What"s the difference between Catholicism and Christianity

Christianity其实基督教和天主教之间的区别并不大，理论上看基督教和天主教甚至是一体。一般来说，基督教被认为是世界三大宗教之一，与佛教、伊斯兰教并称为世界三大宗教。而基督教的名字来源于信仰耶稣基督为救世主，不过基督教内部又分为三个不同的教派，分别是：天主教，东正教和新教。在国内很多人把基督新教叫做是基督教，明白这个概念后再来区分基督新教与天主教。基督新教与天主教之间的最大差别恐怕就是组织形式不同，以及对“圣母”的信仰不同，其它方面基本上都是相似的。我们先来看天主教，天主教的全称叫做“罗马天主教会”，大家也把天主教叫做是罗马公教。天主教是基督教教派中流传历史最久，综合影响力最大的那个。

Christianity (Hebrew: נצרות) is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as depicted in the New Testament. Christianity teaches that Jesus is the Son of God and the Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament, and that the New Testament records the Gospel that was revealed by Jesus.Christianity began as a sect within Judaism, and includes the Hebrew Bible (known to Christians as the Old Testament) as well as the New Testament as its canonical scriptures. Like Judaism and Islam, Christianity is classified as an Abrahamic religion (see also, Judeo-Christian).The name "Christian" (Greek Χριστιανός Strong"s G5546), meaning "belonging to Christ" or "partisan of Christ", was first applied to the disciples in Antioch, as recorded in Acts 11:26. The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" (Greek Χριστιανισμός) is by Ignatius of Antioch.

基督教起源于公元一世纪的罗马的巴勒斯坦省。

Christianity is a monotheistic religion [1] based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. [2] Adherents of the Christian faith are known as Christians. [3] Christianity teaches Jesus is the Son of God, God having become human and the savior of humanity. Because of this, Christians commonly refer to Jesus as Christ or Messiah. [4] The three largest groups in the world of Christianity are the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches, and the various churches of Protestantism. As of the early 21st century, Christianity has around 2.2billion adherents. [ 基督教是一神论的宗教，建立在拿撒勒人耶稣的生活和教训基础上的。持有基督教信仰的人被称为基督徒。基督教信仰耶稣是上帝的儿子，是上帝取了人的样式来到世上并且成了人类的救赎主。因此，基督徒相信耶稣就是基督或弥赛亚。基督教的三大教派是天主教，本世纪初期，基督教信徒的人数已达到22亿。

民俗二三事

基督教的祈祷词：圣洁、尊贵、荣耀的永生上帝，你的圣名在全地何其美，诸天述说你的荣耀，穹苍传扬你的手段，唯有你是创造万有的主宰，唯有你是真神，是活神，是我们永远的君王，哈利路亚，感谢赞美你！祷告；奉主圣名，阿门。基本概念“基督教”一词在中国大陆的学术界使用时比较混乱，有广义和狭义之分。广义的基督教是指凡是信奉耶稣基督为救世主的所有教派，即包括了罗马公教(Catholic)、正教(Orthodox)、新教(Protestant)三大派及其他一些小教派在内，也就是英语中的Christianity之意；狭义的基督教是指其中的新教。

　　路德宗（Lutheranism）是以马丁·路德的宗教思想为依据的各教会团体之统称，因其教义核心为“因信称义”，故又称信义宗，它是德意志宗教改革运动的产物，由马丁·路德于1529年创立于德国，这一新的宗派的建立，标志着基督新教的诞生。目前信徒主要分布在北欧五国（挪威、瑞典、丹麦、冰岛、芬兰）、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、德国和美国等100多个国家和地区，全世界共有427个独立的教会团体，信徒约6840万人。　　加尔文宗（加尔文教，德语：Calvinismus，英语：Calvinism），又称“归正基督教”（英语：Reformed Christianity）、“归正信仰”（英语：Reformed faith）、“归正传统”（英语：Reformed tradition）或“归正派教会”（英语：Reformed Churches），是基督教的新教三个原始宗派之一，泛指完全遵守约翰·加尔文《归正神学》及其长老制的改革派宗教团体。后期融入威廉·法雷尔的恢复早期神学、泰奥多尔·贝扎的反对绝对君主制、约翰·诺克斯的清教主义、罗伯特·勃朗的公理制等追随者思想。

佛教Buddhism,道教Taoism,伊斯兰教IslamIslamismMohammedanismMoslemism,基督教Christianism,天主教Catholicism

世界性的宗教应该是三大宗教，基督教、佛教、伊斯兰教，除此以外虽说某些宗教人数很多，或者影响力很大，但都是某个区域性的，称不上世界性的，影响范围不能和这三个宗教相提并论。

救世主是基督教徒对耶稣的称呼。基督教认为耶稣是上帝的儿子，降生为人，是为了拯救世人。基督（希腊语Χριστοs，拉丁语Christos，英语Christ），意思是“受膏者”（古犹太人封立君王、祭司时要举行为受封者头上敷膏油的仪式）；希伯来语发音为弥赛亚。。《圣经》中的耶稣就是基督，耶稣是永生神的儿子，常被称为“拿撒勒人耶稣”。基督教（希腊语：Χριστιανισμός；拉丁语：Religio Christiana；英语：Christianity ），是信仰耶稣为救世主，是上帝的使者（即基利斯督，希腊语为“Χριστος”）的一神教，其信徒被称为“基督徒”。

基督教Christianity 犹太教Judaism 天主教Catholicism 东正教Eastern Orthodoxy 基督新教(新教)Protestantism InEurope, the Americas, Africa, Asia印度教Hinduism IN Southeast Asia.伊斯兰教Islam In Middle East佛教 Buddhism摩尼教Manichaeism 拜物教Fetishism 琐罗亚斯德教Zoroastrianism

基督教历史中的圣徒。据说克里斯多夫的圣像，可以让猝死的人复生。

因为政府要控制基督教，成立的三自教会属于国家宗教局管辖部门，教会要向三自教会登记才能算合法注册，原来的教会不愿意受政府控制没有登记注册的就被依法取缔，被迫进行地下活动。“基督教”一词在中国大陆的学术界使用时比较混乱，有广义和狭义之分。广义的基督教是指凡是信奉耶稣基督为救世主的所有教派，即包括了罗马公教(Catholic)、正教(Orthodox)、新教(Protestant)三大派及其他一些小教派在内，也就是英语中的Christianity之意；狭义的基督教是指其中的新教。由于历史原因，在华人中长期以来都习惯只把新教称为基督教。大陆的新教教会也从不称自己为新教，而只称基督教或耶稣教，而将罗马公教称为天主教，正教称为东正教。

christianity的中文意思、音标、例句及语法单词音标英语音标：[ˌkrɪstiˈænəti]美语音标：[ˌkrɪstiˈænəti]中文翻译n.基督教；基督教精神单词例句用作名词 (n.)The cross is an emblem of Christianity. 十...

Christianity英 [ˌkrɪstiˈænəti] 美 [ˌkrɪstʃiˈænɪti, ˌkrɪsti-]n.基督教； 基督教徒； 基督教教义1. The Coptic Church is among the oldest churches of Christianity. 科普特教会是最古老的基督教会之一。来自柯林斯例句2. The country swayed precariously between Christianity and paganism. 这个国家在基督教和异教间摇摆不定。来自柯林斯例句

Christian。英ˈkrɪstʃən；美ˈkrɪstʃən。词典释义：Christiann.基督徒，信徒；adj.基督教的；信基督教的。Christianityn.基督教；（所有的）基督教徒。Christianismn.基督教义；基督教精神。双语例句：1、正直的品性并不限于基督教世界。Virtue is not confined to the Christian world.2、他们对基督教的商业交易征收宗教税。They levied religious taxes on Christian commercial transactions.3、我大多数朋友都信奉基督教。Most of my friends are Christian.

