Nonconformist,Protestants,Anglicans,Catholics的区别

安立甘宗（英国国教，英语：Anglicanism），常用名“安立甘教会”（盎格鲁教会，Anglican Church）或“主教制教会”（主教会，Episcopal Church），是基督教的新教三个原始宗派之一，也是带有盎格鲁-撒克逊人礼仪传统的宗徒继承教会。1它在清朝传入中国，译作“圣公会”，取义神圣的天主教会（圣而公教会，Holy Catholic Church），约定俗成。2公元3世纪，基督教传入罗马帝国时期的大不列颠岛。6世纪，罗马教皇格里高利一世（圣额我略）派遣奥斯定·坎特伯雷在肯特王国建立天主教区。316世纪宗教改革时期，英国的天主教会在国王亨利八世的带领下脱离罗马教廷；经过玛丽一世的复辟，最终由伊丽莎白一世完成改革。大英帝国崛起之际，安立甘宗传入世界各地的殖民地。安立甘宗主张中庸之道（Via Media）及《三十九条信纲》，定位在新、旧两教之间，分为采用至公派神学（天主教神学）的盎格鲁天主教（Anglo catholic），即高教会派（High Church）；采用福音派神学的低教会派（Low Church）；采用自由派神学的广教会派（Broad Church）。4截止21世纪初，信徒超过8000万人，其中坎特伯雷大主教荣誉领导的安立甘共融，也是基督教的第三大教派及新教第一大宗派。

Swift, Jonathan, 1667u20131745, English author, b. Dublin. He is widely recognized as one of the greatest satirists in the English language.Early Life and WorksSince his father, an Englishman who had settled in Ireland, died before his birth and his mother deserted him for some time, Swift was dependent upon an uncle for his education. He was sent first to Kilkenny School and then to Trinity College, Dublin, where he managed, in spite of his rebellious behavior, to obtain a degree. In 1689 he became secretary to Sir William Temple at Moor Park, Surrey, where he formed his lifelong attachment to Esther Johnson, the “Stella” of his famous journal. Disappointed of church preferment in England, Swift returned to Ireland, where he was ordained an Anglican priest and in 1695 was given the small prebend of Kilroot.Unable to make a success in Ireland, Swift returned to Moor Park the following year, remaining until Temple"s death in 1699. During this period he wrote The Battle of the Books, in which he defended Temple"s contention that the ancients were superior to the moderns in literature and learning, and A Tale of a Tub, a satire on religious excesses. These works were not published, however, until 1704. Again disappointment with his advancement sent him back to Ireland, where he was given the living of Laracor.In the course of numerous visits to London he became friendly with Addison and Steele and active in Whig politics. His Whig sympathies were severed, however, when that party demonstrated its unfriendliness to the Anglican Church. In 1708 he began a series of pamphlets on ecclesiastical issues with his ironic Argument against Abolishing Christianity. He joined the Tories in 1710, edited the Tory Examiner for a year, and wrote various political pamphlets, notably The Conduct of the Allies (1711), Remarks on the Barrier Treaty (1712), and The Public Spirit of the Whigs (1714), in reply to Steele"s Crisis.Later Life and WorksIn 1713 Swift joined Pope, Arbuthnot, Gay, and others in forming the celebrated Scriblerus Club. About this time Swift became involved with another woman, Esther Vanhomrigh, the “Vanessa” of his poem Cadenus and Vanessa. The intensity of his relationship with her, as with Stella, is questionable, but Vanessa died a few weeks after his final rupture with her in 1723. Swift became a national hero of the Irish with his Drapier Letters (1724) and his bitterly ironical pamphlet A Modest Proposal (1729), which propounds that the children of the poor be sold as food for the tables of the rich.Swift"s satirical masterpiece Gulliver"s Travels appeared in 1726. Written in four parts, it describes the travels of Lemuel Gulliver to Lilliput, a land inhabited by tiny people whose diminutive size renders all their pompous activities absurd; to Brobdingnag, a land populated by giants who are amused when Gulliver tells them about the glories of England; to Laputa and its neighbor Lagado, peopled by quack philosophers and scientists; and to the land of the Houhynhnms, where horses behave with reason and men, called Yahoos, behave as beasts. Ironically, this ruthless satire of human follies subsequently was turned into an expurgated story for children. In his last years Swift was paralyzed and afflicted with a brain disorder, and by 1742 he was declared unsound of mind. He was buried in St. Patrick"s, Dublin, beside Stella.BibliographySee his prose (ed. by H. Davis, 14 vol., 1939; repr. 1964u201368); his poetry (ed. by H. Davis, 3 vol., 2d ed. 1958), The Portable Swift, ed. by C. Van Doren (new ed. 1968); his correspondence (ed. by H. Williams, 5 vol., 1963); biographies by J. M. Murray (1954), I. Ephrenpreis (3 vol., 1962u201383), C. Van Doren (1930, repr. 1964), D. Nokes (1985), and V. Glendinning (1999); studies by R. Quintana (1936, repr. 1965; and 1955, repr. 1962), R. Hunting (1966), N. F. Dennis (1964, repr. 1967), D. Donoghue (1969), Louise K. Barnett (1981).

圣公宗（英语：Anglicanism，音译安立甘宗），是源自英国（英格兰）的英格兰国教会和爱尔兰教会及其于世界各地衍伸出来的教会之总称。目前世界上的圣公宗教徒约有7300万人（2008年）。圣公宗，英文原名“Anglican”，意译是英式教会，形容制度、教会、礼仪传统和神学思想，是从英格兰的国教——英格兰教会所衍生而来的教会，成为普世圣公宗。这个词语亦可形容其他采用圣公宗的其他教会，他们因为与坎特伯里大主教共融而成为普世圣公宗的一员。由于“Anglican”一词与盎格鲁人一词词型较为相近，有时会被误认为是民族名称而非宗派名称，因此在美国及苏格兰等的强调圣公会非英格兰民族特性的地区，改以“The Episcopal＂

不同的宗教派别的教堂名字不一样的

英国国教会英格兰教会标志位于英格兰赫里福德的赫里福德座堂，是英格兰教会的43个座堂之一。英国国教会（英语：Church of England），或译为英格兰国教会、英格兰圣公会、英格兰教会，是圣公宗的教会之一，16世纪由英格兰君主亨利八世时期开始由托马斯·克兰麦、理乍得·胡克等改革家们改革并作为英格兰的国教。教会的辖区是今天英国（联合王国）中的英格兰地区，不包括苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰，后者分归苏格兰圣公会、威尔士教会与爱尔兰教会管理。英格兰教会的最高主教为坎特伯雷大主教，副手是约克大主教。此外英国君王拥有英格兰教会最高领袖（Supreme Governor of the Church of England）的头衔。名称解释“安立甘”就是英文“Anglican”（英格兰的）的音译。普世华人基督徒使用“圣公会”为公用名称。但由于英文中Anglican一词与Angles盎格鲁人一词词型较为相近，有时会被误认为是民族名称而非宗派名称，因此在美国及苏格兰等的强调圣公会非英格兰民族特性的地区，使用名称“The Episcopal Church”称呼教会，用Episcopalian称呼圣公宗信徒。“Episcopal”意思为主教制的。1842年来华。早期名为“安立甘会”，1912年4月26日在上海改名为“中华圣公会”。

　　The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches. There is no single "Anglican Church" with universal juridical authority as each national or regional church has full autonomy. As the name suggests, the Anglican Communion is an association of these churches in full communion with the Church of England (which may be regarded as the mother church of the worldwide communion) and specifically with its principal primate, the Archbishop of Canterbury. The status of full communion means that there is mutual agreement on essential doctrines, and that full participation in the sacramental life of each national church is available to all communicant Anglicans.　　With approximately 77 million members, the Anglican Communion is the third largest communion in the world, after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches. Some of these churches are known as Anglican, explicitly recognising the historical link to England (Ecclesia Anglicana means "Church of England"); others, such as the American and Scottish Episcopal churches, or the Church of Ireland, prefer a separate name. Each church has its own doctrine and liturgy, based in most cases on that of the Church of England; and each church has its own legislative process and overall episcopal polity, under the leadership of a local primate.　　The Archbishop of Canterbury, religious head of the Church of England, has no formal authority outside that jurisdiction, but is recognised as symbolic head of the worldwide communion. Among the other primates he is primus inter pares, or "first among equals".　　普世圣公宗的诞生是由於英国圣公会在世界各地建立教会所造成。从历史的角度来说，普世圣公宗的发展有两个阶段。　　1. 十七世纪时圣公会开始在美国、澳洲、加拿大、纽西兰和南非等前英殖民地创立教会。　　2. 从十八世纪起，由一批圣公宗传教士在亚洲、非洲及拉丁美洲建立圣公教会。　　圣公宗是一个世界大家庭，共有七千多万教友，分布在卅八个教省之内。而三十八个教省内共有一百六十个国家和地区的圣公会教友。他们说不同的语言，来自不同种族和文化。　　普世圣公宗不像罗马天主教，并不是一个统一的教会体制，是一个「教会团契」，所有圣公宗内的教会地位都平等，英国国教会（The Church of England，英格兰圣公会）也不充当总会的角色，因此体现出「自主的共融」（Autonomy-in-Communion）的原则。　　每一个地区的圣公会教会都是自立的，但他们是透过历史、神学、崇拜与普世圣公宗精神领袖，英国坎特伯里大主教的关系，建立一个独特的联合教会，称为普世圣公宗（Anglican Communion）。普世圣公宗自1867年开始，平均每十年举行一次全球圣公宗会议，名叫兰柏会议。自1978年开始，改在肯特郡大学的坎特伯里校园内举行。以方便主教们的起居和祈祷生活。

圣公会 (Anglican Church)，也称为安立甘会或英国国家宗教，是基督新教的一个教派--圣公宗。与信义宗、归正宗同属基督新教三大主流教派。由英国国王亨利八世创始并作为当时英国的国教，由英国国王担任教会最高首脑。“安立甘”就是英文“Anglican”(英国的)的音译。普世华人基督徒使用圣公会为公用名称。但是，圣公宗到了美国之后，英文名称却该为The Episcopal Church。Episcopal意思为主教制的教会。圣公会与天主教一样相信使徒遗传，特别在按立神职人员的续承上。圣公会实行三阶级的圣职，主教（会督）Bishop，牧师（会长）Priest和会吏Deacon。圣公会是和天主教差别最少的一种新教，除了和其它新教教派一样不崇拜偶像、不陈列耶稣受难像以外，使用的《圣经》（不适用于大中华地区）、教职人员服装、宗教仪式等都和天主教一样，圣公会教会并不自认为属于新教（Protestant），认为自己也是大公教会（即天主教），称教宗为“罗马主教”，不过教宗认为只要不承认教宗至高无上地位的西方教派，都属于新教。圣公会的最高主教是坎特伯里大主教，副手是约克大主教。

baptist】(基督教)(主张全身浸水的)浸礼教徒theBaptist(Church)(基督教新教)浸礼会anglican英国的theAnglicanChurch英国国教,英国圣公会church教堂,(基督教的)礼拜堂houseofGodchurchecclesia古希腊城邦的国民大会,教会,会友,教堂fane[古,诗]神庙,教堂,寺院temple圣堂,神殿,庙宇,寺院；教堂;礼拜堂chapel小教堂,礼拜堂;(医院,学校,营房,大建筑物内的)附属教堂cathedral总教堂主教的座堂；大教堂

The Roman Catholic Church is part of the Christian Church ruled by the Bishop of Rome (the Pope). In the early Church the papacy exercised authority over all Christians. The basic religious beliefs of Roman Catholics are those shared by other Christians as derived from the New Testament and formulated in the ancient Creeds of the early ecumenical councils, such as Nicaea (325) and Constantinople (381). The public worship of the Roman Catholic church is its liturgy, principally the Eucharist, which is also called the Mass.The devotional importance attached to the Saints (especially the Virgin Mary) distinguishes Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy from the churches of the Reformation. In the last two centuries the Roman Catholic church has taught as official doctrine that Mary from her conception was kept free of original sin (the Immaculate Conception) and that at the completion of her life was taken up body and soul into heaven (the Assumption).Catholic ethical doctrines are based ultimately on the New Testament teachings but also on the conclusions reached by the church, especially by the popes and other teachers.In 1980 there were some 783 million Roman Catholics, approximately 18% of the world"s population. The 51 million Roman Catholics in the United States (1982) constitute 22% of that country"s population. These statistics are based on baptisms, usually conferred on infants, and do not necessarily imply active participation in the church"s life nor full assent to its beliefs.http://www.mb-soft.com/believe/txc/rcatholi.htm---------------------------------------------------------------Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith. Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs, worship and church structures. The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 meaning the English Church. Adherents of Anglicanism are called Anglicans. The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international Anglican Communion. The faith of Anglicans is founded in the scriptures, the traditions of the apostolic church, the apostolic succession – "historic episcopate" and the early Church Fathers. Anglicanism forms one of the branches of Western Christianity; having definitively declared its independence from the Roman pontiff at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. By the mid 17th century the Church of England (and associated episcopal churches in Ireland and in England"s American colonies) came to be seen as comprising a distinct Christian tradition with theologies, structures and forms of worship representing a middle ground, or via media, between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.

▲普通教省新西兰及波利尼西亚圣公会 (The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand & Polynesia)澳大利亚圣公会 (The Anglican Church of Australia)巴西圣公会 (Igreja Episcopal Anglicana do Brasil)布隆迪圣公会 (The Anglican Church of Burundi)加拿大圣公会 (The Anglican Church of Canada)中非洲圣公宗教省 (The Church of the Province of Central Africa)中美洲圣公会 (Iglesia Anglicana de la Region Central de America)刚果圣公宗教省 (Province de L"Eglise Anglicane Du Congo)英国国教会 (The Church of England)香港圣公会 (Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui)印度洋群岛圣公宗教省 (The Church of the Province of the Indian Ocean)爱尔兰国教会 (The Church of Ireland)日本圣公会 (Nippon Sei Ko Kai)耶路撒冷及中东圣公会 (The Episcopal Church in Jerusalem & The Middle East)肯尼亚圣公会 (The Anglican Church of Kenya)大韩圣公会 (ub300ud55cuc131uacf5ud68c，The Anglican Church of Korea)美拉尼西亚圣公宗教省 (The Church of the Province of Melanesia)墨西哥圣公会 (La Iglesia Anglicana de Mexico)缅甸圣公宗教省 (The Church of the Province of Myanmar/Burma)尼日利亚圣公会 (The Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion))巴布亚新几内亚圣公会 (The Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea)菲律宾圣公会 (The Episcopal Church in the Philippines)卢旺达圣公会 (L"Eglise Episcopal au Rwanda)苏格兰圣公会 (The Scottish Episcopal Church)圣公会东南亚教省 (Church of the Province of South East Asia)南非洲圣公宗教省 (The Church of the Province of Southern Africa)南美洲圣公会 (Iglesia Anglicana del Cono Sur de America)苏丹圣公会 (The Episcopal Church of the Sudan)坦桑尼亚圣公会 (The Anglican Church of Tanzania)乌干达圣公宗教省(The Church of the Province of Uganda)美国圣公会(The Episcopal Church in the USA)威尔士圣公会 (The Church in Wales)西非圣公宗教省(The Church of the Province of West Africa)西印度群岛圣公宗教省 (The Church in the Province of the West Indies古巴圣公会 (Iglesia Episcopal de Cuba)中华圣公会（Chong Hua Sheng Kong Hui）▲联合教会在南亚地区，圣公宗会与其他相近宗派组成联合教会。而这些教会都是普世圣公宗的教省之一。这个四个联合教会特别的地方，是他们也可算作“与普世圣公宗完全共融的教会”，因为联合教会中有不少其他教派的信徒和普世圣公宗共同崇拜，公用教堂和神职人员等等。孟加拉联合教会 (The Church of Bangladesh)北印度联合教会 (The (United) Church of North India)巴基斯坦联合教会 (The (United) Church of Pakistan)南印度联合教会(The (United) Church of South India)▲非教省地区有一些圣公会教会，由于其特殊地位，因此不属于任何教省，直辖于坎特伯里大主教的管理下(Extra-Provincial to the Archbishop of Canterbury)。锡兰(斯里兰卡)圣公会 (The Church of Ceylon)百慕大主教区 (Diocese of Bermuda)路西坦尼亚教会 (The Lusitanian Church)西班牙维新圣公会 (The Reformed Episcopal Church of Spain)福克兰群岛牧区 (Parish of Falkland Islands)

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (January 27, 1832 – January 14, 1898), better known by the pen name Lewis Carroll, was a British author, mathematician, Anglican clergyman, logician, and amateur photographer. Although he was a mathematician, he is best known as the author of Alice"s adventures in wonderland (1865) and Through the looking glass (1872), children"s books that are among the most popular of all time. They are distinguished as satire and as examples of verbal wit. Dodgson wrote mathematical works under his own name but for his children"s books he invented the pen name "Lewis Carroll" by translating his first two names "Charles Lutwidge" into Latin as "Carolus Lodovicus", then anglicising and reversing their order.

　　革命前资本主义经济的发展:　　资本主义深入农村是英国资本主义发展最重要的特点。英国农村很早就与市场有联系。早在13、14世纪英国就已经向欧洲大陆供应大量的羊毛。呢绒业作为英国的民族工业早在十六世纪就在英国广大农村发展起来。一些大商人购进大量的羊毛，分配给以毛纺织为副业的小手工业者和农民进行加工，形成当时最主要的生产形式—即分散的手工工场的形式。从十六世纪开始，英国的工业迅速发展起来，并且普遍地采用了资本主义手工工场的形式。随着工农业生产的发展，英国的商业和对外贸易在十七世纪也获得了巨大的成就。从十五世纪70年代后期起，开始了“羊吃人”的圈地运动，直到十九世纪上半期，历经300多年。圈地运动是资本主义性质的土地关系变革，是资本原始积累的重要手段，它加速了英国资本主义的发展。　　阶级关系的变化:　　1 贵族阶级{中小贵族、乡村绅士、部分富商————新贵封建大贵族（即旧贵族）依靠传统的封建地租过活，由於经常入不敷出，债务越来越多，不断出卖领地。旧贵族人数不多，是革命的对象。　　从旧贵族阶级中分裂出来的新阶层，就是所谓的新贵族。新贵族的土地所有制在经济上不是封建的，而是资本主义的。但是在法律上，他们的土地所有权继续受到国王的限制。因此，他们要求废除骑士领有制，使土地真正成为自己的私有财产；同时，他们也要求实行工商业自由，以便自已获取更大的利润。这一点，恰恰是此后资产阶级有同新贵族结成联盟的基础。　　2资产阶级:十七世纪的英国资产阶级由不同的阶层组成。资产阶级的主体，是中等工商业资产阶级。他们属于非行会型的企业主，是分散的和集中的手工工场的组织者，他们遇到的封建障碍比较大，革命要求也比较强烈，他们人数较多，构成了资产阶级的左翼。英国资产阶级与新贵族在经济上的一致，促使二者在反对封建专制制度的斗争中联合.　　3农民阶级:革命前，英国农民的主体仍然是以公簿持有农为主的佃农，他们负担着沉重的封建义务，迫切要求废除封建剥削制度，使份地真正成为自己的私有财产。　　④城市平民:当时，英国的城市平民主要由手工业者及其家属构成，他们既受到封建主义的压迫，又受到资本主义的剥削。因此，他们既反对封建奴役，又反对新兴资产阶级的压榨，从而成为一支重要的革命力量。　　清教运动　　英国资产阶级革命的另一个特点，是在宗教外衣掩饰下进行的。和欧洲其它国家一样，英国以往也是一个天主教国家。十六世纪上半期，都铎王朝（House of tudor）的享利八世自上而下的进行了宗教改革，经过改革以后的英国国教教会，简称为国教教会。Anglican(意为英格兰的)，即安立甘教。但其教义、组织及仪式都未发生多大的变化，与原来的天主教会没有什么重大的区别，仍然保留了主教制以及各级教会的土地财产。所不同的只在於它的最高领导权由罗马教皇转到了英国国王的手里。此后英国国教就成为维护封建专制制度的工具。正因为如此，英国资产阶级革命的矛头就必然首先指向封建专制制度的思想支柱—英国国教教会。　　为了反对英国国教，英国资产阶级和新贵族借用了欧洲大陆上的加尔文教作为斗争的武器。英国的加尔文教徒要求清除国教教会的天主教残余，按照加尔文教的方式，建立一个廉洁、民主的教会组织，因而被称为“清教”他们的主张反映了英国资产阶级和新贵族要求摆脱封建专制统治、建立新的社会制度的愿望。

English] British Christian population 5,600 million. Major religions are protestant and Roman Catholic. Protestant episcopal church, Christian kingdom is approximately 2,700 million, 48 percent of the population. Secondly, the Catholic church is 420 million. Other denominations protestant mainly methodists and Presbyterian, christians 200 million. As early as the Roman empire, maybe in the 2nd century Christianity to Britain,. The 4th century to appear clearer Christian activities. St. Alba longa (St) for about in Alban 304 years of diocletian religious persecution of martyrdom priests. 10 years, have 3 England bishops in the ears attend religious meeting, This is after Christianity, admitted Constantine the great Roman churches held the first important meetings. 78 years, the meeting to be held in rimini, a British man has to attend, Before the end of the century, the huge missionary work began. 397 years, holy and Ann (St) Ninia) in the rottweiler Whitaker horn in Britain, began to settle the north-west Scotland and parts of the Christian Gospel movement. 6 century, Pope sent missionaries augustine to Britain"s Canterbury missionary, mainly teaches, another after consecrated patriarch 12 bishop, British assigned Christian is established. The early eighth century, British and Roman churches established relations. The 15th century, England has 1,300 seat monastery, church has 1/3 of the land. 1534, king Henry viii and Vatican rupture, determine the Anglican church "for" church of England. 1571, queen Elizabeth SanShiJiuTiao letter to announce "for the Anglican church in Rome, from the teachings of the Pope, denied to the church of England and high power. 16 century, the pilgrims, divided into Presbyterian and independent after sect. The 17th century, forming the Baptist protestant sects Quaker, etc. Now the Anglican church has Canterbury and Yorkshire two provinces, the archbishop of asher teach one, There are 43 bishop area, Traditionally the archbishop of Canterbury is the national church archbishop of chief in Britain has a great influence in social life, The king was head of the church. Catholic mainly concentrated in England and wales, has four, bishop of 14. Scotland is mainly by protestant council. In 1972, congregational and Presbyterian church "unified form for Scotland, improvement of main church organization, the existing church 1,800. Northern Ireland protestants accounted for 63% of population, the Catholic 35%.

