floor是可数名词吗?

要求的英文require。短语alterations require initials 更改处应加盖印章 ; 更改处应减掀章章 ; 交换Require Information顾客问讯assembly require 组坯demand require 要求 ; 需求Require doing sth 要求做Require valid-user 采用何种认证 ; 认证方式 ; 就改成 ; 只有认证用户才能访问manufacturing require 制造需求计划require sb to do sth 要求某人做某事 ; 要求某人做 ; 要求某人去做某事 ; 要求某做词语辨析inquire, acquire, achieve, requireinquire 打听，询问。如：inquire a person"s name(问一个人的姓名)acquire 取得，获得，学到。如：acquire knowledge (获得知识)achieve (成功地)完成，实现。如：He will never achieve anything unless he works harder. (如他不努力工作，将会一事无成。)require 需要。如：We require more help. (我们需要更多的帮助。)

　　重要指具有重大影响或后果的;有很大意义的。重要人物 、重要事件、重要会议。例句：开学了，对于你来说最重要的事情是什么?那么你知道重要用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。 　 　重要的英语说法1： 　　important 　 　重要的英语说法2： 　　significant 　　 重要的英语说法3： 　　concernment 　　重要的相关 短语 ： 　　重要打击目标 hot-target; 　　重要方面 (意义) importance; 　　重要改变 material alterations; 　　重要关头 critical juncture; crucial moment; 　　重要零件 strength member; 　　重要因素 key factor; 　　重要优先项目 high prioity; 　　重要原则 cardinal principle; 　　重要政策 major policy 　 　重要的英语例句： 　　1. Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts.--Winston Churchill 　　成功不是终点，失败也并非末日，最重要的是继续前进的勇气。 　　2. Fresh fruits and vegetables are important and so is bran. 　　新鲜的水果和蔬菜很重要，麦麸也是。 　　3. Charlton are about to play an important away match. 　　查尔顿队即将在客场进行一场重要比赛。 　　4. He is one of the most wanted criminals in Europe. 　　他是欧洲最重要的通缉犯之一。 　　5. 1998 was an important year for everyone: a time of change. 　　1998年对所有人来说都是重要的一年：那是个变革的时期。 　　6. She avoided the issue by ordering a turkey sandwich. 　　她点了份火鸡三明治，以此来避开这个重要问题。 　　7. This may sound trivial, but I assure you it is quite important! 　　这听上去也许微不足道，但是，相信我，它十分重要! 　　8. The UN would play a major role in monitoring a ceasefire. 　　联合国在监督停火方面会发挥重要作用。 　　9. It is important that we dovetail our respective interests. 　　让我们各自的利益相吻合很重要。 　　10. We had this understanding that courses were roughly the same weight. 　　我们已经了解到各门功课差不多一样重要。 　　11. Family values are suddenly the name of the game. 　　家庭价值观突然变得重要起来。 　　12. It was imperative that he act as naturally as possible. 　　最重要的是他要做到尽可能自然。 　　13. Zip drives help people to organise their important information. 　　压缩磁盘驱动器有助于人们管理重要信息。 　　14. The vital clue to the killer"s identity was his nickname, Peanuts. 　　查明杀手身份的重要线索是他的外号叫“花生”. 　　15. It"s the wages that count. Not over-generous, but there you are. 　　重要的是工钱，不要过于慷慨，但也没办法。

Log event timestamp changes slightly的中文翻译是日志事件时间戳略有变化重点词汇：changes词语分析：音标：英 [ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz]   美 [ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz]  n. 变化，改变（change的复数）v. 改变；交换（change的第三人称单数形式）短语：save changes 保存更改earth-shaking changes 翻天覆地的改变例句：The body undergoes many changes during puberty.身体在青春期期间会发生许多变化。Changes in weather can untune a violin.天气之变化可能于小提琴走调。The entertainment at the new theater changes nightly.那家新戏院的演出节目每晚都换。近义词：n. 变化，改变（change的复数）  mutations，alterations

　　重要，具有重大影响或后果的;有很大意义的。下面就由我为大家带来关于重要的英语短语集锦，希望大家能有所收获。 　　关于重要的相关短语 　　重要打击目标 hot-target; 　　重要方面 (意义) importance; 　　重要改变 (实质性改变) material alterations; 　　重要关头 critical juncture; crucial moment; 　　重要零件 strength member; 　　重要器官 vitals; 　　重要人物 important figure; very important person （VIP) 　　重要任务 vital task; important mission; 　　重要遗漏 material omission; big fish [frog]; 　　重要因素 key factor; 　　重要优先项目 high prioity; 　　重要原则 cardinal principle; 　　重要政策 major policy 　　关于重要的相关单词 　　important; 　　significant; 　　major; 　　concernment; 　　emphasis 　　关于重要的相关短句或解释 　　of capital [leading] importance: 　　头等重要 　　increase [grow] in importance; 　　越来越重要 　　Character is of sovereign importance. 　　人品最为重要。 　　This is a matter of cardinal significance. 　　这是非常重要的事情。 　　Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting. 　　大会对于重要问题的决定， 应由出席并参加表决的会员国2/3多数决定。 　　关于重要的相关例句 　　1. Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts.--Winston Churchill 　　成功不是终点，失败也并非末日，最重要的是继续前进的勇气。 　　2. Fresh fruits and vegetables are important and so is bran. 　　新鲜的水果和蔬菜很重要，麦麸也是。 　　3. Charlton are about to play an important away match. 　　查尔顿队即将在客场进行一场重要比赛。 　　4. He is one of the most wanted criminals in Europe. 　　他是欧洲最重要的通缉犯之一。 　　5. 1998 was an important year for everyone: a time of change. 　　1998年对所有人来说都是重要的一年：那是个变革的时期。 　　6. She avoided the issue by ordering a turkey sandwich. 　　她点了份火鸡三明治，以此来避开这个重要问题。 　　7. This may sound trivial, but I assure you it is quite important! 　　这听上去也许微不足道，但是，相信我，它十分重要! 　　8. The UN would play a major role in monitoring a ceasefire. 　　联合国在监督停火方面会发挥重要作用。 　　9. It is important that we dovetail our respective interests. 　　让我们各自的利益相吻合很重要。 　　10. We had this understanding that courses were roughly the same weight. 　　我们已经了解到各门功课差不多一样重要。 　　11. Family values are suddenly the name of the game. 　　家庭价值观突然变得重要起来。 　　12. It was imperative that he act as naturally as possible. 　　最重要的是他要做到尽可能自然。 　　13. Zip drives help people to organise their important information. 　　压缩磁盘驱动器有助于人们管理重要信息。 　　14. The vital clue to the killer"s identity was his nickname, Peanuts. 　　查明杀手身份的重要线索是他的外号叫“花生”. 　　15. It"s the wages that count. Not over-generous, but there you are. 　　重要的是工钱，不要过于慷慨，但也没办法。 　　关于重要的双语例句 　　他是一位非常重要的人物。 　　He is a man of great importance. 　　这些项目是根据其重要性排列的。 　　The items are listed in order of importance. 　　我们再怎样强调学英文的重要性也不为过。 　　We cannot emphasize too much the importance of learning English. 　　重要的时刻终于到来了! 　　The big moment has come at last! 　　那是他一生中最重要的时刻。 　　It was the supreme moment in his life. 　　很少有人认识到这一发现的重要性。 　　Few people realized the discovery was significant. 　　从一个重要的人接到重要的东西是一件很重要的事情。 　　Receiving something important from an important person is a very important thing! 　　主题：回复:知识重要还是钱重要支持(59)反对(63) 　　I think wisdom in the mind is better than mony in the hand. 　　理论固然重要，但是实践尤为重要。 　　Theory is certainly something but practice is everything. 　　以上是我整理所得，欢迎大家阅读和收藏。

个人觉得agree with 表示同意,用accept是表示主观上的接受,agree to/on表示合同,计划上意见一致”

用fluctuate between and。不过这不是主要问题……你的句子显得比较累赘，而且语序不太对。下面这样写能好一点：The electricity consumption fluctuates between 30000 and 50000 units in winter and between 13000 and 20000 units in summer.看起来“and”有点多，不过你坚持用fluctuate between and的话就只好这样了，不会引起歧义。像季节这样的限定一般跟在后面，跟汉语习惯不同。另外respectively是用在所有对应的列举都完了的最后，不会像你这样夹在句子中间或者列举的中间。

I have corrected it

Job is description: The main charge of the semiconductor MPM (the queen says) production line equipment maintenance, auxiliary production, processing production line equipment abnormalities of automation equipment, air pressure, hydraulic, mechanical, electrical and other transmission methods have some knowledge and understanding to be independent of the right equipment, certain parts of the alterations and improvements. Familiar with the automatic control system in a variety of electrical components and sensors, can understand more complex circuit design, master PLC and computer control system operation and maintenance of its software and hardware knowledge, there is a certain understanding. Through this period of work and learning, MPM production process has a more in-depth understanding ofPairs of MPM in sigulation, BallMount and other equipment to master a certain operation, repair, maintenance skills, training in practical work a certain thinking a sum ! 楼上的语法有点问题吧？ 我的是最标准的，英文教师可不是白干的！

When the job changes（从句：主谓）., the program of instructions is changed（主句：主谓）. The capability to change the program （主） is（系） what makes NC suitable for low-and medium-volume production（表：主谓宾宾补）.It 形式主语 is 系动词 much easier 表语 to write new programs than to make major alterations of the processing equipment 真正主语. （形式主语+系动词+表语+真正主语）

文件的修改只有在盖章签字后才有效。

只有当他们由发行人，盖印并且签字在文件的改变被接受。 付款/接收/协商 希望即期退款,通知美国，同样通过发货日期，数额和交涉日期 退款在您的期限之前的48个小时，通知到美国，通过通过SWIFT (M1754)退款授权附属的OT ICC URR525。

9.3.1 运行试验 在初始试验过程中以下机构应该加以试验：A． 负荷提升和下放机构。B． 起重臂提升和下放机构。C． 起重臂延长和缩进机构。D． 摆动机构。E． 行走机构。F． 安全装置.9.3.2 额定负荷试验A．在初始应用之前，负荷支持零件已经修改过、更换过或修理过的所有起重机都应该由有资质的检验员，或者在该检验员指导下进行负荷试验。一名指定的或授权的人应该确定，对起重机进行的修理是否是多方面的，是否要求额定负荷试验，或者修理是否是日常的维护并只要求运行试验。钢丝绳的更换不包括在这一要求中。可是起重机在正常工作负荷下的功能试验应在将其投入使用前进行。B．试验重量应该不超过110％的额定容量，而且应该精确到规定值的－5％，＋0％以内。注意：负荷试验应该在升力符合临界升力定义的场合进行（参见第一章“术语和定义”）C. 应由检验员完成一份书面报告，说明修理或改动的适当。该试验报告应该存档，而且应该对指定的人来说很容易查到。10.1 概述 本章详细说明用电机驱动或内燃机驱动的工业叉车的操作、检验、试验和维护要求。动力工业叉车的例子可参见图10－3。 从本章还可以获得关于托架运输车和其他小型非动力叉车（见图10－4）的指南，但是关于非动力设备的培训、操作、维护、检验和试验的要求应该以制造商的指示和建议为基础。10.1.1 操作员的培训/资格考核 叉车的操作员应该按第六章“人员的资格考核和培训”所述的那样进行培训和资格考核。10.1.2 额定容量 额定容量是叉车在规定的装载中心，以及在规定的装载高度能够运输和堆积的最大重量。叉车不应该在它们的额定容量以上使用或试验。