早在公元前就有犹太教了，在一世纪时耶稣的降生，后他传道，基督教就由此来的。你可以去看圣经啊

“基.督.教”一词在中.国.大.陆的学术界使用时比较混乱，有广义和狭义之分。广义的基.督.教是指凡是信.奉耶.稣.基.督为救.世.主的所有教.派（基.督.宗.教），即包括了罗.马.公.教(Catholic)、正.教(Orthodox)、新.教(Protestant)三.大.派及其他一些小.教.派在内，也就是英语中的Christianity之意。狭义的基.督.教是指其中的新.教。由于历.史原因，在华.人中长期以来都习惯只把新.教称为基.督.教。大.陆的新.教.教.会也从不称自己为新.教，而只称基.督.教或耶.稣.教，而将罗.马.公.教称为天.主.教，正.教称为东.正.教。

“基.督.教”一词在中.国.大.陆的学术界使用时比较混乱，有广义和狭义之分。广义的基.督.教是指凡是信.奉耶.稣.基.督为救.世.主的所有教.派（基.督.宗.教），即包括了罗.马.公.教(Catholic)、正.教(Orthodox)、新.教(Protestant)三.大.派及其他一些小.教.派在内，也就是英语中的Christianity之意。狭义的基.督.教是指其中的新.教。由于历.史原因，在华.人中长期以来都习惯只把新.教称为基.督.教。大.陆的新.教.教.会也从不称自己为新.教，而只称基.督.教或耶.稣.教，而将罗.马.公.教称为天.主.教，正.教称为东.正.教。

拉丁语。督教是西方国家最重要的宗教之一。它在古希腊形成了传说，在罗马形成了国家机构，到了西欧它形成了国家文化。基督宗教各派都信奉耶稣基督为救主。广义的基督教是指凡是信奉耶稣基督为救世主的所有教派，即包括了罗马公教(Catholic)、正教(Orthodox)、新教(Protestant)三大派及其他一些小教派在内，也就是英语中的Christianity之意。狭义的基督教是指其中的新教。

福音。“基督教”一词在中国大陆的学术界使用时比较混乱，有广义和狭义之分。广义的基督教是指凡是信奉耶稣基督为救世主的所有教派，即包括了罗马公教(Catholic)、正教(Orthodox)、新教(Protestant)三大派及其他一些小教派在内，也就是英语中的Christianity之意；狭义的基督教是指其中的新教。

信仰的宗教不一样。l“基督教”一词在中国大陆的学术界使用时比较混乱，有广义和狭义之分。广义的基督教是指凡是信奉耶稣基督为救世主的所有教派，即包括了罗马公教、正教、新教)三大派及其他一些小教派在内，也就是英语中的Christianity之意；狭义的基督教是指其中的新教。区别是一个汉语词汇，有区分;辨别的意思。

基督教分为天主教，基督新教，东正教三大教派。在这些教派中，基督新教内部又分为几个大的宗派！

基督教的祈祷词：圣洁、尊贵、荣耀的永生上帝，你的圣名在全地何其美，诸天述说你的荣耀，穹苍传扬你的手段，唯有你是创造万有的主宰，唯有你是真神，是活神，是我们永远的君王，哈利路亚，感谢赞美你！祷告；奉主圣名，阿门。基本概念“基督教”一词在中国大陆的学术界使用时比较混乱，有广义和狭义之分。广义的基督教是指凡是信奉耶稣基督为救世主的所有教派，即包括了罗马公教(Catholic)、正教(Orthodox)、新教(Protestant)三大派及其他一些小教派在内，也就是英语中的Christianity之意；狭义的基督教是指其中的新教。

奉耶稣基督为救世主的各教派统称基督教是奉耶稣基督为救世主的各教派统称，亦称基督宗教。基督教与佛教、伊斯兰教并称三大宗教。“基督教”一词在中国大陆的学术界使用时比较混乱，有广义和狭义之分。广义的基督教是指凡是信奉耶稣基督为救世主的所有教派，即包括了罗马公教Catholic、正教Orthodox、新教Protestant三大派及其他一些小教派在内，也就是英语中的Christianity之意；狭义的基督教是指其中的新教。

基督教是世界上信仰人数最多的宗教。广义的基督教是指凡是信奉耶稣基督为救世主的所有教派，即包括了罗马公教(Catholic)、正教(Orthodox)、新教(Protestant)三大派及其他一些小教派在内，也就是英语中的Christianity之意；狭义的基督教是指其中的新教。它的起源是以色列，我们可以从圣经上面知道，首先挑选以色列人作为上帝王国在世的代表，然后转移到教会。这就是基督教。所以以色列民族就是基督教的前身，而且他们信仰的是耶稣，他生在巴勒斯坦北部加利利的拿撒勒，母亲名叫玛丽亚，父亲叫约瑟。希伯来圣经作为基督教圣经《旧约全书》。

This book, featuring five chapters, explains the impact of Christianity on China. It narrates Christianity introduction to the Chinese first by the British, then American, missionaries in the early 19th century; the methods the missionaries used to attract more Chinese to Christianity; the Chinese people attempt to break away from the Western world and establish their own Christian churches; the changes the churches endured after China became the People Republic of China in 1949; and the Chinese Christian churches?continual thrive in the late 20th century. With b&w photos.

是的国际性的跨宗教和跨民族的基督教组织。强调人类的一体性,主张爱是克服邪恶的有效力量,反对战争,赞成非暴力。“基督教”一词在中国大陆的学术界使用时比较混乱，有广义和狭义之分。广义的基督教是指凡是信奉耶稣基督为救世主的所有教派，即包括了罗马公教(Catholic)、正教(Orthodox)、新教(Protestant)三大派及其他一些小教派在内，也就是英语中的Christianity之意；狭义的基督教是指其中的新教。

CHRISTIAN

BuddhismChristianismIslamCatholicism

what is your belief?do you believe in Christan?

