但不能进行热处理强化，室温强度不高。β钛合金它是β相固溶体组成的单相合金，未热处理即具有较高的强度，淬火、时效后合金得到进一步强化，室温强度可达1372~1666MPa;但热稳定性较差，不宜在高温下使用。α+β钛合金它是双相合金，具有良好的综合性能，组织稳定性好，有良好的韧性、塑性和高温变形性能，能较好地进行热压力加工，能进行淬火、时效使合金强化。热处理后的强度约比退火状态提高50%~100%;高温强度高，可在400℃~500℃的温度下长期工作，其热稳定性次于α钛合金。三种钛合金中最常用的是α钛合金和α+β钛合金;α钛合金的切削加工性最好，α+p钛合金次之，β钛合金最差。α钛合金代号为TA，β钛合金代号为TB，α+β钛合金代号为TC。钛合金按用途可分为耐热合金、高强合金、耐蚀合金(钛-钼，钛-钯合金等)、低温合金以及特殊功能合金(钛-铁贮氢材料和钛-镍记忆合金)等。典型合金的成分和性能见表。热处理钛合金通过调整热处理工艺可以获得不同的相组成和组织。一般认为细小等轴组织具有较好的塑性、热稳定性和疲劳强度;针状组织具有较高的持久强度、蠕变强度和断裂韧性;等轴和针状混合组织具有较好的综合性能。

编译 | 冯维维 Nature , Volume 602 Issue 7897, 17 February 2022 《自然》 2022年2月17日第602卷7897期 物理学 Physics Thermal imaging of dust hiding the black hole in NGC 1068 活动星系核的统一模型得到确认 作者：Violeta Gámez Rosas, Jacob W. Isbell, Gerard Zins, etc. 链接： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04311-7 摘要 荷兰莱顿大学的Violeta Gamez Rosas和合作者对临近星系中心黑洞周围浓密遮挡的尘埃进行了观察，确认了活动星系核的统一模型。作者通过对这个星系的高分辨率图像分析得到了这一结论，这些图像提供了研究活动星系核的新机遇。 活动星系核是一些星系中心的高能区域，人们认为它由超大质量黑洞驱动。这些核发出的光产生的光谱特征，与光发出的区域有关；不同光谱可用于将活动星系核区分成两类：Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型天体。但统一模型认为，这种区分会产生，是因为观测视线可能有时被围绕和涌入中央黑洞的尘埃环遮挡了。 作者观察支持了统一模型。他们获得了原型星系NGC 1068的高分辨率图像，统一理论最初即由此建立。他们使用一个称为MATISSE的仪器，结合了四台欧洲南方天文台的望远镜的光，以获得活动星系核的最佳视图。对这些图像和射电图的分析揭示了环状尘埃云的存在，并帮助确定了其特性，大多与统一模型预测相符。作者还定位了黑洞在尘埃环之下的位置，同样符合模型。 Abstract In the widely accepted ‘unified model" solution of the classification puzzle of active galactic nuclei, the orientation of a dusty accretion torus around the central black hole dominates their appearance. In ‘type-1" systems, the bright nucleus is visible at the centre of a face-on torus. In ‘type-2" systems the thick, nearly edge-on torus hides the central engine. Later studies suggested evolutionary effects and added dusty clumps and polar winds but left the basic picture intact. However, recent high-resolution images of the archetypal type-2 galaxy NGC 1068, suggested a more radical revision. The images displayed a ring-like emission feature that was proposed to be hot dust surrounding the black hole at the radius where the radiation from the central engine evaporates the dust. That ring is too thin and too far tilted from edge-on to hide the central engine, and ad hoc foreground extinction is needed to explain the type-2 classification. These images quickly generated reinterpretations of the dichotomy between types 1 and 2. Here we present new multi-band mid-infrared images of NGC 1068 that detail the dust temperature distribution and reaffirm the original model. Combined with radio data (J.F.G. and C.M.V.I., manuscript in preparation), our maps locate the central engine that is below the previously reported ring and obscured by a thick, nearly edge-on disk, as predicted by the unified model. We also identify emission from polar flows and absorbing dust that is mineralogically distinct from that towards the Milky Way centre. Nuclear spin-wave quantum register for a solid-state qubit 固态量子位的核自旋波量子寄存器 作者：Andrei Ruskuc, Chun-Ju Wu, Jake Rochman, Joonhee Choi & Andrei Faraon 链接： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04293-6 摘要 围绕单个光可寻址量子位的固态核自旋是量子网络、计算和模拟的重要资源。虽然具有稀疏核自旋槽的宿主通常被用于减缓量子位退相干，但在核自旋丰富的宿主上开发相干量子系统，可为量子信息应用 探索 更广泛的材料。