宗教分不分派，没有什么区别，反正就是搞钱。只不过问信徒要钱的借口不同罢了。

威斯敏斯特教堂威斯敏斯特教堂是英国王室休息的地方，在基督教中是访问量最大的教堂。这是一个美丽的建筑，里面有很多墓和纪念碑，喝诗班的男童清清他们的喉咙发出的音乐像是深入到你的脊髓。唱名表决的死者和荣幸，让利己主义者和华丽的记念品都为之逊色Westminster AbbeyA resting place of the royals, Westminster Abbey, is one of the most visited churches in the Christian world. It"s a beautiful building, full of morose tombs and monuments, with an acoustic field that will send shivers down your spine when the choirboys clear their throats. The roll call of the dead and honored is guaranteed to humble the greatest egoist, despite the weighty and ornate memorabilia. 大本钟(Big Ben) 大本钟(Big Ben)是英国最著名的地标, 与英国国会大厦相连. 大本钟因其走时准确而名扬四海。每隔一小时，大钟根据格林威治时间发出沉重而铿锵的响声, 在数英里之外也能听到钟声的回荡. Great bell (Big Ben) is the United Kingdom"s most famous landmark, linked with the British parliament building. Great bell because, she was walking and accurate. Every Clock, bell Jiatelinwei Time issued under heavy sonorous sounds, a few miles away can hear the bell reverberate. 海德公园(Hyde Park, London) 海德公园(Hyde Park, London)是伦敦皇家公园中最大的一个, 占地160万平方米，也是伦敦最知名的公园。西边与Kensington Gardens(肯辛顿公园)相连. 在肯辛顿公园, 游人可以参观戴安娜王妃生前曾经居住过的肯辛顿宫. 海德公园内西南角建有戴妃纪念喷泉. (The Diana Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain),它建在蛇形湖泊旁, 据说戴妃生前经常在那里休憩散步。海德公园的北面有著名的演讲角(Speaker"s Corner), 是一个很大的可以公开发表自己观点的地方, 经常可见有人在此即兴演讲.几乎每年夏季大型露天音乐会也在这里举行. Hyde Park (Hyde Park, London) is the largest of London"s Royal Park, which covers 1.6 million square meters, as well as London"s most famous parks. Western and Kensington Gardens (Kensington) connected. In Kensington, visitors can visit once Princess Diana Lived in Kensington. Hyde Park built the south-western corner of Princess Diana Memorial Fountain. (The Diana Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain), which built adjacent to the Serpentine lake, said Princess Diana sitting there in his regular walk. Hyde Park to the north are famous speech (Speaker "s Corner), is a great place to be aired their views, you can often see someone in this impromptu speech. Large open-air concert every summer is almost here.

JaneAustenwasamajorEnglishnovelist,whosebrilliantlywitty,elegantlystructuredsatiricalfictionmarksthetransitioninEnglishliteraturefrom18thcenturyneo-classicismto19thcenturyromanticism.JaneAustenwasbornon16December,1775,attherectoryinthevillageofSteventon,nearBasingstoke,inHampshire.TheseventhofeightchildrenoftheReverendGeorgeAustenandhiswife,Cassandra,shewaseducatedmainlyathomeandneverlivedapartfromherfamily.ShehadahappychildhoodamongstallherbrothersandtheotherboyswholodgedwiththefamilyandwhomMrAustentutored.Fromheroldersister,Cassandra,shewasinseparable.Toamusethemselves,thechildrenwroteandperformedplaysandcharades,andevenasalittlegirlJanewasencouragedtowrite.Thereadingthatshedidofthebooksinherfather"sextensivelibraryprovidedmaterialfortheshortsatiricalsketchesshewroteasagirl.Attheageof14shewroteherfirstnovel,LoveandFreindship(sic)andthenAHistoryofEnglandbyapartial,prejudicedandignorantHistorian,togetherwithotherveryamusingjuvenilia.InherearlytwentiesJaneAustenwrotethenovelsthatwerelatertobere-workedandpublishedasSenseandSensibility,PrideandPrejudiceandNorthangerAbbey.ShealsobegananovelcalledTheWatsonswhichwasnevercompleted.AsayoungwomanJaneenjoyeddancing(anactivitywhichfeaturesfrequentlyinhernovels)andsheattendedballsinmanyofthegreathousesoftheneighbourhood.Shelovedthecountry,enjoyedlongcountrywalks,andhadmanyHampshirefriends.Itthereforecameasaconsiderableshockwhenherparentssuddenlyannouncedin1801thatthefamilywouldbemovingawaytoBath.MrAustengavetheSteventonlivingtohissonJamesandretiredtoBathwithhiswifeandtwodaughters.ThenextfouryearsweredifficultonesforJaneAusten.ShedislikedtheconfinesofabusytownandmissedherSteventonlife.Afterherfather"sdeathin1805,hiswidowanddaughtersalsosufferedfinancialdifficultiesandwereforcedtorelyonthecharityoftheAustensons.Itwasalsoatthistimethat,whileonholidayintheWestcountry,Janefellinlove,andwhentheyoungmandied,shewasdeeplyupset.LatersheacceptedaproposalofmarriagefromHarrisBigg-Wither,awealthylandownerandbrothertosomeofherclosestfriends,butshechangedhermindthenextmorningandwasgreatlyupsetbythewholeepisode.AfterthedeathofMrAusten,theAustenladiesmovedtoSouthamptontosharethehomeofJane"snavalbrotherFrankandhiswifeMary.TherewereoccasionalvisitstoLondon,whereJanestayedwithherfavouritebrotherHenry,atthattimeaprosperousbanker,andwheresheenjoyedvisitstothetheatreandartexhibitions.However,shewrotelittleinBathandnothingatallinSouthampton.Then,inJuly,1809,onherbrotherEdwardofferinghismotherandsistersapermanenthomeonhisChawtonestate,theAustenladiesmovedbacktotheirbelovedHampshirecountryside.Itwasasmallbutcomfortablehouse,withaprettygarden,andmostimportantlyitprovidedthesettledhomewhichJaneAustenneededinordertowrite.Inthesevenandahalfyearsthatshelivedinthishouse,sherevisedSenseandSensibilityandPrideandPrejudiceandpublishedthem(in1811and1813)andthenembarkedonaperiodofintenseproductivity.MansfieldParkcameoutin1814,followedbyEmmain1816andshecompletedPersuasion(whichwaspublishedtogetherwithNorthangerAbbeyin1818,theyearafterherdeath).Noneofthebookspublishedinherlife-timehadhernameonthem-theyweredescribedasbeingwritten"ByaLady".Inthewinterof1816shestartedSanditon,butillnesspreventeditscompletion.JaneAustenhadcontractedAddisonsDisease,atuberculardiseaseofthekidneys(seeJaneAusten"sIllnessbySirZacharyCope,BritishMedicalJournal,18July1964andAustralianAddisonsDiseaseAssoc.).Nolongerabletowalkfar,sheusedtodriveoutinalittledonkeycarriagewhichcanstillbeseenattheJaneAustenMuseumatChawton.ByMay1817shewassoillthatsheandCassandra,tobenearJane"sphysician,rentedroomsinWinchester.Tragically,therewasthennocureandJaneAustendiedinhersister"sarmsintheearlyhoursof18July,1817.Shewas41yearsold.SheisburiedinWinchesterCathedral.

【 #澳大利亚留学# 导语】澳大利亚高中留学，科若娃女子学校是一所一直被公认为追求卓越、全面发展的学校，培养出了很多优秀的女性政治家和社会名流。澳大利亚科若瓦女子中学建校120多年，历史悠久，作为女子中学，学校强烈关注每个女孩的自身发展，积极的鼓励他们去追求自己的兴趣和梦想。跟着 无 来看看澳大利亚高中留学之科若瓦女子中学吧！　　科若瓦女子中学KorowaAnglicanGirls"School，始建于1890年，是墨尔本一所私立女子中学，也是澳大利亚维多利亚省历史最悠久的学校之一。学校开设幼儿园至12年级课程，目前共有*约750人，采用小班教育，高年级人数约23人一班。学校的早期学习中心(EarlyLearningCentre)亦有招收男生。学校位于墨尔本市郊，校园优美、交通方便，邻近有商店、公园及其他小区设施。 　　入学要求：初中完成或高中在读。 　　是否需要AEAS考试成绩：是 　　学费： 　　7年级：33,000澳元/年 　　8年级：34,000澳元/年 　　9-12年级：36,000澳元/年 　　寄宿家庭费：260澳元/周　　学校特色： 　　1.VEC成绩突出，通常100%的学生赢得了第一*学录取机会 　　2：建校120多年，历史悠久，作为女子中学，学校强烈关注每个女孩的自身发展，积极的鼓励他们去追求自己的兴趣和梦想。研究表明在女子学院就读更能使女孩容易成功。 　　3：课程科目种类多元化，学校还为学生提供户外教育、辅导及海外交流计划。学校秉承*教精神，为学生提供一个关怀备至及有启发性的学习环境，使学生在学业及将来就业方面都能尽展所长。在线咨询>>> 　　4：学校设有英语作为第二语言(ESL)的课程，授课以个别或小组形式进行。校内的“学生大使计划”为新生提供额外支持。学校更会为海外学生安排入住经过严格挑选的寄宿家庭，并定期进行家访。 　　5：9年级开设有野营拉练与城市探险计划(TrekandUrbanAdventure)，充分发挥孩子们的天分和才干。 　　6：弹性的学习方式与课程。学校提供一系列丰富的课程，以满足孩子们个性化的需要。　　教学理念： 　　科若娃女子学校注重培养“我能完成”的心态，培养学生的独立精神和适应能力。科若瓦女子中学希望学生了解，“只要他们付出努力，就能做成任何事情”。学校的目标是在温暖、安全的环境中提供富于挑战性的均衡教育，发现并尊重每个学生的过人之处。通过很多领导、团队工作和自我评估的机会，使学生对自己的能力树立信心，在学习中获得享受。Korowa推崇整体教育的理念，强调学业、个性、情感和社会经验同步成长。　　学术表现及升学情况： 　　据《时代》和《太阳先驱报》报导，KorowaAnglicanGirls"School，被认定为维多利亚州大学升学率的私立学校。维多利亚政府对完成12年级学业的学生进行了调查，了解他们毕业后的去向。结果显示，98%的Korowa学生都升入了大学，这样的比率在全州。 　　毕业生约60%进入墨尔本大学和莫纳什大学，其他毕业生进入迪肯大学，斯威本科技大学，拉筹伯大学，皇家墨尔本理工大学等。　　学校设施： 　　Korowa学校的校园环境舒适整洁，备有完善设施：早期教育中心，现代化和开放空间设计的教学楼，一个新的饮食中心，初、中、高级学校科学楼，供9年级学生使用的罗伯茨楼，视觉艺术中心，室内体操馆，25米的室内加热游泳池，员工和行政区域以及学生中心。校园里还设有露天田径场、网球和篮球场以及舒适宜人的花园。　　地理位置与交通： 　　KorowaAnglicanGirls"School位于墨尔本东区南面的GlenIris，距离市中心约13公里;Korowa临近GlenIris火车站，附近有三条电车线路，步行即可轻松到达。乘汽车可达Caulfield火车站，此外还有3条校车线路四通八达。

其英国宗教信仰是比较多元化的，由于罗马教廷的决裂，进行改革，放弃天主教信仰，保留了主教制度，统一，是旧与新的结合体，由于其看法都有很多的不同，所以在宗教信仰方面，形势趋于多元化。