著名预言家对21世纪九大惊人预言 中国部分最震撼 　　“睡着的预言家”爱德加．凯西（Edgar Cayce，1877－1945）在西方社会极负盛名，他的预言包罗万象，准确率极高，对个人、团体、国家以及世界局势、人类未来发展走向均有涉及。如他能“看到”某人一生的人生道路和经历细节，能说出尚在襁褓之中婴儿的未来职业，他还准确的预言了两次世界大战、1929年经济危机、印度独立、以色列建国，以及种族问题在美国造成的混乱、美国总统在任期内去世，以及几十年后俄罗斯将抛弃共产主义，建立起新的社会体制，这些预言都一一得到了验证。人们还成立了“凯西基金会”，专门对其大大小小的预言进行了后续追踪调查，统计出来的准确率令所有人惊叹。　　凯西还对传说中沉没于大西洋的史前文明亚特兰蒂斯情有独钟，他在一生中曾经数百次提及这个地方，不仅详述其细节特征，还预言亚特兰蒂斯将在1968年被世人重新发现，1968年，人们果然发现了位于大西洋比米尼岛周边水底下用方形巨石建造起的道路，而这正是凯西所描述的亚特兰蒂斯所在海域。（李扬注：这处发现确实是消失的古文明，但未必是亚特兰蒂斯。玄学大师们无法做到细微处的预测。）　　然而凯西却并不认为自己有什么超能力，他声称这些能力是任何人都与生俱来的本能，只是必须要去除对个人利益的执著(detachment from self-interest)，才能拥有这类能力，人的能力比现代人想像的要大得多。　　他一生留下了近一万五千条预言，其中关于未来文明走向的预言只占很小的部份，却引起了很多人的浓厚兴趣，尽管其中有些内容至今还没能圆满解读。　　第二次世界大战是人类历史上的一次浩劫，出于对未来世界走向的迷茫，许多人都来求教于凯西。在二战开始之前，凯西就预言了希特勒的崛起、日本的加入、战争结束的时间，以及战后俄罗斯最终会抛弃共产主义走向民主。但就好像他自称许多预言来源于另外空间高级生命的启示一样，凯西的观察视野似乎并不局限于肉眼可视的物质层面上，许多看似抽像的“视觉性叙述”却非常精妙准确，耐人寻味而让人着迷。　　在讲到世间的战争及局势其实都与人们的意识及罪业相关时，凯西是这样生动的“评价”了各国的情况：如金融寡头、秘密团体与共产主义的发源地德国被称为“被涂满了支配弟兄的油彩、成为世界的吸血鬼”，意大利是“为一碗肉汤而出卖了自己”；日本1931年侵华是想“成为支配力量”；而老牌“日不落帝国”英国的问题是“一直有自以为比其它国家高明一点的想法”；法国之罪是“放大身体的欲望”；印度的罪是“除了向内心探索外，拥有灿烂的文明却不去实践”；而美国的罪则是“将上帝与我们同在的原则忘记了”。这些视角的评论让人感觉很有趣，也很精辟。　　而凯西对中国的预言和评价则是最耐人寻味的。　　1925年1月24日，凯西在预言状态中主动诉说了将发生在中国的事情：“1931年中期，中国正处在一个非常的日子，在满洲里出现了血光之灾……”，这讲的是6年后发生的日军侵华事件。1927年7月30日他继续解读自己看到的情形：“一些非常的事件正发生在中国人身上，也在日本人身上，从外星入侵的一些力量正在和已经得势了……”，这却有些让人费解，因为当时人们对外星人及文明干预还没有多少概念，但凯西却已经说出来了。　　最让西方人震骇的是他关于中国的另一段重要预言：　　“中国通过缓慢的成长来保存自身（的文明）……她有一天会醒来，剪掉了辫子！开始思考并实践！”凯西宣布，“有一天，中国那儿将成为孕育Christianity（在现代英语中，字面意思是指基督教）的摇篮，并应用于人们的生活中。是的，这对人来说很遥远，但对神来说很快——很快，中国将醒来！”　　这后面一句让人很难理解，因为基督教早已诞生，但他们忠实的记录下了他的原话：“Yea, there in China one day will be the cradle of Christianity, as applied in the lives of men。It is far off, as man counts tune, but only a day in the heart of God. For tomorrow China will awake。”　　对此，西方学者提出了一种理解，即预言可能是指在中国将会出现类似佛教、基督教那样的信仰复兴，新的信仰及文明将诞生，并对未来产生影响，如果对Christianity一词不局限于狭义理解的话。　　凯西对世界的未来变化给出了很具体的描述：在21世纪初人们会察觉到地轴的移动；气候变化显著，全球升温，寒带变暖；地震频发，海水上升，美国局部被淹没，日本大部份沉没；世界粮食短缺，美国中部、阿根廷及非洲部份成为世界粮仓；华盛顿一直是世界权力中心……　　Mark.Thueston先生是凯西预言的研究专家，当发现了凯西预言令人惊叹的准确性之后，他对上万条预言进行了周详清晰的整理，他在著述《凯西预言21世纪》（Cayce"s Prediction for the 21th Century）中整理出了许多条“20世纪尚未实现的凯西预言”，供后人验证与参考，以下是其中的九个重要预言：　　1、一种新的医疗方法将会出现——基于灵性和身体能量系统的流动与转换；　　2、元神不死、生命轮回将被大众普遍接受；　　3、科学和心灵学将停止争论；　　4、地貌会发生极大的变化，包括气候的显著改变；　　5、世界重心在向东方移动，中国大陆将占据重要位置；　　6、关于古文明的考古发现，会逐渐改变人们对人类历史的认识；　　7、直觉和超能力会普遍出现，许多人可以直接与另外空间沟通；　　8、宇宙“太一”原则会成为人类所有活动开展所遵循的依据：这一新信仰将出现，并指导所有科学，人类的整体太一会成为世界政治和经济活动所围绕的核心，新信仰是宇宙之光。　　9、救世主将再临。　　（李扬注：这九条预言都已经在21世纪实现，读者们慢慢会明白的。解密是个逐渐的过程，大家要有耐心。）　　凯西在讲述这些预言的时候，人类尚未进入电子时代，第二次世界大战也还没有结束，很明显，凯西的能力与智慧超越了他那个时代的知识范畴。　　“星座与天象正在变化中，到时候，人类自身将会开始觉醒与变化。许多过去历史上的伟大灵魂将回来，并对世界产生巨大的影响。”凯西说，等“调整期结束后”，“义将永驻地球”。在这个寻找真相与希望的时代，他对宇宙、时空、人类文明的透彻洞见引起了越来越多人的关注。

catholicism，英语单词，主要用作名词，作名词时译为“天主教；天主教义”。柯林斯英汉双解大词典Catholicism /kəˈθɒlɪˌsɪzəm/ TEM81.N-UNCOUNTCatholicism is the traditions, the behaviour, and the set of Christian beliefs that are held by Catholics. 天主教的教义 catholicism early 天主教patriarchal Catholicism 父权制天主教spanish catholicism 西班牙天主教American catholicism 美国天主教Shanxi Catholicism 山西天主教Roman Catholicism 罗马天主教christianity catholicism 基督教Catholicism and Chinese Culture 天主教与中国文化

神爱世人，甚至将独生子赐予他们，叫一切信他的，不知灭亡，反得永生。楼下那位所谓“正见佛教”看来是既没读懂佛经，也不了解基督教，随意的诋毁，这是佛学的精神吗，建议把你的意见给对佛教，基督教都有较深认识的唯梅子佛教徒来评价一下吧。

如果加上那些“不是真正信主的”教徒的话，最多因该是基督宗教。

基督教收到市两会的款进到会费收入科目。基督教收入类有奉献收入、商品销售收入、会费收入。“基督教”一词在中国大陆的学术界使用时比较混乱，有广义和狭义之分。广义的基督教是指凡是信奉耶稣基督为救世主的所有教派，即包括了罗马公教(Catholic)、正教(Orthodox)、新教(Protestant)三大派及其他一些小教派在内，也就是英语中的Christianity之意；狭义的基督教是指其中的新教。

基督教的信徒世界共有十五亿至多，是最多的

天主教是基督教的三大分支之一，另外两个分支是东正教和新教，其中以天主教最大。天主教和基督教一样都信耶稣，耶和华，只是基督教不承认玛利亚是神圣的，他只是耶稣的肉身母亲，而天主教信奉天主和耶稣基督，并尊玛丽亚为圣母。“基督教”翻译自英文的“Christianity”，指一切相信救主耶稣·基督的信仰，包括天主教、正教和新教等；而在中国，“基督教”则一般是指英文的“Protestantism”，更确切的翻译是“基督新教”。扩展资料基督新教与天主教的区别对耶稣的称呼天主教称为天主，基督教称为神或上帝。2.教堂十字架天主教教堂的十字架上有耶稣像钉在其上，而基督新教教堂没有。3.信奉对象基督新教信奉耶稣基督，而天主教天主和耶稣基督，天主教也崇拜玛利亚，并尊称为圣母。4.教会仪式不同基督新教：洗礼（全身浸水），圣餐礼，洗脚礼，婚姻和丧葬的仪式。天主教：洗礼（受水洗归入基督），坚振礼（由主教按手并敷油于教徒头上，以坚定其信仰），圣体圣事（即圣餐），告解，终傅（将油抹在临终的人或病人头上，以帮助其灵魂进入永生，抑或帮助其康复），婚姻（祝福教徒的婚姻），神品（亦称授职礼或圣职圣事）。5.神职体系基督教神职体系：慕道者、教友(信徒)、执事、长老、牧师。 天主教神职体系：慕道者、教友(信徒)、(修士、修生、修女、会士等等)、神父、主教、教宗 (教皇)。

更新1: 我讲紧的系个字词 5系叫你explain 你对Christianity 的意见 有4个原因: 1. 人地误解。 2. 宜家真系有d christian连佢地信紧咩都唔清楚(有d christian 连救恩都唔知系咩)，净系话自己系christian。3. 有d基督教变左质。 4. 话christian迷信果人d憎基督教。 而迷信就系 你未清楚果个宗教(or神)，就去乱咁(跟人)信。 对耶经诸多流料视若无睹，那还不是迷信？！ 例如四福音书中就只有《马太》及《路加》两本有耶稣出生事迹，连最早的《马可》都没有，而两本福音之间矛盾严重（例如《马太》版本的约瑟本来是伯利恒居民，《路加》版本的约瑟本来是拿撒勒居民），起码有一本是捏造，再加上两版本都与历史不符兼内容荒谬，唯一可能性是两本福音都是老作！ 耶稣出生「记载」的两个版本 *****/2hdj6t 又例如新约预言世界末日在耶稣或其门徒年代来临（已彻底破产接近二千年）： *****/24exu4 信假野仲要信到入晒迷才叫迷信 d反基反我地咪话我地系假同迷信罗 系佢地连真真假假都唔识分啫~ 不过也要提防这些从基督教信仰衍生出来的"迷信"论调 参考: Christian 迷信 偶像 观音 人造泥(人造神=废物)!! 都有人话我地迷信ga~(我听过..) 好似果d和尚咁 信"人造神"信到入心入肺 佢必会话你/我地迷信既 唔会咁话我地既 我谂大约系因为佢地只信自己 自信过高呢^^ 参考: 我都系信主的人 只系唔敢认自己系je...==

