英语单词构词法

弃权，戒除

abstain ab.stain[əb`stєn; əbˋstєin]不及物动词1 抑制,节制,戒 [酒等] [from](→ refrain)Athletes usually ~ from smoking [alcohol].运动员通常戒烟 [戒酒]~ from food禁食2 放弃 [投票] [from]~ from voting放弃投票

[əb"sten]

放弃: 1. to renounce2. to abandon3. to give upRelative explainations:Examples:1. 他们已经放弃了一切希望。 They had abandoned all hope.2. 他绝望之下放弃了尝试。 He gave up the attempt in despair.3. 试了几次后，他们决定放弃。 After a few tries they decided to give up.4. 牧师劝他放弃坏习惯。 The priest persuaded him to give up his bad habit.5. 她放弃职业结婚以后有一种失落感。 She experienced a loss of identity after giving up her career to get married.6. 根据专家们的意见，他们马上放弃了这项试验。 According to expert opinions, they gave up the experiment immediately.7. 他不会放弃任何机会以获得一份好工作。 He will in no wise give up any chances to get a better job.8. 我们全都是为了他才放弃这个计划的。 It was all because of him that we gave up the plan.幸福 : 1. happiness2. blessed3. happyRelative explainations:Examples:1. 我祝你有非常幸福的未来。 I wish you a very happy future.2. 金钱买不来幸福。 Money can"t buy happiness.3. 他的婚姻生活很幸福。 His marriage is full of happiness.4. 中国老百姓现在过着幸福的生活。 Populace in China live a very happy life now.5. 我现在需要的是一个幸福家庭所给予的安全感。 What I need now is the security of a happy home.6. 幸福和财富不能混为一谈。 One can not identify happiness with wealth.7. 人生幸福易逝。 Human happiness is so fragile.8. 她把幸福和有钱联想到一起。 She associated happiness with having money.

abandon

可以试试爱词霸网站，里面有一个词根词缀

give up

四六级较难单词，用谐音法，串记法，词根词缀法，溯源法，野生法各种法记忆。✅attain /ə"teɪn/ v.获得，实现tain词根是拿的意思，双写表示加强。多次去拿才获得，实现目标✅abstain /əb"steɪn/ v.戒除，弃权abs(相反，否定)+ stain(污点)→有污点的反义词就是戒除污点❗️一句话：我弃权abstain了，因为你戒绝abstain了烟酒，所以你获得attain了国民老公的美誉✅adapt/ə"dæpt/ v. 适应，改编adopt/ə"dɒpt/ v.采纳，收养adept/ə"dept/ a/n.熟练的，内行✅angel/"eɪndʒəl/ n.天使angel/"æŋgl/ n.角度❗️一句话： angel(从后往前读，是leg，是个人)天使， angle(没有脚的)角度✅abroad/ə"brɔ:d/ adv.在国外，出国aboard/ə"bɔ:d/ adv/prep. 在车上，上车❗️一句话： 有路road才能到国外abroad，车、船、飞机aboard才有甲板board✅accent/"æksənt/ n/v.口音，强调“爱可深的”！每个人对自己家乡的口音accent的爱都是深沉✅assent/ə"sent/ v/n.同意当as我把东西给send你的时候，我就是同意assent了你✅ascent/ə"sent/ n.上升，登高一种a气味scent在上升ascent❗️一句话：他操着一口带有口音accent的普通话强调accent，他同意assent你登高ascent

abstain from英[əbˈstein frɔm]美[æbˈsten frʌm]v.戒，避免，弃权; 禁忌网络戒除; 弃权; 放弃,弃权双语例句 Monks must abstain from killing living things. Therefore, monks are vegan. Technically. There is a loophole.僧侣戒杀生，所以僧人是素食主义者。但从严格意义上讲，这里存在着一个漏洞。