你是指的英国国教那个新教，还是普遍意义上的新教？

不是！

英国著名景点三个 简单的英语介绍一、白金汉宫（Buckingham Palace）1、英文Buckingham Palace is the principal dormitory and office of the British monarch in London.Located in Westminster, the palace is one of the venues for national celebrations and royal welcoming ceremonies, as well as an important tourist attraction.Buckingham Palace is an important venue for gatherings at times of celebration or crisis in British history.Buckingham Palace is now open to visitors. Every morning, there will be a famous handover ceremony of the guards, which has become a great view of British Royal culture.2、中文白金汉宫是英国君主位于伦敦的主要寝宫及办公处。宫殿坐落在威斯敏斯特，是国家庆典和王室欢迎礼举行场地之一，也是一处重要的旅游景点。在英国历史上的欢庆或危机时刻，白金汉宫是一处重要的集会场所。现在的白金汉宫对外开放参观，每天清晨都会进行著名的禁卫军交接典礼，成为英国王室文化的一大景观。二、伊丽莎白塔（Elizabeth Tower)1、英文Elizabeth Tower, formerly known as Big Ben, is the Bell Tower of Westminster Palace, one of the world"s famous Gothic buildings, the landmark building of London.In June 2012, Britain announced the renaming of the Bell Tower of Big Ben, a famous landmark in London, as "Elizabeth Tower".2、中文伊丽莎白塔，旧称大本钟，即威斯敏斯特宫钟塔，世界上著名的哥特式建筑之一，伦敦的标志性建筑。英国国会会议厅附属的钟楼的大报时钟，2012年6月，英国宣布把伦敦著名地标“大本钟”的钟楼改名为“伊丽莎白塔”。三、圣保罗大教堂（St.Paul"s Cathedral）1、英文St. Paul"s Cathedral is the world"s famous religious shrine, the fifth Cathedral in the world, the first cathedral in Britain.and the second largest dome Cathedral in the world, ranking among the five cathedrals in the world.2、中文圣保罗大教堂是世界著名的宗教圣地，世界第五大教堂，英国第一大教堂，教堂也是世界第二大圆顶教堂，位列世界五大教堂之列。四、伦敦塔（Tower of London）1、英文The Tower of London, a landmark palace and fortress in London, England, is located on the Thames River. James I (1566-1625) was the last ruler to live in the palace.The Tower of London served as a fortress, armoury, treasury, mint, palace, astronomical observatory, refuge and prison, especially for upper-class prisoners.It was last used as a prison during the Second World War.2、中文伦敦塔，是英国伦敦一座标志性的宫殿、要塞，选址在泰晤士河。詹姆士一世（1566-1625）是将其作为宫殿居住的最后一位统治者。伦敦塔曾作为堡垒、军械库、国库、铸币厂、宫殿、天文台、避难所和监狱，特别关押上层阶级的囚犯，最后一次作为监狱使用是在第二次世界大战期间。五、威斯敏斯特大教堂（The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster）1、英文Westminster Abbey, commonly known as Westminster Abbey, is situated on the North Bank of the Thames in London.It was originally a Catholic Benedictine monastery. It was built in 960, expanded in 1045, built in 1065 and rebuilt from 1220 to 1517.Westminster Church was the Catholic Benedict Church (one of the Catholic Hermitage) until the founding of the Anglican Church in 1540. After 1540, it became an Anglican church.2、中文威斯敏斯特大教堂，通称威斯敏斯特修道院，坐落在伦敦泰晤士河北岸，原是一座天主教本笃会隐修院，始建于公元960 年，1045年进行了扩建，1065年建成，1220年至1517年进行了重建。威斯敏斯特教堂在1540年英王创建圣公会之前，它一直是天主教本笃会（天主教的隐修院修会之一）教堂。1540年之后，成为圣公会教堂。参考资料来源：百度百科——白金汉宫参考资料来源：百度百科——伊丽莎白塔参考资料来源：百度百科——圣保罗大教堂参考资料来源：百度百科——伦敦塔参考资料来源：百度百科——威斯敏斯特教堂给朋友推荐外国景点 英语作文 100字如下：London is the capital and largest city of Britain.伦敦是英国和英国的首都和最大城市。It is the most populous metropolitan area in Britain and the second most populous in Europe.它是英国人口最多、欧洲第二人口最多的都市区。As a major settlement for 2000 years, its history can be traced back to the time when the Romans established it. The Romans called it londinim.作为两千年来的一个主要定居点，它的历史可以追溯到罗马人建立它的时候，罗马人称之为隆迪尼姆。The heart of London, the ancient city of London, or the "square mile" Financial District, basically retains the boundaries of the middle ages.伦敦的核心，伦敦古城，或“平方英里”金融区，基本上保留了中世纪的边界。At least since the 19th century, the name "London" also refers to the metropolis developed around this core.至少从19世纪开始，“伦敦”这个名字也指的是围绕这个核心发展起来的大都市。In modern times, most of the city has formed the London area and the Greater London administrative region, with its own elected mayor and Parliament.在现代，这座城市的大部分形成了伦敦地区和大伦敦行政区，有自己的当选市长和议会。国外旅游景点 英文名称1，天堂岛，ParadiseIsland天堂岛是马尔代夫非常著名的度假海岛，岛上有40幢建在浅海的“水中别墅”，以及200套面向大海的海景套房。另外巴哈马和越南也有天堂岛。2，皮皮岛，PhiPhiDon皮皮岛群位于泰国普吉岛东南约20公里处，是由两个主要岛屿组成的姐妹岛，1983年被定为泰国国家公园。这是一个深受阳光眷宠的地方，盛产皮皮虾。3，美国大峡谷，GrandCanyon美国大峡谷是一个举世闻名的自然奇观，科罗拉多河穿流其中，它是联合国教科文组织选为受保护的天然遗产之一。大峡谷位于美国亚利桑那州西北部的凯巴布高原上，是地球上最为壮丽的景色之一。/iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/37d3d539b6003af32967d2823b2ac65c1138b676"target="_blank"title="点击查看大图"class="ikqb_img_alink"/iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/37d3d539b6003af32967d2823b2ac65c1138b676?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto"esrc=""/4，尼亚加拉瀑布，NiagaraFalls尼亚加拉瀑布位于加拿大安大略省和美国纽约州的交界处，瀑布源头为尼亚加拉河，主瀑布位于加拿大境内，是瀑布的最佳观赏地；在美国境内瀑布由月亮岛隔开，观赏的是瀑布侧面。同时，该瀑布也是世界第一大跨国瀑布。5，科罗拉多大峡谷，theGrandCanyon科罗拉多大峡谷位于美国亚利桑那州西北部，科罗拉多高原西南部。大峡谷全长446千米，平均宽度16千米，最深处2133米，平均深度超过1500米，总面积为2724平方千米。1919年，威尔逊总统将大峡谷地区辟为“大峡谷国家公园”。参考资料来源：/baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%A7%91%E7%BD%97%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%B3%A1%E8%B0%B7/186866?fr=aladdin"target="_blank"title="百度百科-科罗拉多大峡谷"百度百科-科罗拉多大峡谷参考资料来源：/baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%80%91%E5%B8%83/2397?fr=aladdin"target="_blank"title="百度百科-尼亚加拉瀑布"百度百科-尼亚加拉瀑布参考资料来源：/baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%B3%A1%E8%B0%B7/1569520?fr=aladdin"target="_blank"title="百度百科-美国大峡谷"百度百科-美国大峡谷参考资料来源：/baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9A%AE%E7%9A%AE%E5%B2%9B"target="_blank"title="百度百科-皮皮岛"百度百科-皮皮岛参考资料来源：/baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E5%B2%9B/15217?fr=aladdin"target="_blank"title="百度百科-天堂岛"百度百科-天堂岛八个著名国外景点双语介绍本文介绍以下八个城市以及景点：伊斯坦布尔，马耳他，威尼斯，大峡谷，马赛马拉野生动物保护区，埃菲尔铁塔，桌山，曼谷。 注：本文目的主要是为学生总结新视野大学英语视听说一书中出现的文化背景知识。对于其他读者也可以顺便浏览一些英语文化背景知识。中英文不是对照关系。the largest city in Turkey, constituting the country"s economic, cultural and historical heart. From Byzantine churches to Ottoman palaces, its well-preserved heritage is still very present on a visit to Turkey"s largest city. Famous tourist attractions include the Aya Sofya, the Blue Mosque, the Basilica Cistern, and the Bazaar. 伊斯坦布尔 （ 土耳其语 ： _stanbul [is_tanbu_] _ 聆听 ）是 土耳其 最大城市，亦是该国的经济、文化和历史中心。它坐落于土耳其西北部的 博斯普鲁斯海峡 之滨，位于 马尔马拉海 和 黑海 之间，横跨 欧亚大陆 ，经济和历史中心位于欧洲一侧，有三分之一人口居住于亚洲一侧。其人口达到1440万，为全欧洲最大的城市群，亦是 中东 最大和 全球第六大 城市。伊斯坦布尔全市辖区面积5,343平方千米（2,063平方英里），其覆盖范围同 伊斯坦布尔省 相同，亦是该省的行政中心。亦是世界上唯一横跨两大洲的城市。 公元前660年左右，该市以“ 拜占庭 ”之名建立于 萨拉基里奥角 ，并在此后逐渐发展为历史上最为重要的城市之一。公元330年该市重建为 君士坦丁堡 或新罗马，并在此后的近十六个世纪内先后成为 罗马帝国 （330年_1204年及1261年_1453年）、 拉丁帝国 （1204年_1261年）和 奥斯曼帝国 （1453年_1922年）的帝国首都。 伊斯坦布尔是古 丝绸之路 的途经地，也是欧洲和中东的铁路网络之间、黑海和 地中海 间海路的必经之地，使得伊斯坦布尔 的战略地位十分重要. 2012年，在当选 欧洲文化之都 两年之后，近1160万外国游客造访伊斯坦布尔 ，使其成为世界第五受欢迎的旅游目的地。该市最重要的景点仍是其历史城区，部分被列为联合国教科文组织 世界遗产 ，而位于 贝伊奥卢 区的天然港 金角湾 则是其文化和娱乐的中心。伊斯坦布尔还被认为是一个 全球城市 ，亦是全球发展速度最快的都市经济区之一。诸多土耳其公司及媒体将总部设于此，全市 国内生产总值 超过全国的四分之一。伊斯坦布尔希望借助其复苏和快速扩张的契机，在二十年内五次申请举办 夏季奥林匹克运动会 。a southern European country situated in the center of the Mediterranean. Renowned for its Blue Lagoon, the island"s baroque towns and prehistoric ruins also deserve a visit. The Maltese capital, Valletta, is a historical time capsule, It is thick with Italianate churches and golden limestone buildings Marsaxlokk Bay is the best place to see Luzzus, brightly colored traditional Maltese fishing boats, with their mythical eye painted on the prows. the Sunday fish market offers a glimpse of traditional island life and the harbor side restaurants serve excellent fish dishes. 马耳他共和国 （ 马耳他语 ： Repubblika ta" Malta ），通称 马耳他 ，位于 南欧 的 共和制 的一个 微型国家 ，首都 瓦莱塔 。是一个位于 地中海 中心的 岛国 ，有“地中海心脏”之称，被誉为“欧洲的乡村”。 官方语言 为 马耳他语 和 英语 。马耳他亦是 英联邦 和 欧洲联盟 的成员国。 马耳他自然资源缺乏，经济以 服务业 和 金融业 为主， 旅游业 是马耳他主要的 外汇 来源。马耳他同100多个国家和地区有贸易关系，欧盟是马耳他最重要的贸易伙伴。另外，马耳他 社会保障 体系较为完备，实行免费教育，免费医疗及退休保险制。Venice, or Venezia , is a distinguished 1,700-year-old city that was at the nexus of major European art, music and political developments. It was an instigator of the Renaissance and is thought to have been the world"s first financial center. Today, it is one of Italy"s most important_ities and a supremely romantic travel destination, where you can stroll alongside miles of winding canals. There are, in fact, 150 canals with more than 400 bridges that connect Venice"s 118 small islands in the Venetian Lagoon, some large enough for magnificent churches and palaces, squares and museums, amazing restaurants and beautiful shops. 威尼斯 是 意大利 东北部著名的旅游与工业 城市 ，也是 威尼托 地区 的 首府 。威尼斯城由被运河分隔并由桥梁相连的118座小岛组成。 威尼斯_湖 是位于 波河 与 皮亚韦河 河口之间的一个封闭的海湾，威尼斯城就坐落在 威尼斯_湖 的浅滩上。威尼斯以其优美的环境、 建筑 和艺术品珍藏而闻名。_湖和城市的一部分被列为 世界遗产 。Luigi Barzini曾在纽约时报形容它“无疑是最美丽的人造都市”，时代线上也称赞威尼斯是欧洲最浪漫的城市之一。Unique combinations of geologic color and erosional forms decorate a canyon that is 277 river miles (446km) long, up to 18 miles (29km) wide, and a mile (1.6km) deep. Grand Canyon overwhelms our senses through its immense size. The South Rim is open all year. Road improvement work is taking place this month.大峡谷国家公园 （ Grand Canyon National Park ）是 美国 西南部的 国家公园 ，在1979年被列为 世界自然遗产 ，以深达1500米，由 科罗拉多河 耗费万年所切割出来的 科罗拉多大峡谷 景观闻名于世。位于美国 亚利桑那州 的西北角。整个大峡谷走向为东西向，总长有349公里，宽度从最窄的6公里到25公里。将大峡谷分为南缘跟北缘。整个国家公园总面积为1,217,403亩。在地形上是高原地形，该地的高原称为 凯巴布高原 （Kaibab）。大峡谷国家公园是1908年美国总统 罗斯福 所提倡与规划的，初时只叫做国家纪念公园，在1911年划立了国家保护区。1919年的2月26日，经过 美国国会 的法案通过，正式将大峡谷最深、景色最壮丽的一段，约有170公里长度的区域，成立了大峡谷国家公园，并建立起步道系统、生态与地质学的教育研究系统。 目前大峡谷国家公园是全美最受欢迎的国家公园之一，据统计，每年的参观人次有400多万。The Maasai Mara is one of the best-known reserves in the whole of Africa, and is globally renowned for its exceptional wildlife. Despite comprising only 0.01% of Africa"s total landmass, more than 40% of Africa"s larger mammals can be found here. Across the vast plains of the Mara visitors are able to witness lions, cheetahs, leopards, elephants, and an infinite variety of other species in their natural habitats.Masai Mara ecosystem contains some 25% of what is left of Kenyan wildlife. Estimate says that around 70% of Kenya"s wildlife lives outside national parks and reserves. Thus; the need for new role models preserving the Mara wildlife, on private land is paramount. Nabois

　　学校名称：All Saints Anglican School 　　中文译名：欧圣斯中学 　　建立时间：1987年 　　学校位置：昆士兰州 　　学校性质：私立男女学校 　　学生人数：1600 　　住宿方式：寄宿 　　 学校简介： 　　欧圣斯中学(All Saints Anglican School)位于黄金海岸，距离布里斯本市一个小时车程。校方非常重视学习成果，学校的毕业生平均有 98% 顺利进入澳洲与海外大学就读，是昆士兰州顶尖的学校之一。 　　ASAS学校占地40公顷，拥有现代化、新颖的设施，包括室内温水游泳池、户外游泳池、体育馆、网球场、篮球场、演讲厅、两个图书馆和电脑实验室。校内更设有艺术表演中心Art Centre，规模有如黄金海岸市政府的艺术中心。除了传统的学科外，学生更可以选择其它职业导向的科目例如餐饮学、工程学、舞台制作等等。 　　 学校特色： 　　1、欧圣斯中学(All Saints Anglican School)非常重视学习成果，学校的毕业生平均有 98% 顺利进入澳洲与海外大学就读，是昆士兰州顶尖的学校之一。 　　2、ASAS自设国际中心 International Centre开设英文课，International Centre 1999年兴建完成，设施非常完善，并由澳洲总理霍华德亲自主持启用典礼。中心主管以及学校校长，每年定期亲自到海外与学生家长见面，让家长更了解子女在学校的生活与学习情况。

英文介绍英国著名景点，最好有中文翻译，谢谢英国著名景点中英文：1.爱丁堡爱丁堡（Edinburgh）是英国著名的文化古城、苏格兰首府，位于苏格兰中部低地的福斯湾的南岸。面积260km_。1329年建市，1437-1707年为苏格兰王国首都。造纸和印刷出版业历史悠久，造船、化工、核能、电子、电缆、玻璃和食品等工业也重要。随着北海油田的开发，又建立一系列相关工业与服务业。重要的运输枢纽，航空港。自15世纪以来爱丁堡就被当做苏格兰首府，但在1603年和1707年政治力量多次南移到伦敦。1999年苏格兰议会的自治权利才得以确立。苏格兰国家博物馆、苏格兰国家图书馆和苏格兰国家画廊等重要文化机构也位于爱丁堡。在经济上，现在的爱丁堡主要依靠金融业，是伦敦以外英国最大的金融中心。爱丁堡有着悠久的历史，许多历史建筑亦完好保存下来。爱丁堡城堡、荷里路德宫、圣吉尔斯大教堂等名胜都位于此地。爱丁堡的旧城和新城一起被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产。2004年爱丁堡成为世界第一座文学之城。爱丁堡的教育也很发达，英国最古老的大学之一爱丁堡大学就坐落于此，现在还是世界顶尖名校。全球权威世界大学排名QS2015年把爱丁堡大学排名世界17位，位列苏格兰地区第一名。加上爱丁堡国际艺术节等文化活动，爱丁堡成为了_1]_仅次于伦敦的第二大旅游城市。翻译：Edinburgh (Edinburgh) is a famous British cultural city and capital of Scotland, located on the southern shore of the FOS Bay in the lowlands of central Scotland. The area is 260km. It was built in 1329 and the capital of the kingdom of Scotland in 1437-1707 years. Papermaking and printing industry have a long history. Shipbuilding, chemical industry, nuclear power, electronics, cables, glass and food industries are also important. With the development of Beihai oilfield, a series of related industries and services have been established. Important transport hub, airport.Edinburgh has been regarded as the capital of Scotland since fifteenth Century, but in 1603 and 1707, political forces moved south to London several times. In 1999, the autonomy of the Scotland Parliament was established. Scotland, National Museum, Scotland National Library and Scotland National Gallery are also important cultural institutions in Edinburgh. Economically, Edinburgh now relies heavily on finance, the largest financial centre outside London.Edinburgh has a long history and many historical buildings are well preserved. Edinburgh Castle, Hollywood palace, St. Giles"s Cathedral and other places of interest are located here. Edinburgh"s old city and new town are listed as UNESCO World Heritage sites. In 2004, Edinburgh became the first city of literature in the world. Education in Edinburgh is also well developed. University of Edinburgh, one of the oldest universities in the UK, is now located in the world"s leading schools. The world authoritative World University ranked QS2015 in, ranking 17 in the world, ranking first in Scotland. With the Edinburgh International Arts Festival and other cultural activities, Edinburgh has become the second largest tourist city after London.2.伦敦塔伦敦塔（Tower of London），是英国伦敦一座标志性的宫殿、要塞，选址在泰晤士河。詹姆士一世（1566-1625）是将其作为宫殿居住的最后一位统治者。伦敦塔曾作为堡垒、军械库、国库、铸币厂、宫殿、天文台、避难所和监狱，特别关押上层阶级的囚犯，最后一次作为监狱使用是在第二次世界大战期间。1988年被列为世界文化遗产。翻译：Tower of London (Tower of London) is a landmark palace and fortress in London, England, and is located in Thames River.James Thi (1566-1625) regarded it as the last ruler of the palace.Tower of London was a fortress, an armory, a treasury, a mint, a palace, a Observatory, a refuge and a prison, especially a prisoner of the upper class. The last time he was used as a prison was during the Second World War.In 1988, it was listed as the world cultural heritage.3.剑桥大学剑桥位于伦敦北面50里以外的剑桥郡。剑桥郡本身是一个拥有大约10万居民的英格兰小镇。这个小镇有一条河流穿过，称为“剑河”（River Cam 又译“康河”）。剑河是一条南北走向、曲折前行的小河，剑河上架设着许多桥梁，其中以数学桥、格蕾桥和叹息桥最为著名，剑桥之名由此而来。剑桥大学本身没有一个指定的校园，没有围墙，也没有校牌。绝大多数的学院、研究所、图书馆和实验室都建在剑桥镇的剑河两岸，以及镇内的不同地点。剑桥的公路和铁路都十分健全，到伦敦主要机场也很近。翻译：Cambridge is located in the county of Cambridge, 50 miles north of London. Cambridge County itself is a small town of England with about 100 thousand inhabitants. There is a river across the town called River, which is called "Jianhe River(translated by River Cam). Jianhe is a north-south direction, twists and turns of the river, Jianhe set up a number of bridges, which are the most famous mathematical bridge, green bridge and sigh bridge, the name of Cambridge come from this. University of Cambridge itself does not have a designated campus, no walls, no school cards. The vast majority of colleges, research institutes, libraries and laboratories are built on both sides of the town of Jianhe and in different locations in the town. The roads and railways in Cambridge are very sound and are very close to the main airports in London.英国著名景点三个 简单的英语介绍一、白金汉宫（Buckingham Palace）1、英文Buckingham Palace is the principal dormitory and office of the British monarch in London.Located in Westminster, the palace is one of the venues for national celebrations and royal welcoming ceremonies, as well as an important tourist attraction.Buckingham Palace is an important venue for gatherings at times of celebration or crisis in British history.Buckingham Palace is now open to visitors. Every morning, there will be a famous handover ceremony of the guards, which has become a great view of British Royal culture.2、中文白金汉宫是英国君主位于伦敦的主要寝宫及办公处。宫殿坐落在威斯敏斯特，是国家庆典和王室欢迎礼举行场地之一，也是一处重要的旅游景点。在英国历史上的欢庆或危机时刻，白金汉宫是一处重要的集会场所。现在的白金汉宫对外开放参观，每天清晨都会进行著名的禁卫军交接典礼，成为英国王室文化的一大景观。二、伊丽莎白塔（Elizabeth Tower)1、英文Elizabeth Tower, formerly known as Big Ben, is the Bell Tower of Westminster Palace, one of the world"s famous Gothic buildings, the landmark building of London.In June 2012, Britain announced the renaming of the Bell Tower of Big Ben, a famous landmark in London, as "Elizabeth Tower".2、中文伊丽莎白塔，旧称大本钟，即威斯敏斯特宫钟塔，世界上著名的哥特式建筑之一，伦敦的标志性建筑。英国国会会议厅附属的钟楼的大报时钟，2012年6月，英国宣布把伦敦著名地标“大本钟”的钟楼改名为“伊丽莎白塔”。三、圣保罗大教堂（St.Paul"s Cathedral）1、英文St. Paul"s Cathedral is the world"s famous religious shrine, the fifth Cathedral in the world, the first cathedral in Britain.and the second largest dome Cathedral in the world, ranking among the five cathedrals in the world.2、中文圣保罗大教堂是世界著名的宗教圣地，世界第五大教堂，英国第一大教堂，教堂也是世界第二大圆顶教堂，位列世界五大教堂之列。四、伦敦塔（Tower of London）1、英文The Tower of London, a landmark palace and fortress in London, England, is located on the Thames River. James I (1566-1625) was the last ruler to live in the palace.The Tower of London served as a fortress, armoury, treasury, mint, palace, astronomical observatory, refuge and prison, especially for upper-class prisoners.It was last used as a prison during the Second World War.2、中文伦敦塔，是英国伦敦一座标志性的宫殿、要塞，选址在泰晤士河。詹姆士一世（1566-1625）是将其作为宫殿居住的最后一位统治者。伦敦塔曾作为堡垒、军械库、国库、铸币厂、宫殿、天文台、避难所和监狱，特别关押上层阶级的囚犯，最后一次作为监狱使用是在第二次世界大战期间。五、威斯敏斯特大教堂（The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster）1、英文Westminster Abbey, commonly known as Westminster Abbey, is situated on the North Bank of the Thames in London.It was originally a Catholic Benedictine monastery. It was built in 960, expanded in 1045, built in 1065 and rebuilt from 1220 to 1517.Westminster Church was the Catholic Benedict Church (one of the Catholic Hermitage) until the founding of the Anglican Church in 1540. After 1540, it became an Anglican church.2、中文威斯敏斯特大教堂，通称威斯敏斯特修道院，坐落在伦敦泰晤士河北岸，原是一座天主教本笃会隐修院，始建于公元960 年，1045年进行了扩建，1065年建成，1220年至1517年进行了重建。威斯敏斯特教堂在1540年英王创建圣公会之前，它一直是天主教本笃会（天主教的隐修院修会之一）教堂。1540年之后，成为圣公会教堂。参考资料来源：百度百科——白金汉宫参考资料来源：百度百科——伊丽莎白塔参考资料来源：百度百科——圣保罗大教堂参考资料来源：百度百科——伦敦塔参考资料来源：百度百科——威斯敏斯特教堂用英文介绍爱丁堡城堡。麻烦简单一点Edinburgh castle is the symbol of Edinburgh, Scotland spirit even standing at the top, high in death volcanic rocks overlooking Edinburgh city, every August in this FenLieShi (Military Tattoo held marching) and, more will be Edinburgh castle solemn majestic atmosphere shows. To Edinburgh tourist would not miss Edinburgh castle, because in Edinburgh castle volcano in granite top, Edinburgh castle in downtown every corner can be seen. Edinburgh castle in the 6th century became the royal fort, Edinburgh castle thenceforth become important royal residence and the state administrative center.爱丁堡城堡是爱丁堡甚至于苏格兰精神的象征，耸立在死火山岩顶上，居高俯视爱丁堡市区，每年八月在此举办军乐队分列式(Military Tattoo)，更将爱丁堡城堡庄严雄伟的气氛表露无遗。 到爱丁堡旅游的人都不会错过爱丁堡城堡，因为爱丁堡城堡位于死火山花岗岩顶上，爱丁堡城堡在市中心各角落都可看到。爱丁堡城堡在6世纪时成为皇室堡垒，爱丁堡城堡自此成为重要皇家住所和国家行政中心。求高手把介绍爱丁堡的旅游景点翻译成英文，不要用金山词霸直译， 最好可以把它翻成一篇英语导游的介绍！经过几个发育过程，进入一个新的时代，中国的综艺节目“推广娱乐”。然而，一系列问题的原因不同品质的生产商;未更新的理论建设和过度追求商业利润，主机，比如抄袭，低层次的计划和美德之缺失或显著意义方案，从而综艺节目变得不那么有吸引力。所以中国的综艺节目应该采取什么路径的未来？做表演的案例研究“天天向上”，湖南卫星电视电视，著名的专业推广访谈和讲座，也赢得高收视率在过去两年，本文倾向于探索的元素满足表演和其他生产商提供有价值的信息，从的“MPED”在未来的发展，中国的综艺节目。本文认为，在的意义展示的sucess是路径，“天天向上”的需要，这也是包了整个行业的发展趋势。此外，创新“MPED”的缺点后，通过更深层次的分析，本文旨在，提供suggustions如何推动发展的综艺节目。 “每一天”我没有看到，所以我不知道程序的名称在英语是没的说，但意思是这样的。