Emerging ChurchFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchTo meet Wikipedia"s quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup.See rationale on the talk page, or replace this tag with a more specific message. Editing help is available.This article has been tagged since October 2005.The emerging church or emergent church is a diverse movement within Protestant Christianity that arose in the late 20th century as a reaction to the influence of modernism in Western Christianity. The movement is usually called a "conversation" by its proponents to emphasize its diffuse nature with contributions from many people and no explicitly defined leadership or direction. The emerging church seeks to deconstruct and reconstruct Christianity as its mainly Western members live in a postmodern culture. While practices and even core doctrine vary, most emergents can be recognized by the following values:Missional living - Christians go out into the world to serve God rather than isolate themselves within communities of like-minded individuals. Narrative theology - Teaching focuses on narrative presentations of faith and the Bible rather than systematic theology or biblical reductionism. Christ-likeness - While not neglecting the study of scripture or the love of the church, Christians focus their lives on the worship and emulation of the person of Jesus Christ. Authenticity - People in the postmodern culture seek real and authentic experiences in preference over scripted or superficial experiences. Emerging churches strive to be relevant to today"s culture and daily life, whether it be through worship or service opportunities. The core Christian message is unchanged but emerging churches attempt, as the church has throughout the centuries, to find ways to reach God"s people where they are to hear God"s message of unconditional love. Emergent Christians are predominantly found in Western Europe, North America, and the South Pacific. Some attend local independent churches that specifically identify themselves as being "emergent", while many others contribute to the conversation from within existing mainline denominations.Historical contextDuring recent centuries Western Christianity, like all of Western civilization, has been influenced significantly by modernism. In the 19th century modernist Protestant theologians sought to examine the individual narratives of the Bible and from them extract a set of underlying truths or "meta-narratives". By using methods borrowed from scientific reductionism it was hoped that a grand truth and worldview would be attained. In practice, however, the modernist approach led to additional schism within the Church (cf. liberal Christianity, Christian fundamentalism).Postmodern church expression, on the other hand, encourages followers to deconstruct each element of their faith experience and reassemble the pieces according to his or her own unique journey of deconstruction.One definition of the Emerging Church is that it is the collective term for the individuals who are emerging from this process of deconstruction and reconstruction of Christianity or for those who have joined groups/churches being led by such individuals.[edit]An alternate perspectiveAlternatively, the Emerging Church may be seen as both a reaction to, and a continuation of the Saddleback/Willow Creek movement, which achieved such great success in the 1990s using a "seeker-friendly" approach. The "seeker-friendly" approach practiced ‘come-to-church" evangelism while the emergent church thesis is ‘discover church" evangelism, in which the powerful (and often challenging) symbols and practices of the early church are poured into the modern church.Both models are marked by their goal of evangelism and by their willingness to retool the church experience as necessary to meet their goal. However, the resulting church experiences can be quite different. The Saddleback/Willow Creek movement sought to forego the "irrelevant trappings" of the traditional church, such as stained glass, liturgy and candles, while the Emerging Church movement tends to value these same symbols as sacred expressions of faith and creativity.The Saddleback/Willow Creek movement is comfortable applying the tools of modern American marketing (focus groups, advertising, polling, etc.), to deliver a highly polished product to a baby boomer target demographic. In contrast, the emerging church movement recognizes that their own target audience -- post-baby boomers -- has already been bombarded and over-saturated with advertising and thus places a higher value on authentic personal interactions and a de-emphasis on "timeless truths".[edit]Structure and CommonalityWhile there is no co-ordinated organization behind the Emerging Church and no guarantee that the Emerging Church will mature into a coherent movement at all, the term is becoming increasingly common among leaders of Emerging Church groups and Emerging Church thinkers. Many of these leaders and thinkers have written books, articles and/or blogs on the subject using a shared terminology.Emerging Church groups are typically observed to emphasize the following elements:Highly creative approaches to worship and spiritual reflection. This can involve everything from the use of contemporary music and films to liturgy, as well as more ancient customs, with a goal of making the church more appealing to the unchurched, and those within the church. A minimalist and decentralized organizational structure. A flexible approach to theology wherein individual differences in belief and morality are accepted within reason. A holistic view of the role of the church in society. This can mean anything from greater emphasis on fellowship in the structure of the group to a higher degree of emphasis on social action, community building or Christian outreach. A desire to reanalyze the Bible within varying contexts with the goal of revealing a multiplicity of valid perspectives rather than a single valid interpretation. A continual re-examination of theology. A high value placed on creating communities built out of the creativity of those who are a part of each local body. A belief in the journey of faith, both as individual and community. The Emerging Church movement shares with the house church movement the willingness to challenge the structure and organization that have become traditional for the Church over many centuries. Many emerging churches are in fact also house churches.[edit]Ecclesiology / View of Church StructureReflecting its decentralized and local nature, the emerging church does not maintain a mutually agreed-on ecclesiology, or set of beliefs defining the specific role and nature of the church. Eschewing doctrine, the emerging church instead seeks merely to continue the mission of Christ, while deeply respecting the different expressions that the body of Christ may bring to that mission.[edit]Pioneers in the Emerging Church movementThe emerging church movement is highly decentralized so in no sense does any one person act as a spokesperson for the movement however the following people are often recognized as pioneers and important thinkers:Spencer Burke, former pastor, founder of The Ooze website, "dedicated to the emerging Church culture" and which has "developed a community that captures the ethos of the emerging church movement" Kyle Cheatham, founder and Pastor of Terranova in Georgetown, Texas] Dan Kimball, founder of the Vintage Faith Church in Santa Cruz, California Brian McLaren, founder of Cedar Ridge Community Church near Washington, D.C. John C O"Keefe, lead pastor at 247connectionand founder of ginkworld.net, "an emerging/postmodern site exploring what it means to be a follower of the Jesus in today"s world" Doug Pagitt, founding pastor of Solomon"s Porch [1] in Minneapolis Mark Pearson, founder of Cityside in Auckland, New Zealand. Leonard Sweet, the E. Stanley Jones Professor of Evangelism at Drew University, Visiting Distinguished Professor at George Fox University, and prolific author Dallas Willard, Professor of Philosophy at USC Jay Bakker, founder of the Revolution Church in Atlanta, Georgia. Chris Seay, the founder of University Baptist Church in Waco, Texas, and the founder and pastor at Ecclesia in Houston, Texas. Karen Ward, the founder and pastor of Church of the Apostles in Fremont, Washington. Richard Rossi, founder of [2] Eternal Grace in Hollywood, California.

《领我到你宝血里面》的原唱是有情天音乐。《领我到你宝血里》是有情天音乐演唱的歌曲，时长04分47秒，该歌曲收录在有情天音乐2002年的专辑《活出真正的你》之中。基督教的歌很少有原唱，都是做词做曲，因为是要大家祷告和聚会还有唱诗的时候唱的。基督教是对奉耶稣基督为救世主的各教派统称，亦称基督宗教。基督教与佛教、伊斯兰教并称三大宗教。“基督教”一词在中国大陆的学术界使用时比较混乱，有广义和狭义之分。广义的基督教是指凡是信奉耶稣基督为救世主的所有教派，即包括了罗马公教(Catholic)、正教(Orthodox)、新教(Protestant)三大派及其他一些小教派在内，也就是英语中的Christianity之意；狭义的基督教是指其中的新教。《领我到你宝血里面》歌词耶稣，求你进入我的心用你大能的宝血遮盖我开启我心灵 得着我生命在你宝血里我就得洁净耶稣 求你进入我的心用你大能的宝血释放我进入你同在 领受你大爱在你宝血里我献上敬拜领我到你宝血里面所有罪恶必得赦免更新我生命在你爱的宝血里面领我到你宝血里面领受丰盛奇妙恩典更新我生命在你爱的宝血里面