东盟已决定邀请缅甸参加排名，在Rangoon摆脱西方的军事政权的谴责。星期五，美国核潜艇致使一艘日本渔船沉没，在几分钟内。格林维尔号正在进行紧急事故演习，当碰撞发生时，珍珠港南部约十英里。

1. disdain，dis表示否定，词根dain等于dign,表尊贵。引申词义鄙视、蔑视。2. distain，dis表示分散、散开，stain污点、污渍。引申词义弄脏，使变色。3. retain，re往回，tain拿住。即拿回来，引申词义保留。4. abstain，abs离开、松开，tain拿住、握住。引申词义弃权、戒除。

1、abstainvi.from+sth戒除；弃权；有意回避；戒，避免，避开abstention；n. 戒除abstinence；n. 节制，禁欲abstainer；n.节制者；戒酒者abstinent；adj. 节制的，禁欲的例句：In this age of AIDS．it"s wise to abstain from unprotected sex.（在这个艾滋病盛行的年代，最好避免无保护措施的性行为）2、attainmentn.达到；获得；（pl．）学识，才能attain v.达到；到达attainable adj.可达到的例句：His attainment of a Pulitzer Prize gave him a sense of satisfaction.（获得普利策奖使他感到满足）3、countenancevt.儿支持，赞间；鼓励n.面容，脸色；支持例句：Our teacher does not countenance tardiness in the classroom.（我们老师不允许上课迟到）4、malcontentadj.不平的，不满的；反抗的n.不满者；反抗者例句：Don"l take his comments seriously; he"s just an old malcontent.（不要太在意他的批评，他只不过是个心怀不满的老人。）5.pertainvi. to+sth从属，附属；有关；适合，符合perlinent；adj.有关的；适当的pertinence；n.恰当，适当pertinentiy；adv.适当地例句：He wrote a report on current copyright law as it pertains to email．（他写了一份有关当前版权法的报告，主要涉及与电子邮件相关的内容。）

把相关的单词放到一起记忆词根是单词的分开记忆希望能帮到你，如有疑问，可继续追问

1.“abandon”是一个及物动词，必须跟宾语，且原意是“抛弃，丢弃”；用“abstain”也应该是“abstained”，“abstaining”不符合语法；2.可用“make the best use of”或者“make the most of”；3.“participate”过于正式，用“took part in”足矣；4.用“adapted quickly to”可以；5.“consult their parents or teachers”比较好，如果用“ask advice”后面应该跟介词“about something”，而“consult on”是一个现成搭配。6.“always catch up with the latest developments in his field”。那个“半妖犬”的回答我就不评论了，绝对是机器翻译，根本不符合语法；“throughout”是一个介词，不要当动词用。7.“hurrily took down”。“in a hurry”固然可以，但一般都放在句末，而此句填空在句中。8.“is meaningless”。不要忘了谓语动词。

abstain

达（たち）taqi 死党、好友的意思 日剧里面常出现的

自制有多种理解自制 ：zì zhì 1.自行制订;自己制造。 2.克制自己。 3控制自己错误行为如果是自己制造的话,是homemade,如果是自己控制,比如自制力,克制自己的话,有很多<contain oneself> <self-restraint> <self-mastery> <constrain oneself> <self-government> <self-control> <self-command> <selfcontrol> <possession> <abstinency> <forbearance> <abstain> <continence> <restrain oneself> <abnegation> <abstemiousness> 常用的是 self-control

def vote(stra): yesstr=["yes","y"] nostr=["no","n"] abstainedstr=["abstained","a"] count=0 yescount=0 stra=stra.replace(","," ") for i in stra.split(): lowerstr=i.lower() if lowerstr in yesstr: yescount+=1 count+=1 elif lowerstr in nostr: count+=1 if yescount==count: return "proposal passes unanimously" if yescount*1.0/count>=2.0/3.0: return "proposal passes with super majority" if yescount*1.0/count>=0.5: return "proposal passes with simple majority" return "proposal fails"if __name__=="__main__": stra=raw_input("Enter the yes,no,abstained votes one by one and the press enter: ") print vote(stra)