英国著名景点三个 简单的英语介绍一、白金汉宫（Buckingham Palace）1、英文Buckingham Palace is the principal dormitory and office of the British monarch in London.Located in Westminster, the palace is one of the venues for national celebrations and royal welcoming ceremonies, as well as an important tourist attraction.Buckingham Palace is an important venue for gatherings at times of celebration or crisis in British history.Buckingham Palace is now open to visitors. Every morning, there will be a famous handover ceremony of the guards, which has become a great view of British Royal culture.2、中文白金汉宫是英国君主位于伦敦的主要寝宫及办公处。宫殿坐落在威斯敏斯特，是国家庆典和王室欢迎礼举行场地之一，也是一处重要的旅游景点。在英国历史上的欢庆或危机时刻，白金汉宫是一处重要的集会场所。现在的白金汉宫对外开放参观，每天清晨都会进行著名的禁卫军交接典礼，成为英国王室文化的一大景观。二、伊丽莎白塔（Elizabeth Tower)1、英文Elizabeth Tower, formerly known as Big Ben, is the Bell Tower of Westminster Palace, one of the world"s famous Gothic buildings, the landmark building of London.In June 2012, Britain announced the renaming of the Bell Tower of Big Ben, a famous landmark in London, as "Elizabeth Tower".2、中文伊丽莎白塔，旧称大本钟，即威斯敏斯特宫钟塔，世界上著名的哥特式建筑之一，伦敦的标志性建筑。英国国会会议厅附属的钟楼的大报时钟，2012年6月，英国宣布把伦敦著名地标“大本钟”的钟楼改名为“伊丽莎白塔”。三、圣保罗大教堂（St.Paul"s Cathedral）1、英文St. Paul"s Cathedral is the world"s famous religious shrine, the fifth Cathedral in the world, the first cathedral in Britain.and the second largest dome Cathedral in the world, ranking among the five cathedrals in the world.2、中文圣保罗大教堂是世界著名的宗教圣地，世界第五大教堂，英国第一大教堂，教堂也是世界第二大圆顶教堂，位列世界五大教堂之列。四、伦敦塔（Tower of London）1、英文The Tower of London, a landmark palace and fortress in London, England, is located on the Thames River. James I (1566-1625) was the last ruler to live in the palace.The Tower of London served as a fortress, armoury, treasury, mint, palace, astronomical observatory, refuge and prison, especially for upper-class prisoners.It was last used as a prison during the Second World War.2、中文伦敦塔，是英国伦敦一座标志性的宫殿、要塞，选址在泰晤士河。詹姆士一世（1566-1625）是将其作为宫殿居住的最后一位统治者。伦敦塔曾作为堡垒、军械库、国库、铸币厂、宫殿、天文台、避难所和监狱，特别关押上层阶级的囚犯，最后一次作为监狱使用是在第二次世界大战期间。五、威斯敏斯特大教堂（The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster）1、英文Westminster Abbey, commonly known as Westminster Abbey, is situated on the North Bank of the Thames in London.It was originally a Catholic Benedictine monastery. It was built in 960, expanded in 1045, built in 1065 and rebuilt from 1220 to 1517.Westminster Church was the Catholic Benedict Church (one of the Catholic Hermitage) until the founding of the Anglican Church in 1540. After 1540, it became an Anglican church.2、中文威斯敏斯特大教堂，通称威斯敏斯特修道院，坐落在伦敦泰晤士河北岸，原是一座天主教本笃会隐修院，始建于公元960 年，1045年进行了扩建，1065年建成，1220年至1517年进行了重建。威斯敏斯特教堂在1540年英王创建圣公会之前，它一直是天主教本笃会（天主教的隐修院修会之一）教堂。1540年之后，成为圣公会教堂。参考资料来源：百度百科——白金汉宫参考资料来源：百度百科——伊丽莎白塔参考资料来源：百度百科——圣保罗大教堂参考资料来源：百度百科——伦敦塔参考资料来源：百度百科——威斯敏斯特教堂伦敦十大景点中英文介绍 伦敦十大著名景点中英文介绍1，爱丁堡城堡Edinburgh castle Edinburgh castle is a symbol of the spirit of Edinburgh and even Scotland.Perched on top of dead volcanic rock, it overlooks downtown Edinburgh.The annual march-past of the military band is held here in August. 爱丁堡城堡是爱丁堡甚至于苏格兰精神的象征。耸立在死火山岩顶上，居高俯视爱丁堡市区。每年八月在此举办军乐队分列式。 2、荷里路德宫The palace of holyrood The palace of holyrood, formerly holyrood Abbey.It was later used as the royal residence, also known as the palace of the holy cross, at the end of the royal mile road.It has been the main residence of Scottish Kings and queens since the 16th century.It is the setting of state occasions and official entertainment places. 荷里路德宫，前身为荷里路德修道院。后被用于皇室住所，又名圣十字架宫，位于皇家哩大道的尽头。自16世纪以来一直是苏格兰国王和女王的主要居所。是国家场合和官方娱乐场所的设置。 3、格林威治公园Greenwich park Greenwich park includes the old royal observatory, the museum of navigation and Greenwich pier.Maritime Greenwich.It was listed as a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1997. 格林威治公园包含旧皇家天文台、航海博物馆、格林威治码头在内的整片区域。以“maritime greenwich”主题。在1997年时被联合国科教文组织列为世界珍贵遗产。 4，圣玛利教堂St. Marys church St. Marys church is located on the opposite of kings college.Until the 18th century, it was the place where Cambridge university degrees were awarded, and then it became Senate House. 圣玛利教堂位于国王学院对面的圣玛利教堂。在18世纪以前是剑桥大学授予毕业生学位的场所，后来才改到现今的Senate House。 5，千禧巨蛋The millennium dome The millennium domes striking white dome is matched by steel pillars around it.The millennium dome, on the Banks of the Thames, was once hailed as Britains most successful paid tourist attraction.It was also the climax of the year 2000 celebration in the UK.But the millennium dome has been controversial from construction to completion. 千禧巨蛋醒目的白色圆顶，搭配着四周的钢骨支柱。坐落在泰晤士河畔的“千禧巨蛋”曾被誉为英国最成功的收费观光景点。也曾是英国“庆祝2000年”活动最高潮的地点。但“千禧巨蛋”从兴建到落成一直争议不断。 6、大本钟Big Ben Big Ben is the nickname of the large chiming Clock in the Clock Tower attached to the House of Parliament in the United Kingdom. It is a clock tower located on the Thames River in London, England. It is one of the landmark buildings in London. The tower is 95 meters high, the bell is 9 feet in diameter and weighs 13.5 tons. It goes off every 15 minutes. 大笨钟，或大本钟（Big Ben），即威斯敏斯特宫钟塔，英国国会会议厅附属的钟楼 (Clock Tower) 的大报时钟的昵称。是坐落在英国伦敦泰晤士河畔的一座钟楼，是伦敦的标志性建筑之一。钟楼高95米，钟直径9英尺，重13.5吨。每15分钟响一次。 7、白金汉宫Buckingham Palace Buckingham Palace is the principal dormitory and office of the British monarch in London. Located in Westminster, the palace is one of the venues for national celebrations and royal welcoming ceremonies, as well as an important tourist attraction.Buckingham Palace is an important venue for gatherings at times of celebration or crisis in British history. Buckingham Palace is now open to visitors. Every morning, there will be a famous handover ceremony of the guards, which has become a great view of British Royal culture. 白金汉宫是英国君主位于伦敦的主要寝宫及办公处。宫殿坐落在威斯敏斯特，是国家庆典和王室欢迎礼举行场地之一，也是一处重要的旅游景点。在英国历史上的欢庆或危机时刻，白金汉宫是一处重要的集会场所。现在的白金汉宫对外开放参观，每天清晨都会进行著名的禁卫军交接典礼，成为英国王室文化的一大景观。 8、伊丽莎白塔Elizabeth Tower Elizabeth Tower, formerly known as Big Ben, is the Bell Tower of Westminster Palace, one of the worlds famous Gothic buildings, the landmark building of London.In June 2012, Britain announced the renaming of the Bell Tower of Big Ben, a famous landmark in London, as Elizabeth Tower. 伊丽莎白塔，旧称大本钟，即威斯敏斯特宫钟塔，世界上著名的哥特式建筑之一，伦敦的标志性建筑。英国国会会议厅附属的钟楼的大报时钟，2012年6月，英国宣布把伦敦著名地标“大本钟”的钟楼改名为“伊丽莎白塔”。 9、圣保罗大教堂St.Pauls Cathedral St. Pauls Cathedral is the worlds famous religious shrine, the fifth Cathedral in the world, the first cathedral in Britain.and the second largest dome Cathedral in the world, ranking among the five cathedrals in the world. 圣保罗大教堂是世界著名的宗教圣地，世界第五大教堂，英国第一大教堂，教堂也是世界第二大圆顶教堂，位列世界五大教堂之列。 10、伦敦塔Tower of London The Tower of London, a landmark palace and fortress in London, England, is located on the Thames River. James I (1566-1625) was the last ruler to live in the palace.The Tower of London served as a fortress, armoury, treasury, mint, palace, astronomical observatory, refuge and prison, especially for upper-class prisoners. It was last used as a prison during the Second World War. 伦敦塔，是英国伦敦一座标志性的宫殿、要塞，选址在泰晤士河。詹姆士一世（1566-1625）是将其作为宫殿居住的最后一位统治者。伦敦塔曾作为堡垒、军械库、国库、铸币厂、宫殿、天文台、避难所和监狱，特别关押上层阶级的囚犯，最后一次作为监狱使用是在第二次世界大战期间。伦敦的景点有哪些英文 伦敦有哪些景点十大旅游胜地 1. 伦敦眼 (The London Eye) 英航伦敦眼 (The London Eye) 构成了伦敦天际一道亮丽的风景线。它是世界最大的观景摩天轮，乘坐伦敦眼仅需 30 分钟游客便可以饱览超过 55 处伦敦城内最著名的标志性景观，美不胜收的画面令人叹为观止。 Address:Westminster Bridge Road, County Hall, Riverside Building, London London SE1 7PB Telephone: 0870 5000600 Fax: 0870 9908 882 2. 杜莎夫人蜡像馆和伦敦天文台 (Madame Tussauds The London Planetarium) 在杜莎夫人蜡像馆(Madame Tussauds)您会与社会名流相聚一堂，比如凯莉？米洛（Kylie Minogue），大卫？贝克汉姆（David Beckham），和布莱德？皮特（Brad Pitt）等。在互动式的伦敦天文台(London Planetarium)，您将了解到各种关于太空旅行、行星和天文学的知识。 Address:Marylebone Road, London London NW1 5LR Telephone:0870 4003000 Fax:0870 4003006 3. 萨摩塞特宫 (Somerset House) 萨摩塞特宫藏有一批世界著名的画作，宫内有考陶尔德美术学院 （Courtauld Institute of Art），金碧辉煌的吉尔伯特收藏馆（Gilbert Collection） 和艾尔米塔齐美术馆 （Hermitage Rooms） 。从 11 月到次年 1 月，广阔的中心庭园则摇身一变成为圣诞溜冰场 （Christmas Ice Rink）。 Address: South Building, Somerset House, London London WC2R 1LA Telephone: +44 (0)20 7845 4600 Fax: +44 (0)20 7845 4637 4. 伦敦地牢 (The London Dungeon) 参观世界上最阴森恐怖的著名景点，重新体验伦敦 2000 多年的历史中黑暗凄惨的一面。历览骇人的可怕场面，如断头台剧院 （Theatre of the Guillotine）， 开膛手杰克亲历记 （Jack the Ripper Experience） ，以及令人胆战心惊的乘船之旅。 Address: South Building, Somerset House, London London WC2R 1LA Telephone: +44 (0)20 7845 4600 Fax: +44 (0)20 7845 4637 5. 大英博物馆 (British Museum) 庄严宏伟的大英博物馆收集了从史前到现代世界各地的人类智慧结晶。著名的收藏品有 罗赛塔石碑 （Rosetta Stone） , 巴特农神殿 （Parthenon） 雕塑和 波特兰花瓶 （Portland Vase）。 Address: Great Russell Street, London London WC1B 3DG Telephone: +44 (0)20 7323 8181 Fax: +44 (0)20 7323 8616 6.伦敦塔 (Tower of London) 一位伦敦塔守卫（Yeoman Warder）将免费带您游览世界最著名的要塞建筑，探究其 900 年来的沧海桑田：它曾是皇宫、堡垒，也曾是监狱、刑场，曾用作为造币厂、兵工厂，还曾作过动物展览馆和珠宝库。 Address: London London EC3N 4AB Telephone: +44 (0)20 7488 5663 Fax: +44 (0)20 7488 4153 7. 泰德现代艺术馆 (Tate Modern) 壮观的泰德现代馆是英国国立的现代艺术博物馆，前身是泰晤士河畔的岸边发电厂（Bankside Power Station），该馆内陈设着马蒂斯（Matisse）和毕加索（Picasso）的重要代表作，还有一些当代艺术作品、行为和装置等。 Address: Bankside, London London SE1 9TG Telephone: +44 (0)20 7887 8888 8. 西敏寺 (Westminster Abbey) 这栋建筑史上的经典之作是英国最杰出的哥特式建筑之一。很多盛大的王室典礼如加冕、婚礼，都在此举行，它既是英国史上很多著名的国王和王后的陵寝，也是无名士兵墓的所在地。 Address: Parliament Square London SW1P 3PA Telephone: +44 (0)20 7222 5152 Fax: +44 (0)20 7233 2072 9. 汉普敦皇宫 (Hampton Court Palace) 这是英格兰最古老的都铎王宫，蕴藏着 500 多年的王室神秘历史。其内有诸多景点，如都铎王宫烹饪间，占地 60 英亩的河畔花园，举世闻名的迷宫（ Maze ）和亨利八世的富丽堂皇的国寓（State Apartments），无一不让您流连往返。 Address: 35 Hampton Street London KT8 9AU Telephone: 0870 7515181 Fax: +44 (0)20 8781 9794 10. 达利作品纪念馆 (Dali U

坎特伯雷大主教（Archbishop of Canterbury），又称为坎特伯雷圣座（the See of Canterbury），首任主教是圣奥斯定·坎特伯雷，为全英格兰的首席主教（The Primate of All England）。坎特伯雷大主教的权威，不但是承受了他的历史事实，更是在天主教会中的圣礼事保持者。他是全英国教会的主教长（The See of Church of England），又是全世界圣公会的主教长（The Patriarch of the Anglican Communion of Churches），普世圣公宗精神领袖（Leader of the Anglican Communion），主持自1867年起的每十年一次的全世界圣公会主教会议。

安立甘宗（英国国教，英语：Anglicanism），常用名“安立甘教会”（盎格鲁教会，Anglican Church）或“主教制教会”（主教会，Episcopal Church），是基督教的新教三个原始宗派之一，也是带有盎格鲁-撒克逊人礼仪传统的宗徒继承教会。1它在清朝传入中国，译作“圣公会”，取义神圣的天主教会（圣而公教会，Holy Catholic Church），约定俗成。2公元3世纪，基督教传入罗马帝国时期的大不列颠岛。6世纪，罗马教皇格里高利一世（圣额我略）派遣奥斯定·坎特伯雷在肯特王国建立天主教区。316世纪宗教改革时期，英国的天主教会在国王亨利八世的带领下脱离罗马教廷；经过玛丽一世的复辟，最终由伊丽莎白一世完成改革。大英帝国崛起之际，安立甘宗传入世界各地的殖民地。安立甘宗主张中庸之道（Via Media）及《三十九条信纲》，定位在新、旧两教之间，分为采用至公派神学（天主教神学）的盎格鲁天主教（Anglo catholic），即高教会派（High Church）；采用福音派神学的低教会派（Low Church）；采用自由派神学的广教会派（Broad Church）。4截止21世纪初，信徒超过8000万人，其中坎特伯雷大主教荣誉领导的安立甘共融，也是基督教的第三大教派及新教第一大宗派。

A Cathedral dedicated to St Paul has overlooked the City of London since 604AD, a constant reminder to this great commercial centre of the importance of the spiritual side of life. The current Cathedral – the fourth to occupy this site – was designed by the court architect Sir Christopher Wren and built between 1675 and 1710 after its predecessor was destroyed in the Great Fire of London. Its architectural and artistic importance reflect the determination of the five monarchs who oversaw its building that London"s leading church should be as beautiful and imposing as their private palaces. Since the first service took place here in 1697. Wren"s masterpiece has been where people and events of overwhelming importance to the country have been celebrated, mourned and commemorated. Important services have included the funerals of Lord Nelson, the Duke of Wellington and Sir Winston Churchill; Jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria; peace services marking the end of the First and Second World Wars; the launch of the Festival of Britain; the Service of Remembrance and Commemoration for the 11th September 2001: the 80th and 100th birthdays of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother; the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, to Lady Diana Spencer and, most recently, the thanksgiving services for both the Golden Jubilee and 80th Birthday of Her Majesty the Queen. Over the centuries, St Paul"s has changed to reflect shifting tastes and attitudes. Decoration has been added and removed, services have been updated, different areas have been put to new uses. Today, the history of the nation is written in the carved stone of its pillars and arches and is celebrated in its works of art and monuments. In the crypt are effigies and fragments of stone that pre-date the Cathedral, relics of a medieval world. From Wren"s original vision, Jean Tijou"s beautiful wrought iron gates of 1700 still separate the quire from the ambulatory; children still test the acoustics in the Whispering Gallery; and the 1695 organ which Mendelssohn once played is still in use. The magnificent mosaics are the result of Queen Victoria"s mid-19th century complaint that the interior was “most dreary, dingy and undevotional.” The American Memorial Chapel stands behind the High Altar in an area that was bomb-damaged during the Second World War – a gesture of gratitude to the American dead of the Second World War from the people of Britain. An altar has now been installed on a dais in the heart of the Cathedral, bringing services closer to those who attend them. Throughout, St Paul"s has remained a busy, working church where millions have come to worship and find peace. It is a heritage site of international importance which attracts thousands of people each year, a symbol of the City and Nation it serves and, above all, a lasting monument to the glory of God. St Paul"s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London. The Diocese is made up of five episcopal areas: Willesden, Edmonton, Stepney, London and Kensington. Four of these have an Area Bishop, to whom the Bishop of London, The Right Reverend and Right Honourable Richard Chartres, delegates certain responsibilities. The Bishops are assisted by Archdeacons. Archdeaconries are further divided into deaneries which are groups of parishes. The Bishop of Fulham is the Suffragan Bishop for the whole Diocese. In 2004 the Diocese celebrates its 1400th anniversary. The administrative centre is London Diocesan House. For more information please go to www.london.anglican.org