1.求西方情人节的英语简介 英语：There are varying opinions as to the origin of Valentine"s Day. Some experts state that it originated from St. Valentine, a Roman who was martyred for refusing to give up Christianity. He died on February 14, 269 A.D., the same day that had been devoted to love lotteries. Legend also says that St. Valentine left a farewell note for the jailer"s daughter, who had become his friend, and signed it "From Your Valentine". Other aspects of the story say that Saint Valentine served as a priest at the temple during the reign of Emperor Claudius. Claudius then had Valentine jailed for defying him. In 496 A.D. Pope Gelasius set aside February 14 to honour St. Valentine. Gradually, February 14 became the date for exchanging love messages and St. Valentine became the patron saint of lovers. The date was marked by sending poems and simple gifts such as flowers. There was often a social gathering or a ball. In the United States, Miss Esther Howland is given credit for sending the first valentine cards. Commercial valentines were introduced in the 1800"s and now the date is very commercialised. The town of Loveland, Colorado, does a large post office business around February 14. The spirit of good continues as valentines are sent out with sentimental verses and children exchange valentine cards at school. 翻译：关于情人节的起源有许多种说法。有关人士认为情人节是一个名叫桑特-瓦伦丁的人士发起的。他是罗马人，因为拒绝放弃基督教而于公元前269年2月14日惨遭杀害，这一天也正好是全城盛行彩票抽奖的日子。而另外一种说法更具有传奇色彩，相传桑特-瓦伦丁曾留下一本日记给了狱卒的女儿，署名为“你的情人”，据说这名狱卒的女儿就是桑特-瓦伦丁的情人。还有其它的说法也颇为有趣。比如说有人认为在克劳迪亚斯君王统治时期，桑特-瓦仑丁曾经是一名神父，因为公然挑战克劳迪亚斯君王的权威身陷囹圄。所以公元前496年罗马教皇格莱西亚斯特意将2月14日作为一个特别的日子以纪念桑特-瓦伦丁。此后2月14日就成为了一个具有特殊意义的日子。在这天人们向自己心仪的人传递信息以示爱意。而理所当然的桑特 瓦仑丁也就成为了为恋爱中的男女们牵线搭桥的人。在2月14日这天人们会特意做诗或者用一些小礼物送给自己心爱的人。而且人们还会组织各种各样的聚会来庆祝这个特殊的节日。艾瑟-霍兰德小姐是美国第一位因为发送情人节卡片而受到荣誉奖励的人。早在19世纪初情人节就已处露商业化的端倪。而如今情人节已经完全被商业化了。 比如每当每年2月14日来临的时候，一些城镇如罗夫兰、克罗拉多等，这里的人们都要派送大量的为情人节特备的卡片。而在这天人们往往吟歌做诗并且把这些写入卡片中送个自己喜欢的人以表达自己的爱意。而在学校里孩子门也喜欢互增贺卡来度过这个特殊的节日。久而久之就形成了一种习俗并且延续至今天。 望采纳谢谢！ 2.急求关于中国七夕节和西方情人节区别的英语文章 There are varying opinions as to the origin of Valentine"s Day. Some experts state that it originated from St. Valentine, a Roman who was martyred for refusing to give up Christianity. He died on February 14, 269 A.D., the same day that had been devoted to love lotteries. Legend also says that St. Valentine left a farewell note for the jailer"s daughter who had become his friend, and signed it "From Your Valentine". Other aspects of the story say that Saint Valentine served as a priest at the temple during the reign of Emperor Claudius. Claudius then had Valentine jailed for defying him. In 496 A.D. Pope Gelasius set aside February 14 to honor St. Valentine. Gradually, February 14 became the date for exchanging love messages and St. Valentine became the patron saint of lovers. The date was marked by sending poems and simple gifts such as flowers. There was often a social gathering or a ball. Double Seventh Festival is on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month. It is a traditional festival full of romance. It often goes into August in the Gregorian calendar. 3.关于西方情人节来历的英语文章有不 There are varying opinions as to the origin of Valentine"s Day. Some experts state that it originated from St. Valentine, a Roman who was martyred for refusing to give up Christianity. He died on February 14, 269 A.D., the same day that had been devoted to love lotteries. Legend also says that St. Valentine left a farewell note for the jailer"s daughter, who had become his friend, and signed it "From Your Valentine". Other aspects of the story say that Saint Valentine served as a priest at the temple during the reign of Emperor Claudius. Claudius then had Valentine jailed for defying him. In 496 A.D. Pope Gelasius set aside February 14 to honour St. Valentine. Gradually, February 14 became the date for exchanging love messages and St. Valentine became the patron saint of lovers. The date was marked by sending poems and simple gifts such as flowers. There was often a social gathering or a ball. In the United States, Miss Esther Howland is given credit for sending the first valentine cards. Commercial valentines were introduced in the 1800"s and now the date is very commercialised. The town of Loveland, Colorado, does a large post office business around February 14. The spirit of good continues as valentines are sent out with sentimental verses and children exchange valentine cards at school. god bless you。 4.关于情人节英文介绍 Valentine"s Day, also known as St. Valentine"s Day or St. Valentine"s Day, is one of the traditional festivals in the West. On this day, men and women send chocolate, greeting cards and roses to each other to express their love or friendship. It has become a favorite festival for young people in Europe and America. Maybe there are as many Valentines in the world as there are interpretations of the origins of Valentine"s Day. 情人节，又叫圣瓦伦丁节或圣华伦泰节，即每年的2月14 日，是西方的传统节日之一。男女在这一天互送巧克力、贺卡和玫瑰花，用以表达爱意或友好，现已成为欧美各国青年人喜爱的节日。大概这世上有多少情人就有多少关于情人节来历的诠释吧。 5.求西方情人节来历的英文翻译 Once, the friar who is called Walunding is put in prison because of officiate at a marriage for a pair of sweethearts in church , the elder with the jail blind person daughter likes each other. Walunding has forgot that self body is in a jail completely in being passionately in love with the girl. Some day , he have found the medicinal herb being able to let a girl regain sight , he all has decocted medicinal herbs for the girl every day. The girl does not wait to do light but, he waits to have done the court verdict death penalty but! Eleventh hour in his life, the girl has replied to intelligibility. She finally sees sweetheart"s appearance , Walunding still loses but life. Before long, also, the girl depressed but dies. That day passing away is a February 14 of the 3rd century B.C.Afterwards, church that this day is fixed is "Walunding festival " , is just "Valentine"s Day" for commemorating him.。 6.关于西方情人节的来源几个不同版本的英文 大家帮帮忙吧,很急需的 e his friend, and signed it "From Your Valentine". Other aspects of the story say that Saint Valentine served as a priest at the temple during the reign of Emperor Claudius. Claudius then had Valentine jailed for defying him. In 496 A.D. Pope Gelasius set aside February 14 to honour St. Valentine.Gradually, February 14 became the date for exchanging love messages and St. Valentine became the patron saint of lovers. The date was marked by sending poems and simple gifts such as flowers. There was often a social gathering or a ball.In the United States, Miss Esther Howland is given credit for sending the first valentine cards. Commercial valentines were introduced in the 1800"s and now the date is very commercialised. The town of Loveland, Colorado, does a large post office business around February 14. The spirit of good continues as valentines are sent out with sentimental verses and children exchange valentine cards at school.============================================The History of Saint Valentine"s DayValentine"s Day started in the time of the Roman Empire. In ancient Rome, February 14th was a holiday to honour Juno. Juno was the Queen of the Roman Gods and Goddesses. The Romans also knew her as the Goddess of women and marriage. The following day, February 15th, began the Feast of Lupercalia.The lives of young boys and girls were strictly separate. However, one of the customs of the young people was name drawing. On the eve of the festival of Lupercalia the names of Roman girls were written on slips of paper and placed into jars. Each young man would draw a girl"s name from the jar and would then be partners for the duration of the festival with the girl whom he chose. Sometimes the pairing of the children lasted an entire year, and often, they would fall in love and would later marry.Under the rule of Emperor Claudius II Rome was involved in many bloody and unpopular campaigns. Claudius the Cruel was having a difficult time getting soldiers to join his military leagues. He believed that the reason was that roman men did not want to leave their loves or families. As a result, Claudius cancelled all marriages and engagements in Rome. The good Saint Valentine was a priest at Rome in the days of Claudius II. He and Saint Marius aided the Christian martyrs and secretly married couples, and for this kind deed Saint Valentine was apprehended and dragged before the Prefect of Rome, who condemned him to be beaten to death with clubs and to have his head cut off. He suffered martyrdom on the 14th day of February, about the year 270. At that time it was the custom in Rome, a very ancient custom, indeed, to celebrate in the month of February the Lupercalia, feasts in honour of a heathen god. On these occasions, amidst a variety of pagan ceremonies, the names of young women were placed in a box, from which they were drawn by the men as chance directed.The pastors of the early Christian Church in Rome endeavoured to do away with the pagan element in these feasts by substituting the names of saints for those of maidens. And as the Lupercalia began about the middle of February, the pastors appear to have chosen Saint Valentine"s Day for the celebration of this new feaSt. So it seems that the custom of young men choosing maidens for valentines, or saints as patrons for the coming year, arose in this way.=========================================。 7.西方情人节介绍（英文版本） Annually on February 14, is a western and traditional saint tile D stanza, call the " Valentine"s Day" again.It has the long history.Ancient Rome The herding absolute being stanza of the ages, is a festival of loverses.That day men and women youth can have a happy reunion a hall.Miss express love Of wish the put in sign , the young man draws lots one by one in order, which misses take out arrive to wish the , that miss become his lover. The Christianity rises, the church disagrees very much to the herding absolute being stanza customs.But suffer youth the person"s acceptance of persons because of this festival,To still continue down.Till the 7 centry A.D., the church leader hope contacts this festival together the Christianity is together, hence he Use the Christianity baptism of blood the name of the tile D is this festival to assign name to afresh, and change from original on February 15 to February to the date On 14. Christianity martyrology that browse the earlier period, can find out three baptism of blood for calling tile Ds, an among those is what 3 centry A.D.Bishop.The at that time the emperor of Rome thinks that the married man doeses not wish to leave the house serves as soldier, ascended the battlefield even to also can"t become a good soldier,Therefore announced a prohibition against conjugal ordinance tile D to this very worried, he disobey the aim idea of the emperor, in private for youth The person holds the wedding, therefore encountering the captivity, in 271 A.D.2 knifes die in the jail inside on 14. Endless years that through several centuries, the nodal fete in D in in tile method took place not a few varieties.England in 16 centuries, tile Very unusual interesting in nodal customs in the D of .Along with the development of the New Continent, England immigrates again this a the stanza of the very full of and romantic color The day took North America, becoming one of the festival that American likes gradually. In the United States, the youth that tile D stanza have been not only festival into.Close relatives friend"s, in spite of age size, can be with each other Send to the small gift to express affection, promote the comity.There is not a few stores in the United States sell this type of gift exclusively.Such as decorate heart form of high Class chocolates a tulip for, or is red satin taking nosegay etc..As to every kind of contain lace, spread last the feeling of the perfume Person"s card, also all like that. Certainly, the young talented person is a leading role that tile D stanza is real well-deserved.They act with due care and respect ground as on this day the lover chooses Choose the gift, an in company with friend goes hiking:Or attend lover"s dancing party organized by club form a pair. Special interesting is, the young man of those mindses hand usually think that the square try to make into toward the tile D stanza of the miss courtship salute card Refined handicraft product in in , have of imitate is if a fresh flowers for blooming that a beautiful butterfly, have:Still have of just like Venus ratio with shoot arrow in the curved bow.The miss of those the feeling of ss is then according to the traditional custom, in the tile D stanza night before last laurel leaf Put on the pillow, hope in a dream and together own lover meets. Special fascinating are the nocturnal masquerade ball of Valentine"s Dayses.This at several decade ago very popular.Attend the dancing party of into, each takes a lot of trouble a ground of disguises that attire the oneself, having basinet knight, the disguise that have spanish pirate, still the disguise that have eastern emperor.Intelligent dancing party host usually give each guest hair, a tile for taking lace D card, write the some personal name up, this individual become your the colleague of the tonight.Therefore on the dancing party, people can see then The is lightly moving to dance with the ash miss;Hamlet together the card door talks to smile the breeze livings;The Arabian princess checks to manage together two a life times enter the dinner totally. They masquerade so extraordinarily lifelike. make person feeling to imitate the was really a group of the ancientses to bring to life. Tile D stanza be happiness festival that like this an alive with love with comity.。 8.求西