数据分析最让人着迷的一种用途是可以基于现有数据创建能够区分不同类型情景的机器学习预测模型。通过定义明确的模型，可以确定能够预测结果的最重要影响因素，为战略假设开发有价值的洞察力，甚至可以通过友好的用户界面将模型的逻辑实现到软件应用程序中。 首先，我们需要评估构建好的预测模型是否具有良好准确的预测能力！比如，如果我们的电子邮件程序的垃圾邮件分类器只能检测到50％的不需要的电子邮件或请求，我们都会非常愤怒。本文将讨论如何使用经典工具来评估预测模型：接收器操作特性（ROC）曲线。 本文主要分为三个部分整理ROC曲线相关内容，可根据自己的需要进行挑选： 1、使用ROC曲线分析的相关文献实例 2、ROC曲线的原理和历史 3、如何绘制ROC曲线 从一篇SCI出发： Improvement of Insulin Sensitivity after Lean Donor Feces in Metabolic Syndrome Is Driven by Baseline Intestinal Microbiota Composition 这是阿姆斯特丹大学学术医学中心在2017年发表在cell子刊上的文献，其中一个highlight提到：Response to lean donor FMT is driven by baseline fecal microbiota composition，使用了ROC曲线来评估预测模型的好坏。 为了比较异体FMT中菌群与效果之间的关系，首先按照FMT前后Rd值的变化将患者分为responders组和non-responders组，并比较了两组的菌群差异，从菌群多样性变化来看，基于Shannon指数发现，两组的多样性均没有发生显著改变，然而，两组基线时的菌群多样性却又显著差异（图5A），具体表现为non-responders的基线菌群多样性显著高于responders。随后，作者使用了弹性网络算法elastic net algorithm ( Zou and Hastie, 2005 )区分responders和non-responders，为了避免过度拟合，在数据的训练分区(80%)上使用了十折交叉验证，剩下的20%样品用作测试数据集。要选择的参数是 L1，L2范数和正则化阈值之间的比率。稳定性选择采用80% 的随机二次抽样方法进行，共100次。在稳定性选择过程中，计算所有权重系数为非零的特征。这些计数被归一化并转换为稳定系数，对于总是被选择的特征值在1.0之间，对于从未被选择的特征值在0.0之间。通过随机试验评价弹性网络算法所得结果的统计有效性。按照程序将结果变量(例如，同种异体相对于自体或应答者相对于无应答者)随机重组，同时保留相应的微生物谱。重复100次，每次计算受试者-工作特征-曲线下面积(ROC AUC)评分。用于二进制分类任务的性能度量是 ROC AUC。ROC 可以理解为一个正确分类同种异体受试者与自体受试者或有效者与无效者的概率图。数据集中的交叉验证是通过随机隐藏模型中20% 的受试者并评估该组的预测质量来完成的。ROC AUC 评分用0.5 AUC 来衡量分类模型的预测准确性，对应于一个随机结果。定义了一个临界值0.05，并将原始数据集的真实 AUC 与此值进行了比较。 作者通过ROC曲线评估了基线菌群组成预测6周代谢反应的模型，显示AUC=0.88，模型良好。 从这篇文献了解到ROC曲线可用于评估某个寻找biomarkers的预测模型的好坏。再从一篇SCI了解： Alterations in the gut microbiome and metabolism with coronary artery disease severity 这是一篇本课题组与北京协和医学院合作在2019年发表的文章，关注了不同冠状动脉疾病Coronary artery disease (CAD)类型患者的肠道菌群区分差异。其中，作者通过ROC曲线评估了区分不同CAD亚型（稳定型冠状动脉疾病(SCAD) ，不稳定型心绞痛(UA)和心肌梗死(MI)）的特征共变化菌群和代谢物随机森林模型，得到比较良好的预测结果。 Subgroup identification and prediction based on CAGs and CAD-associated metabotypes 为了确定肠道菌群中的 CAGs 和代谢产物模块是否可以作为鉴别冠心病不同阶段与正常冠状动脉的生物标志物，根据24个 CAGs 和72个血清代谢类型构建了随机森林模型对冠心病不同阶段进行分类，并利用 ROC曲线(ROC)曲线对分类进行了检验(详情见“材料和方法”一节)。总共构建了5个预测模型（Control vs. CAD, Control vs. SCAD, SCAD vs. UA, SCAD vs. ACS和UA vs. MI）。 随后，作者再通过招募新队列使用该模型进行分类预测，进一步论证该疾病亚型识别模型的潜在分类能力。 小结：从这两篇文献来看，作者均通过某个分类法机器学习预测模型寻找biomarkers，然后使用ROC曲线对模型进行评估。因此，我们可以初步得知，ROC曲线是用于检验构建的预测模型好坏的一种衡量方法。那么除了这种用途，ROC曲线还能做什么呢？ 为了进一步了解并应用ROC曲线，我们需要首先了解ROC曲线的原理和过往↓ 关于ROC曲线相关介绍的文章非常多，这里我摘抄出个人认为比较详细，可用性强的文章，加以理解。 一、评估预测模型的方法 首先，我们应该了解到预测模型的类型可以分为回归模型和分类模型（分类模型又有两类算法：分类输出型和概率输出型，这里就不一一赘述），而不同模型的评估度量也是不同的， 如何评估模型好坏 ， 机器学习（二十四）——常见模型评估方法 ， 分类模型的评估方法简介 首先需要了解自己构建的预测模型类型来决定评估方法，并不局限于使用ROC曲线进行评估。 ROC曲线原理： 关于ROC曲线的概念和意义可参考： ROC曲线的概念和意义 英文比较好的话也可以看看这篇： ROC curves – what are they and how are they used? 为了更直观的理解ROC，也可以看看这个视频： ROC and AUC, Clearly Explained! 受试者工作特征曲线（receiver operator characteristic curve, ROC曲线），最初用于评价雷达性能，又称为接收者操作特性曲线。ROC曲线其实就是从混淆矩阵衍生出来的图形，以真阳性率（灵敏度，Sensitivity）为纵坐标，假阳性率（1-特异度，1-Specificity）为横坐标绘制的曲线。 其自变量（检验项目）一般为连续性变量（如蛋白质因子、菌株、代谢物等的检测丰度或含量），因变量（金标准，如某疾病亚型分类、治疗响应和无响应、患病和未患病）一般为二分类变量。 ROC曲线图形：随着阈值的减小，更多的值归于正类，敏感度和1-特异度也相应增加，所以ROC曲线呈递增趋势。那条45度对角线是一条参照线，也就是说ROC曲线要与这条曲线比较。简单的说，如果我们不用模型，直接随机把客户分类，我们得到的曲线就是那条参照线，然而我们使用了模型进行预测，就应该比随机的要好，所以ROC曲线要尽量远离参照线，越远，我们的模型预测效果越好。 ROC曲线就是用来判断诊断的正确性，最理想的就是曲线下的面积为1，比较理想的状态就是曲线下的面积在0.8-0.9之间，0.5的话对实验结果没有什么影响。 提到ROC曲线，就离不开AUC(ROC曲线下面积)，其判定方法为AUC应该大于0.5。ROC曲线是根据与对角线进行比较来判断模型的好坏，但这只是一种直觉上的定性分析，如果我们需要精确一些，就要用到AUC，也就是ROC曲线下面积（AUC）。 从AUC判断分类器（预测模型）优劣的标准： AUC = 1，是完美分类器，采用这个预测模型时，存在至少一个阈值能得出完美预测。绝大多数预测的场合，不存在完美分类器。 0.5 < AUC < 1，优于随机猜测。这个分类器（模型）妥善设定阈值的话，能有预测价值。 AUC = 0.5，跟随机猜测一样（例：丢铜板），模型没有预测价值。 AUC < 0.5，比随机猜测还差；但只要总是反预测而行，就优于随机猜测。 看上图，参考线的面积是0.5，ROC曲线与它偏离越大，ROC曲线就越往左上方靠拢，它下面的面积(AUC)也就越大，这里面积是0.869。我们可以根据AUC的值与0.5相比，来评估一个分类模型的预测效果。 二、ROC曲线的历史和关键值 这里推荐阅读这篇： 机器学习基础（1）- ROC曲线理解 。这里从最初雷达兵使用ROC曲线评估的故事说起，言简意赅。 ROC曲线最初的研究是为了确定美国雷达“接收机操作员”是如何漏掉日本飞机的。在模型预测判断中，会出现真阳、假阳、真阴和假阴的三种情况，而不同雷达兵都可能有自己的一套评判标准，对每个接收的信号是大鸟还是轰炸机，每个雷达兵会给出自己的判断结果，这样每个雷达兵就都能计算出一个ROC曲线上的关键点（一组FPR,TPR值），把大家的点连起来，也就是最早的ROC曲线了。 ROC曲线需要了解几个关键值： 敏感性： 正确识别真阳性的比例。在这种情况下，健康患者的比例由诊断工具正确识别。这有时被称为“召回”。 SN =真阳性/（真阳性+假阴性） 逆（1灵敏度）=  假负率 。未被该工具检测到的健康患者被错误地识别为患有CAD。假阴性也称为II型错误。 特异性： 正确识别真阴性的比例。在这种情况下，通过诊断工具正确识别CAD患者的比例。 SP =真阴性/（真阴性+误报） 逆（1-特异性）=  假阳性率 。CAD患者被错误地识别为无CAD。误报也称为I型错误。 积极预测价值： 该工具报告的阳性比例，实际上是积极的。对于诊断工具报告缺乏CAD的患者组，PPV是实际上没有患病的患者的比例。这有时被称为“精确度”。 PPV =真阳性/（真阳性+误报） 负面预测值： 该工具报告的负面影响的比例，实际上是负面的。对于诊断工具报告存在CAD的患者组，NPV是实际上没有CAD的患者的比例。 NPV =真阴性/（真阴性+假阴性） 这里可以借助混淆矩阵加以理解： TP(True Positive): 真实为0，预测也为0 FN(False Negative): 真实为0，预测为1 FP(False Positive): 真实为1，预测为0 TN(True Negative): 真实为0，预测也为0 三、ROC曲线的主要作用 1、ROC曲线能很容易地查出任意界限值时的对疾病的识别能力。 2、选择最佳的诊断界限值。 3、两种或两种以上不同诊断试验对疾病识别能力的比较。在对同一种疾病的两种或两种以上诊断方法进行比较时，可将各试验的ROC曲线绘制到同一坐标中，以直观地鉴别优劣，靠近左上角的ROC曲线所代表的受试者工作最准确。亦可通过分别计算各个试验的ROC曲线下的面积(AUC)进行比较，哪一种试验的AUC最大，则哪一种试验的诊断价值最佳。 四、交叉验证和过拟合问题 参考： 你真的了解交叉验证和过拟合吗？ 机器学习】Cross-Validation（交叉验证）详解 10折交叉验证（10-fold Cross Validation）与留一法（Leave-One-Out）、分层采样（Stratification） 意识到过拟合好像也是个棘手的问题，所以在这里补充一下： 简单来讲，当 train set 误差较小，而 test set 误差较大时，我们即可认为模型过拟合。这句话表达的另一层意思是，模型评估指标的方差（variance）较大，即可认为模型过拟合。另外，无论监督学习还是非监督学习，均存在过拟合的问题。 有一个比喻还不错，这里也摘抄下来： 语文老师 让同学A 解释一个句子：  ‘某鲁迅先生的文章~~~~~~~~" 欠拟合：    差生： 这是个什么鬼东西，比例哔哩哔哩~~~~ 过拟合：    语文老师的解释： ‘表面上看是~~~，但其实~~~~，本质上~~~~~~，反映了~~~~心情，烘托了~~~气氛~~~" 正常：        当时鲁迅先生觉得天色晚了，该休息了。 那么，如何才能够在一定程度上避免过拟合呢？这就引出了交叉验证： 最简单的判断模型是否过拟合的方法，就是通过training accuracy 和 test accuracy 数值大小，直观的判断模型是否过拟合。例如，训练集的准确率为90%，而测试集的准确率为70%，那么我们可以认为模型过拟合。不过，这种方法没有明确的判断标准，完全靠个人的主观判断——“感觉训练和测试的误差相差有点大，有可能过拟合”。 如何利用交叉验证避免过拟合？ 避免模型过拟合的方法，总结大概以下几点： 　   - 重新清洗数据（删除稀疏特征、对噪声数据进行处理（删除/替换）） 　　- 重新采样（改变采样方法等） 　　- 增加训练数据 　　- 采用交叉验证训练模型 　　- 重新筛选特征 　　- 降低模型复杂度（增加正则项：L1，L2） 　　- dropout（神经网络中，让神经元一定的概率不工作） 这里探讨如何利用交叉验证来避免模型过拟合： 第一个作用是对模型的性能进行评估 。当我们通过一次划分样本对模型进行训练和测试时，由于样本划分的偶然性，会导致我们对模型的评估不准确。因此，可以采用交叉验证对模型进行评估（一般采用5折或10折，sklearn默认采用的是3折），以 n 折交叉验证结果的均值，作为模型的性能评估。 第二个作用就是用来避免过拟合 。例如当我们进行10折交叉验证时，训练了10次，得到了10个模型，每个模型的参数也是不同的，那么我们究竟用哪个模型作为我们最终的模型呢？答案是： 一个都不用！我们要利用全量数据重新训练出一个最终模型！ 关于实现ROC曲线的绘制，可通过多种途径进行，这里列出一些可操作平台和方法： 1、SPSS： 如何用SPSS做ROC曲线分析？看这1篇就够了！ 2、R语言： R语言逻辑回归、ROC曲线和十折交叉验证                     ROC曲线基于R语言-（pROC包）                     R语言pROC包绘制ROC曲线 3、Python： 机器学习基础（1）- ROC曲线理解                     ROC原理介绍及利用python实现二分类和多分类的ROC曲线 4、Matlab： Matlab绘图——ROC曲线绘制（官方demo）                      ROC曲线详解及matlab绘图实例 ROC曲线的初步学习就到这里，我们初步了解到ROC曲线最初是用来评估雷达兵判断的轰炸机信号准确性的方法，随后沿用到了医学指标的判定上，在生活中应用广泛。ROC曲线可用于查出任意界限值时的对疾病的识别能力，选择最佳的诊断界限值，还可以用在评估机器学习预测模型的好坏上（目前好像这方面用的比较多）。当然，还有一些问题值得讨论，比如，何时需要使用ROC曲线，S折交叉验证平均ROC曲线如何绘制，等等。在机器学习模型构建过程中，训练集和测试集的建立，模型的交叉验证和ROC曲线评估的结合，还需要继续学习。 Kootte RS, Levin E, Salojärvi J, Smits LP, Hartstra AV, Udayappan SD, Hermes G, Bouter KE, Koopen AM, Holst JJ, Knop FK, Blaak EE, Zhao J, Smidt H, Harms AC, Hankemeijer T, Bergman JJGHM, Romijn HA, Schaap FG, Olde Damink SWM, Ackermans MT, Dallinga-Thie GM, Zoetendal E, de Vos WM, Serlie MJ, Stroes ESG, Groen AK, Nieuwdorp M. Improvement of Insulin Sensitivity after Lean Donor Feces in Metabolic Syndrome Is Driven by Baseline Intestinal Microbiota Composition. Cell Metab. 2017 Oct 3;26(4):611-619.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.008. PMID: 28978426. Liu H, Chen X, Hu X, Niu H, Tian R, Wang H, Pang H, Jiang L, Qiu B, Chen X, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Tang S, Li H, Feng S, Zhang S, Zhang C. Alterations in the gut microbiome and metabolism with coronary artery disease severity. Microbiome. 2019 Apr 26;7(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s40168-019-0683-9. PMID: 31027508; PMCID: PMC6486680. Rodriguez-Ruiz A, Lång K, Gubern-Merida A, Broeders M, Gennaro G, Clauser P, Helbich TH, Chevalier M, Tan T, Mertelmeier T, Wallis MG, Andersson I, Zackrisson S, Mann RM, Sechopoulos I. Stand-Alone Artificial Intelligence for Breast Cancer Detection in Mammography: Comparison With 101 Radiologists. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019 Sep 1;111(9):916-922. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djy222. PMID: 30834436; PMCID: PMC6748773. Duclos G, Bobbia X, Markarian T, Muller L, Cheyssac C, Castillon S, Resseguier N, Boussuges A, Volpicelli G, Leone M, Zieleskiewicz L. Speckle tracking quantification of lung sliding for the diagnosis of pneumothorax: a multicentric observational study. Intensive Care Med. 2019 Sep;45(9):1212-1218. doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05710-1. Epub 2019 Jul 29. PMID: 31359081.