Angl abbr.英国国教徒（Anglican）；使…英国化（Anglicized） 注：这是有道词典上的解释

abbr.Angleterre （French=England） （法语）英格兰（英国的主要部分）；Anglican 英国国教的；英国圣公会的；英国圣公会教徒

Jonathan Swift, son of the English lawyer Jonathan Swift the elder, was born in Dublin, Ireland, on November 30, 1667. He grew up there in the care of his uncle before attending Trinity College at the age of fourteen, where he stayed for seven years, graduating in 1688. In that year, he became the secretary of Sir William Temple, an English politician and member of the Whig party. In 1694, he took religious orders in the Church of Ireland and then spent a year as a country parson. He then spent further time in the service of Temple before returning to Ireland to become the chaplain of the earl of Berkeley. Meanwhile, he had begun to write satires on the political and religious corruption surrounding him, working on A Tale of a Tub, which supports the position of the Anglican Church against its critics on the left and the right, and The Battle of the Books, which argues for the supremacy of the classics against modern thought and literature. He also wrote a number of political pamphlets in favor of the Whig party. In 1709 he went to London to campaign for the Irish church but was unsuccessful. After some conflicts with the Whig party, mostly because of Swift"s strong allegiance to the church, he became a member of the more conservative Tory party in 1710. Unfortunately for Swift, the Tory government fell out of power in 1714 and Swift, despite his fame for his writings, fell out of favor. Swift, who had been hoping to be assigned a position in the Church of England, instead returned to Dublin, where he became the dean of St. Patrick"s. During his brief time in England, Swift had become friends with writers such as Alexander Pope, and during a meeting of their literary club, the Martinus Scriblerus Club, they decided to write satires of modern learning. The third voyage of Gulliver"s Travels is assembled from the work Swift did during this time. However, the final work was not completed until 1726, and the narrative of the third voyage was actually the last one completed. After his return to Ireland, Swift became a staunch supporter of the Irish against English attempts to weaken their economy and political power, writing pamphlets such as the satirical A Modest Proposal, in which he suggests that the Irish problems of famine and overpopulation could be easily solved by having the babies of poor Irish subjects sold as delicacies to feed the rich. Late in life, Swift seemed to many observers to become even more caustic and bitter than he had been. Three years before his death, he was declared unable to care for himself, and guardians were appointed. Based on these facts and on a comparison between Swift"s fate and that of his character Gulliver, some people have concluded that he gradually became insane and that his insanity was a natural outgrowth of his indignation and outrage against humankind. However, the truth seems to be that Swift was suddenly incapacitated by a paralytic stroke late in life, and that prior to this incident his mental capacities were unimpaired. Religious Belief: Swift was a clergyman, a member of the Church of Ireland, the Irish branch of the Anglican Church; and as such he was a militant defender of his church in the face of the threats to its continued existence posed by Roman Catholicism at home in Ireland and in England, where Swift and his peers saw the Catholics as threatening not only the Anglican Church but the English Constitution. Swift was conservative by nature: he instinctively sought stability in religion as in politics, but stability which insured personal freedoms. So far as he was concerned, religion, morality, and politics were inseparable: he consistently attacked theological attempts to define and limit orthodoxy. He believed that the divisive tendencies of Mankind had promoted the general decay of Christianity itself, which had lost its original clarity, simplicity, and coherence.He adhered to the tenets of the Anglican Church because he had been brought up to respect them; the Church of Ireland was the church of his social class and his own ambitions were involved in its success; and he saw the Church as a force for rationality and moderation. He believed that in Man God had created an animal which was not inherently rational but only occasionally capable of behaving reasonably. It is our tendency to disappoint that he rages against: his works embody his attempts to maintain order and reason in a world which tended toward chaos and disorder, and he concerned himself more with the concrete social, political, and moral aspects of human nature than with the abstractions of philosophy, theology, and metaphysics. Politics seems to have been of interest to Swift early in his career because it affected the strength and stability of the Anglican Church of which he was a member. The restoration of the Catholic monarchy was a real threat during his lifetime which he feared would result in the loss of the liberties, privileges, and freedoms. Between the Restoration and James II"s final flight to France, it had appeared likely, to Swift"s social class that the English monarchy might relapse into a religious and political despotism. William of Orange, proclaiming himself the defender of English freedoms, landed in England with 15,000 troops, while James, his popular support evaporating, fled to France. The Revolution made English constitutionalism much more secure: the powers of the monarchy were limited, those of parliament were strengthened. Respect for the civil and religious liberties of the loyal subject was strongly emphasized. Early in his life Swift was a member of the Whig party. The Whig government"s flirtation with the Dissenters helped to drive him into the Tory camp, at time when it seemed to be a change to advance his career. When Queen Anne died and the Tory Government fell, he lost forever the chance of religious preferment in England which he had coveted for so long. The political pamphlets, however, which he ultimately produced while he lived in Ireland, made him popular. Those tracts and satires like "A Modest Proposal" was a way he defended the interests of his church and his class, against which he increasingly recognized as English colonialism. He was idolized by a people the vast majority of whom, since they were Roman Catholics, he would have denied religious and political freedom. After his death he became a national hero and, more importantly, was perceived as having been a nationalist leader--which, in a real though limited sense, he certainly was.

这是简介：ContextJonathanSwift,sonoftheEnglishlawyerJonathanSwifttheelder,wasborninDublin,Ireland,onNovember30,1667.HegrewupthereinthecareofhisunclebeforeattendingTrinityCollegeattheageoffourteen,wherehestayedforsevenyears,graduatingin1688.Inthatyear,hebecamethesecretaryofSirWilliamTemple,anEnglishpoliticianandmemberoftheWhigparty.In1694,hetookreligiousordersintheChurchofIrelandandthenspentayearasacountryparson.HethenspentfurthertimeintheserviceofTemplebeforereturningtoIrelandtobecomethechaplainoftheearlofBerkeley.Meanwhile,hehadbeguntowritesatiresonthepoliticalandreligiouscorruptionsurroundinghim,workingonATaleofaTub,whichsupportsthepositionoftheAnglicanChurchagainstitscriticsontheleftandtheright,andTheBattleoftheBooks,whicharguesforthesupremacyoftheclassicsagainstmodernthoughtandliterature.HealsowroteanumberofpoliticalpamphletsinfavoroftheWhigparty.In1709hewenttoLondontocampaignfortheIrishchurchbutwasunsuccessful.AftersomeconflictswiththeWhigparty,mostlybecauseofSwift"sstrongallegiancetothechurch,hebecameamemberofthemoreconservativeTorypartyin1710.UnfortunatelyforSwift,theTorygovernmentfelloutofpowerin1714andSwift,despitehisfameforhiswritings,felloutoffavor.Swift,whohadbeenhopingtobeassignedapositionintheChurchofEngland,insteadreturnedtoDublin,wherehebecamethedeanofSt.Patrick"s.DuringhisbrieftimeinEngland,SwifthadbecomefriendswithwriterssuchasAlexanderPope,andduringameetingoftheirliteraryclub,theMartinusScriblerusClub,theydecidedtowritesatiresofmodernlearning.ThethirdvoyageofGulliver"sTravelsisassembledfromtheworkSwiftdidduringthistime.However,thefinalworkwasnotcompleteduntil1726,andthenarrativeofthethirdvoyagewasactuallythelastonecompleted.AfterhisreturntoIreland,SwiftbecameastaunchsupporteroftheIrishagainstEnglishattemptstoweakentheireconomyandpoliticalpower,writingpamphletssuchasthesatiricalAModestProposal,inwhichhesuggeststhattheIrishproblemsoffamineandoverpopulationcouldbeeasilysolvedbyhavingthebabiesofpoorIrishsubjectssoldasdelicaciestofeedtherich.Gulliver"sTravelswasacontroversialworkwhenitwasfirstpublishedin1726.Infact,itwasnotuntilalmosttenyearsafteritsfirstprintingthatthebookappearedwiththeentiretextthatSwifthadoriginallyintendedittohave.Eversince,editorshaveexcisedmanyofthepassages,particularlythemorecausticonesdealingwithbodilyfunctions.Evenwithoutthosepassages,however,Gulliver"sTravelsservesasabitingsatire,andSwiftensuresthatitisbothhumorousandcritical,constantlyattackingBritishandEuropeansocietythroughitsdescriptionsofimaginarycountries.Lateinlife,Swiftseemedtomanyobserverstobecomeevenmorecausticandbitterthanhehadbeen.Threeyearsbeforehisdeath,hewasdeclaredunabletocareforhimself,andguardianswereappointed.BasedonthesefactsandonacomparisonbetweenSwift"sfateandthatofhischaracterGulliver,somepeoplehaveconcludedthathegraduallybecameinsaneandthathisinsanitywasanaturaloutgrowthofhisindignationandoutrageagainsthumankind.However,thetruthseemstobethatSwiftwassuddenlyincapacitatedbyaparalyticstrokelateinlife,andthatpriortothisincidenthismentalcapacitieswereunimpaired.Gulliver"sTravelsisaboutaspecificsetofpoliticalconflicts,butifitwerenothingmorethanthatitwouldlongagohavebeenforgotten.Thestayingpoweroftheworkcomesfromitsdepictionofthehumanconditionanditsoftendespairing,butoccasionallyhopeful,sketchofthepossibilitiesforhumanitytoreininitsbaserinstincts.

Jonathan Swift, son of the English lawyer Jonathan Swift the elder, was born in Dublin, Ireland, on November 30, 1667. He grew up there in the care of his uncle before attending Trinity College at the age of fourteen, where he stayed for seven years, graduating in 1688. In that year, he became the secretary of Sir William Temple, an English politician and member of the Whig party. In 1694, he took religious orders in the Church of Ireland and then spent a year as a country parson. He then spent further time in the service of Temple before returning to Ireland to become the chaplain of the earl of Berkeley. Meanwhile, he had begun to write satires on the political and religious corruption surrounding him, working on A Tale of a Tub, which supports the position of the Anglican Church against its critics on the left and the right, and The Battle of the Books, which argues for the supremacy of the classics against modern thought and literature. He also wrote a number of political pamphlets in favor of the Whig party. In 1709 he went to London to campaign for the Irish church but was unsuccessful. After some conflicts with the Whig party, mostly because of Swift"s strong allegiance to the church, he became a member of the more conservative Tory party in 1710. Unfortunately for Swift, the Tory government fell out of power in 1714 and Swift, despite his fame for his writings, fell out of favor. Swift, who had been hoping to be assigned a position in the Church of England, instead returned to Dublin, where he became the dean of St. Patrick"s. During his brief time in England, Swift had become friends with writers such as Alexander Pope, and during a meeting of their literary club, the Martinus Scriblerus Club, they decided to write satires of modern learning. The third voyage of Gulliver"s Travels is assembled from the work Swift did during this time. However, the final work was not completed until 1726, and the narrative of the third voyage was actually the last one completed. After his return to Ireland, Swift became a staunch supporter of the Irish against English attempts to weaken their economy and political power, writing pamphlets such as the satirical A Modest Proposal, in which he suggests that the Irish problems of famine and overpopulation could be easily solved by having the babies of poor Irish subjects sold as delicacies to feed the rich. Late in life, Swift seemed to many observers to become even more caustic and bitter than he had been. Three years before his death, he was declared unable to care for himself, and guardians were appointed. Based on these facts and on a comparison between Swift"s fate and that of his character Gulliver, some people have concluded that he gradually became insane and that his insanity was a natural outgrowth of his indignation and outrage against humankind. However, the truth seems to be that Swift was suddenly incapacitated by a paralytic stroke late in life, and that prior to this incident his mental capacities were unimpaired. Religious Belief: Swift was a clergyman, a member of the Church of Ireland, the Irish branch of the Anglican Church; and as such he was a militant defender of his church in the face of the threats to its continued existence posed by Roman Catholicism at home in Ireland and in England, where Swift and his peers saw the Catholics as threatening not only the Anglican Church but the English Constitution. Swift was conservative by nature: he instinctively sought stability in religion as in politics, but stability which insured personal freedoms. So far as he was concerned, religion, morality, and politics were inseparable: he consistently attacked theological attempts to define and limit orthodoxy. He believed that the divisive tendencies of Mankind had promoted the general decay of Christianity itself, which had lost its original clarity, simplicity, and coherence. He adhered to the tenets of the Anglican Church because he had been brought up to respect them; the Church of Ireland was the church of his social class and his own ambitions were involved in its success; and he saw the Church as a force for rationality and moderation. He believed that in Man God had created an animal which was not inherently rational but only occasionally capable of behaving reasonably. It is our tendency to disappoint that he rages against: his works embody his attempts to maintain order and reason in a world which tended toward chaos and disorder, and he concerned himself more with the concrete social, political, and moral aspects of human nature than with the abstractions of philosophy, theology, and metaphysics. Politics seems to have been of interest to Swift early in his career because it affected the strength and stability of the Anglican Church of which he was a member. The restoration of the Catholic monarchy was a real threat during his lifetime which he feared would result in the loss of the liberties, privileges, and freedoms. Between the Restoration and James II"s final flight to France, it had appeared likely, to Swift"s social class that the English monarchy might relapse into a religious and political despotism. William of Orange, proclaiming himself the defender of English freedoms, landed in England with 15,000 troops, while James, his popular support evaporating, fled to France. The Revolution made English constitutionalism much more secure: the powers of the monarchy were limited, those of parliament were strengthened. Respect for the civil and religious liberties of the loyal subject was strongly emphasized. Early in his life Swift was a member of the Whig party. The Whig government"s flirtation with the Dissenters helped to drive him into the Tory camp, at time when it seemed to be a change to advance his career. When Queen Anne died and the Tory Government fell, he lost forever the chance of religious preferment in England which he had coveted for so long. The political pamphlets, however, which he ultimately produced while he lived in Ireland, made him popular. Those tracts and satires like "A Modest Proposal" was a way he defended the interests of his church and his class, against which he increasingly recognized as English colonialism. He was idolized by a people the vast majority of whom, since they were Roman Catholics, he would have denied religious and political freedom. After his death he became a national hero and, more importantly, was perceived as having been a nationalist leader--which, in a real though limited sense, he certainly was.

我只知道英文：Introduction United Kingdom Top of Page Background: Great Britain, the dominant industrial and maritime power of the 19th century, played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science. At its zenith, the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the earth"s surface. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK"s strength seriously depleted in two World Wars. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation. As one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, a founding member of NATO, and of the Commonwealth, the UK pursues a global approach to foreign policy; it currently is weighing the degree of its integration with continental Europe. A member of the EU, it chose to remain outside the Economic and Monetary Union for the time being. Constitutional reform is also a significant issue in the UK. The Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly were established in 1999, but the latter is suspended due to wrangling over the peace process. Geography United Kingdom Top of Page Location: Western Europe, islands including the northern one-sixth of the island of Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France Geographic coordinates: 54 00 N, 2 00 W Map references: Europe Area: total: 244,820 sq km land: 241,590 sq km water: 3,230 sq km note: includes Rockall and Shetland Islands Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Oregon Land boundaries: total: 360 km border countries: Ireland 360 km Coastline: 12,429 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm continental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries Climate: temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast Terrain: mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and southeast Elevation extremes: lowest point: The Fens -4 m highest point: Ben Nevis 1,343 m Natural resources: coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, lead, zinc, gold, tin, limestone, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, potash, silica sand, slate, arable land Land use: arable land: 23.23% permanent crops: 0.2% other: 76.57% (2005) Irrigated land: 1,700 sq km (2003) Natural hazards: winter windstorms; floods Environment - current issues: continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (has met Kyoto Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and intends to meet the legally binding target and move toward a domestic goal of a 20% cut in emissions by 2010); by 2005 the government aims to reduce the amount of industrial and commercial waste disposed of in landfill sites to 85% of 1998 levels and to recycle or compost at least 25% of household waste, increasing to 33% by 2015; between 1998-99 and 1999-2000, household recycling increased from 8.8% to 10.3% Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants Geography - note: lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and linked by tunnel under the English Channel; because of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters People United Kingdom Top of Page Population: 60,609,153 (July 2006 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 17.5% (male 5,417,663/female 5,161,714) 15-64 years: 66.8% (male 20,476,571/female 19,988,959) 65 years and over: 15.8% (male 4,087,020/female 5,477,226) (2006 est.) Median age: total: 39.3 years male: 38.2 years female: 40.4 years (2006 est.) Population growth rate: 0.28% (2006 est.) Birth rate: 10.71 births/1,000 population (2006 est.) Death rate: 10.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) Net migration rate: 2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2006 est.) Infant mortality rate: total: 5.08 deaths/1,000 live births male: 5.67 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78.54 years male: 76.09 years female: 81.13 years (2006 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.66 children born/woman (2006 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.2% (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 51,000 (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 500 (2003 est.) Nationality: noun: Briton(s), British (collective plural) adjective: British Ethnic groups: white (of which English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh 4.9%, Northern Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani 1.3%, mixed 1.2%, other 1.6% (2001 census) Religions: Christian (Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist) 71.6%, Muslim 2.7%, Hindu 1%, other 1.6%, unspecified or none 23.1% (2001 census) Languages: English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) Literacy: definition: age 15 and over has completed five or more years of schooling total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% (2003 est.) Government United Kingdom Top of Page Country name: conventional long form: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; note - Great Britain includes England, Scotland, and Wales conventional short form: United Kingdom abbreviation: UK Government type: constitutional monarchy Capital: London Administrative divisions: England: 47 boroughs, 36 counties, 29 London boroughs, 12 cities and boroughs, 10 districts, 12 cities, 3 royal boroughs boroughs: Barnsley, Blackburn with Darwen, Blackpool, Bolton, Bournemouth, Bracknell Forest, Brighton and Hove, Bury, Calderdale, Darlington, Doncaster, Dudley, Gateshead, Halton, Hartlepool, Kirklees, Knowsley, Luton, Medway, Middlesbrough, Milton Keynes, North Tyneside, Oldham, Poole, Reading, Redcar and Cleveland, Rochdale, Rotherham, Sandwell, Sefton, Slough, Solihull, Southend-on-Sea, South Tyneside, St. Helens, Stockport, Stockton-on-Tees, Swindon, Tameside, Thurrock, Torbay, Trafford, Walsall, Warrington, Wigan, Wirral, Wolverhampton counties (or unitary authorities): Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Cheshire, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derbyshire, Devon, Dorset, Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Herefordshire, He