翻译如下：戒网瘾Cutting off internet addiction例句：戒网瘾对这些孩子们来说是个漫长、痛苦的过程。Cutting off internet addiction was a long and painful process for thechildren.

hold是纯英语，日耳曼语语源。-tain来自拉丁语teneo（i hold），完成分词tentum（having been held），所以tent、tain均由拉丁语hold而来

gain 收获strain 扭伤train 火车

5个tain后缀的单词： abstain v. 自动戒绝，抑制； appertain vi. 附属,关系,适合； ascertain vt.查明，确定，弄清； attain vt.达到，获得，完成； Britain n.英国，不列颠。 扩展资料 　　后缀是决定一个词的词性的重要标记。掌握词性是掌握英语基本规律，扩大单词量的重要手段。 　　常见后缀： 　　⑴ 具有某种职业或动作的人 　　1）-an,-ian,表示"……地方的人，精通……的人”American,historian, 　　2）-al，表示"具有……职务的`人" principal, 　　3）-ant,-ent，表示"……者” merchant,agent,servant,student, 　　4）-ar，表示"……的人” scholar,liar,pedlar 　　5）-ard,-art，表示"做……的人”coward,laggard,braggart（夸张者） 　　6）-arian，表示"……派别的人， ……主义的人”humanitarian,vegetarian 　　7）-ary，表示"从事……的人" secretary,missionary 　　8）-ate，表示"具有……职责的人" candidate,graduate 　　9）-ator，表示"做……的人" educator,speculator（投机者） 　　10）-crat，表示"某种政体，主义的支持者" democrat,bureaucrat 　　11）-ee，表示"动作承受者" employee,examinee 　　12）-eer，表示"从事于……人" engineer,volunteer 　　13）-er，表示"从事某种职业的人，某地区，地方的人" banker,observer,Londoner,villager 　　14）-ese，表示" ……国人，…..地方的人”Japanese,Cantonese 　　15）-ess，表示"阴性人称名词， actress,hostess,manageress 　　16）-eur，表示"……家” amateur,littérateur 　　17）-ian，表示"……地方人，信仰…….教的人，从事……职业的人”Christian,physician（内科医生），musician 　　18）-ician，表示"精通者， ……家，”electrician,magician,technician 　　19）-icist，表示"……家， …….者，…….能手”physicist,phoneticist,technicist 　　20）-ic，表示"……者，……师" mechanic,critic 　　21）-ie，表示"爱，指小" dearie,auntie,lassie（小姑娘） 　　22）-ier，表示"从事……职业” cavalier,clothier,brazier（黄铜匠） 　　23）-ine,ina，表示"阴性人称" heroine,ballerina 　　24）-ist，表示"从事……研究者，信仰……主义者" pianist,communist,dentist,artist,chemist 　　25）-ive，表示"动作者，行为者” native,captive 　　26）-logist，表示"……学家，研究者" biologist,geologist(地质学家) 　　27）-or，表示"……者" author,doctor,operator, 　　28）-ster，表示"做…….事情的人”youngster,gamester（赌徒），songster 　　29）-yer，表示" 从事……职业者” lawyer

quit,stop,prevent,give up,keep off...

在文库里有，模拟联合国标准用语，一搜就行

give up

Abstain the ticket

abandon /give up + smoking

This motion clearly pass.