C,D,A,C,A

1、B对身体有益 2、D通常要为自己的行为负责 3、D发生 4、C 减税是刺激经济的工具 5、A 潮流 6、C 对··有吸引 7、D 有说服力的方案 8、C 彻底的改变 9、D 被证明 10、D压缩

实时定量PCR，因为RT-PCR过程中可以通过荧光标记强弱分析基因的表达关系，表达量高的荧光强。

distinctive numbers独特的数字双语例句1Ultrastructural observations demonstrated that distinctive alterations in intercellular lipid lamellar bilayer architecture with lamellar ichthyosis, including increased numbers of lamellae stacks and lacunae formation.超微结构观察表明，板层状鱼鳞癣病变角质层细胞间脂质的结构发生了明显的改变，其主要表现为脂质膜的层数增多、膜状结构破坏及腔隙形成。

1.1化学与环境化学 （马纳汉虏大肠杆菌2001。第二届环境化学基础版。） 化学是指物质科学。因此，它涉及我们呼吸的空气，我们喝的水，生长的土壤，食物，和重要的生命物质和过程。我们自己的身体含有大量化学物质的多样性和复杂的巨大的化学工厂，进行了复杂的化学过程的数量惊人。 有一个很大的关注，今天对使用和滥用，特别是化学，因为它涉及到环境中。正在发生的事件作为威胁不断提醒，从个人的环境暴露于有毒物质的现象在全球范围广泛，可能导致大规模的，也许是灾难性的，气候的改变。其中包括，作为例子，一个明显的气候变暖的证据;记录天气事件，尤其是洪水，在美国20世纪90年代，并在墨西哥城的空气质量如此低劣，威胁人类健康。此外，大量雇员必须处理有害物质和废物的实验室和工作场所。所有这些事项涉及的环境化学问题的理解和在他们找出解决办法。 环境化学是化学的一个分支，起源，运输，反应，效果处理和命运的化学物质在水，空气，地球，生活环境及向人类活动的影响。与此相关的纪律，毒理化学，是重点有毒物质后，其与生物组织和生物系统的相互作用化学。除了其作为一个重要的，它本身非常重要的纪律，环境化学提供了一个良好的化学研究的框架，“普通化学，处理” 有机化学，化学分析，物理化学，光化学，地球化学，生物和化学。必然它打破了障碍倾向。有一个很大的关注，今天对使用和滥用，特别是化学，因为它涉及到环境中。正在发生的事件作为威胁不断提醒，从个人的环境暴露于有毒物质的现象在全球范围广泛，可能导致大规模的，也许是灾难性的，气候的改变。其中包括，作为例子，一个明显的气候变暖的证据;记录天气事件，尤其是洪水，在美国20世纪90年代，并在墨西哥城的空气质量如此低劣，威胁人类健康。此外，大量雇员必须处理有害物质和废物的实验室和工作场所。所有这些事项涉及的环境化学问题的理解和在他们找出解决办法。环境化学是化学的一个分支，起源，运输，反应，效果处理和命运的化学物质在水，空气，地球，生活环境及向人类活动的影响。与此相关的纪律，毒理化学，是重点有毒物质后，其与生物组织和生物系统的相互作用化学。除了其作为一个重要的，它本身非常重要的纪律，环境化学提供了一个良好的化学研究的框架，“普通化学，处理”有机化学，化学分析，物理化学，光化学，地球化学，生物和化学。必然它打破了障碍，往往区域化化学，因为这是常规处理。因此，这本书是两个主要目标，提供一个环境内化学框架的化学科学的全面了解，并提供了基本环境

Part 1: What is Informed Consent? Part 2: The Informed Consent DocumentWhen most people hear the phrase “informed consent,” they think of the legal document that explains the study and contains the required dated signatures. However, informed consent is first and foremost a continuing process. This includes a person voluntarily agreeing to participate in a research study after being fully informed about it via verbal discussion with study staff, followed by documentation in a written, signed, and dated informed consent form. A participant"s consent will be continually sought during the course of the study, and the participant will be notified of any changes to the study, along with any other pertinent information that may influence their decision to remain in the study. 当大多数人听到“知情同意”一词时，他们会想到解释该研究并包含所需日期签名的法律文件。然而 ，知情同意首先是一个持续的过程 。这包括通过与研究人员进行 口头讨论 ，并随后以 书面 、 签字 和 注明日期 的知情同意书形式记录， 自愿同意参与 研究的人员。在研究过程中，将 不断征求参与者的同意 ，并将研究的任何变更以及可能影响其继续参与研究决定的任何其他相关信息通知参与者。 While documentation of informed consent is required in most clinical studies, there are occasions when a waiver or alteration of written informed consent is obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for some or all study participants. The fundamental criteria for waivers and alterations of informed consent are located in 45 CFR 46.116(c) and 45 CFR 46.116(d). Please consult the local IRB for determining when it is appropriate to waive the requirement for written consent. 虽然在大多数临床研究中都需要知情同意书的文件记录， 但在某些情况下，一些或所有研究参与者的书面知情同意书会从机构审查委员会（IRB）处获得弃权或变更。 《美国联邦法规》第45卷第46.116（c）节和第45卷第46.116（d）节规定了放弃和变更知情同意书的基本标准。 请咨询当地IRB，以确定何时适合放弃书面同意的要求。 The informed consent document should contain all of the information that the person needs to make an informed decision about taking part in the study. Many research teams use the consent document to guide the verbal explanation of the study to potential participants. 知情同意书文件应包含患者做出参与研究知情决定所需的所有信息。许多研究团队使用同意书来指导 潜在参与者 对研究进行 口头解释 。 The participant must sign and date the informed consent document before taking part in any study procedures. Signing the consent form is NOT the final step in the informed consent process. The participant may withdraw consent and decline to participate in the study at any time before or after signing the consent document until their participation in the study is completed. 参与任何研究程序前，参与者必须在知情同意书上签字并注明日期。签署同意书并不是知情同意过程的最后一步。参与者可在签署同意书之前或之后的任何时间 撤回同意书 并 拒绝参与研究 ，直至其参与研究完成。 The general requirements for informed consent in federally funded research are spelled out in 45 CFR 46.116 and 21 CFR 50.20 . Some states have enacted requirements for informed consent that go beyond federal regulations. This module reviews the requirements for informed consent that are set out in federal regulations and in the Good Clinical Practice guidelines of the International Council for Harmonization (ICH GCP 4.8.10). It is the principal investigator"s responsibility to know and abide by any additional state requirements. 联邦资助研究中知情同意的一般要求在45 CFR 46.116和21 CFR 50.20中有详细说明。 一些州颁布了超出联邦法规的知情同意要求。 本单元审查联邦法规和国际协调理事会良好临床实践指南（ICH GCP 4.8.10）中规定的知情同意要求。主要调查员有责任了解并遵守任何其他州要求。 All researchers must ensure that the process of obtaining informed consent from study participants not only conforms to federal, state, and local regulations but also respects each individual"s right to make a voluntary, informed decision. 所有研究人员必须确保获得研究参与者知情同意的过程不仅 符合联邦、州和地方法规 ，而且 尊重每个人做出自愿知情决定的权利 。 Part 2 of this module deals with the informed consent document. Part 4 deals with the informed consent process. 本单元第2部分涉及知情同意书。第4部分涉及知情同意程序。The consent document must state (ICH GCP 4.8.10):    i、That the trial involves research.    ii、The purpose of the trial. 同意书必须说明（ICH GCP 4.8.10）： （1） 试验涉及研究 。 （2） 试验的目的 。 The consent document must state (ICH GCP 4.8.10):  The trial treatment(s) and the probability for random assignment to each treatment (if a randomized clinical trial). 同意书必须说明（ICH GCP 4.8.10）：  试验治疗和随机分配给每个治疗的概率 （如果是随机临床试验）。 The consent document must state (ICH GCP 4.8.10):    i、The trial procedures to be followed, including all invasive procedures.    ii、The participant"s responsibilities.    iii、Those aspects of the trial that are experimental.    iv、The expected duration of the participant"s involvement in the trial. 同意文件必须声明(ICH GCP 4.8.10): （1）应遵循的试验 程序 ，包括所有侵入性程序。 （2）参与者的 责任 。 （3）试验的那些方面是 实验性 的。 （4）受试者参与试验的 预期持续时间 。 The consent document must state (ICH GCP 4.8.10): The reasonably foreseeable risks or inconveniences to the participant and, when applicable, to an embryo, fetus, or nursing infant. 同意书必须说明（ICH GCP 4.8.10）：对参与者和（如适用）胚胎、胎儿或哺乳期婴儿的合理可预见风险或不便。 The consent document must state (ICH GCP 4.8.10): The reasonably expected benefits. When there is no intended clinical benefit to the participant, the participant should be made aware of this. 同意文件必须说明（ICH GCP 4.8.10）：合理预期的利益。当参与者没有预期的临床益处时，应让参与者意识到这一点。 The consent document must state (ICH GCP 4.8.10): The alternative procedure(s) or course(s) of treatment that may be available to the participant, and their important potential benefits and risks. Points to note: IRBs often want the informed consent document to list other therapies available for the condition under treatment in addition to other treatment options at the facility where the study is being conducted. 同意书必须说明（ICH GCP 4.8.10）：参与者可以使用的替代治疗程序或疗程，及其重要的潜在益处和风险。 需要注意的要点： IRB通常希望知情同意书中列出治疗条件下的其他治疗方法，以及正在进行研究的设施中的其他治疗方案。 The consent document must state (ICH GCP 4.8.10):    i、The compensation and/or treatment available to the participant in the event of trial-related injury.    ii、The anticipated expenses, if any, to the participant for participating in the trial. Points to note: When research involves more than minimal risk to the participant, the consent document must describe the treatment and compensation that will be provided in the event that a participant sustains a research-related injury. The language in the consent cannot appear to limit the participant"s rights in seeking damages related to injury in a trial. Federal regulations do not limit the definition of “injury” to a physical injury. An injury may be psychological, social, financial, or of another nature. 同意书必须说明（ICH GCP 4.8.10）： （1）在试验相关伤害事件中，参与者可获得的补偿和/或治疗。 （2）参与者参与试验的预期费用（如有）。 注意事项： 当研究对参与者的风险超过最低限度时，同意书必须说明参与者遭受研究相关伤害时将提供的治疗和补偿。同意书中的语言似乎不能限制参与人在审判中要求损害赔偿的权利。 联邦法规没有将“伤害”的定义限制为身体伤害。伤害可能是心理、社会、经济或其他性质的。 The consent document must state (ICH GCP 4.8.10): The anticipated prorated payment, if any, to the participant for participating in the trial. Points to note : Payment to participants for their participation in a research study must never be coercive in either amount or method of distribution. 同意书必须说明（ICH GCP 4.8.10）：参与试验的参与者的预期 按比例付款 （如有）。 注意事项 ：对参与研究的参与者的付款，无论是在金额上还是在分配方式上，都不能是强制性的。 The consent document must state (ICH GCP 4.8.10):    i、That the participant"s participation in the trial is voluntary and that the participant may refuse to participate or withdraw from the trial, at any time, without penalty or loss of benefits to which the participant is otherwise entitled.    ii、The foreseeable circumstances and/or reasons under which the participant"s participation in the trial may be terminated. 同意书必须说明（ICH GCP 4.8.10）： （1）参与者参与试验是 自愿 的，参与者可以在任何时候拒绝参与或退出试验，而不会受到惩罚或损失参与者应有的利益。 （2）参与者可能终止参与试验的 可预见情况和/或原因 。 The consent document must state (ICH GCP 4.8.10):    i、That the monitor(s), the auditor(s), the IRB, and the regulatory authority(ies) will be granted direct access to the participant"s original medical records for verification of clinical trial procedures and/or data, without violating the confidentiality of the participant, to the extent permitted by the applicable laws and regulations and that, by signing a written informed consent form, the participant or the participant"s legal representative is authorizing such access.    ii、That records identifying the participant will be kept confidential and, to the extent permitted by the applicable laws and/or regulations, will not be made publicly available. If the results of the trial are published, the participant"s identity will remain confidential. Points to note : Certificates of Confidentiality are issued by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to preventinvestigators from having to release (e.g., via a subpoena) names or other identifying information about research participants. Certificates of Confidentiality provide additional protection for participants who are enrolled in studies in which information is being collected that, if disclosed, could have adverse consequences for participants or could damage their financial standing, employability, insurability, or reputation.  See related material from the Confidentiality and Privacy module for a summary of confidentiality requirements in research involving human participants. 同意书必须说明（ICH GCP 4.8.10）： （1）监护仪、审计师、IRB和监管机构将被授予直接访问参与者原始医疗记录的 权限 ，以 验证临床试验程序和/或数据 ， 而不违反参与者的保密性 ，在适用法律法规允许的范围内，且通过签署书面知情同意书，参与者或参与者的法定代表人授权此类访问。 （2）识别参与者的记录将保密，并且在适用法律和/或法规允许的范围内， 不会公开提供 。 如果试验结果公布，参与者的身份将保密。 注意事项： 国家卫生研究院（NIH）颁发保密证书，以防止调查人员不得不公布（例如通过传票）研究参与者的姓名或其他身份信息。 保密证书为参加正在收集信息的研究的参与者提供了 额外的保护 ，这些信息如果被披露，可能会对参与者产生不利影响，或者可能损害他们的财务状况、就业能力、可保性或声誉。 有关涉及人类参与者的研究中的保密要求摘要，请参见保密和隐私模块中的相关资料。 The consent document must state (ICH GCP 4.8.10): That the participant or the participant"s legally acceptable representative will be informed in a timely manner if information becomes available that may be relevant to the participant"s willingness to continue participation in the trial. 同意书必须说明（ICH GCP 4.8.10）：如果获得可能与参与者 继续参与试验的意愿相关的信息 ，将及时通知参与者或参与者的法定代表人。 The consent document must state (ICH GCP 4.8.10): The person(s) to contact for further information regarding the trial and the rights of trial participants in the event of trial-related injury. 同意书必须说明（ICH GCP 4.8.10）：在发生试验相关伤害的情况下，与试验和试验参与者权利相关的进一步信息联系的人员。 The consent document must state (ICH GCP 4.8.10):    i、The expected duration of the participant"s participation in the trial.    ii、The approximate number of participants involved in the trial. Points to note : A consent form should be written in non-technical language that participants would understand. Also, it should be written in language consistent with the participants educational level, cultural views, and familiarity with research. 同意书必须说明（ICH GCP 4.8.10）： （1）参与者参与试验的 预期持续时间 。 （2）参与试验的 大致人数 。 注意事项 ：同意书应以参与者能够理解的非技术性语言书写。此外，报告的语言应与参与者的教育水平、文化观点和对研究的熟悉程度相一致。