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PURITANISM IN NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE"S SHORT STORIESIntroductionI will try to show patterns of Puritan Religion, life and ideology in Nathaniel Hawthorne"s short stories "Young Goodman Brown" and The Birthmark", that are included in the course-reader. In addition I will try to find connect these elements with Hawthorne"s life and his attitude towards Puritanism. First, I will give a short description of the development of Puritanism, followed by the philosophical aspects of Puritan life. Then, I will write about are the Puritan roots and pivots of Hawthorne"s life. Finally I will take the above mentioned short stories as an example for the points showed in the other paragraphs. History and DevelopmentPuritanism in his earliest form has developed basing on the works of William Tyndale (1495-1536) and John Hooper (d. 1555), who estimated the pace of the English reformation as too slow. The main time Puritanism developed in, until it had the form of that time Hawthorne"s stories are set in, is between 1558, the reign of Elizabeth I., and the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658. During that time, influenced by two other Puritan philosophers, Cartwright (1535-1603) and Perkins (1558-1602), the main difference between Puritanism and the Anglican Church began to form out. What the Puritans aimed for was a reformation of the Anglican Church and the wish to make religious worship as simple as possible in form and ceremony. The Puritans had success with their reform of England and its church, but maybe a little bit too fast so the tide turned against Puritanism. In 1603 the situation began to get difficult so the Puritans had to unite with the parliamentary opposition to the royal court. They opened warfare against Charles I. in 1640. With Cromwell"s death and the return of Charles II. to England in 1660 they finally lost their power and influence. The once successfull reformatory movement of the Puritans was now in a position of nonconformity. Like Republicans, Presbyterians and Quakerians they were persecuted. Puritan church-services were prohibited and Puritans themselves weren"t allowed to visit universities any longer. In 1567 for the first time about 100 people attending a Puritan service were seized and about 15 of of them were sent to prison. By 1573 nonconformity with the Anglican church was punished with imprisonment, banishment and even death. Puritans began to leave England. Having failed to reform England, they decided to build a model Puritan community. And the place that was chosen was New England. What followed is called the Great Migration. In 1620 a group of Puritan extremists headed for Plymouth. In 1629 a big group of Puritans emigrated to Massachusetts and settled in Salem and Boston. Over the next decade more than 20,000 emigrants came to Massachusetts and built a society in strict accordance to their Puritan ideals. Puritans and Quakers, which had begun to migrate, too, settled in Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North- and South-Carolina, Virginia and in Georgia. The number of Puritans in some states was higher than the number of Catholics. Considering the high number of all these settlers, their wide distribution and their strong faith, religious life in the new American colonies was of mainly Puritan colour. Here in America the Puritans succeeded in forming a society in the way they had tried to reform England but did not succeed in. They were able to realize the separation of church and government and to live following their ideas and ideologies. Life and IdeologyIn this paragraph I will try to outline the Puritan theology, after which the Puritans designed their lives. The Puritans believed in the majesty, righteousness and sovereignty of God. They saw him as omniscient and omnipotent. In contrast all human beings were depraved sinners. They believed that God had predestined some of these fallen creatures for the gift of salvation. This status of elected or non-elected signified God"s choosing of those to whom the grace of salvation was to be offered. The Puritans took the scripture, the sacraments and the sermons as Gods own words, which they interpreted, following the works of the French Peter Ramus1, in the most accurate way, and expected all Puritans to live strictly following these parameters. But that did not mean that sinners could save themselves, but the elect could improve their souls. Two of the main points of Puritan theology are the covenants of grace and work. The covenant of grace required a faith in God, that God himself gave the elect to grasp. The covenant of work, on the contrary, depended only on human action. Although the Puritans believed in predetermination they did not await their God-given fate. They spent their whole life trying to find out their destiny, whether it might be heaven or hell. Work, even if it did not guarantee salvation, was their way to express their faith and to show their hope for heaven. Morality and a good life were interpreted to be a sign of God"s will. For these reasons Puritans worked for all their life and they were appalled by everybody who did not work. This is also the reason why many Puritans were wealthy, if not rich. But wealth did not make them stop working. Rich Puritans just kept on working, just like their poor neighbours. In fact there was no difference between poor Puritans and Puritans who were well off. This does not mean that their society was not subdivided into different classes. In fact the Puritan"s idea of society structures was quite conventional; as long as there was no monarchy.2 Another important part of Puritan life was education. The Puritans thought that only who is able to read [the Bible] will find religious truth. Like mentioned before the Bible was read interpreted very accurate and strict. And this truth, that was to be found by accurate interpretation, was synonymous with a good life. To reach this aim, the Puritans founded schools all over the country which led to a good and equal level of education through the whole Puritan and Non-Puritan society. It is a fact that, for this reason, the majority of all Americans in the 18th century was literate. Not only this, it also evened out another traditional difference between upper and lower classes. In colonial times almost every American town had its own newspaper so the Americans were generally well informed about politics and elections. This is the foundation stone and the realization of the American Dream, the equality of all men, "everything is possible" and "from rags to riches". Although the Puritans have been very strict in religious way, on the other hand they could be quite tolerant. The grade of tolerance was dependent from the extent of the appropriate thing. For example they condemned the drunkard, but not the consumption of alcohol itself. And they did not taboo sexuality, as long it was sexuality between husband and wife and not extramarital sexuality.3 Nathaniel Hawthorne"s Attitude towards PuritanismNathaniel Hawthorne was born into a family that was of Puritan belief since generations. But different from his ancestors, he had a feeling to some extents of Puritanism as being intolerant and cruel.4 He found a good example for this cruelty with his own ancestors, William and John Hathorne, who emigrated to America between 1630 and 1633. They both were involved in the persecution of Quakers and alleged witches.5 They used torture and even sentenced people to death. Hawthorne tried to find distance from this face of Puritanism and lived Puritan ideology and philosophy in his own way. He knew his Bible very well and went to church frequently. As a boy he went to the East Salem Church, that was described as "on the verge of Unitarism". Later, when he served as a Consul in England, he attended services at a Unitarian church in Liverpool. But, it could not be more typical for a Puritan, he could not get along with the religious rituals and ceremonies, like, for example, funerals. He simply had these Puritan aversions that already caused the Puritans to split from the Anglican Church. Things that were really important to him were to live in harmony with nature and human life. He simply wanted to have a small regular income, that would allow him to forget everything, that was not important to him.6 Back to his attitude towards the Puritanism of his ancestors. When Hawthorne read the accounts about his first American ancestors, he was reported to have read them with fascination and horror. Although he was appalled by the Puritan injustice, he was convinced, that there was both good and evil in Puritanism. He thought a lot about the conflict of God as omniscient and omnipotent on one hand, and vengeful and cruel on the other. He saw that religion was able to produce evil. The fact that things like the witchtrials, where innocent people had to die, could happen in his Puritan hometown of Salem led him to the opinion that the fusion of religious dogma and political authority was the worst evil. His ancestors and all the other Puritans maybe thought to have found the devil when prosecuting witches, but Hawthorne was of a different opinion. Whose side was the devil on? Hawthorne"s answer was the evil in everybody. It makes people blind so they are not able to recognize the evil in themselves.7 Of course Hawthorne"s point of view is that of the 19th century, not that of the 17th century, where his short stories are settled. He is aware of his roots and history, but he questions these roots and history from his modern point of view.

The best-selling female artist of all time - whose seventeen #1 singles rival all but Elvis Presley and The Beatles - Mariah Carey has made an indelible impact on the global music industry and audiences everywhere. Blessed with a stunning five-octave range and signature vocal abilities, the singularly talented superstar continues to reach new heights of artistic growth and popularity. As a singer and songwriter, she has been recognized with five Grammy Awards, nine American Music Awards, Billboard"s "Artist of the Decade" Award and the World Music Award for "World"s Best Selling Female Artist of the Millennium," to name but a few honors.Carey"s most recent album is also her most intimate, a frank portrayal of both the challenges and successes experienced throughout her rise to fame. Released in April 2005, The Emancipation of Mimi (Island Def Jam) strongly resonated with audiences, becoming that year"s best-selling album in the U.S. and selling more than eight million units worldwide to date. While capturing three Grammys for Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song, Carey broke milestones with the album"s three singles. "We Belong Together" (which spent an astonishing fourteen weeks at #1) and "Shake It Off" made her the only female artist ever to occupy the Billboard Hot 100"s #1 and #2 spots in the same week. Her subsequent stand-alone single "Don"t Forget About Us" became the biggest American radio hit of the year.With a mother who shared both talent and a love of music, Mariah Carey was named after "They Call the Wind Mariah," a song from the popular Lerner and Loewe musical Paint Your Wagon. She began singing at the age of four, and her extraordinary and innate talent quickly progressed. As a young teenager she began honing her songwriting skills; upon high school graduation, Carey headed straight to New York to pursue a musical career. A luminous talent, her vocals were immediately in demand. Her major break came while singing backup for Brenda K. Starr, who gave her demo tape to then-Sony Music Entertainment Chief Tommy Mottola. Soon after, Mottola signed Carey to her first recording contract with Columbia Records.With an angelic allure and a vocal intensity never heard before, Mariah Carey exploded upon the scene with the debut of her self-titled album in 1990. Mariah Carey was an immense hit, spawning an extraordinary four #1 singles: "Vision of Love," "Love Takes Time," "Someday" and "I Don"t Wanna Cry." It also brought two Grammy Awards for Best New Artist and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance ("Vision of Love"). Carey continued her early success with a series of singles from her subsequent Emotions (1991) and MTV Unplugged (1992) albums that consistently placed her at the top of the charts.With the 1993 release of Music Box, which included the chart-topping hit singles "Dreamlover" and "Hero," Mariah Carey produced her most commercially successful album to date, selling an astounding 30 million units. She hit a new milestone with a holiday album, Merry Christmas (1994), which contained the instant classic "All I Want for Christmas is You." The next year, with the release of Daydream (1995), its single "Fantasy" debuted at #1, making Mariah Carey the second artist in history and the first female performer to accomplish that feat. The album"s other single, "One Sweet Day," recorded with Boyz II Men, stayed at the top of the charts for a mind-blowing sixteen weeks. She followed with the hip-hop and R&B-infused Butterfly, which introduced a new chapter in her career, teaming her with the hottest names in the music business including Sean Combs and Missy Elliott.In 1998, eight years after her debut, Carey released #1"s, a compilation of her chart-topping hits. The album also included a new song, "When You Believe" (from the film The Prince of Egypt), a duet with Whitney Houston that paired two of the most successful female recording artists in pop history. Rainbow followed in 1999 with startling success. With the album"s first single, the popular "Heartbeaker," Carey became "the first artist to top the charts in each year of the 1990s; the record also pushed her ahead of The Beatles as the artist with the most cumulative weeks spent atop the Hot 100 singles chart," as affirmed by AllMusic.com. Mariah Carey subsequently sparked the interest of Universal Music Group"s Island Def Jam Records, which signed her to an exclusive recording contract in May 2002. Later that year she made her label debut with the release of the multi-platinum Charmbracelet.Evoking a nickname used by those closest to her, The Emancipation of Mimi marked Mariah Carey"s tenth studio album with its release in April 2005. Entirely written and co-produced by Carey, and executive produced by Island Def Jam Music Group Chairman Antonio Reid, Mimi revealed an evolved musical sensibility in its tracks and a sophisticated new look on its cover. The album earned three Grammys from eight nominations across multiple categories, following a string of wins at the Vibe Awards, the American Music Awards and Billboard Music Awards.Apart from her musical achievements, Mariah Carey has generously donated her time and energy to a range of philanthropic causes near to her heart. They include Save the Music, The National Adoption Center and The Make-A-Wish Foundation, which recently bestowed its 2006 Wish Icon Award upon her, permanently rechristening it the Mariah Carey Wish Icon Award. Her active involvement with the Fresh Air Fund resulted in Camp Mariah, the Fund"s first camp named in honor of an individual. Through this prism, Mariah Carey"s legacy transcends the music industry to leave an indelible imprint upon the world at large. Source: MariahCarey.com

分类: 教育/科学 >> 外语学习 问题描述: 中英文对照的更好 解析: Australia Introduction Background: Aboriginal settlers arrived on the continent from Southeast Asia about 40,000 years before the first Europeans began exploration in the 17th century. No formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when Capt. James COOK took possession in the name of Great Britain. Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they federated and became the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The new country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop its agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the British effort in World Wars I and II. In recent decades, Australia has transformed itself into an internationally petitive, advanced market economy. It boasted one of the OECD"s fastest growing economies during the 1990"s, a performance due in large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980"s. Long-term concerns include pollution, particularly depletion of the ozone layer, and management and conservation of coastal areas, especially the Great Barrier Reef. Geography Location: Oceania, continent beeen the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean Geographic coordinates: 27 00 S, 133 00 E Map references: Oceania Area: total: 7,686,850 sq km land: 7,617,930 sq km water: 68,920 sq km note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island Area - parative: slightly *** aller than the US contiguous 48 states Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 25,760 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin Climate: generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north Terrain: mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast Elevation extremes: lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m Natural resources: bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum Land use: arable land: 6.55% (includes about 27 million hectares of cultivated grassland) permanent crops: 0.04% other: 93.41% (2001) Irrigated land: 24,000 sq km (1998 est.) Natural hazards: cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires Environment - current issues: soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited natural fresh water resources Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Geography - note: world"s *** allest continent but sixth-largest country; population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; the invigorating tropical sea breeze known as the "Fremantle Doctor" affects the city of Perth on the west coast, and is one of the most consistent winds in the world People Population: 20,090,437 (July 2005 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 19.8% (male 2,038,809/female 1,943,563) 15-64 years: 67.2% (male 6,815,600/female 6,695,189) 65 years and over: 12.9% (male 1,145,274/female 1,452,002) (2005 est.) Median age: total: 36.56 years male: 35.74 years female: 37.4 years (2005 est.) Population growth rate: 0.87% (2005 est.) Birth rate: 12.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) Death rate: 7.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) Net migration rate: 3.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.) Infant mortality rate: total: 4.69 deaths/1,000 live births male: 5.08 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 80.39 years male: 77.52 years female: 83.4 years (2005 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.76 children born/woman (2005 est.) HIV/AIDS - *** prevalence rate: 0.1% (2003 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 14,000 (2003 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 200 (2003 est.) Nationality: noun: Australian(s) adjective: Australian Ethnic groups: Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1% Religions: Catholic 26.4%, Anglican 20.5%, other Christian 20.5%, Buddhist 1.9%, Muslim 1.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 12.7%, none 15.3% (2001 Census) Languages: English 79.1%, Chinese 2.1%, Italian 1.9%, other 11.1%, unspecified 5.8% (2001 Census) Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100% (1980 est.) Government Country name: conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia conventional short form: Australia Government type: democratic, federal-state system recognizing the British monarch as sovereign Capital: Canberra Administrative divisions: 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Ta *** ania, Victoria, Western Australia Dependent areas: Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island Independence: 1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies) National holiday: Australia Day, 26 January (1788) Constitution: 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901 Legal system: based on English mon law; accepts pulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and pulsory Executive branch: chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Michael JEFFERY (since 11 August 2003) head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11 March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister Mark VAILE (since 6 July 2005) cabi: Prime Minister nominates, from among members of Parliament, candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the Governor General to serve as government ministers elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the remendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor general note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the Senate (76 seats - 12 from each of the six states and o from each of the o mainland territories; one-half of state members are elected every three years by popular vote to serve six-year terms while all territory members are elected every three years) and the House of Representatives (150 seats; members elected by popular preferential voting to serve terms of up to three-years; no state can have fewer than five representatives) elections: Senate - last held 9 October 2004 (next to be held no later than June 2008); House of Representatives - last held 9 October 2004 (next to be called no later than November 2007) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party (for session beginning on 1 July 2002) - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 35, Australian Labor Party 28, Australian Democrats 7, Green Party 2, One Nation Party 1, Australian Progressive Alliance 1, independent 2; (for session beginning on 1 July 2005) - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 39, Australian Labor Party 28, Democrats 4, Australian Greens 4, Family First Party 1; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 87, Australian Labor Party 60, independents 3 Judicial branch: High Court (the chief justice and six other justices are appointed by the governor general) Political parties and leaders: Australian Democrats [Lyn ALLISON]; Australian Labor Party [Kim BEAZLEY]; Australian Progressive Alliance [Meg LEES]; Australian Greens [Bob BROWN]; Liberal Party [John Winston HOWARD]; The Nationals [Mark VAILE]; One Nation Party [Len HARRIS]; Family First Party [Steve FIELDING] International anization participation: ANZUS, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CP, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, Paris Club, PCA, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMEE, UNMISET, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WToO, ZC Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael J. THAWLEY chancery: 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 797-3000 FAX: [1] (202) 797-3168 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador J. Thomas SCHIEFFER embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600 mailing address: APO AP 96549 telephone: [61] (02) 6214-5600 FAX: [61] (02) 6214-5970 consulate(s) general: Melbourne, Perth, Sydney Flag description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australia"s internal and external territories; the remaining half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one *** all five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars Economy Economy - overview: Australia has an enviable Western-style capitalist economy, with a per capita GDP on par with the four dominant West European economies. Rising output in the domestic economy, robust business and consumer confidence, and rising exports of raw materials and agricultural products are fueling the economy. Australia"s emphasis on reforms, low inflation, and growing ties with China are other key factors behind the economy"s strength. The impact of drought, weak foreign demand, and strong import demand pushed the trade deficit up from $8 billion in 2002, to $18 billion in 2003, and to $13 billion in 2004. One other concern is the rapid increase in domestic housing prices, which have raised the prospect that interest rates will need to be raised to prevent a speculative bubble. GDP: purchasing power parity - $611.7 billion (2004 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 3.5% (2004 est.) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $30,700 (2004 est.) GDP - position by sector: agriculture: 3.4% industry: 28.2% services: 68.4% (2004 est.) Labor force: 10.35 million (2004 est.) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 3.6%, industry 26.4%, services 70% (2004 est.) Unemployment rate: 5.1% (December 2004 est.) Population below poverty line: NA Household ine or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2% highest 10%: 25.4% (1994) Distribution of family ine - Gini index: 35.2 (1994) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.3% (2004 est.) Investment (gross fixed): 25.3% of GDP (2004 est.) Budget: revenues: $222.7 billion expenditures: $221.7 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.) Public debt: 17.4% of GDP (2004 est.) Agriculture - products: wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle, sheep, poultry Industries: mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel Industrial production growth rate: 1.9% (2004 est.) Electricity - production: 210.3 billion kWh (2002) Electricity - consumption: 195.6 billion kWh (2002) Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2002) Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2002) Oil - production: 537,500 bbl/day (2004 est.) Oil - consumpt

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (January 27,1832 – January 14,1898),better known by the pen name Lewis Carroll,was a British author,mathematician,Anglican clergyman,logician,and amateur photographer. Although he was a mathematician,he is best known as the author of Alice"s adventures in wonderland (1865) and Through the looking glass (1872),children"s books that are among the most popular of all time.They are distinguished as satire and as examples of verbal wit.Dodgson wrote mathematical works under his own name but for his children"s books he invented the pen name "Lewis Carroll" by translating his first two names "Charles Lutwidge" into Latin as "Carolus Lodovicus",then anglicising and reversing their order.