《举起圣洁的手》原唱是福音婷婷。《举起圣洁的手》原唱是福音婷婷，由王玉根作词，杨沐恩作曲，编曲是由刘文，后期刘炫宇。《举起圣洁的手》是基督教歌曲，“基督教”一词在中国大陆的学术界使用时比较混乱，有广义和狭义之分。广义的基督教是指凡是信奉耶稣基督为救世主的所有教派，即包括了罗马公教(Catholic)、正教(Orthodox)、新教(Protestant)三大派及其他一些小教派在内，也就是英语中的Christianity之意；狭义的基督教是指其中的新教。由于历史原因，在华人中长期以来都习惯只把新教称为基督教。大陆的新教教会也从不称自己为新教，而只称基督教或耶稣教，而将罗马公教称为天主教，正教称为东正教。 港、台华人为了解决这一混乱状况，把广义基督教称为“基督宗教”，以与专指新教的狭义基督教相区分。这一用法现也渐被大陆学者所接受。《举起圣洁的手》歌词欣赏主啊在这个复杂的世界，要活出圣洁是多么地难，多少人情世故要周旋，多少似是而非的谎言。多少次挣扎到精疲力尽，多少次徘徊在罪的边缘，多少回祷告被罪阻拦，多少次悔改又常常再犯。主啊莫让我随波逐流，让我对罪有拒绝的勇敢，我要举起圣洁的双手，存敬畏的心进入祢的殿。主啊莫让我随波逐流，让我对罪有拒绝的勇敢，我要举起圣洁的双手，存敬畏的心进入祢的殿。多少次挣扎到精疲力尽，多少次徘徊在罪的边缘，多少回祷告被罪阻拦，多少次悔改又常常再犯。主啊莫让我随波逐流，让我对罪有拒绝的勇敢，我要举起圣洁的双手，存敬畏的心进入祢的殿。主啊莫让我随波逐流，让我对罪有拒绝的勇敢，我要举起圣洁的双手，存敬畏的心进入祢的殿，存敬畏的心进入祢的殿。

基督教，生命的江河。“基督教”一词在中国大陆的学术界使用时比较混乱，有广义和狭义之分。广义的基督教是指凡是信奉耶稣基督为救世主的所有教派，即包括了罗马公教(Catholic)、正教(Orthodox)、新教(Protestant)三大派及其他一些小教派在内，也就是英语中的Christianity之意；狭义的基督教是指其中的新教。

固定搭配

Judaism，Christianism，Buddhism，Taoism，Islamism

pseudo christianity 全部释义和例句>>伪基督教pseudo 英["sju:dəʊ] 美["su:doʊ] adj. 假的，虚伪的; n. [口] 假冒的人，伪君子; [网络] 假性; 假的; 假一; [例句]T-type is a pseudo father and a pseudo mother.而T的人则是一个假的父亲和母亲。[其他] 形近词： pseuds

这个！译文如下：Christmas Day . It is a traditional festival of Christianity"s calendar, it is that the Christian celebrates feast day when Jesus Christ emerged. On Christmas Day, most Christianity church will all hold the religious service at the safe night of December 24 first , then celebrate Christmas Day on December 25; Christmas Day of another big branch"s Orthodox Eastern Church of Christianity is celebrated on annual January 7 . According to the Gospel of Christianity, Jesus is that Madonna, Virgin Mary in Bethlehem was left by the pregnant young man of the Holy Ghost"s sense , Maria and husband Joseph were going on the registered road of Rome"s census at that time. Jesus" birth is filling and is comparable to the inferior realization that will come and plan in Judaism prophecy in believer"s view, because Bethlehem is home of Joseph"s ancestor"s David clan. Christmas Day is the public holidays of the Western countries and a lot of other areas too. Include looking like Japan , such a countries and regions of Asia of Hong Kong. But Jesus precise date of birth to store dispute in. 以后翻译再来找我啦！乐意为您效劳！希望你能采纳！