so many changes in New York的中文翻译是纽约发生了这么多变化重点词汇：changes词语分析：音标：英 [ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz]   美 [ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz]  n. 变化，改变（change的复数）v. 改变；交换（change的第三人称单数形式）短语：save changes 保存更改earth-shaking changes 翻天覆地的改变例句：They made substantial changes to the arrangements.他们在安排上作了重大变动。Important changes are already in the pipeline.重大的变革已在酝酿之中。During his presidency many changes took place.在他任职期间发生了许多变化。近义词：n. 变化，改变（change的复数）  mutations，alterations

  Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have come of age as preferred technologies for screening of genomic variants of pathologic and therapeutic potential. Because of their capability for high-throughput and massively parallel sequencing, they can screen for a variety of genomic changes in multiple samples simultaneously. This has made them platforms of choice for clinical testing of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Consequently, they are increasingly replacing conventional technologies, such as Sanger sequencing and pyrosequencing, expression arrays, real-time PCR, and fluorescence in situ hybridization methods, for routine molecular testing of tumors.   However, one limitation of routinely used NGS technologies is the inability to detect low-level genomic variants with high accuracy . This can be attributed to the frequent occurrence of low-level sequencing errors and artifacts in NGS workflow that need specialized approaches to be identified and eliminated.    In terms of NGS, LOD can be defined as the minor allelic frequency of a variant at which 95% of the samples tested will be detected reliably. In NGS, this can be potentially influenced by several factors. Consequently, it is not surprising that the reported LODs for a variety of NGS assays, including limited gene panels, whole exome sequencing, and whole genome sequencing, range from 2% to 15% variant allelic frequency (VAF).   Cancer is predominantly driven by somatic mutations, which can occur at any level in a sample because of tumor heterogeneity caused by co-existence of multiple mutations in the tumor cell or occurrence of multiple cancerous clones in the same tumor. Consequently, it is challenging to define an LOD as adequate for genomic screening of tumors. Considering that somatic mutations can manifest at any given level in a tumor sample, achieving progressively higher detection sensitivity (or lower LODs) will be crucial to improve tumor mutation screening. Although current NGS platforms routinely identify low-level mutations (<1% VAF), most are not equipped to distinguish them from spurious, low-level sequencing artifacts (false positives) that originate from various steps of NGS workflow.   However, most of the solid organ tumors and bone marrow biopsy samples are formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE). However, formalin fixation has detrimental effects on the integrity, extraction efficiency, and amplifiability of nucleic acids.   Furthermore, several parameters of formalin fixation and nucleic acid extraction processes have been identified to also adversely affect the quality of nucleic acids, and strategies to minimize them have been proposed.   Another routinely used method for preparation of DNA for NGS is sonication (acoustic shearing), which is used to generate DNA fragments of required size ranges. This process also generates low-level 8-oxoguanine lesions in DNA because of oxidation, resulting in G:C>T:A artifacts that compromise the accuracy and confidence of low-level variant detection.   Although highfidelity polymerases with error rates of one per million base pairs (error rate of 10 -6 ) are routinely used for the NGS workflow, using excessive PCR cycles and low-quality DNA with processing-induced chemical modifications compound the issue, resulting in sequencing artifacts.   In addition, polymerase-induced PCR errors during clonal amplifications of DNA strands (to isolate and amplify each DNA library strand for sequencing) and the actual sequencing by synthesis also contribute additional errors.   Not surprisingly, several studies investigating the role of polymerase fidelity have established improved accuracy of NGS by incorporating higher-fidelity polymerases, albeit to varying extents, depending on the target sequence and applications investigated. Furthermore, GC- and AT-rich genomic regions can also be underrepresented in the PCRdependent workflow, resulting in low sequencing coverage and compromised variant detection, especially gene copy number alterations.   Although all NGS platforms perform massively parallel sequencing, the underlying sequencing technologies are distinct. This results in intrinsic variations in major aspects, such as sequencing run time, sequencing output, read length, and error rates.   This represents a critical step in NGS workflow, which includes digital processing of the voluminous sequencing information generated by the sequencers to obtain meaningful genomic sequences and detect variants. It encompasses consolidation of raw signal information from the sequencer, base calling, elimination of low-quality base calls and sequencing reads using preset quality parameters, and alignment of sequence information obtained to a reference sequence to identify potential sequence variants.   However, this process could also be a source of sequence artifacts, which can originate at various steps involved.   Template tagging is a revolutionary breakthrough approach where each template DNA molecule is tagged by a unique synthetic DNA sequence and used to trace back the strands of origin for the variant detected.   Different studies using UIDs in NGS have reported highconfidence LODs, ranging from 0.01% to 1% VAF, which represents a significant improvement (by at least two orders of magnitude) in comparison to conventional NGS.   This is an improved version of the UID tagging approach, in which the DNA template is tagged by two distinct and random UIDs on either side, tagging both the strands of DNA (+ and - strands). Doing so, the mutations detected can be traced back to each individual strand of duplex DNA template after paired-end sequencing.   The use of UIDs comes with some drawbacks:   To circumvent this, some recent advances have used non-UID methods that can identify lowlevel variants with accuracy.   Although these methods represent significant improvements in non-UID options, their applicability in routine clinical laboratory workflow and performance to the expected standards of a clinical test are yet to be demonstrated.    Eliminating the clonal amplification step would be useful in eliminating these errors and is possible with sequencing technologies, which are referred to as single-molecule sequencing, where each original strand of DNA is sequenced individually.   Minimal residual disease (MRD) is defined as low-level remnant tumor content after complete remission, following surgery or therapeutic intervention, and is undetectable by routine histologic or radiological examinations. MRD represents cells from the original tumor that have not been cleared by treatment approaches and therapy-resistant subclones.   MRD monitoring is more prevalent in hematological cancers because of the ease of obtaining blood samples and is performed using sensitive techniques, like flow cytometry and ASPCR. Consequently, MRD levels are also defined by the LOD of these techniques, which is generally 0.01% (1 tumor cell in the background of 10,000 normal cells). However, these methods are restricted to screening a limited number of known markers and are not helpful in preemptively detecting emergent malignant clones.   NGS with the unique capability to screen multiple markers simultaneously can fulfill this need. In recent years, several studies have established the ability of NGS in MRD detection.74,75 However, routine MRD evaluation by NGS has been hindered because of the difficulties in detecting and authenticating low-level mutations (especially SNVs), cost, and long turnaround time. Consequently, MRD detection by NGS has been recommended for clinical trials only.   Recently developed, error-corrected NGS technologies have made NGS more attractive for routine MRD estimation.   The overall levels of cell-free DNA are also observed to be more in cancer because of the relatively higher cell growth and necrosis in tumors compared with healthy tissues.   Studies have shown concordance of the mutation profiles of ctDNA and tumor along with a direct correlation of ctDNA with the tumor burden and the stage of the tumor. Consequently, isolation and screening of cell-free DNA as a surrogate for DNA directly isolated from tumor tissue is an attractive proposition. This approach is especially valuable for solid tumors, where acquiring a tumor sample requires surgical resection or methods such as core-needle or fine-needle biopsies.

玖 [数] （“九”的大写） nine (used for the numeral 九 on cheques, etc., to avoid mistakes or alterations); [数] （“十” 的大写） ten (used for the numeral 十 on cheques, banknotes, etc. to avoid mistakes or alterations); 佰 [数] （“百”的大写） hundred (used for the numeral 百 on cheques, etc. to avoid mistakes or alterations); 仟 [数] （“千” 的大写） thousand (used for the numeral 千 on cheques, etc., to avoid mistakes or alterations);

是是非非，号为信史......翻译成大白话就是：信史就是事实记录历史,是便是是,非便是非。由此提出两种翻译供参考，意思是一样的：1. Write down the right deeds as right deeds and note the wrong deeds as wrong deeds, that would make trustworthy history.2. Write down the happenings as they were and make no alterations. That would make trustworthy historical notes.