Charlotte Bront05 ( /04br08nti/; 21 April 1816 – 31 March 1855) was an English novelist and poet, the eldest of the three Bront05 sisters who survived into adulthood, whose novels are English literature standards. She wrote Jane Eyre under the pen name Currer Bell.================================================================================= Born21 April 1816(1816-04-21)Thornton, Yorkshire, EnglandDied31 March 1855(1855-03-31) (aged 38)Haworth, Yorkshire, EnglandPen nameLord Charles AlbertFlorian WellesleyCurrer BellOccupationNovelist, poetNationalityEnglishGenresFiction, poetryNotable work(s)Jane EyreVilletteSpouse(s)Arthur Bell Nichols (1854–1855 (her death))==================================================================================Early life and education Charlotte was born in Thornton, Yorkshire in 1816, the third of six children, to Maria (née Branwell) and her husband Patrick Bront05 (formerly surnamed Brunty or Prunty), an Irish Anglican clergyman. In 1820, the family moved a few miles to the village of Haworth, where Patrick had been appointed Perpetual Curate of St Michael and All Angels Church. Charlotte"s mother died of cancer on 15 September 1821, leaving five daughters and a son to be taken care of by her sister Elizabeth Branwell.In August 1824, Charlotte was sent with three of her sisters, Emily, Maria, and Elizabeth, to the Clergy Daughters" School at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire (Charlotte later used the school as the basis for the fictional Lowood School in Jane Eyre). The school"s poor conditions, Charlotte maintained, permanently affected her health and physical development and hastened the deaths of her two elder sisters, Maria (born 1814) and Elizabeth (born 1815), who died of tuberculosis in June 1825. Soon after their father removed them from the school.At home in Haworth Parsonage Charlotte acted as "the motherly friend and guardian of her younger sisters". She and the other surviving children — Branwell, Emily, and Anne – created their own literary fictional worlds, and began chronicling the lives and struggles of the inhabitants of these imaginary kingdoms. Charlotte and Branwell wrote Byronic stories about their imagined country ("Angria") and Emily and Anne wrote articles and poems about theirs ("Gondal"). The sagas which they created were elaborate and convoluted (and still exist in partial manuscripts) and provided them with an obsessive interest during childhood and early adolescence, which prepared them for their literary vocations in adulthood.[citation needed] Charlotte continued her education at Roe Head, Mirfield, from 1831 to 32, where she met her lifelong friends and correspondents, Ellen Nussey and Mary Taylor.During this period, she wrote her novella The Green Dwarf (1833) under the name of Wellesley. Charlotte returned to Roe Head as a teacher from 1835 to 1838. In 1839, she took up the first of many positions as governess to various families in Yorkshire, a career she pursued until 1841. Politically a Tory, she preached tolerance rather than revolution. She held high moral principles, and, despite her shyness in company, she was always prepared to argue her beliefs.=================================================================================BrusselsIn 1842 Charlotte and Emily travelled to Brussels to enroll in a boarding school run by Constantin Heger (1809–96) and his wife Claire Zoé Parent Heger (1804–87). In return for board and tuition, Charlotte taught English and Emily taught music. Their time at the boarding school was cut short when Elizabeth Branwell, their aunt who joined the family after the death of their mother to look after the children, died of internal obstruction in October 1842. Charlotte returned alone to Brussels in January 1843 to take up a teaching post at the boarding school. Her second stay at the boarding school was not a happy one; she became lonely, homesick and deeply attached to Constantin Heger. She finally returned to Haworth in January 1844 and later used her time at the boarding school as the inspiration for some experiences in The Professor and Villette.===================================================================================First publicationIn May 1846, Charlotte, Emily, and Anne self-financed the publication of a joint collection of poetry under the assumed names of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. These pseudonyms deliberately veiled the sisters" gender whilst preserving their real initials, thus Charlotte was "Currer Bell". "Bell" was also the middle name of Haworth"s curate, Arthur Bell Nicholls, whom Charlotte would later marry. Of the decision to use nom de plumes, Charlotte later wrote:Averse to personal publicity, we veiled our own names under those of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell; the ambiguous choice being dictated by a sort of conscientious scruple at assuming Christian names positively masculine, while we did not like to declare ourselves women, because — without at that time suspecting that our mode of writing and thinking was not what is called "feminine" – we had a vague impression that authoresses are liable to be looked on with prejudice; we had noticed how critics sometimes use for their chastisement the weapon of personality, and for their reward, a flattery, which is not true praise.==============================================================================================In societyIn view of the success of her novels, particularly Jane Eyre, Charlotte was persuaded by her publisher to visit London occasionally, where she revealed her true identity and began to move in a more exalted social circle, becoming friends with Harriet Martineau and Elizabeth Gaskell, and acquainted with William Makepeace Thackeray and G. H. Lewes. However Charlotte never left Haworth for more than a few weeks at a time as she did not want to leave her ageing father"s side. Thackeray"s daughter, the writer Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie recalled a visit to her father by Charlotte:…two gentlemen come in, leading a tiny, delicate, serious, little lady, with fair straight hair, and steady eyes. She may be a little over thirty; she is dressed in a little barège dress with a pattern of faint green moss. She enters in mittens, in silence, in seriousness; our hearts are beating with wild excitement. This then is the authoress, the unknown power whose books have set all London talking, reading, speculating; some people even say our father wrote the books – the wonderful books… The moment is so breathless that dinner comes as a relief to the solemnity of the occasion, and we all smile as my father stoops to offer his arm; for, genius though she may be, Miss Bront05 can barely reach his elbow. My own personal impressions are that she is somewhat grave and stern, specially to forward little girls who wish to chatter… Every one waited for the brilliant conversation which never began at all. Miss Bront05 retired to the sofa in the study, and murmured a low word now and then to our kind governess… the conversation grew dimmer and more dim, the ladies sat round still expectant, my father was too much perturbed by the gloom and the silence to be able to cope with it at all… after Miss Bront05 had left, I was surprised to see my father opening the front door with his hat on. He put his fingers to his lips, walked out into the darkness, and shut the door quietly behind him… long afterwards… Mrs. Procter asked me if I knew what had happened… It was one of the dullest evenings [Mrs Procter] had ever spent in her life… the ladies who had all come expecting so much delightful conversation, and the gloom and the constraint, and how finally, overwhelmed by the situation, my father had quietly left the room, left the house, and gone off to his club.不知道你具体需要哪一方面的，就把我知道的都发上来了。记得采纳哟 ^.^

The Background of Religion Reformation in Britain Abstract：throughout history，so many important historic reformations happened and they have their reasons and background. Generally speaking, the reformation is in favor with the general public. This paper talks about the background of Religion Reformation in Britain including HenryⅧ，his nation and the society. Key word: religion reformation HenryⅧ divorce 1. The introduction and influence of the reformation Religion reformation in Britain in 16th century is a top-down religious reformation. HenryⅧ"s divorce is the blasting fuse of the reformation , however , what is hit behind the reformation is incisive social and historical reasons that are not to be ignored. It is in favor of new bourgeoisie, ordinary squires and the labor people. British religion reformation is an important part in all of religious reformation in Western Europe in 16th century, which makes the British reformation accomplished successfully. What is more, Religion Reformation consolidates the feudal kingship and strong promotes the development of capitalism. 2. The blasting fuse of the reformation In 1531, HenryⅧ wishes to divorce Catherine of Aragon because the marriage has not produced a male heir. His marriage normally would be illegal under ecclesiastical law because Catherine was the widow of his brother, but it had been allowed by a special dispensation from the Pope. Henry claims that the papal dispensation contradicted ecclesiastical law and that therefore the marriage is invalid. The Pope upholds the validity of the dispensation and refuses to annul the marriage. Later in 1533, Henry marries Anne Boleyn, and two months later he had the archbishop of Canterbury pronounce his divorce from Catherine. At the same year, Henry is excommunicated by the Pope. In 1534, Henry has Parliament pass an act appointing the king and his successor supreme head of the Church of England, thus establishing an independent national Anglican church. 3.HenryⅧ and his domination Tracing back in the past, HenryⅦ had restored stability and royal authority, but it may have been for the reasons of character, as much as policy, that his son resolved to augment his regal power. Therefore Henry"s reformation of the English church involved more complex motives and methods than his desire for a new wife and a heir. Henry asserted that his first marriage had never been valid, but the divorce issue was only one factor in Henry"s desire to reform the church. In 1532-1537, he instituted a number of statues, the act of appeal (Statute in restraint of Appeals, 1533), the various Act of Succession (1533, 1534 and 1536) the first Act of Supremacy (1536) and others --- that dealt with the relationship between the king and the Pope and the structure of the Church of England. Many factors contributed to the reformation: the decline of feudalism and the rise of nationalism, the rise of the common law, the invention of the printing press and increased circulation of the bible, the transmission of new knowledge and ideas among scholars and the upper classes. The English reformation was at the outset more of a political affairs than a theological dispute. Henry was a good enough of theologian to know that there was a minority opinion in western Christendom to precisely this effect. He was enough of an egotist, too, to fall captive to his own powers of persuasion ---soon he believed that papal primacy was unquestionably a sham, a ploy of human invention to deprive kings and emperors of their legitimate inheritances. Henry looked back to the golden days of the British imperial past, to the time of the Emperors Constantine and of King LuciusⅠ. In fact LuciusⅠhad never existed ---he was a myth, a figment of pre-conquest imagination. But Henry"s British “sources” showed that this Lucius was a great ruler, the first Christian king of Britain, who had endowed the British church with all its liberties and possessions, and then written to Pope Eleutherius asking him to transmit the Roman laws. In the way of religious reformation, Henry wants to consolidate his dominated position and become a great ruler, too. 4. The society at that time What is more, the trouble was that, with stability restored, and the Tudor dynasty apparently secure, England had started to become vulnerable to a mounting release of forces. It used to be argued that anti –clericalism was a major cause of the English reformation, but this interpretation has lately been challenged. Recent research has established that the majority of late medieval English clergy were not negligent or unqualified: Church courts were not usually unfair; probate, mortuary, and tithes disputes were few; pluralism, absenteeism, nepotism, sexual misconduct, and commercial moonlighting by clergy were less serious than once thought. On the other hand there were priests who failed to hold service at the proper times, who did not preach, and whose habits were aggressive –rector of Aldington in Northampton shire, cited before the Lincoln consistory court in 1526, had two children by his cook and marched about the village in chain –mail. In fact, it was all too easy for a priest to behave like other villagers: to make a mistress of his housekeeper, and to spend the day cultivating his glebe. Although the English Church was free of major scandals, such abuses as non –residence, pluralism, concubinage, and the parochial clergy"s neglect to repair chancel, where these occurred, continued to attract attention. Also tithes disputes, probate and mortuary fees, charges for saying mass on special occasions, and the trial and burning of heretics could become flash –points. In particularly, it was pointed out by prominent writers, notably the grave and learned Christopher St. German (1460—1541), that the Church"s procedure in cases of suspected heresy permitted secret accusations, hearsay evidence, and denied accused persons the benefit of purgation by oath-helpers or trial by jury, which was a Roman procedure contrary to the principles of native English common law –a clerical plot to deprive Englishman of their natural, legal rights. Such ideas were manifestly explosive; for they incited intellectual affray between clergy and common lawyers. All those bring the society into trouble. Acknowledgement: many factors contributed to the religious reformation in Britain, so we should analysis the event objectively. Henry wants to reform that is because he wants to something more, and those things are benefit for the people or not, we have been exploring. References: The Oxford History of Britain (Kenneth O. Morgan) A Short History of Civilization A. G. Dickens, the English Reformation (London) (2nd Ed. 1989) The Reformation Parliament, 1529 - 1536 (Cambridge University Press, 1970). The History of the Reformation of the Church of England by Gilbert Burnet (Oxford University Press, 1829 Christopher Haigh, English Reformations (Oxford, 1993).

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分类: 文化/艺术 >> 文学 问题描述: 在历史里经常看到，但是不知道到底是个什么神奇的地方？？ 解析: A city of southeast Australia, a suburb of Sydney. Population, 128,000. 坎特伯雷：澳大利亚东南部一城市，为悉尼的一个郊区。人口128,000 A borough of southeast England on the Stour River east-southeast of London. Canterbury Cathedral (11th-16th century) is the seat of the archbishop and primate of the Anglican Communion. Built on the site of an abbey founded by Saint Augustine c. 600, it was the scene of the murder of Thomas à Becket (1170). Population, 36,000.坎特伯雷：英格兰东南部一座自治市，位于伦敦东南偏东斯道尔河畔。坎特伯雷大教堂（建于11-16世纪）是英国圣公会的大主教和首席主教的住地。建在由圣奥古斯丁在公元600年建立的一个修道院的遗址上，是托马斯·贝科特被谋杀的地点（1170年）。人口36,000

爱尔兰文学（盖尔语：Litríocht Éireanneach；英语：Irish literature）是指在爱尔兰产生或爱尔兰人创作的文学作品。爱尔兰是一个无论面积还是人口规模都很小的国家，却对世界文学做出了与其国家规模极不成比例的巨大贡献。用英语写成的爱尔兰文学可以看作是英语文学的一个分支。此外，爱尔兰还存在用盖尔语以及其他古凯尔特语言写成的文学。盖尔语文学的发展主要局限在诗歌和神话传说领域。扩展资料历史：早期的口头文学有一部分由寺院里的僧侣、抄匠等写成了文字。6世纪以前，爱尔兰文用的是比较原始的峨迦姆字母；以后，采用了一种以拉丁文为基础的新字母，便利了写作，所以从6至12世纪之间，大量口头流传的故事和诗歌得以用书面的形式保存下来。其中《夺牛长征记》是一部规模巨大的史诗，它叙述了西部一省的人对厄尔斯特即北爱尔兰的入侵，目的在夺取一头棕色公牛。经过激烈战斗，厄尔斯特人终于战胜了入侵者，棕色公牛杀死了西方省的白公牛，自己也在回到本土之后倒地死去。凶猛的北方大英雄叫库丘林，许多故事的中心。参考资料来源：百度百科-爱尔兰文学参考资料来源：百度百科-爱尔兰文

旅游景点英文介绍马上就要到暑假了，不知道同学们接下来有没有和家长一起出行旅游的计划。下面我用英文为大家介绍推荐几个国内旅游的热门景点，欢迎大家阅读 收藏 。英文介绍旅游景点：长城China"s Great Wall is in the human history of civilization the greatest architectural engineering, it builds more than 2000 year ago Spring and Autumn Period Warring States times, after the Qin dynasty unifies China, connects the Great Wall. The Chinese, the bright two generations once massively constructed. Vast its project, grandness imposing manner, being possible be called world miracle. Roll on, the thing is the human must, now you when mounted in former days Great Wall"s ruins, not only could witness that meandered in the hills high mountains Great Wall grand appearance, but could also understand the Chinese nation creation history great wisdom and courage. the 1987 year in December Great Wall is included "World heritage Name list".英文介绍旅游景点：颐和园Summer Palace is one of the biggest and beautiful royal garden. It is also one of the royal heritage which is kept well. It was established in1764,and has290 hectare. During Summer, the Emperor will go there for relax, to avoid the high temperature in the Forbidden City. In the Summer Palace ,it has a Kunming lake and Longevity Hill. We can veiling a boat in the Kunming Lake, or climb the Longevity Hill to visit the Chinese temple which on the mountain. It is a nice place for us to visit and tdce rest.英文介绍旅游景点：昆仑山The Kunlun Mountain Pass is a very important onealong the Qinghai-Tibet highway at the altitude of 4 757 meters.In this area, there are many snow peaks and mountains.In June,the Spring brings green to trees,grass andflowers blossom everywhere in Golumd but at theKunlun Mountain Pass,it is snowing heavily so that it has become the unique natural scenery of Golumd.During July to August, The Kunlun Mountain Pass becomes a green and blossom place for tourists.英文介绍旅游景点：西双版纳Xishuangbanna is the southernmost prefecture of Yunnan Province. The prefecture is nicknamed "Aerial Garden" for its luxuriant and multi-layered primitive woods and tropical rain forests, which are teeming with animals and plants. Renowned as a huge natural zoo, Xishuangbanna"s rain forest and monsoon jungles provide a habitat for nearly 1000 species of animals. Within thick and boundless forests wild elephants and wild oxen ramble about, with peacocks in their pride, gibbons at play, and hornbills whispering. Thirteen species of wild life enjoy state protection, including loris, the gibbons, the red-necked cranes, the brown-neck horn-bills, and the green peacocks, which to the Dai people are a symbol of peace, happiness and good fortune and whose graceful postures can put professional dancers to shame. The region has 5,000 kinds of plants or about one-sixth of the total in China. This has earned it the renown and sobriquet "The moonstone on the Crown of the Kingdom of Plants". Among these are such fascinating ones as the "color-changing flower" whose colors change three times daily and the "dancing herb" whose leaves rotate gently. Then there is "mysterious fruit" which reverse tastes, turning sour to sweet. Species of trees that go back a million years are still propagating themselves. The "King of Tea Trees ,"which authorities say is at least 800 years old, continues to sprout, adding extraordinary splendor to the homeland of the famous Pu"er tea. In Xishuangbanna, there is a saying: "Even a single tree can make a forest and an old stalk can blossom and beat fruit ."英国著名景点三个 简单的英语介绍一、白金汉宫（Buckingham Palace）1、英文Buckingham Palace is the principal dormitory and office of the British monarch in London.Located in Westminster, the palace is one of the venues for national celebrations and royal welcoming ceremonies, as well as an important tourist attraction.Buckingham Palace is an important venue for gatherings at times of celebration or crisis in British history.Buckingham Palace is now open to visitors. Every morning, there will be a famous handover ceremony of the guards, which has become a great view of British Royal culture.2、中文白金汉宫是英国君主位于伦敦的主要寝宫及办公处。宫殿坐落在威斯敏斯特，是国家庆典和王室欢迎礼举行场地之一，也是一处重要的旅游景点。在英国历史上的欢庆或危机时刻，白金汉宫是一处重要的集会场所。现在的白金汉宫对外开放参观，每天清晨都会进行著名的禁卫军交接典礼，成为英国王室文化的一大景观。二、伊丽莎白塔（Elizabeth Tower)1、英文Elizabeth Tower, formerly known as Big Ben, is the Bell Tower of Westminster Palace, one of the world"s famous Gothic buildings, the landmark building of London.In June 2012, Britain announced the renaming of the Bell Tower of Big Ben, a famous landmark in London, as "Elizabeth Tower".2、中文伊丽莎白塔，旧称大本钟，即威斯敏斯特宫钟塔，世界上著名的哥特式建筑之一，伦敦的标志性建筑。英国国会会议厅附属的钟楼的大报时钟，2012年6月，英国宣布把伦敦著名地标“大本钟”的钟楼改名为“伊丽莎白塔”。三、圣保罗大教堂（St.Paul"s Cathedral）1、英文St. Paul"s Cathedral is the world"s famous religious shrine, the fifth Cathedral in the world, the first cathedral in Britain.and the second largest dome Cathedral in the world, ranking among the five cathedrals in the world.2、中文圣保罗大教堂是世界著名的宗教圣地，世界第五大教堂，英国第一大教堂，教堂也是世界第二大圆顶教堂，位列世界五大教堂之列。四、伦敦塔（Tower of London）1、英文The Tower of London, a landmark palace and fortress in London, England, is located on the Thames River. James I (1566-1625) was the last ruler to live in the palace.The Tower of London served as a fortress, armoury, treasury, mint, palace, astronomical observatory, refuge and prison, especially for upper-class prisoners.It was last used as a prison during the Second World War.2、中文伦敦塔，是英国伦敦一座标志性的宫殿、要塞，选址在泰晤士河。詹姆士一世（1566-1625）是将其作为宫殿居住的最后一位统治者。伦敦塔曾作为堡垒、军械库、国库、铸币厂、宫殿、天文台、避难所和监狱，特别关押上层阶级的囚犯，最后一次作为监狱使用是在第二次世界大战期间。五、威斯敏斯特大教堂（The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster）1、英文Westminster Abbey, commonly known as Westminster Abbey, is situated on the North Bank of the Thames in London.It was originally a Catholic Benedictine monastery. It was built in 960, expanded in 1045, built in 1065 and rebuilt from 1220 to 1517.Westminster Church was the Catholic Benedict Church (one of the Catholic Hermitage) until the founding of the Anglican Church in 1540. After 1540, it became an Anglican church.2、中文威斯敏斯特大教堂，通称威斯敏斯特修道院，坐落在伦敦泰晤士河北岸，原是一座天主教本笃会隐修院，始建于公元960 年，1045年进行了扩建，1065年建成，1220年至1517年进行了重建。威斯敏斯特教堂在1540年英王创建圣公会之前，它一直是天主教本笃会（天主教的隐修院修会之一）教堂。1540年之后，成为圣公会教堂。参考资料来源：百度百科——白金汉宫参考资料来源：百度百科——伊丽莎白塔参考资料来源：百度百科——圣保罗大教堂参考资料来源：百度百科——伦敦塔参考资料来源：百度百科——威斯敏斯特教堂英语介绍景点简单英文介绍旅游景点：长城 China"s Great Wall is the greatest building project in human history of civilization.中国的长城是人类文明史中最伟大的建筑工程。It was built in Spring and Autumn period ，Warring states times, two thousand years _go.长城建造于两千年前的春秋战国时代。After the Qin state unified China. The chinese people connected the Great wall of various states.秦国统一中国后，中国人把各个战国的长城连接起来。Two generations of wise people have constructed The Great Wall intensively. _ast its project. It looks like rainbow rolling forward. It was possible to be called _orld miracle.聪明的两代人曾经密集地建造长城，扩展了它的工程. 它看起来象彩虹，滚滚向前. 它有可能被称作世界奇迹。It is the must for chinese people. When you repair Great Wall"s _uins in offical _ays.You will not only could witness Great Wall"s apparance that meandered in the hills and high moutains , but could also understand the chinese nation creation history , _reat wisdom and courage of chinese people. In December 1987, Great Wall was included in ‘"World heritage Name list‘".它是中国必须付出的代价，当你在正式的场合下，在废墟中修建长城，你不仅会见证它在高山和峻岭中婉延曲折的情景， 也会了解中华民族的创造历史以及中国人的勇气和智慧，在1987年12月，长城被归录在‘"世界遗产名录"中。中国旅游景点介绍，（英语的）故宫，意为过去的皇宫，就是过去人们常说的紫禁城，位于北京市中心。故宫建成于明永乐十八年（1420年），占地72万平方米，建筑面积16万平方米，有宫殿建筑9000多间，是中国乃至世界现存最大最完整的古代宫殿建筑群。Imperial Palace, Italy for past imperial palace, was Forbidden City which the past people often said that located at Beijing town center. the Imperial Palace completed the bright Yunglo 18 years in (in 1420), occupied a land area of 720,000 square meters, the floor space 160,000 square meters, had the palace to construct more than 9000, was Chinese and even the world extant most greatly most complete ancient times palace architectural complex.