Christmas is a Christian holiday that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. No one knows the exact date of Christ"s birth, but most Christians observe Christmas on December 25. On this day, many go to church, where they take part in special religious services. During the Christmas season, they also exchange gifts and decorate their homes with holly, mistletoe, and Christmas trees. The word Christmas comes from Cristes maesse, an early English phrase that means Mass of Christ. The story of Christmas comes chiefly from the Gospels of Saint Luke and Saint Matthew in the New Testament. The history of Christmas dates back over 4000 years. Many of our Christmas traditions were celebrated centuries before the Christ child was born. The 12 days of Christmas, the bright fires, the yule log, the giving of gifts, carnivals(parades) with floats, carolers who sing while going from house to house, the holiday feasts, and the church processions can all be traced back to the early Mesopotamians. Many of these traditions began with the Mesopotamian celebration of New Years. The Mesopotamians believed in many gods, and as their chief god-Marduk. Each year as winter arrived it was believed that Marduk would do battle with the monsters of chaos. To assist Marduk in his struggle the Mesopotamians held a festival for the New Year. This was Zagmuk, the New Year"s festival that lasted for 12 days. The Persians and the Babylonians celebrated a similar festival called the Sacaea. Part of that celebration included the exchanging of places, the slaves would become the masters and the masters were to obey. The ancient Greeks held a festival similar to that of the Zagmuk/Sacaea festivals to assist their god Kronos who would battle the god Zeus and his Titans. The Roman"s celebrated their god Saturn. Their festival was called Saturnalia which began the middle of December and ended January 1st. With cries of "Jo Saturnalia!" the celebration would include masquerades in the streets, big festive meals, visiting friends, and the exchange of good-luck gifts called Strenae (lucky fruits). The Romans decked their halls with garlands of laurel and green trees lit with candles. Again the masters and slaves would exchange places. "Jo Saturnalia!" was a fun and festive time for the Romans, but the Christians thought it an abomination to honor the pagan god. The early Christians wanted to keep the birthday of their Christ child a solemn and religious holiday, not one of cheer and merriment as was the pagan Saturnalia. Some legends claim that the Christian "Christmas" celebration was invented to compete against the pagan celebrations of December. The 25th was not only sacred to the Romans but also the Persians whose religion Mithraism was one of Christianity"s main rivals at that time. The Church eventually was successful in taking the merriment, lights, and gifts from the Saturanilia festival and bringing them to the celebration of Christmas. The exact day of the Christ child"s birth has never been pinpointed. Traditions say that it has been celebrated since the year 98 AD. In 137 AD the Bishop of Rome ordered the birthday of the Christ Child celebrated as a solemn feast. In 350 AD another Bishop of Rome, Julius I, choose December 25th as the observance of Christmas. The birth of Jesus had a story: In Nazareth, a city of Galilee. The virgin"s name was Mary was betrothed to Joseph. Before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Spirit. Joseph her husband was minded to put her away secretly. While he thought about these things, Gabriel, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and told him did not be afraid to take Mary as wife. And Mary will bring forth a Son, and he shall call his name, Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins. Before Jesus births, Joseph and Mary came to Quirnius was governing Syria. So all went to be registered, everyone to his own city. Joseph also went up out of Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and of the lineage of David, to be registered with Mary, his betrothed wife, who was with child. So it was that while they were there, the days were completed for her to be delivered. And she brought forth her firstborn Son, and wrapped him in swaddling cloths, and laid him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn. And that, Christmas is the feast of the nativity of Jesus, is on 25th, December every year. But nobody knows the actual birthday of Jesus. And the Christmas has become popular when Christmas cards appeared in 1846 and the concept of a jolly Santa Claus was first made popular in nineteenth Century. The custom of giving gifts to relatives and friends on a special day in winter probably began in ancient Rome and northern Europe. In these regions, people gave each other small presents as part of their year-end celebrations. In the 1800"s, two more Christmas customs became popular--decorating Christmas trees and sending Christmas cards to relatives and friends. Many well-known Christmas carols, including ``Silent Night" and ``Hark! The Herald Angels Sing," were composed during this period. In the United States and other countries, Santa Claus replaced Saint Nicholas as the symbol of gift giving. The word Xmas is sometimes used instead of Christmas. This tradition began in the early Christian church. In Greek, X is the first letter of Christ"s name. It was frequently used as a holy symbol. “圣诞节”这个名称是“基督弥撒”的缩写。弥撒是教会的一种礼拜仪式。耶诞节是一个宗教节。我们把它当作耶稣的诞辰来庆祝，因而又名耶诞节。这一天，世界所有的基督教会都举行特别的礼拜仪式。但是有很多圣诞节的欢庆活动和宗教并无半点关联。交换礼物，寄圣诞卡，这都使圣诞节成为一个普天同庆的日子。 圣诞节是基督教世界最大的节日。4世纪初，1月6日是罗马帝国东部各教会纪念耶稣降生和受洗的双重节日、称为“主显节”Epiphany，亦称“显现节”即上帝通过耶稣向世人显示自己。当时只有耶路撒冷的教会例外，那里只纪念耶稣的诞生而不纪念耶稣的受洗。 后来历史学家们在罗马基督徒习用的日历中发现公元 354年12月25日页内记录着：“基督降生在犹大的伯利恒。”经过研究，一般认为12月25日作为圣诞节可能开始于公元336年的罗马教会。12月25日原来是波斯太阳神（即光明之神）密特拉（Mithra）的诞辰，是一个异教徒节日，同时太阳神也是罗马国教众神之一。这一天又是罗马历书的冬至节，崇拜太阳神的异教徒都把这一天当作春天的希望，万物复苏的开始。可能由于这个原因，罗马教会才选择这一天作为圣诞节。这是教会初期力图把异教徒的风俗习惯基督教化的措施之一。后来，虽然大多数教会都接受12月25日为圣诞节，但又因为各地教会使用的历书不同，具体日期不能统一，于是就把12月24日到第二年的1月6日定为圣诞节节期（Christmas Tide），各地教会可以根据当地具体情况在这段节期之内庆祝圣诞节。 随着基督教的广泛传播，圣诞节已成为各教派基督徒，甚至广大非基督徒群众的一个重要节日。在欧美许多国家里，人们非常重视这个节日，把它和新年连在一起，而庆祝活动之热闹与隆重大大超过了新年，成为一个全民的节日。 12月25日的主要纪念活动都与耶稣降生的传说有关。耶稣的出生是有一段故事的，耶稣是因着圣灵成孕，由童女马利亚所生的。神更派遣使者加伯列在梦中晓谕约瑟，叫他不要因为马利亚未婚怀孕而不要她，反而要与她成亲，把那孩子起名为“耶稣”，意思是要他把百姓从罪恶中救出来。当马利亚快要临盆的时候，罗马政府下了命令，全部人民到伯利恒务必申报户籍。约瑟和马利亚只好遵命。他们到达伯利恒时，天色已昏，无奈两人未能找到旅馆借宿，只有一个马棚可以暂住。就在这时，耶稣要出生了！於是马利亚唯有在马槽上，生下耶稣。 后人为纪念耶稣的诞生，便把十二月二十五日定为圣诞节，纪念耶稣的出世。但真实的诞生日就没有人知道了。十九世纪，圣诞卡的流行、圣诞老人的出现，圣诞节也开始流行起来了。