a

Juan Enriquez: What will humans look like in 100 years | TED Talk Here"s a question that matters. Right? Because we"re beginning to get all the tools together to evolve ourselves.  And we can evolve bacteria and we can evolve plants and we can evolve animals,  and we"re now reaching a point where we really have to ask, is it really ethical and do we want to evolve human beings?  And as you"re thinking about that, let me talk about that in the context of prosthetics, prosthetics past, present, future. So this is the iron hand that belonged to one of the German counts.  Loved to fight, lost his arm in one of these battles.  No problem, he just made a suit of armor, put it on, perfect prosthetic.  That"s where the concept of ruling with an iron fist comes from.  And of course these prosthetics have been getting more and more useful, more and more modern. You can hold soft-boiled eggs.  You can have all types of controls, and as you"re thinking about that,  there are wonderful people like Hugh Herr who have been building absolutely extraordinary prosthetics.  So the wonderful Aimee Mullins will go out and say, how tall do I want to be tonight?  Or he will say what type of cliff do I want to climb?  Or does somebody want to run a marathon, or does somebody want to ballroom dance?  And as you adapt these things, the interesting thing about prosthetics is they"ve been coming inside the body.  So these external prosthetics have now become artificial knees. They"ve become artificial hips.  And then they"ve evolved further to become not just nice to have but essential to have. So when you"re talking about a heart pacemaker as a prosthetic,  you"re talking about something that isn"t just, " I"m missing my leg,"  it"s, "if I don"t have this, I can die."  And at that point, a prosthetic becomes a symbiotic relationship with the human body. How have  prosthetics evolved over time? They"ve become more customizable and necessary. Why does Enriquez believe prosthetics have the common ethical issue? They have the ability to radically change the human body. A symbiotic relationship is one in which both sides depend on each other for survival. And four of the smartest people that I"ve ever met -- Ed Boyden, Hugh Herr, Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander -- are working on a Center for Extreme Bionics.  And the interesting thing of what you"re seeing here is these prosthetics now get integrated into the bone. They get integrated into the skin. They get integrated into the muscle.  And one of the other sides of Ed is he"s been thinking about how to connect the brain using light or other mechanisms directly to things like these prosthetics.  And if you can do that, then you can begin changing fundamental aspects of humanity.  So how quickly you react to something depends on the diameter of a nerve.  And of course, if you have nerves that are external or prosthetic, say with light or liquid metal,  then you can increase that diameter and you could even increase it theoretically to the point where,  as long as you could see the muzzle flash, you could step out of the way of a bullet.  Those are the order of magnitude of changes you"re talking about. This is a fourth sort of level of prosthetics. These are Phonak hearing aids,  and the reason why these are so interesting is because they cross the threshold from where prosthetics are something for somebody who is " disabled "  and they become something that somebody who is "normal" might want to actually have,  because what this prosthetic does, which is really interesting, is not only does it help you hear ,  you can focus your hearing, so it can hear the conversation going on over there.  You can have superhearing. You can have hearing in 360 degrees. You can have white noise. You can record, and oh, by the way, they also put a phone into this.  So this functions as your hearing aid and also as your phone.  And at that point, somebody might actually want to have a prosthetic voluntarily. All of these thousands of loosely connected little pieces are coming together ,  and it"s about time we ask the question, how do we want to evolve human beings over the next century or two?  And for that we turn to a great philosopher  who was a very smart man despite being a Yankee fan. And Yogi Berra used to say, of course, that it"s very tough to make predictions, especially about the future.How can prosthetic nerves affect help people to react things? They can be designed to optimize human reaction speed. What role does  Enriquez think prosthetic will have in the future? He isn"t completely sure about their role. When prosthetics become this advanced, somebody might actually want to have one voluntarily.  So instead of making a prediction about the future to begin with, let"s take what"s happening in the present with people like Tony Atala,  who is redesigning 30-some-odd organs.  And maybe the ultimate prosthetic isn"t having something external, titanium. Maybe the ultimate prosthetic is take your own gene code,  remake your own body parts, because that"s a whole lot more effective than any kind of a prosthetic.  But while you"re at it, then you can take the work of Craig Venter and Ham Smith.  And one of the things that we"ve been doing is trying to figure out how to reprogram cells.  And if you can reprogram a cell, then you can change the cells in those organs.  So if you can change the cells in those organs, maybe you make those organs more radiation-resistant. Maybe you make them absorb more oxygen. Maybe you make them more efficient to filter out stuff that you don"t want in your body.  And over the last few weeks, George Church has been in the news a lot  because he"s been talking about taking one of these programmable cells and inserting an entire human genome into that cell.  And once you can insert an entire human genome into a cell, then you begin to ask the question, would you want to enhance any of that genome?  Do you want to enhance a human body?  How would you want to enhance a human body?  Where is it ethical to enhance a human body and where is it not ethical to enhance a human body?  And all of a sudden, what we"re doing is we"ve got this multidimensional chess board  where we can change human genetics by using viruses to attack things like AIDS,  or we can change the gene code through gene therapy to do away with some hereditary diseases, or we can change the environment,  and change the expression of those genes in the epigenome and pass that on to the next generations.  And all of a sudden , it"s not just one little bit, it"s all these stacked little bits  that allow you to take little portions of it until all the portions coming together lead you to something that"s very different.Why is  Enriquez  concerned about genetic prosthetics? They could change the human species radically but unpredictably. What is an example of a cell-based prosthetic? changing an organ to make it resistant radiation And a lot of people are very scared by this stuff.  And it does sound scary, and there are risks to this stuff.  So why in the world would you ever want to do this stuff?  Why would we really want to alter the human body in a fundamental way? The answer lies in part with Lord Rees, astronomer royal of Great Britain.  And one of his favorite sayings is the universe is 100 percent malevolent.  So what does that mean? It means if you take any one of your bodies at random, drop it anywhere in the universe, drop it in space, you die.  Drop it on the Sun, you die. Drop it on the surface of Mercury, you die. Drop it near a supernova, you die.  But fortunately, it"s only about 80 percent effective.  So as a great physicist once said, there"s these little upstream eddies of biology that create order in this rapid torrent of entropy.  So as the universe dissipates energy, there"s these upstream eddies that create biological order.  Now, the problem with eddies is, they tend to disappear. They shift. They move in rivers.  And because of that, when an eddy shifts, when the Earth becomes a snowball, when the Earth becomes very hot, when the Earth gets hit by an asteroid,  when you have supervolcanoes, when you have solar flares,  when you have potentially extinction-level events like the next election -- then all of a sudden, you can have periodic extinctions.  And by the way, that"s happened five times on Earth,  and therefore it is very likely that the human species on Earth is going to go extinct someday.  Not next week, not next month, maybe in November, but maybe 10,000 years after that.  As you"re thinking of the consequence of that,  if you believe that extinctions are common and natural and normal and occur periodically,  it becomes a moral imperative to diversify our species.  And it becomes a moral imperative because  it"s going to be really hard to live on Mars if we don"t fundamentally modify the human body. Right?  You go from one cell, mom and dad coming together to make one cell, in a cascade to 10 trillion cells.  We don"t know, if you change the gravity substantially, if the same thing will happen to create your body.  We do know that if you expose our bodies as they currently are to a lot of radiation, we will die.  So as you"re thinking of that, you have to really redesign things just to get to Mars.  Forget about the moons of Neptune or Jupiter. What does Enriquez mean when he says the universe is 100 percent malevolent? Humans can"t survive anywhere other than Earth. According to Enriquez  what is a moral imperative for the human race?  using prosthetics to enhance the human species If human beings want to live on Mars they will need to modify their bodies to survive. And to borrow from Nikolai Kardashev, let"s think about life in a series of scales.  So Life One civilization is a civilization that begins to alter his or her looks.  And we"ve been doing that for thousands of years.  You"ve got tummy tucks and you"ve got this and you"ve got that.  You alter your looks and I"m told that not all of those alterations take place for medical reasons. Seems odd. A Life Two civilization is a different civilization.  A Life Two civilization alters fundamental aspects of the body.  So you put human growth hormone in, the person grows taller, or you put x in and the person gets fatter or loses metabolism or does a whole series of things,  but you"re altering the functions in a fundamental way.  To become an intrasolar civilization, we"re going to have to create a Life Three civilization,  and that looks very different from what we"ve got here.  Maybe you splice in Deinococcus radiodurans so that the cells can resplice after a lot of exposure to radiation.  Maybe you breathe by having oxygen flow through your blood instead of through your lungs.  But you"re talking about really radical redesigns  and one of the interesting things that"s happened in the last decade is we"ve discovered a whole lot of planets out there.  And some of them may be Earth-like.  The problem is, if we ever want to get to these planets, the fastest human objects  -- Juno and Voyager and the rest of this stuff -- take tens of thousands of years to get from here to the nearest solar system.  So if you want to start exploring beaches somewhere else,  or you want to see two-sun sunsets, then you"re talking about something that is very different,  because you have to change the timescale and the body of humans in ways which may be absolutely unrecognizable.  And that"s a Life Four civilization.How does  Enriquez describe a life one civilization? People begin to modify their appearance. What the humans need to do if they want to reach distance planets and solar systems? change how human bodies age over long periods of time In order to develop an intrasolar civilization, humans would have to modify the body to allow long-distance space travel. In a life two civilization, people can use growth hormones to change fundamental aspects of the body . Now, we can"t even begin to imagine what that might look like, but we"re beginning to get glimpses of instruments that might take us even that far.  And let me give you two examples. So this is the wonderful Floyd Romesberg,  and one of the things that Floyd"s been doing is he"s been playing with the basic chemistry of life. 

final week，last week

1.famous2.retire3.bound

你接受什么种类报酬？我们通过互联网络，电话和邮件接受种类报酬。请查看信息在下边对一类报酬为每个种类接受。报酬的方法通过互联网络接受：借方卡片（扣除从你的银行帐号）签证万事达信用卡发现网络American Express作业控制块（所有帐户在美元中被登记。）对你的保护， Footaction 保留认为信用卡为查证安排的权利。被信用卡付的所有在线的命令在一台安全的服务器上被处理。报酬的方法通过电话接受：借方卡片（扣除从你的银行帐号）签证万事达信用卡发现网络American Express作业控制块（所有帐户在美元中被登记。）用餐者俱乐部国际性组织（拥有 36 的 14 一指宽的卡号起点）西方的 Union(R)（欲知详情单击此处）对你的保护， Footaction 保留认为信用卡为完全的银行查证安排的权利。报酬的方法通过邮件接受：借方卡片（扣除从你的银行帐号）签证万事达信用卡发现网络American Express作业控制块（所有帐户在美元中被登记）用餐者俱乐部国际性组织（拥有 36 的 14 一指宽的卡号起点）私人的支票 *钱安排旅行者支票西方的 Union(R)（欲知详情单击此处）（所有帐户在美元中被登记。）* 我们欢迎你的支票。请注意：支票到 Footaction 必须被变得可付。起始者在 500.00 美元上检查和检查不将被接受。支票必须在支票上在日期的 15 日以内以 Footaction 被获得。名字，街地址（没有邮政信箱）和白天的电话必须在支票上被印。如果不，在上面左边的手角落使 handprint 这条信息高兴和标注任何改变。支票必须被在支票上被印的同样的名字签名。对你的保护，所有私人的支票以完全的地址和银行查证为条件。支票归来未付款通过你的财政公共机构以 25 美元的一笔服务费用为条件或者在法律旁边被允许的最大值。支票伴以服务为不足或者不镇定的基金归来收费，可能从你的帐户电子地被记入借方或者云集使用从你的帐户被画的一份银行初稿。所有被寄给的支票被 Certegy 放映。如何得到一个钱命令拷贝外面和完成我们的在线次序的表格。去你的最近的邮政局或者食品杂货店和为你的次序的严格的总数向出纳员要求一个钱命令。不要忘记包括所有税，装运和操纵费用。注意：邮政局只是将接受现金购买钱安排。如何得到一张旅行支票拷贝外面和完成我们的在线次序的表格。去你的最近的银行和向出纳员要求一位旅行者检查你的次序的严格的总数。不要忘记包括所有税，装运和操纵费用。注意：银行只是将接受现金购买旅行者支票