中国香港圣公会教省主教长是邝保罗大主教 名称　　： 中国香港圣公会大主教办事处 　　　　　 Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui (Anglican Church) Archbishop"s office 所属地区： 中国香港中西区 Central West Hong Kong　 会址　　： 中环下亚厘毕道1号 　　　　　 1 Lower Albert Road Central Hong Kong 通讯处　： 同上 As Above 电话　　： 25265355 传真　　： 25252537 网址　　： skh 性质　　： 宗派总会 Denominational Head Offices 负责同工： 邝保罗大主教 你有甚么问题想问？ 中国香港基督教协进会主席 薛磐基 中国香港基督教协进会总干事 曹敏敬 中国香港圣公会九龙西区主教 苏以葆

他们真的是信吗 或许不是把 或许只是一种寄托把

澳大利亚的中学教育承袭了英国的教育体制共六年，分为公立学校与私立学校。公立中学是由政府出资，对于国际学生的管理相对于私立学校比较弱势。

英国概况英格兰面积最大苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul"s cathedral在这里。威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james" hall 圣詹姆斯宫。The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革：Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教， 改革叫做“The Reformation”。伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。文艺复兴运动 The English Renaissance文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。英国内战 The Civil Wars是国王和议会间的战争，Norttingham King Charles和议会开战，国王军是Cavaliers(骑士)，议会军是Roundheads(圆颅党)，因为他们短发。查尔斯战败，克伦威尔Cromwell称王。英国内战又称清教徒革命，因为国王的反对者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。这场战争颠覆了英国的封建制度，甚至动摇了欧洲的封建制度，被认为是世界现代史的开端。王朝复辟 The Restoration克伦威尔死后，儿子Richard 继位，但是统治失败，议会选择让上代国王流放法国的儿子King Charles 二世回归。光荣革命 The Glorious Revolution奥兰治王室（William of Orange橘子？英国的名字真搞笑），用一场不流血的政变夺了王室的权，William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)权利法案，英国“光荣革命”后巩固资产阶级与封建贵族联合专政、确立君主立宪政体的宪法性文件之一。君主立宪由此开始。辉格党和托利党（Whigs and Tories）两党名称来自光荣革命，辉格党就是后来的Liberal party，托利党是Conservative party宪章运动Chartist Movement由于对改革法案《Reform Act》和新贫困法《New Poor Law》的不满，工人组织了伦敦工人联盟London Working Men"s Association，起草了人民宪章《People"s Charter》，想让议会通过但是失败，宪章运动是第一次全国性的工人运动。工会和工党 Trade Unions and Labor Party工人意识到联合的重要性，于是工会出现，Grand National Consolidated Trade Union成立，是全国的大公会，后来Trade Union Congress 开始。殖民扩张Colonial Expansion自1583年开始，英国在新大陆Newfoundland开始殖民统治，1900日不落帝国形成， “on which the sun never set”君主政体英国是君主立宪制 constitutional monarchy, 元首head of state is king or queen。Head of the commonwealth 是女王，现在是伊丽莎白二世。议会组成House of lords 上议院 house of commons 下议院 下议院最有权力政党：工党Labor Party 和Conservative Party保守党，政党的领导人是总理Tony Blair是有史以来最年轻的工党领导人，总理。枢密院 the Privy Council，是国家执行力机构，chief source of executive power in the state,可追溯到King"s Council司法特点：no single legal system, no complete code,法律的来源包括：statutes法令，大量的common law，equity law衡平法，european community law。二战后英国经济的发展50s-60s稳定发展阶段，70s经济萧条，80s经济恢复：撒切尔夫人Mrs. Thatcher当选总理，推行中期财政计划Medium-term Financial Strategy国教established chruches：在英国church of england，在苏格兰church of scotland非国教 unestablished churches：英国圣公会anglican chruches，自由教free churches，天主教roman catholic church

提供IP课程的中学都是新加坡最好的中学，故不在排名中，目前提供IP课程的中学：Anglo-Chinese School (Independent)（ACS Independent）——英华中学（自主）Anglo-Chinese School (International) (ACS International) ——英华国际学校（这个其实不应该算）Dunman High School（DHS）——德明政府中学Hwa Chong Institution (High School)（HCI）——华侨中学Nanyang Girls" High School(NYGH)——南阳女校NUS High School of Mathematics and Science (NUS High) ——国大附中Raffles Institution(RI)——来福（佛）士书院Raffles Girls" School（RGS）——来福（佛）士女校River Valley High School——立化中学（初中部）（该资料来源于MOE官网 http://app.sis.moe.gov.sg/schinfo/ipProg.asp ）按照每个中学的O Level Average L1R5，可以对新加坡中学做出分级(banding) （该资料来自于MOE官方网站2009年的Press Release： http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/2010/09/masterplan-of-awards-2010.php http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/files/2010/moa-annex-e1.pdf ） Band 1: Average L1B5 < 11; Band 2: Average L1B5 = 11; Band 3: Average L1B5 = 12;Band1：Anderson Secondary School（ASS）——安德逊中学Anglican High School（AHS）——圣公会中学Catholic High School （CHS）——公教中学Cedar Girls" Secondary School（Cedar）——四德女中Cresent Grils" School（CGS）——克信女中CHIJ St. Nicholas Girls" School（SNGS）——圣尼各拉女中Methodist Girl"s School (Secondary) (MGS)——美依美女中Nan Chiau High School (NCHS) ——南侨中学Nan Hua High School（NHHS）—— 南华中学Singapore Chinese Girls" School (SCGS) —— 新加坡女子中学St. Joseph"s Institution (SJI) —— 圣尤瑟夫学院Victoria School（VS）——维多利亚中学Band2：Bukit Panjang Government High School(BPGHS) ——武吉班让政府中学Tanjong Katong Girls" School (TKGS) ——丹戎加东女中Tanjong Katong Secondary School (TKSS) ——丹戎加东中学Xinmin Secondary School (XMS) ——新民中学Zhonghua Secondary School (ZHSS)——中华中学Band3：CHIJ Secondary (Toa Payoh) ——圣婴中学（大巴窑）Chung Cheng High School (Main) ——中正中学（总校）Commonwealth Secondary School (CSS) ——立才中学Maris Stella High School(MSHS)——海星中学Temasek Secondary School (TMS) ——淡马锡中学你说的Fuhua Secondary School属于band 4详细资料参考我的空间日志：http://hi.baidu.com/zhuliang123/blog/item/4423a4dec060785fcdbf1a70.html

英国著名景点三个 简单的英语介绍一、白金汉宫（Buckingham Palace）1、英文Buckingham Palace is the principal dormitory and office of the British monarch in London.Located in Westminster, the palace is one of the venues for national celebrations and royal welcoming ceremonies, as well as an important tourist attraction.Buckingham Palace is an important venue for gatherings at times of celebration or crisis in British history.Buckingham Palace is now open to visitors. Every morning, there will be a famous handover ceremony of the guards, which has become a great view of British Royal culture.2、中文白金汉宫是英国君主位于伦敦的主要寝宫及办公处。宫殿坐落在威斯敏斯特，是国家庆典和王室欢迎礼举行场地之一，也是一处重要的旅游景点。在英国历史上的欢庆或危机时刻，白金汉宫是一处重要的集会场所。现在的白金汉宫对外开放参观，每天清晨都会进行著名的禁卫军交接典礼，成为英国王室文化的一大景观。二、伊丽莎白塔（Elizabeth Tower)1、英文Elizabeth Tower, formerly known as Big Ben, is the Bell Tower of Westminster Palace, one of the world"s famous Gothic buildings, the landmark building of London.In June 2012, Britain announced the renaming of the Bell Tower of Big Ben, a famous landmark in London, as "Elizabeth Tower".2、中文伊丽莎白塔，旧称大本钟，即威斯敏斯特宫钟塔，世界上著名的哥特式建筑之一，伦敦的标志性建筑。英国国会会议厅附属的钟楼的大报时钟，2012年6月，英国宣布把伦敦著名地标“大本钟”的钟楼改名为“伊丽莎白塔”。三、圣保罗大教堂（St.Paul"s Cathedral）1、英文St. Paul"s Cathedral is the world"s famous religious shrine, the fifth Cathedral in the world, the first cathedral in Britain.and the second largest dome Cathedral in the world, ranking among the five cathedrals in the world.2、中文圣保罗大教堂是世界著名的宗教圣地，世界第五大教堂，英国第一大教堂，教堂也是世界第二大圆顶教堂，位列世界五大教堂之列。四、伦敦塔（Tower of London）1、英文The Tower of London, a landmark palace and fortress in London, England, is located on the Thames River. James I (1566-1625) was the last ruler to live in the palace.The Tower of London served as a fortress, armoury, treasury, mint, palace, astronomical observatory, refuge and prison, especially for upper-class prisoners.It was last used as a prison during the Second World War.2、中文伦敦塔，是英国伦敦一座标志性的宫殿、要塞，选址在泰晤士河。詹姆士一世（1566-1625）是将其作为宫殿居住的最后一位统治者。伦敦塔曾作为堡垒、军械库、国库、铸币厂、宫殿、天文台、避难所和监狱，特别关押上层阶级的囚犯，最后一次作为监狱使用是在第二次世界大战期间。五、威斯敏斯特大教堂（The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster）1、英文Westminster Abbey, commonly known as Westminster Abbey, is situated on the North Bank of the Thames in London.It was originally a Catholic Benedictine monastery. It was built in 960, expanded in 1045, built in 1065 and rebuilt from 1220 to 1517.Westminster Church was the Catholic Benedict Church (one of the Catholic Hermitage) until the founding of the Anglican Church in 1540. After 1540, it became an Anglican church.2、中文威斯敏斯特大教堂，通称威斯敏斯特修道院，坐落在伦敦泰晤士河北岸，原是一座天主教本笃会隐修院，始建于公元960 年，1045年进行了扩建，1065年建成，1220年至1517年进行了重建。威斯敏斯特教堂在1540年英王创建圣公会之前，它一直是天主教本笃会（天主教的隐修院修会之一）教堂。1540年之后，成为圣公会教堂。参考资料来源：百度百科——白金汉宫参考资料来源：百度百科——伊丽莎白塔参考资料来源：百度百科——圣保罗大教堂参考资料来源：百度百科——伦敦塔参考资料来源：百度百科——威斯敏斯特教堂英国著名景点、英文介绍、中文翻译~1，爱丁堡城堡Edinburgh castle is a symbol of the spirit of Edinburgh and even Scotland.（爱丁堡城堡是爱丁堡甚至于苏格兰精神的象征。）Perched on top of dead volcanic rock, it overlooks downtown Edinburgh.（耸立在死火山岩顶上，居高俯视爱丁堡市区。）The annual march-past of the military band is held here in August.（每年八月在此举办军乐队分列式。）2，荷里路德宫The palace of holyrood, formerly holyrood Abbey.（荷里路德宫，前身为荷里路德修道院。）It was later used as the royal residence, also known as the palace of the holy cross, at the end of the royal mile road.（后被用于皇室住所，又名圣十字架宫，位于皇家哩大道的尽头。）It has been the main residence of Scottish Kings and queens since the 16th century.（自16世纪以来一直是苏格兰国王和女王的主要居所。）It is the setting of state occasions and official entertainment places.（是国家场合和官方娱乐场所的设置。）3，格林威治公园Greenwich park includes the old royal observatory, the museum of navigation and Greenwich pier.（格林威治公园包含旧皇家天文台、航海博物馆、格林威治码头在内的整片区域。）Maritime Greenwich.（以“maritime greenwich”主题。）It was listed as a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1997.（在1997年时被联合国科教文组织列为世界珍贵遗产。）4，圣玛利教堂St. Mary"s church is located opposite king"s college.（圣玛利教堂位于国王学院对面的圣玛利教堂。）Until the 18th century, it was the place where Cambridge university degrees were awarded, and then it became Senate House.（在18世纪以前是剑桥大学授予毕业生学位的场所，后来才改到现今的Senate House。）5，千禧巨蛋The millennium dome"s striking white dome is matched by steel pillars around it.（千禧巨蛋醒目的白色圆顶，搭配着四周的钢骨支柱。）The millennium dome, on the Banks of the Thames, was once hailed as Britain"s most successful paid tourist attraction.（坐落在泰晤士河畔的“千禧巨蛋”曾被誉为英国最成功的收费观光景点。）It was also the climax of the year 2000 celebration in the UK.（也曾是英国“庆祝2000年”活动最高潮的地点。）But the millennium dome has been controversial from construction to completion.（但“千禧巨蛋”从兴建到落成一直争议不断。）参考资料来源：百度百科-千禧巨蛋参考资料来源：百度百科-圣玛利教堂参考资料来源：百度百科-格林威治公园参考资料来源：百度百科-荷里路德宫参考资料来源：百度百科-爱丁堡城堡英文介绍英国著名景点，最好有中文翻译，谢谢英国著名景点中英文：1.爱丁堡爱丁堡（Edinburgh）是英国著名的文化古城、苏格兰首府，位于苏格兰中部低地的福斯湾的南岸。面积260km_。1329年建市，1437-1707年为苏格兰王国首都。造纸和印刷出版业历史悠久，造船、化工、核能、电子、电缆、玻璃和食品等工业也重要。随着北海油田的开发，又建立一系列相关工业与服务业。重要的运输枢纽，航空港。自15世纪以来爱丁堡就被当做苏格兰首府，但在1603年和1707年政治力量多次南移到伦敦。1999年苏格兰议会的自治权利才得以确立。苏格兰国家博物馆、苏格兰国家图书馆和苏格兰国家画廊等重要文化机构也位于爱丁堡。在经济上，现在的爱丁堡主要依靠金融业，是伦敦以外英国最大的金融中心。爱丁堡有着悠久的历史，许多历史建筑亦完好保存下来。爱丁堡城堡、荷里路德宫、圣吉尔斯大教堂等名胜都位于此地。爱丁堡的旧城和新城一起被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产。2004年爱丁堡成为世界第一座文学之城。爱丁堡的教育也很发达，英国最古老的大学之一爱丁堡大学就坐落于此，现在还是世界顶尖名校。全球权威世界大学排名QS2015年把爱丁堡大学排名世界17位，位列苏格兰地区第一名。加上爱丁堡国际艺术节等文化活动，爱丁堡成为了_1]_仅次于伦敦的第二大旅游城市。翻译：Edinburgh (Edinburgh) is a famous British cultural city and capital of Scotland, located on the southern shore of the FOS Bay in the lowlands of central Scotland. The area is 260km. It was built in 1329 and the capital of the kingdom of Scotland in 1437-1707 years. Papermaking and printing industry have a long history. Shipbuilding, chemical industry, nuclear power, electronics, cables, glass and food industries are also important. With the development of Beihai oilfield, a series of related industries and services have been established. Important transport hub, airport.Edinburgh has been regarded as the capital of Scotland since fifteenth Century, but in 1603 and 1707, political forces moved south to London several times. In 1999, the autonomy of the Scotland Parliament was established. Scotland, National Museum, Scotland National Library and Scotland National Gallery are also important cultural institutions in Edinburgh. Economically, Edinburgh now relies heavily on finance, the largest financial centre outside London.Edinburgh has a long history and many historical buildings are well preserved. Edinburgh Castle, Hollywood palace, St. Giles"s Cathedral and other places of interest are located here. Edinburgh"s old city and new town are listed as UNESCO World Heritage sites. In 2004, Edinburgh became the first city of literature in the world. Education in Edinburgh is also well developed. University of Edinburgh, one of the oldest universities in the UK, is now located in the world"s leading schools. The world authoritative World University ranked QS2015 in, ranking 17 in the world, ranking first in Scotland. With the Edinburgh International Arts Festival and other cultural activities, Edinburgh has become the second largest tourist city after London.2.伦敦塔伦敦塔（Tower of London），是英国伦敦一座标志性的宫殿、要塞，选址在泰晤士河。詹姆士一世（1566-1625）是将其作为宫殿居住的最后一位统治者。伦敦塔曾作为堡垒、军械库、国库、铸币厂、宫殿、天文台、避难所和监狱，特别关押上层阶级的囚犯，最后一次作为监狱使用是在第二次世界大战期间。1988年被列为世界文化遗产。翻译：Tower of London (Tower of London) is a landmark palace and fortress in London, England, and is located in Thames River.James Thi (1566-1625) regarded it as the last ruler of the palace.Tower of London was a fortress, an armory, a treasury, a mint, a palace, a Observatory, a refuge and a prison, especially a prisoner of the upper class. The last time he was used as a prison was during the Second World War.In 1988, it was listed as the world cultural heritage.3.剑桥大学剑桥位于伦敦北面50里以外的剑桥郡。剑桥郡本身是一个拥有大约10万居民的英格兰小镇。这个小镇有一条河流穿过，称为“剑河”（River Cam 又译“康河”）。剑河是一条南北走向、曲折前行的小河，剑河上架设着许多桥梁，其中以数学桥、格蕾桥和叹息桥最为著名，剑桥之名由此而来。剑桥大学本身没有一个指定的校园，没有围墙，也没有校牌。绝大多数的学院、研究所、图书馆和实验室都建在剑桥镇的剑河两岸，以及镇内的不同地点。剑桥的公路和铁路都十分健全，到伦敦主要机场也很近。翻译：Cambridge is located in the county of Cambridge, 50 miles north of London. Cambridge County itself is a small town of England with about 100 thousand inhabitants. There is a river across the town called River, which is called "Jianhe River(translated by River Cam). Jianhe is a north-south direction, twists and turns of the river, Jianhe set up a number of bridges, which are the most famous mathematical bridge, green bridge and sigh bridge, the name of Cambridge come from this. University of Cambridge itself does not have a designated campus, no walls, no school cards. The vast majority of colleges, research institutes, libraries and laboratories are built on both sides of the town of Jianhe and in different locations in the town. The roads and railways in Cambridge are very sound and are very close to the main airports in London.旅游景点英文介绍马上就要到暑假了，不知道同学们接下来有没有和家长一起出行旅游的计划。下面我用英文为大家介绍推荐几个国内旅游的热门景点，欢迎大家阅读 收藏 。英文介绍旅游景点：长城China"s Great Wall is in the human history of civilization the greatest architectural engineering, it builds more than 2000 year ago Spring and Autumn Period Warring States times, after the Qin dynasty unifies China, connects the Great Wall. The Chinese, the bright two generations once massively constructed. Vast its project, grandness imposing manner, being possible be called world miracle. Roll on, the thing is the human must, now you when mounted in former days Great Wall"s ruins, not only could witness that meandered in the hills high mountains Great Wall grand appearance, but could also understand the Chinese nation creation history great wisdom and courage. the 1987 year in December Great Wall is included "World heritage Name li