Religion comes from either relegere (meaning to read or pursue together; the same root goes to legible and intelligent) or (much more likely and generally accepted) from relegare (to tie back, to bind fast); hence a religious man used to mean a monk tied by his vows; and the words ligament and ligature go back to the same root. For the Romans it meant being tied back, staying connected with ancestral customs and beliefs, a kind of loyalty; for the Christians the word would originally have meant being tied back, connected to God. However, the word used in Arabic and therefore in Islamic literature is ‘din". In its literal usage, ‘din" means obedience, being in debt, restoring one"s rights, adopting as a habit, forcing, calling to account, managing, rewarding or punishing, serving, lending and so on. Muslim theologians have described ‘din" as the set of principles revealed by God through Prophets so that mankind should follow by free will in order to acquire happiness in both worlds.The concept of religion may be viewed from two perspectives: the human or the Divine. The followers of the great world religions take religion to be God-revealed principles, values and commandments and therefore do not, in explaining the origin of religion, refer to man. By contrast, the modern Western imputes the origin of religion to man and then seeks to explain it away according to the different science of man — anthropology or sociology or psychology.The reason why the modern Western way of thinking has developed in favor of a materialistic world-viewThe still dominant attitudes among Westerners do not, unfortunately, allow them to regard Islam as a revealed religion and therefore what is understood by religion in the West is usually religion — the form into which it evolved in Christianity. The Qur"an (3.50) affirms that Jesus Christ came to restore the laws of the Torah, with the exception of making some unlawful things lawful: “And (I have come) confirming that which was before me of the Torah, and to make lawful some of that which was forbidden unto you. I come unto you with a sign from your Lord, so keep your duty to God and obey me.” It is possible to find the same in the Gospels. For example, in Matthew 5.17, Jesus declares: “Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law (of Moses — American Bible Society) and the teachings of the Prophets. I have come not to do abolish them but to fulfil them (Gideons International) — to make their teachings come true (American Bible Society); to complete or perfect them (Bible Society, Turkish edition).” However, St Paul promoted his mission by separating the message of Jesus from its relationships and its origins in the religion and the Law of the Jews — and the Law has the same shaping and containing function for religion as the skin of a man has for his body — and thereby paved the way to the wedding of Christianity with Roman laws and rites and its development as a religion focused on the Kingdom of God in the next world, relegating nature and this world to a lesser (eventually seen as a secular) domain. That is part of the reason why the modern Western way of thinking has developed in favor of a materialistic world-view, rejecting the Divine origin of religion.Western views of religionAccording to the assumptions of modern Western thinking, humanity is in a continuous irresistible and irreversible flow or movement toward what is better. During this ‘progress", it has gone through certain stages of intellectual and civilizational development. Among others also studying the origins of religion, anthropologists have concentrated on the theory of the evolution of religion and reached different conclusions. For Frazer (1854-1941) the origin was magic, for Taylor it was animism, for Schmidt it was original monotheism, and for others it was pre-animism, totemism, fetishism, or polytheism. Later anthropologists concentrated on rather the role of the religion in society than its origin. While social anthropologists saw religion as part of society and concentrated on field studies of particular tribes, or the analysis of myth, ritual and symbol, the cultural anthropologists saw it as a set of beliefs, rites and institutions.In order to illustrate the differences of opinion that arise among those who, from within ignorance or other limitations, offer their definition of a matter, Jalal al-Din al-Rumi, a famous Muslim Sufi of the 13th century, made this analogy: some blind persons encounter an elephant and, on touching different parts of the animal"s body, offer their partial, inept and contradictory definitions of an elephant: one finds it to be a heavy, thick column, another a hard, flexible pipe, and so on. This is what those who try to explain the origin of religion have achieved in the West. Just as the anthropologists drew different conclusions, sociologists also put forward different opinions about the origin of religion.The sociology of religion found its leading analysts in Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) and Max Weber (1864-1920). The former stressed the social functions of religion as a stabilizing factor created by society as a means of expressing its ideals and unifying itself. Weber, more dynamic and positive about religion, saw religion"s prophetic side as an instrument for shaping and changing society and tried to work out what aspect of Western religious attitudes or culture shaped the formation of capitalism. Other sociologists focused more on particular religious groups and institutions.The psychology of religion centers upon the individual and his or her religious experience. One of the main exponents of the psychology of religion was William James (1842-1910). He described the religion of the healthy-minded and the sick soul, the religion of the once-born and the twice-born, and the psychological basis of prayer, meditation, mysticism, and conversion. Freud, whose research was based on theories of infantile sexuality and who, despite opposition from friends, patients and medical colleagues, continued to develop these theories, emphasized the importance of childhood sexual experiences and regarded religion as necessary illusions (delusions) and projections. He also argued that dreams, like neuroses, were disguised manifestations of repressed sexual desires. More recent work in the psychology of religion has centered upon questions about how different religious people or institutions are, and upon analysis of what mature religious faith is, what the spiritual potentialities of human nature are, and what the stages are of religious development in children and adults.The common denominator Western analysis of religion is that religion was invented by man as a result of either projecting repressed desires or weaknesses or of individual or collective efforts to systematize the beliefs and rites of particular communities. The corollary is that, as science develops, man will no longer have any need for religion and religion, which is, according to Feuerbach, a dogma contradicted by fire and life insurance policies, by railways and steam-ships, by modern military and industrial schools, by the theatres and science museums of modern society, and, according to Marx (1818-1883), is the opiate of the masses, will inevitably become a thing of the past. Auguste Comte (1798-1857) divides human history into three eras. The first era is the period of religion, when man lived a primitive life, in fear of natural events and forces, and needed to believe in a supreme being. The second era is the period of metaphysics, when man reached a considerable level of intellectual maturity. And the last era is the period of science, when there is no room (or need) for religion, because reason and science will solve all the problems of man. Some people may well continue to follow a reduced religion, comprising very basic moral and spiritual principles, in order to satisfy their emotional and spiritual needs and lead an upright life. But religion should not transgress its limits, and must not interfere in the collective, especially political, life of society. According to Ferdinand Buisson, the 19th century-French thinker, the secular approach to life will not wipe out religion altogether but will considerably diminish it, and destroy the force of its dogmas and the basis of its doctrines.Before proceeding to criticize Western views of religion, we should give a summary of some other definitions of religion by Western thinkers or philosophers:According to Hegel (1770-1830), religion is a certain view of the universe. Benedetto Croce (1866-1952), one of the Italian followers of Hegel, defines religion as a philosophy that is incomplete. Kant (1724-1804) deals with religion from the viewpoint of social morality and thinks that religion in practice is seeing all of our responsibilities as if Divine ordinances. Schleiermacher (1768-1834) sees religion is no more than a feeling or excitement, an emotion or noble sentiment, felt for eternity. While rejecting the social and political role of religion, Schleiermacher describes the spirit or essence of religion as an intuitive knowledge of the highest values in life and of the metaphysical dimension of existence. According to Ralph Otto, a contemporary theologian, religion is a mysterious fear combined with awe which both causes man to tremble and yet attracts him to itself. The definition of Emile Boutroux is one of the most complete: Religion is that faith and feelings demand their right besides the scientific view.How can we criticize modern Western views of religion?The positivistic view of religion adhered to by modern Western attitudes, directed by the dogmas of science and technology, is highly questionable. The positivist line which regards the sociological, economic, military and political level of the West as the final level mankind can attain has been severely criticized by even Western thinkers. In addition to the existentialistic tension and anxiety, Auguste Comte"s attempt, toward the end of his life — despite his view of religion as a mode of thinking or being that belongs to the second (long past) era of human history — to establish a humanistic religion shows that religion is not something to be denied or dismissed as belonging to some long past phase of human development. Also, despite the huge recent advances in science and technology, the extreme sexual freedom, the high standard of living and the high levels of education, there is a growing interest in and turning towards religion throughout the world. We have seen the emergence of new, primitive religions such as devil worship, the seeking of contentment through authentic or false supernormal phenomena such as telepathy, necromancy, sorcery and fortune-telling. Moreover, as Erich Fromm puts it, we still see the pursuit of security and guarantees for the future through increased association with insurance companies, trade unions, mighty governments, holdings and pacts. We have seen the collapse of Communist systems and return to religion in once Communist countries. All these show that the theories that religion was the product or projection or delusion of primitive men or infantile sexuality or regressed sexual desires, that people first created primitive, polytheistic religions and then evolved them into monotheism, that religion has been replaced (or contradicted) by fire and life insurances, by the reliability of railways, steam-ships, etc., and expelled from the galleries of he modern arts and sciences, etc, and that there would no longer be any need for religion, and that religion is the opium of people — have been proved false. And these events and trends also demonstrate that, whether sociological or anthropological or psychological, the studies of religion in the West are based on wrong premises.Whereas religion is a rising value in the world and more and more people turn to it everyday, modern Western civilization is severely questioned and shows signs of inward decay, while outwardly at the peak of its dominion. Having lived through the first quarter of the century, Oswald Spengler, a famous German sociologist, prophesied the collapse of this civilization with all its skyscrapers, huge metropolises and railways and foretold that it would be an ethnographic museum. ‘Refined" Western intellectuals and scientists such as Rene Guenon, Alexis Carrel, Max Planck, Pasternak, James Jeans and Schwartz, have argued that by means of religion humanity would live another era of happiness. Also, as stated above, the re-emergence of missionary churches in increasing numbers in Christendom and the return to Islamic values all over the Muslim world despite the stern measures taken against Islam by native governments for several decades, demonstrate that it is almost impossible to defeat religion.