注意一下信用证的1.付款期要求2.信用证要交付的单据3，附加条款里一些比较刁难的内容，有一些会对交付单据做补充需要注意，例如：9． 运输标记：AL SALHIYA LIGHTING/344/04 ， 也应在提单上显示。所有关于单证的要求一定要完全做到。39B MAXIMUM CREDIT AMOUNT NOT EXCEEDING41A AVAILABLE WITH...BY... - BIC SCBLCNSXXXX STANDARD CHARTERED BANK SHANGHAI CNBY ACCEPTANCE42C DRAFTS AT... 30 DAYS AT SIGHT44A ON BOARD/DISP/TAKING CHARGE AT/F CHINA44B FOR TRANSPORTATION TO... DUBAI BY VESSEL46A DOCUMENTS REQUIRED1. SIGNED COMMERCIAL INVOICE IN 1 ORIGINAL + 3 COPIES INDICATING THE DELIVERY TERMS. 2. FULL SET OF AT LEAST 3/3 ORIGINAL CLEAN ON BOARD MARINE BILL(S) OF LADING IN LONG FORM PLUS ONE NON-NEGOTIABLE COPY ISSUED OR ENDORSED TO THE ORDER OF ARAB BANK PLC SHOWING FREIGHT PREPAID AND NOTIFY BUYERS.3. CERTIFICATE ISSSUED BY THE CARRIER OR MASTER OR THEIR AGENTS CONFIRMING THAT THE CARRYING VESSEL ( INDICATING THE VESSEL NAME ) HOLDS AN INTERNATIONAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT CERTIFICATE ( ISM CODE). 4. CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN STATING THAT GOODS ARE OF CHINA ORIGIN. 5. ACKING LIST IN 1 ORIGINAL + 3 COPIES SHOWING NUMBER OF PACKAGES/CARTONS/ROLLS/PALLESTS AND THE CONTENTS OF EACH PACKAGE/CARTON/ROLL/PALLEST SEPARATELY.47A ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS 1. NEGOTIATION OF DOCUMENTS (A) NEGOTIATION OF DOCUMENTS UNDER RESERVE OR AGAINST INDEMNITY OR GUARANTEE IS PROHIBITED 2. DOCUMENTS (A) ALL DOCUMENTS INCLUDING TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS DATED PRIOR TO THE ISSUANCE DATE OF THIS CREDIT ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE. (B) DOCUMENTS SHOWING ANY ALTERATIONS/CORRECTIONS WITHOUT AUTHENTICATION BY THE ISSUER ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE. (C) ALL REQUIRED DOCUMENTS SHOULD BE ISSUED IN ENGLISH AND MUST INDICATE OUR BANK NAME AND OUR D/C NUMBER, AND EACH DOCUMNET SHOULD BE ISSUED ON THE PRINTED FORMS WITH THE ISSUERS LETTERHEAD AND SHOULD BEAR AN ORIGINAL HANDWRITTEN SIGNATURE. (D) THIRD PARTY DOCUMENTS ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE.3. TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS (A) TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS MUST CLEARLY SHOW FULL NAME AND ADDRESS OF BUYERS. (B) WHEN CREDIT CALLS FOR SHIPMENT IN UNITIZED CARGOES SUCH AS CONTAINERS OR PALLETS OR THE LIKE, TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS MUST BE MARKED TO THIS EFFECT.(C) BILL OF LADING MUST STATE THE NAME, TELEPHONE NUMBER AND ADDRESS OF THE SHIPPING COMPANY AGENT OR HIS REPRESENTATIVE IN U.A.E. (D) MARINE BILL OF LADING AS STATED IN SUBARTICLE 23(IIIA) OF THE UCP 1993, PUBLICATION NO. 500 IS NOT ACCEPTABLE.(E) FREIGHT FORWARDERS BILL OF LADING EVEN IF ISSUED AND SIGNED AS PER ARTICLE 30 OF UCP 500 IS NOT ACCEPTABLE. (F) TRANSHIPMENT AS STATED IN ARTICLE NO. 23(D/I) ,27(C) AND 28(D) OF UCP 1993 PUBLICATION NO. 500 ISNOT ACCEPTABLE. (G) BILL(S) OF LADING SHOWING COSTS ADDITIONAL TO THE FREIGHT CHARGES PRE-PAID MENTIONED IN ARTICLE 33(D) OF THE UNIFORM CUSTOMES AND PRACTICE FOR DOCUMENTARY CREDITS 1993 REVISION PUBLICATION NO. 500 ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE EXCEPT WHERE SUCH ADITIONAL COSTS ARE DEMURRAGE FEES FOR CONTAINERS. 4. COMMERCIAL INVOICES (A) ORIGINAL COMMERCIAL INVOICE MUST BE CERTIFIED BY A JOINT ARAB FOREIGH CHAMBER OF COMMERCE IN THE EXPORTING TOWN,IF AVAILABLE, OTHERWISE BY THE LOCAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OR ANY OFFICIAL TRADE AUTHORITY IN THE EXPORTING COUNTRY OR BY THE CHINA COUNCIL FOR THE PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE. (B) INVOICE MUST STATE HARMONIZED COMMODITY CODE NO. (HSCODE NO.) (C) COMMERCIAL INVOICES ISSUED FOR AMOUNTS INEXCESS OF D/C value ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE. (D) ORIGINAL COMMERCIAL INVOICE MUST BE LEGALIZED BY UAE EMBASSY/CONSULATE/LEGATION IN CHINA. 5. CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN (A) THE CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN MUST BE ISSUED/CERTIFIED BY A CHAMBER OF COMMERCE/ INDUSTRY OR MANUFACTURER(S) OR PRODUCER(S) OR EXPORTSER(S) IN A SPARATE FORM OR BY CHINA COUNCIL FOR THE PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE. (B) THE CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN MUST CLEARLY SHOW THE NAME AND NATIONALITY OF MANUFACTURER(S) OR PRODUCER(S),IN CASE MANUFACTURER(S) OR PRODUCER(S) NAME AND NATIONALITY CANNOT BE STATED ON CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN, A SEPARATE CERTIFICATE STATING THE NAME AND NATIONALITY OF MANUFACTURER(S) OR PRODUCER(S) LEGALISED BY A NOTARY PUBLIC IS ACCEPTABLE. (C) THE CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN MUST BE LEGALIZED BY UAE EMBASSY/CONSULATE/LEGATION IN CHINA. 6. DISCREPANCY FEE FOR USD 75.- PLUS ALL RELATIVE SWIFT/TLX CHARGES WILL BE DEDUCTED FROM DOCUMENTS VALUS FOR EACH PRESENTATION OF DISCREPANT DOCUMENTS UNDER THIS CREDIT, NOTWITHSTANDING ANY INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CONTRARY. 7. INSURANCE HAS BEEN EFFECTED LOCALLY THROUGH M/S. UNITED INSURANCE CO., P.O.BOX 1888, DUBAI(UAE)FAX NO. 04-2271217 BENEFICIARIES ARE REQUESTED TO SEND SHIPMENT ADVICE TO THE SAID INSURANCE CO. REFERRING TO THEIR OPEN POLICY NO. UD/OP/1/92 AND TO THE APPLICANT WITHIN THREE WORKING DAYS AFTER SHIPMENT. COPIES OF SUCH ADVICES AND FAX CONFIRMATION REPORT MUST ACCOMPANY THE DOCUMENTS. 8. 2 PCT COMPLETE SPARE PARTS OF ALL ITEMS STATED ON THE PROFORMA INVOICE MUST BE PACKED SEPARATELY, FREE OF CHARGE: COVER, CLIPS, BASE, HOLDERS ETC. PACKING LIST TO CERTIFY THE SAME.9. SHIPPING MARK: AL SALHIYA LIGHTING/344/04. B/L TO SHOW THE SAME. 10. COMMERCIAL INVOICE AND CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN NOT LEGALIZED BY UAE EMBASSY/CONSULATE ACCEPTABLE FOR NEGOTIATION PROVIDED SUM OF USD 232/- MUST BE DEDUCTED FROM INVOICE value BEING LEGALIZATION FEES IN UAE AND NEGOTIATION BANK"S SCHEDULE TO SHOW THE SAME.译文：39B 不超过信用证最大金额41A 可用在于承兑，在BIC SCBLCNSXXXX STANDARD CHARTERED BANK SHANGHAI CN42C 见票后30天付款44A 装船，发运，付费在中国44B 以海运至迪拜46A 需要的单据1． 经签署的商业发票一正三副本，写明交货条款。2． 全套的至少3/3正本已装船的海运提单， 加一份非议付副本，做成TO THE ORDER OF ARAB BANK为抬头并背书，注明运费预付，以及通知买方。3． 由承运人或货代出具的证明书，证实：承运船持有国际安全管理证书（安全工业手册号码）4． 原产地证声明货物的原产地系中国。5． 装箱单一份正本三份副本，显示包装/纸箱/卷/托盘数量以及每件包装/纸箱/卷/托盘的内装数量。47A 附加条款1． 议付单据(A) 不接受附带保证函的议付单据。2． 单据（A） 不接受先于开证日期的任何单据，包括运输单据。（B） 单据上的任何修改或更正必须有出具小人签，否则不予接受。（C） 所有要求的单据应该以英文出具，必须显示开证行的名称和信用证的号码，每张单据必须用印刷表格并以出具人的印刷信头出具，同时必须用手签签名。（D） 不接受第三方的单据。3． 运输单据（A） 运输单据必须显示买方的全名和地址。（B） 如果信用证要求以集装方式运输，类似集装箱或托盘或者此类，运输单据必须说明已执行。（C） 提单必须声明：船公司在阿联酋的代理或代表的名称，电话号码，地址。（D） 海运提单按照UCP500次条款SUBARTICLE 23(IIIA)不接受。（E） 货代的提单即使签署了，如果依据ARTICLE 30 OF UCP 500照样不能接受。（F） 转船根据UCP500, 23,27,18款不接受。（G） 提单显示的附加运费，预付的，在UCP500,33款提及的不可接受，除非此类逾期费是产生于集装箱运输的。4． 商业发票（A） 商业发票必须由在出口地的阿拉伯联合商会，如果有，或者由当地商会，或者在出口国的任何官方的贸易当局，或者有中国国际贸易促进会证实。（B） 发票必须显示协调商品编码。（C） 商业发票不能超出信用证的金额。（D） 正本商业发票必须由阿联酋驻中国大使馆/领事馆/公使馆认证。5． 原产地证（A） 原产地证必须由行业商会或生产商或出口商或者有中国贸促会出具。（B） 原产地证必须清楚地显示生产商的国籍，如果不能显示，一份说明生产商原产国籍的公证书也是可以接受的 。（C） 原产地证必须由阿联酋驻中国使馆认证。/6． 单证不符费为75美元。加上有关的电报费将从每次交单的金额中扣除。 即便有反对意见我们也将如此办理。7． 保险已经通过当地的保险公司办理。 受益人应在装运之后3个工作日内通知：M/S. UNITED INSURANCE CO., P.O.BOX 1888, DUBAI(UAE)FAX NO. 04-2271217 并注明：预约保单号码：OPEN POLICY NO.UD/OP/1/92 同时通知开证申请人。 装运通知副本和传真报告应一同交单议付。8． 在形式发票中所列的所有的品目的2%的全套备件必须分开包装，而且免费: 盖子，夹子，底座，固定器等，应在装箱单中列明。9． 运输标记：AL SALHIYA LIGHTING/344/04 ， 也应在提单上显示。商业发票和原产地证如果未经阿联酋使馆认证也可以接受，但是议付时必须减扣232美元作为在阿联酋的认证费， 议付行的列表中必须同样显示。

The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban,and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817. Construction continued with the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829. Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. The third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson"s colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house"s load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.Today, the White House Complex includes the Executive Residence, West Wing, Cabinet Room, Roosevelt Room, East Wing, and the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, which houses the executive offices of the President and Vice President.The White House is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, and Third Floor, as well as a two-story basement. The term White House is regularly used as a metonym for the Executive Office of the President of the United States and for the president"s administration and advisers in general. The property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the President"s Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of "America"s Favorite Architecture".

商务英语写作格式 　　现在许多公司都有外贸的生意，所以对商务英语写作息息相关。以下列举了商务英语写作的格式，希望你可以引以为戒： 　　1、 切忌主客不分或模糊。例子： Deciding to rescind the earlier estimate, our report was updated to include $40,000 for new equipment. 应改为 Deciding to rescind our earlier estimate, we have updated our report to include $40,000 for new equipment. (是We 来decide, 不是report.) 　　2、句子不要零碎。例子： He decided not to audit the last ten contracts, because of our previous objections about compliance. 应该连在一起. 　　3、对称的结构比较容易让人理解。例子： The owner questioned the occupant"s lease intentions and the fact that the contract had been altered with ink markings. 应改为: The owner questioned the occupant"s lease intentions and ink alterations of the contract. 　　4、 单复数不要搞乱，不然会好刺眼，看着不舒服。例如： An authorized person must show that they have security clearance. 　　5、 动词主词要呼应。 想想这两个分别： 　　1). This is one of the public-relations functions that are under budgeted. 　　2). This is one of the public-relations functions, which are under budgeted. 　　6、 时态和语气不要转变太多。看商务英语已经是苦事，不要浪费人家的精力啊。 　　7、标点要准确。例如: He did not make repairs, however, he continued to monitor the equipment.改为: He did not make repairs; however, he continued to monitor the equipment. 　　8、选词要正确，像affect和effect，operative和operational等等就要弄清楚才好用啦。 　　9、拼写要正确，有电脑拼字检查功能后，就更加不能偷懒。也许一笔好买卖就因为你的`一个错字飞掉了哦! 　　10、 大小写要注意。非必要不要整个字都是大写，除非要骂人。例如: MUST change to OS immediately. 外国人就觉得不礼貌和喝令人一样。要强调的话，用底线，斜字，粗体就可以了。 　　学会商务英语写作对于与外国人沟通也有关系的，因为商务英语写作是根据外国人的习惯来写的。 ;

ake your medication, RomanTake a short vacation, RomanYou"ll be okayYou need to know your station, RomanSome alterations on your clothes and your brainTake a little break, little breakFrom your silencingThere is so much you can take, you can takeI know how bad you need a Roman holiday (Roman holiday)A Roman holidayYou done, you tight?You suck at life?You don"t want a round three?Worship the queen and you might could passKeep it real, these chicks couldn"t wipe my huhAnyway, stylist, forget the BarbieI am the ultimate SvengaliThese chickens can"t even spell thatYou, you hoes buggin"Repel thatLet me tell you this, sisterI am, I am colder than a blisterCause my flow"s the sickestAnd I"m a lunaticAnd this can"t be cured with no ElixirCuz y"all know who da, who da, I doI done put the pressure to every thug I knewQuack quack to a duck and a chicken tooAnd put the hyena in a weekend zooTake your medication, RomanTake a short vacation, RomanYou"ll be okayYou need to know your station, RomanSome alterations on your clothes and your brainTake a little break, little breakFrom your silencingThere is so much you can take, you can takeI know how bad you need a Roman holiday (Roman holiday)A Roman holidayWitch, twitch, bitch!Godmother"s right, this is World War 6This right here is gonna make a chick dieAnd this right here is gonna make a chick cryAnd this right here is an undersigned shockAnd this what I do when a chick breaks flockI"mma put her in a dungeon under, underAll the girls ain"t eatingThey dieing of hungerMother I need, who is this ohhAnd yes maybe this a type of tourettesGet my wigs someone go and get my beretTake your medication, RomanTake a short vacation, RomanYou"ll be okayYou need to know your station, RomanSome alterations on your clothes and your brainTake a little break, little breakFrom your silencingThere is so much you can take, you can takeI know how bad you need a Roman holiday (Roman holiday)A Roman holidayTalking bout me, you talking about me?I dare a mother, he talking about meThey must be smokin" a couple of OCThey want the outline, I give them a goateeGah, mother, they talking about me?I dare a mother, they talking about meThey must be smokin a couple of OCThey want the outline I give them a goateeMother, forgive me

5. OBLIGATIONS OF THE SOLE DISTRIBUTOR: 5. 独家经销商的义务：The sole Distributor has this day paid an advance- as the receipt of which the Principal hereby admits and acknowledges. 独销商须提前付款——作为负责人同意和承认的收据。2.2 The advance shall by set off against purchases by the Sole Distributor.2.2 独销商须用购物款抵消提前支付款。