这些致密核自旋系综的集体模式为量子存储提供了自然基础，但用它们作为单自旋量子位元的资源迄今仍难以捉摸。 作者通过使用一个高相干、光学寻址的 171Yb3+ 量子比特掺杂到一个核自旋丰富的原钒酸钇晶体中，开发了一个鲁棒的量子控制协议来操纵邻近的 51V5+ 晶格离子的多级核自旋态。通过动态设计的自旋交换相互作用，他们极化这个核自旋系综，产生集体自旋激发，然后使用其实现一个量子存储器。作者表示，该方法为利用高密度核自旋浴的复杂结构提供了一个框架，为利用单个稀土离子量子位构建大规模量子网络铺平了道路。 Abstract Solid-state nuclear spins surrounding inpidual, optically addressable qubits are a crucial resource for quantum networks, computation and simulation. Although hosts with sparse nuclear spin baths are typically chosen to mitigate qubit decoherence, developing coherent quantum systems in nuclear-spin-rich hosts enables exploration of a much broader range of materials for quantum information applications. The collective modes of these dense nuclear spin ensembles provide a natural basis for quantum storage; however, using them as a resource for single-spin qubits has thus far remained elusive. Here, by using a highly coherent, optically addressed 171Yb3+ qubit doped into a nuclear-spin-rich yttrium orthovanadate crystal, we develop a robust quantum control protocol to manipulate the multi-level nuclear spin states of neighbouring 51V5+ lattice ions. Via a dynamically engineered spin-exchange interaction, we polarize this nuclear spin ensemble, generate collective spin excitations, and subsequently use them to implement a quantum memory. Our approach provides a framework for utilizing the complex structure of dense nuclear spin baths, paving the way towards building large-scale quantum networks using single rare-earth ion qubits. Magnetic control of tokamak plasmas through deep reinforcement learning 基于深度强化学习的托卡马克等离子体磁控制 作者：Jonas Degrave, Federico Felici, Martin Riedmiller, etc. 链接： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04301-9 摘要 磁约束核聚变，特别是托卡马克结构核聚变是一种有前景的可持续能源。一个核心挑战是塑造和维持托卡马克容器内的高温等离子体。这需要使用磁致动器线圈进行高维、高频、闭环控制，更复杂的是等离子体结构的不同要求。 作者介绍了一个此前尚未描述的托卡马克磁控制器设计的架构，它可以自主学习命令全套控制线圈。该体系结构满足在高层指定的控制目标，同时满足物理和操作约束。这种方法在问题规范方面具有前所未有的灵活性和通用性，并显著减少了生产新等离子体配置的设计工作。 Abstract Nuclear fusion using magnetic confinement, in particular in the tokamak configuration, is a promising path towards sustainable energy. A core challenge is to shape and maintain a high-temperature plasma within the tokamak vessel. This requires high-dimensional, high-frequency, closed-loop control using magnetic actuator coils, further complicated by the perse requirements across a wide range of plasma configurations. In this work, we introduce a previously undescribed architecture for tokamak magnetic controller design that autonomously learns to command the full set of control coils. This architecture meets control objectives specified at a high level, at the same time satisfying physical and operational constraints. This approach has unprecedented flexibility and generality in problem specification and yields a notable reduction in design effort to produce new plasma configurations. Resolving the gravitational redshift across a millimetre-scale atomic sample 解析毫米尺度原子样本的引力红移 作者：Tobias Bothwell, Colin J. Kennedy, Alexander Aeppli, Dhruv Kedar, John M. Robinson, Eric Oelker, Alexander Staron & Jun Ye 链接： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04349-7 摘要 爱因斯坦的广义相对论指出，时钟在不同的引力势下，相对于实验室坐标的速度是不同的——这一效应被称为引力红移。