46a：1 签署一个文件的正本及一式三份的商业发票复制指示交付职权 — 这范围都原始的应该由中国国际贸易促进会的 BECERTIFIED。商业发票发行中的 L/C 值超出的金额，是不能接受的。2 全组的最少 2/2 原始洁净已装船提单中的海洋条例草案 (S) 长组成另外一个非转让副本的发出或批注，目标在伊斯兰国际阿拉伯银行显示货运 PAYAABLE 的接口顺序，通知申请人 (S)。提单必须述明名称及地址的货运公司代理或他的代表在约旦。UCP 2007 发布号 600 的文章号 20(cii) 中所述的转运货物则为不能接受应将装运的船只中 1 X 20 " FCL 容器 (S) 与提单 (S) 必须显示 (S) 货柜编号 (S)3-证书一份正本，签署并加盖印花的所有者/代理/船只的船长，携带证明实施船只持有一个有效的国际安全管理代码 (主义） 证书与国际船舶及港口安全安全 CODECERTIFICATE (ISP)。4-证书来源的正本和 03 副本指出中国产地来源证的人生原是货物应经核证的中国理事会管理促进国际贸易和显示名称和制造商 (S) 的国籍或生产者 (S) 及 5 起搏列表中一个文件的正本及 03 COIPIES47a：1 全部文档必须在本证的发行日期之前之后的 DATED.ANY 文档不是可接受的、 完全被拒绝。2-运输货运公司 (S) 对它们的格式的文件，并由其签署为承运人或代理人有命名的承运人不能接受。EXCLUED SUB-ARTICLES 14(k+l) 的 UPC 600。3-证件，以显示任何变化/更正无需身份验证由颁发者不是可接受的。4-支付利息下此 L/C 量究竟是提供 UNDERTHIS 的信用证 （包括谈判 / 汇款银行覆盖计划） 任何 DOUCMENT 因此禁止，承担一个子句，支付利息是不能接受和完全拒绝。禁止根据储备、 AGAINSTINDEMNITY 或保证文档的 5 协商。6 发还的即期付款下文档应该被至少影响 (5) 银行天协商后和下经过身份验证的迅速意见给我们。美元 7 差异费 75-或将从文档金额中扣除相当于，差异性的每组8 所有所需的文件应发出中英文，并必须显示签发银行名称和指示我们 D/C 数。9-每个文档应发出的对打印窗体荚果颁发者的信头和应进行签名。10 文档显示发货人或托运人以外受益人是不能接受。11-这是场 59 的延续71b:all 中国内的收费应由申请人和 REIMB.CHARGES.ON BENEF.ACCOUNT问题补充：INREIMBURSEMENT 的说明： 为符合善良的信用条款的文档的值:您对我们的 IBC 美元空调与自我补偿井放弃银行纳纽约本信用证是向统一的海关和纪录片学分的实践 SSUBJECT （2007年修订） 国际商会发布无 600 中，这些都是 APPLICABLE.YOUR 敬请者前原集中的文档和直接给我们在我们的以下特殊快件中两套 DUPLICATEDS ADDREDSS： *********正确与否，仅供参考

这是一篇电脑对儿童脑部影响的素材Watching too much television can change the structure of a child"s brain in a damaging way, according to a new study.Researchers found that the more time a child spent viewing TV, the more profound the brain alterations appeared to be.The Japanese study looked at 276 children aged between five and 18, who watched between zero and four hours TV per day, with the average being about two hours.MRI brain scans showed children who spent the most hours in front of the box had greater amounts of grey matter in regions around the frontopolar cortex - the area at the front of the frontal lobe.But this increased volume was a negative thing as it was linked with lower verbal intelligence, said the authors, from Tohoku University in the city of Sendai.They suggested grey matter could be compared to body weight and said these brain areas need to be pruned during childhood in order to operate efficiently.‘These areas show developmental cortical thinning during development, and children with superior IQs show the most vigorous cortical thinning in this area," the team wrote.They highlighted the fact that unlike learning a musical instrument, for example, programmes we watch on TV ‘do not necessarily advance to a higher level, speed up or vary".‘When this type of increase in level of experience does not occur with increasing experience, there is less of an effect on cognitive functioning," they wrote.Children who watch the most TV have the most profound changes to their brain structureThe authors said the impact of watching TV on the ‘structural development" of the brain has never before been investigated.‘In conclusion, TV viewing is directly or indirectly associated with the neurocognitive development of children," they wrote.‘At least some of the observed associations are not beneficial and guardians of children should consider these effects when children view TV for long periods of time."The children in the study were an almost even split between girls and boys.The findings, published in the journal Cerebral Cortex, highlighted an association between TV viewing and changes in the brain but do not prove that TV definitely caused the changes.Scientists also cannot be sure whether missing out on activities such as reading, playing sports or interacting with friends and family as a result of watching TV could be behind the findings, rather than TV being directly to blame.But they did say that the frontopolar cortex area of the brain has previously been associated with ‘intellectual abilities".

　　英文版租房合同样本　　LEASE AGREEMENT　　THIS AGREEMENT OF LEASE is made on this 16th day of December 2003 by and BETWEEN:-　　Mrs. Ghazala Waheed w/o Abdul Waheed, Adult, R/o House No.***-*, DHA, Lahore Cantt, (hereinafter to as the LESSOR of the ONE PART).　　And　　Mr.* ***,R/o China, refereed to as the LESSEE of the OTHER PART.(Expression “LESSOR”　　and “LESSEE” wherever the context so permit shall always mean and include their respective heirs, successors legal representative and assignees).　　WHEREAS the LESSOR is the lawful owner and in lawful possession of House No,***-*,DHA,　　Lahore Cantt, consisting of 4 Bedrooms with bath, D/D,TV; Lounge, Kitchen, Store, Servant, Quarter together with fixtures and fitting (hereinafter collectively called the DEMISED PREMISES).　　AND WHEREAS the LESSOR has agreed the lease and the LESSEE has agreed to take on lease the DEMISED PREMISES on the terms and condition as given below:-　　1. This agreement in only valid if LESSEE is renewed and extended for the lease period.　　2. The LESSOR lets LESSEE takes the DEMISSED PREMISES for a period of 12 months　　Commencing from 15th January 2004. The Lease is renewable for a further period as may be mutually agreed in writing on expiry of the lease period　　3. The rent of the DEMISED PREMISES shall be USD3,300/-(US dollars Three Thousand and Three hundred Only) per month　　4. The LESSOR hereby acknowledges receipt of the sum of USD.19,800/-(US dollars Nineteen Thousand and eight Hundred Only) per month.　　5. It is hereby agreed between the parties that the LESSEE shall pay the aforesaid monthly rent　　USD. 3,300/-(US dollars Three Thousand and Three hundred Only) as the monthly rental advance by 20th of each calendar month for which if is due after completion of advance rent period ending on 15th July 2004.　　6. That the LESSOR hereby acknowledges receipt of the sum of Rs.60,000/-(Rupees Sixty Thousand Only) from the LESSEE as FIXED EDPOSIT SECURITY which shall be refunded to the LESSEE on giving back the vacant possession of the DEMISED PREMISES after deduction of damages/shortages outstanding bills for Electricity, Water, Gas and Telephone charges etc, against the DEMISED PREMISES.　　THE LESSEE HERBY CONVENANTS WITH LESSOR AS FOLLOWING:　　1. To pay to the LESSOR the rent hereby reserved in the manner before mentioned.　　2. That the LESSEE shall not at any time during the terms, without the consent in writing of the LESSOR, pull down, damages or make any structure alterations to the DEMISED PREMESES provided always, the LESSEE shall have go write install any fixtures and fittings excluding air-conditioners in the DEMISED PREMESES, to detach and repossess the same subject to the restoration of the DEMISED PREMESES to their original state at his cost (reasonable wear and tear excepted) on the expiry of this lease or any renewal hereof.　　3. To use the DEMISES PREMISES for residential purpose and would not be used for a commercial purpose the DEMISES PREMISE would not be used occupied by Mr. ****　　And family.　　4. Not to sublet the whole or any part of the premises.　　5. To pay regularly the bills for Electricity, Gas, Water and Telephone charges in respect of the DEMISED PREMISES. A copy of all the paid utility bill be forwarded to the LESSOR every three month regularly. In case of disconnection of any facility due to non-payment, LESSEE will be responsible to get them restored and pay the same. All dues must be cleared before the expiry of the LEASE.　　6. The LESSEE shall keep and maintain the said premises in good and tenantable conditions during the tenure of the lease.　　THE LESSOR HEREBY CONVENANTS WITH THE LESSEE AS FOLLOWING:-　　1. To pay all existing and future rate, taxes assessments and other charges of a public nature whether impose by the Municipality, Government or any other authority in respect of DEMISED PREMISES.　　2. Not to erect or set up a building or structure on the DEMISES PREMISES nor to add to any existing building or structure during the period of lease or any renewal without the written consent of the LESSEE.　　IT IS HEREBY DECLEAR AND MUTURALLY AGREED BETWEEN THE LESSOR AND LESSEE ANS FOLLWING:=　　1. The LESSEE and the LESSOR shall have the right and option to terminate this Lease at any time only after the expiry of the lease period i.e., 24 months, provided they give ONE (1) month notice in advance to either of the parties.　　2. The meter reading of various utilities are as given below:-　　UTILITY METER NUMBER TODAY"S READING　　a) ELECRICITY ———————— ————————　　b) GAS ———————— ————————　　c) TELEPHONE ———————— ————————　　d) WATER ———————— ————————　　3. That the LESSEE has also agreed with the LESSOR for a mandatory increase in rent by 10% per annum, the rent would be enhanced to Rs.36,300/-( Rupees Thirty Six Thousand and Three Hundred Only), should the LESSOR and I ESSEE mutually to renew the Lease. It can be negotiated between the parties.　　WHEREOF THE PARTIES hereto have executed these presents on the and day above written.　　LESSSOR:__________________________　　Mrs. Ghazala waheed　　NIC NO._______________________　　LESSEE__________________________　　Mr.****　　Chinese passport no.___________________

必需文件一。 受益人签署并且捺印商业广告发票在一最初的 +三副本表现制造业者/生产者的名字而且说他们包括在这信用方面是必需的货物。 最初的发票一定被 c.c.p.i.t 检定。 B。 全套 3/3" 在机上 " 清理母马/大海装载的帐单 (s) 对银行的次序了解。 C. 原产地证明书在一最初的+三 copies.issued 而且被成绩命名的 c.c.p.i.t 和制造业者/生产者的国籍检定而且说货物是 chinese 起源。 D. 包装目录在一最初的+二副本表现没有硬纸盒和证明标准的适于航海的输出品包装的每个硬纸盒的内容。 E. 对效果核准一完全组的非可磋商的文件已经被送给申请者。 F. 检验核准被世界门 interational 发行 co 。,ltd ，正方形,906,907 交换正直的没有 268 dongteng 中央道路、 guangzhou,磁器。说袜子被在享受俸禄的仓库中检查而且被发现是满意的。 另外的情况1. 文件的谈判在预备品之下或对抗赔偿或保证被禁止。 2. 包括在发行这信用的日期之前被约会的运输系统文件的所有文件不是可接受。 3. 所有的文件必需的一定指出我们的 d/c 数字和日期。 4. 表现没有发行者的证明的任何的变更/订正的文件不是可接受。 5. 第三者运输系统文件不是可接受。 6. 兹通知如果包含任何的相差的文件被为偿还的付款根据信用的这一封信呈现， USD.100. 的 afee 将会被我们收费。 7. 经过 yemen islamic ins.co.under 地方性地被申请者复盖的保险他们的政策装船忠告用完全的细节应该被送给他们到他们的传真。 而且 advicye 的副本与最初的文件一起附上。 8. nvocc b/l 不是可接受。 9. 只有用 apl 线的装船。 10. 所有的要交付到银行的 shpg 文件。 费用的细节所有的费用和佣金在享受俸禄的 s 上的 yemen 之外一/c证实指导没有到银行的指导我们从事包括 ngotiating 银行在 5之后工作每天提供的那所有的条款及条件在。之下 这信用已经被遵从。 最初的和 duplcate 文件的组对我们分开地被特别送快信的所转寄二连续邮件。 这信用受制于使关税一样而且练习因为记录片具有 (2007 校订) 国际的商会出版号码600 在当做的范围。 对接收器数据的寄件人Pls 承认 mt 370 的收据

人类发明很奇妙,让我们彼此相处并决定在我们社会中“合适”。在我们的日常生活中,我们试图地方人民精神方面的状况。举例来说,我们必须判断人在图书馆读者或图书馆员,是否有人打电话是一位朋友或业务员,是否对我们的财产的陌生的人是一个小偷或一公尺的读者,等等。 一方面,我们假设经常变化与人民群众的血肉联系我们遭遇,改变生活。我们大多数人都能以很高的速度,假设这是因为不同环境的要求。构成了社会交往的识别并选择适当的状况,并允许其他人认为他们与我们之间的关系状态。这意味着我们适合我们的行动,其他的人基于不变的心理过程进行评价和解释。虽然我们中的一些比其他人更困难的任务,我们中的大多数人是相当地执行。 一个状态被比作现成的衣服。在一定范围内,买方可选择的风格和织物。但美国的不是自由选择了中国农民的服装,或者印度的王子。我们必须选择由我们的衣服。此外,我们的选择是有限的尺寸,以及我们的小册子里。有了这些范围内,我们可以选择具有一定的变化,但除了微调,我们往往会限制他们的商店货架。雕像来了,和他们中间的选择是有限的。

dressmaker[英][ˈdresmeɪkə(r)][美][ˈdrɛsˌmekɚ]n.（女装）裁缝; 复数：dressmakers例句:1.Time is a dressmaker specializing in alterations. 时间就像一个专门从事服装修改的裁缝。2.She was a good dressmaker. 她是一个好裁缝。