作为空间和时间的基本探测器，原子钟长期以来被用于在30厘米到数千公里的距离尺度上检验这一预测。 一旦时钟对弯曲时空中振荡的量子物体的有限波函数变得敏感，将使广义相对论和量子力学的结合研究成为可能。 作者在一个毫米尺度的超冷锶样品中测量了与引力红移一致的线性频率梯度。通过将分数频率测量的不确定度提高10倍以上，达到7.6 1 0 21 ，研究结果得以实现。这预示着一种新的时钟操作方式，需要对引力扰动进行样品内校正。 Abstract Einstein"s theory of general relativity states that clocks at different gravitational potentials tick at different rates relative to lab coordinates—an effect known as the gravitational redshift. As fundamental probes of space and time, atomic clocks have long served to test this prediction at distance scales from 30 centimetres to thousands of kilometres. Ultimately, clocks will enable the study of the union of general relativity and quantum mechanics once they become sensitive to the finite wavefunction of quantum objects oscillating in curved space-time. Towards this regime, we measure a linear frequency gradient consistent with the gravitational redshift within a single millimetre-scale sample of ultracold strontium. Our result is enabled by improving the fractional frequency measurement uncertainty by more than a factor of 10, now reaching 7.6   1 0 21 . This heralds a new regime of clock operation necessitating intra-sample corrections for gravitational perturbations. 化学 Chemistry Hydrogen trapping and embrittlement in high-strength Al alloys 高强度铝合金的脆化 作者：Huan Zhao, Poulami Chakraborty, Dirk Ponge, Tilmann Hickel, Binhan Sun, Chun-Hung Wu, Baptiste Gault & Dierk Raabe 链接： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04343-z 摘要 交通运输业对温室气体排放的限制越来越严格，这促使人们重新审视 汽车 材料。高强度铝合金常用于飞机，有助于减轻 汽车 的重量，但容易受到环境退化的影响。氢“脆化”常被认为是主要原因；但其失效的确切机制尚不清楚。因为对合金内部H的原子尺度分析仍然是一个挑战，这阻碍了采用合金设计策略来提高材料的耐久性。 作者对高强度7xxx铝合金中第二相颗粒和晶界处的H进行了近原子尺度的分析。他们利用这些观察结果来指导原子从头计算，结果表明合金元素与H的共偏析有利于晶界脱聚，H强分块进入第二相粒子，将溶质H从基体中去除，从而防止H脆断。该见解进一步推进了对铝合金中H辅助脆化机理的理解，强调了H陷阱在减少开裂和指导新合金设计方面的作用。 Abstract Ever more stringent regulations on greenhouse gas emissions from transportation motivate efforts to revisit materials used for vehicles. High-strength aluminium alloys often used in aircrafts could help reduce the weight of automobiles, but are susceptible to environmental degradation. Hydrogen ‘embrittlement" is often indicated as the main culprit; however, the exact mechanisms underpinning failure are not precisely known: atomic-scale analysis of H inside an alloy remains a challenge, and this prevents deploying alloy design strategies to enhance the durability of the materials. Here we performed near-atomic-scale analysis of H trapped in second-phase particles and at grain boundaries in a high-strength 7xxx Al alloy. We used these observations to guide atomistic ab initio calculations, which show that the co-segregation of alloying elements and H favours grain boundary decohesion, and the strong partitioning of H into the second-phase particles removes solute H from the matrix, hence preventing H embrittlement. Our insights further advance the mechanistic understanding of H-assisted embrittlement in Al alloys, emphasizing the role of H traps in minimizing cracking and guiding new alloy design. 气候 Climate Warming weakens the night-time barrier to global fire 气候变暖削弱夜间抵御全球火灾的屏障 作者：Jennifer K. Balch, John T. Abatzoglou, Maxwell B. Joseph, Michael J. Koontz, Adam L. Mahood, Joseph McGlinchy, Megan E. Cattau & A. Park Williams 链接： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04325-1 摘要 因为夜间温度和水汽压差（VPD）较低，这一时间为减缓或扑灭火灾提供了一个关键窗口。然而，火灾危险通常是根据白天的情况来评估的，所以要抓住促进火灾蔓延的因素，而非阻止火灾的因素。尽管白天天气条件的变化会加剧火灾，但人们对夜间天气条件的潜在变化及其与火灾减少相关的作用还知之甚少。 作者展示了夜间火灾强度的增加，与更热、更干燥的夜晚有关。基于全球卫星对日间和夜间火灾探测的观测以及相应的每小时气候数据，他们确定了与陆地覆盖相关的VPD阈值，低于这个阈值的火灾探测非常罕见。从1979年到2020年，全球每日最低VPD增加了25%。在可燃土地上，每年夜间可燃时间增加了110个小时，这使得可燃性永不停止的夜晚增加了5个小时。在这段时间内，近五分之一的可燃土地上，易燃的夜晚至少增加了一周。根据卫星记录，从全球来看，2003年至2020年，夜间火灾的强度增加了7.2%。这些结果进一步表明，近年来扑灭野火的队伍在夜间缺乏救援。作者预计，人为气候变化导致的夜间持续变暖将导致更强烈、更持久和更大的火灾。 Abstract Night-time provides a critical window for slowing or extinguishing fires owing to the lower temperature and the lower vapour pressure deficit (VPD). However, fire danger is most often assessed based on daytime conditions, capturing what promotes fire spread rather than what impedes fire. Although it is well appreciated that changing daytime weather conditions are exacerbating fire, potential changes in night-time conditions—and their associated role as fire reducers—are less understood. Here we show that night-time fire intensity has increased, which is linked to hotter and drier nights. Our findings are based on global satellite observations of daytime and night-time fire detections and corresponding hourly climate data, from which we determine landcover-specific thresholds of VPD (VPDt), below which fire detections are very rare (less than 95 per cent modelled chance). Globally, daily minimum VPD increased by 25 per cent from 1979 to 2020. Across burnable lands, the annual number of flammable night-time hours—when VPD exceeds VPDt—increased by 110 hours, allowing five additional nights when flammability never ceases. Across nearly one-fifth of burnable lands, flammable nights increased by at least one week across this period. Globally, night fires have become 7.2 per cent more intense from 2003 to 2020, measured via a satellite record. These results reinforce the lack of night-time relief that wildfire suppression teams have experienced in recent years. We expect that continued night-time warming owing to anthropogenic climate change will promote more intense, longer-lasting and larger fires.

1 。导言 力学性能的Al -商标稀土（商标=转型 金属;稀土=稀土）非晶合金是一种 很重要的课题，鉴于潜在的应用 材料。最近的研究已经完成，以改善 知识不仅对硬度，弯曲韧性， 机械强度，耐磨性，而且还对 变形机理[ 1-5 ] 。众所周知， 该玻璃金属进行不均匀变形 在低温条件下可以看出，形成静脉 模式裂缝表面。的细节，变形 机制还没有完全概述。它 目前尚不清楚该事件引起当地核 孔洞，导致失败。此外，在拉伸和 弯曲试验，形成铝纳米观察 在透射电子显微镜的一些成分，但不是为别人 [ 6 ] ，在剪切带内静脉 模式。出于这个原因的TEM研究断口 生产的拉伸试验中概述了这项工作 其目的是控制结构变形后 和形状的静脉模式在高放大倍率。 三成分的选择（ Al87Ni7Nd6 ， Al87Ni7La6 ， Al87Ni7Ce6 ） ，保持不变的比率 之间的要素，但不同稀土 元素。 退火铝商标稀土非晶合金铝 纳米晶体中嵌入玻璃基质生产 和改善力学性能 关于完全非晶材料是相关的 这个组织[ 7,8 ] 。的演变 硬度随温度 所达成的样品上述合金的研究 其目的是挑出的微观结构显示 更为有用的力学性能。

arms读[ɑːmz]，意思是兵器。例句：1、The Concept Value of Culture and Arms on Ancient.文化价值观与古代兵器。2、The standard measurement of harmful noise and blast wave produced by arms.对人体损伤的兵器噪声和冲击波的标准化测量。3、Firepower System Deployment of Air Defense Forces Group Anti-shots Air Arms.防空兵群抗击空袭兵器的火力系统配置。4、Promotion of Arms" Weight Mitigation by Magnesium Alloys.用镁合金促进兵器装备轻量化。5、One of these, I remember, on which I used to cogitate profoundly, was how to defeat an enemy without having arms. 我记得，在这些难题中，我曾深深地思考怎样才能不用兵器就能打败敌人。