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型号TN1240X新的马可波罗女士专用，颜色深蓝，100％纺织品棉花成分。按每一样品22/2/06的图表显示Tooheys新的样式设计图标在LHB

履约保函此保函签订人,A公司,注册办公地址:.(以下称 “主要承包人”)和B公司,注册办事处:中国.(以下称“担保人”) 有责任并承担付款给C公司.(以下称“雇佣方”)约定的人民币总额,共计叁仟贰佰捌拾捌万贰仟捌佰整.(RMB 32,882,800.000),以根据本文件共同和单独地约束主要承包人和担保人自身,及他们的继承人和代理人.履约保函有鉴于(1) 2005年2月22日的合同,雇主已接受由主要承包人执行”…”的合同(以下称工程),按照以下合同中确定的总额.(2) 主要承包人和雇主已经同意签订正式合同(以下称”合同”), 按照合同中规定的条件.上述保函的条件是,如果主要承包人适时地遵守并履行所有的条款,规定,条件,职责,约定.并且合同中关于主要承包人的部分约定是根据真实意图和意义被遵守和履行的.或者如果由于主要承包人的失职. 在雇佣方的要求下,担保人应确保并清偿由雇佣方承担的以上所述保证的相同数目的损失,然后该义务会失去法律作用.否则,该担保应当完全有效.但如果雇佣方和主要承包人之间订立的合同中的条款没有变更,或者由于工程在以后执行过程中的期限和状况,雇佣方没有按合同给予应有的时间,没有任何的延期或谅解或没有关于考虑到关于合同中任何内容或情况.,雇佣方则应以任何方式来解除保证人的在这里的责任.------本人毫不避讳,先用机器翻了一遍,结果与楼上的相同,不过,本人又花了如干时间进行整理,希望能对你有所帮助.

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be initialed草签例句All alterations to this form must be initialed by the chairman of meeting. 凡经修改之处，必须由会议主席签字确认

Blood–urine barrier, which is formed during differentiation of superficial urothelial cells, is the tightest and most impermeable barrier in the body. In the urinary bladder, the barrier must accommodate large changes in the surface area during distensions and contractions of the organ. Tight junctions and unique apical plasma membrane of superficial urothelial cells play a critical role in the barrier maintenance. Alterations in the blood–urine barrier function accompany most of the urinary tract diseases. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries on the role of tight junctions, dynamics of Golgi apparatus and post-Golgi compartments, and intracellular membrane traffic during the biogenesis and maintenance of blood–urine barrier. 徐涵 摘自Protoplasm 2010 Review ArticleFormation and maintenance of blood–urine barrier in urothelium By: Mateja Erdani Kreft, Samo Hudoklin, Kristijan Jezernik and Rok Romih

The defendant to for confirmation, from 1971 up to now, although he when 472 of land (including land dispute 472SA) is a part of his house, but with a low barrier between No. 471 and No. 472 from the beginning to the end of land land, the wall more barbed wire, height is higher than people, is connected with an iron gate, and the iron gate often closed, so from his house to the land must go through an iron gate. [31] defendant agreed that he never made any alterations will at the time of the 472 into the 471 land within the scope of. In other words, the defendant in 2004 did not like their living in the 471 land as their 472SA construction fence. Although the defendant claimed that he and his family for the construction of 471 sector housing, built the road, through the housing, even if this is true, one part of the road is not 472/472SA, but the defendant had agreed to build the road only 471 channel, the transportation of construction materials. In addition, the defendant claimed that he was in 1998 June started with bamboo and wooden fence around the whole building, No. 472 of land (including 472SA) [36]. He said the fence for questioning has until 2004 to. This is very different with the defendant claim taken in 2000 photos show the situation. The defendant in his defence and witness statement can write the date for most events, very carefully. Just start with wooden bamboo enclosure to this important factor dodge about, are required to provide further details like books, including about the time when to start with wooden bamboo enclosed, people accused of this part of the confession evade the crucial point, inconsistent, so the above two points do not constitute the actual pipe in the land

1、过去分词概说编辑本段回目录 过去分词在句中可以1） 构成谓语:a. 和have一道构成完成时态或非谓语动词的完成形式：I haven"t been out much recently.我最近没太出门。I knew you had been busy. 我知道你一直很忙。I"m sorry not to have given you enough help. 对不起没给你足够的帮助。Having read the instructions, she snatched up the fire extinguisher. 看完说明书之后，她抓起了灭火器。b. 和be一道构成被动语态或非谓语动词的被动形式：The letter has been opened! 信被人拆开了。He was said to have been arrested. 据说他被捕了。2） 用作表语：I am awfully worried. Daddy is ill.我很着急，我爸爸病了。3） 用作定语：She had a worried look on her face. 他满面愁容。4） 构成复合宾语：She wanted the work finished by Friday. 他要求这工作星期五前完成。5） 作状语：Aroused by the crash, he leapt to his feet. 他被撞击声惊醒，一跃站起身来。过去分词只有一种形式，在大多数时候下都有被动的意思。2、过去分词作表语编辑本段回目录 1) 过去分词作表语的时候很多（其中有很多已变成形容词）：He was amazed and enchanted at the sight. 看到这情景他感到惊异着迷。She was annoyed at your saying that. 你这样讲她很不高兴。We were so bored that we couldn"t help yawning. 我们烦得要命禁不住打哈欠。They were very pleased with the girl. 他们很喜欢这姑娘。I am afraid I"m slightly drunk. 可能我有一点醉了。I"m obliged to you for all you"ve done for us. 我很感激你为我们所做的一切。The couple were devoted to each other. 这对夫妻十分恩爱。2)这种结构和被动语态是有差别的，“be+表语”结构表示一种状态，而被动语态表示一个动作，比较下面句子：be+表语结构（表示状态） 被动语态（表示动作）the shop is closed now. it"s usually closed at 8 o"clock.The town is surrounded by hills. Soon they were surrounded by bandits.The room is deserted. She has been deserted by her husband.be+表语结构都包含be或其他系动词加过去分词，而被动结构必须与其对应的主动结构在时态上一致。例如右边例句的主动结构（Her husband has deserted her.）和它们在时态上是一致的。注：有些带-ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变化而来的形容词：As an artist, she is quite gifted. 作为画家，她很有天赋。3、过去分词做定语编辑本段回目录 1) 有很多过去分词可用作定语，特别是表示情绪的词：The worried look deepened upon her face. 她脸上的愁容加重了。Martin"s confused sorrows turned to optimism. 马丁烦乱的悲哀情绪转而变成了乐观情绪。She could hear his agitated voice. 她可以听到他激动的声音。2) 还有许多其他过去分词可用作定语。Printed matter印刷品 a written report 书面报告Guided missile导弹 armed forces 武装力量Smoke fish熏鱼 canned food 罐头食品Required courses必修课 classified document 机密文件Animated cartoons动画片 furnished rooms 有家具的房间3）还有许多由过去分词构成合成形容词：Air-conditioned rooms有空调的房间 hand-made goods 手工操作泵A well-dressed woman穿着讲究的女子 a cautiously-worded statement措辞谨慎的声明4）绝大部分过去分词都有被动的意思，有少部分过去分词却不然，而带有完成的意思：The risen sun初升的太阳 vanished jewels消失了的珠宝Returned students 归国留学生 fallen leaves 落叶A dated map 过时的地图注：有些带-ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变化而来的形容词： Skilled workers 熟练工人 salaried class 工薪阶层 有些合成形容词也是由“名词+ed”构成： Good-natured天性善良的 one-sided片面的 Absend-minded心不在焉的 muddle-headed糊里糊涂的5） 有些现在分词短语跟在所修饰词后面，作用接近于一个定语从句：What"s the language spoken in that country? 那个国家讲的是什么语言？This is something unheard of in history.这是史无前例的事。The play put on by the teachers was a big success. 老师们表演的戏很成功。6） 间或跟在名词后的可能是一个单一的过去分词，而不是短语：They didn"t allow us to make the alterations suggested. 他们不允许我们作提出的修改。The designers decided to change the materials used.设计者决定改变所用的材料。The man concerned was her husband. 有关者即是她的丈夫。How much time is there left? 还剩下多少时间？7） 作定语的过去分词常指已经完成的动作，若要表示现在正在进行的动作，要用过去分词的进行形式，也就是现在分词的被动形式：We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here. 我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。What do you think of the summit meeting being held in Vienna? 你对正在维也纳召开的峰会有什么看法？I knew nothing about the experiment being conducted there. 我对在那里进行的试验一无所知。4、 过去分词构成复合宾语编辑本段回目录 1）在某些动词后可用过去分词构成复合宾语：We"ll get her X-rayed.我们要给她透视。I"ve recently had my appendix removed.我最近把盲肠割了。Have you ever heard a song sung in Japanese?你听过用日语唱的歌吗？Rarely had I seen him so worked-up. 我很少见他这样激动过。He watched the bed carried out of the door. 他看着床被搬出去。We all wished the problem settled. 我们都希望这问题得到解决。She didn"t want her daughter taken out after dark. 她不希望天黑后女儿被带出门。He felt a great weight taken off his mind. 他感到心头如释重负。Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open. （谚）少说多看。The scents made her drunk.. 这些气味使她陶醉。How would you like your hair cut? 你喜欢把头发剪成什么式样？He found the house deserted. 他发现房子里空无一人。At 4:30 p.m the chairman declared the session closed. 下午四点半主席宣布闭会。He acknowledged himself defeated. 他承认自己被打败了。Wo do consider ourselves justified in doing so. 我们的确认为我们这样做是有道理的。2）介词with 后有时也可以跟这类复合宾语：He sat with his arms clasped round his knees.他双手抱膝坐着。All afternoon he worked with the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在家工作。That year ended with nothing settled.那一年什么事也没解决就结束了。5、 过去分词做状语：编辑本段回目录1）过去分词有时可用作状语，修饰谓语（多放在句首，也可放在后面或插在中间）：Seen from the hill,the city looks magnificent.从山上看这座城市非常壮观。Convinced that they were trying to poison her,she refused to eat anything.她认为他们想毒害她，便拒绝吃任何东西。Weakened by successive storms,the bridge was no longer safe.连续的暴雨使桥身受损，这座桥已不再安全。A bit frightened,I handed it to her.我略带惊恐地把它递给了她。Greatly interested,I asked how he played these works.大感兴趣之下，我问他是如何演奏这些新作的。Given good health,I hope to finish the work this year.如果身体好，我希望今年完成这工作。She entered, accompanied by her mouth.。她由他母亲陪着走进来。They came in,followed by their wives.他们走了进来，妻子们跟随在后。He soon felt asleep,exhausted by the journey.由于旅途劳顿，他很快就睡着了。Henry ,lerribly embarrassed ,blushed too.亨利十分尴尬，脸也红了。Mr.cooper,deeply moved ,thanked him again and again.库柏先生深为感动，一再向他表示感谢。Tom ,horrified at what he had done,could at first say nothing.汤姆对他做的事感到恐惧，一时说不出话来。2）有时一个单独的过去分词也可用作状语：Depressed,he went to see his elder sister.情绪低沉时他就去看他的姐姐。Frustrated,he went back to his hometown.他灰心丧气地回到了家乡。“She"s right.”he said,pleased.他高兴的说：“她是对的。”He turned away disappointed.他失望地走开了。Shelley ,astonished ,urged her to explain.雪莱很是吃惊，忙催她解释。3）过去分词有时和连词一起用：I went on talking ,though continually interrupted by George.我继续讲我的，尽管不断被乔治打断。They would never do this unless compelled.除非受到强迫，否则他们绝不会做这样的事。He will come if asked.若收到邀请，他会来的。When treated with kindness,he was very amiable. 当别人善待他时，他是非产和蔼可亲的。He tarted as if awakened from a dream.他吓了一跳，彷佛从梦中惊醒似的。Whenever asked about it,he could hardly hold back his emotions.每当有人问及此事，他就难以控制自己的感情。4）在少数情况下，过去分词可引导一个句子状语：Judged by ordinary standards,he was reliable.用普通标准来判断，他是可靠的。Granted the exceptions,Tony agreed that all English women are haughty.如果允许有例外的话，托尼同意英国女人都是很高傲的。Given good weather ,our ship will reach Bombay on Monday evening.如果天气好，我们的船星期一晚上可到达孟买。Provided(that)there is no opposition,we shall hold the meeting there.如果没有人反对，我们将在那里开会。分此前有时还有一个逻辑上的主语：Everybody,myself excepted,said no.除我之外，所有的人都不赞成。They"ll send you the book for 你若寄去2.75美元，他们就会寄你这本书，邮资在内。Everything considered,his plan seems better.从各方面考虑，他的计划似乎好一些。简单地说就是:已经发生的动作,那个动词就用过去分词就是了

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