推荐用6082合金，这是硬度最大的。6082 Alloy Data Sheet Mechanical Properties Forming Machining Welding Brazing/Soldering Protective Anodising Aesthetic Anodising Temper Restrict Min N/mm Stress Min N/mm Good Good Good Good Good Fair 0FT4T5T6T6511 --120230255255 170max-190270295295 Chemical Composition EN AW-6082 Si 0.7-1.3 Fe 0.5 Cu 0.10 Mn 0.40-1.0 Mg 0.6-1.2 Cr 0.25 Zn 0.20 Ti 0.10 Others (each) 0.5 Others (total) 0.15 Aluminium Remainder (The chemical composition of aluminium and aluminium alloys is supplied in percentage by mass. Limits are expressed as a maximum unless shown as a range or a minimum)Aluminium alloy 6082 is a high strength alloy, the highest of the 6000 alloys, most commonly used for machining. Generally not suitable for anodizing.ApplicationsAlloy 6082 can be typically seen in transport, scaffolding, Bridges and general engineering due to its high strength.* Properties given are typical and should only be used for comparisons of alloys. Actual values will depend on section specification.** Aerospace materials are covered by the ‘L" series of British standards.Note: Whilst every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of data provided, Capalex does not guarantee or accept liability for its accuracy.

不选open access即可，就不会有版面费，不会有任何不良影响。不需要版面费，除非你选择开源期刊（Open Access，任何人都能通过网络下载的那种）建议选no，当然如果你课题组经费足够也可以Open Access

***括号内是修改内容,这样看得清楚,我哪里修改过了!! Titanium was discovered in 1790 but the metal (were not) widely (utilised) until (the middle of) the twentieth century. (A)lthough titanium has the highest strength to density ratio it is the material (selected in) certain niche application areas because of its high price. Titanium now has (altogether 50 years of history in) modern industrial practice and design application(s) (and have a wide range of usage support) . Much of this (application) has come in military (area, such as) aircraft or gas turbine engines. More recent (applications) have featured (the) items (such as ) golf clubs and bicycles. Titanium has found (by) its (niche/rarity? ) in many industries, owing to its unique density, corrosion resistance, and relative strength advantages over competing materials such as aluminum, steels, and super alloys. Some significant facts and/or important benefit offered by titanium alloys illustrate the basis (of) the widespread use of titanium today.

元素符号:Ag中文名称:银英文名称:Silver原子序数:47原子量:107.9外围电子排布:4d10 5s1核外电子排布:2,8,18,18,1常见化合价:+1,+2密度:10.5溶点:961.93沸点:2212所属周期:5所属族数:IB原子半径:1.75离子半径:1.15(+1)共价半径:1.34同位素及放射性:*Ag-107 Ag-109发现人:Known to the ancients.发现时间:发现地点:名称由来:Anglo-Saxon: siolful, (silver); symbol from Latin: argentium.元素描述:Silvery-ductile, and malleable metal元素来源:Found in ores called argentite (AgS), light ruby silver (Ag3AsS3), dark ruby silver(Ag3SbS3) and brittle silver.元素用途:Used in alloys for jewelry and in other compounds for photography. It is also a good conductor, but expensive.