否定前缀un- unhappy uncomfortable unsuitable unfair unlike unfitdis- dislike disable disabled discover disappear disadvantageim- impossible impatientin- informal incorrect independent incompletenon- nonstop nonsmokermis- misunderstand misread misleadil- illegal illogicalir- irregular irresponsible重复re- recycle rewrite reuse表示人物-ist artist scientist pianist physicsist-or visitor actor conductor translator-er writer worker teacher farmer player-ian musician Asian historian Eurpopean-ese Chinese Japanese -ess hostess actress waitress名词-ion election collection translation pronunciation-ment achievement statement argument-ship friendship relationship -th growth warmth truth-ism socilism tourism optimism pessimism-dom freedom kingdom wisdom-al arrival survival removal-ing feeling thinking shopping building suffering-sion decision division persuasion inclusion conclusion-ance governance assistance-ence difference confidence absence形容词-al national natural cultural international traditional-an American Asian European-ful careful hopeful colorful beautiful helpful wonderful forgetful-ing exciting interesting disturbing annoying puzzling astonishing-ed excited interested disturbed annoyed puzzled astonished-y sunny rainy windy stormy cloudy snowy -less hopeless homeless selfless careless -ish childish foolish oldish-ive active creative productive attractive conductive attentive effective expensive-able comfortable suitable acceptable valuable eatable reliable unforgettable-ious curious anxious serious dangerous various famous conscious动词-fy beautify electrify simplify clarify satisfy-ize(se)organize realize appologize sympathize exercise-en widen strengthen lengthen deepen darkenen- enrich enable endanger副词-ly happily simply slowly

throw overboard都有抛弃的意思

放弃英语新词汇与常用词汇的翻译(1) ... abandon oneself to 沉溺于 abandon 放弃 abandoned 被抛弃的 ...呼叫中途挂机, 未接通暂停 Call abandonabandon the old for the new 喜新厌旧abandon recklessly 轻率地放弃abandon shamelessly 无耻地抛弃 ...弃欲佛教电子英文术语 ...abandon again 复还弃舍abandon desire 弃欲, 离欲abandon discriminations and return to one"s original nature 去情显性 ...近义词:desert . forsake . quit . 反义词:reclaim .

abstain 英[əbˈsteɪn] 美[æbˈsten, əb-] vi. 弃权; 避免; 戒（尤指酒），戒除; 全部释义>>[例句]That calculus underlies moscow"s decision to abstain at the un security council last week when it might have been expected to use its veto.上周在联合国安理会，当人们以为俄罗斯会行使否决权时，它却作出了弃权的决定，正是因为有着上述盘算。望采纳！谢谢 ~

avoid

avoid

歌曲名:i abstain歌手:Converge专辑:caring and killingBelow my solitude I abstain.Above my bitterness I grace the lie.Sinking alone I severed the chord, drifting into the wide. It lies below this tragedy, this suffering.Life"s blood flows out of me.The deeper I sink the more life flows out of me.Drifting towards the light I see torn from my home to be.Hook clawing at my flesh guiding me through my journey.Drowning in a see of rusting faith.Killing your dreams with bleeding mistakes.A part of her dies too.http://music.baidu.com/song/14088060

Stop drinking, love戒情,戒爱

The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty, was signed on October 2, 1997, and entered into force on May 1, 1999; it made substantial changes to the Treaty on European Union, which had been signed at Maastricht in 1992.The Amsterdam Treaty meant a greater emphasis on citizenship and the rights of individuals, more democracy in the shape of increased powers for the European Parliament, a new title on employment, a Community area of freedom, security and justice, the beginnings of a common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and the reform of the institutions in the run-up to enlargement.ContentsAmsterdam comprises 13 Protocols, 51 Declarations adopted by the Conference and 8 Declarations by Member States plus amendments to the existing Treaties set out in 15 Articles. Article 1 (containing 16 paragraphs) amends the general provisions of the Treaty on European Union and covers the CFSP and cooperation in criminal and police matters. The next four Articles (70 paragraphs) amend the EC Treaty, the European Coal and Steel Community Treaty (which expired in 2002), the Euratom Treaty and the Act concerning the election of the European Parliament. The final provisions contain four Articles. The new Treaty also set out to simplify the Community Treaties, deleting more than 56 obsolete articles and renumbering the rest in order to make the whole more legible. By way of example, Article 189b on the codecision procedure became Article 251.Main amendmentsFour key chapters were affected: citizenship and fundamental rights, the establishment of an area of freedom, security and justice, the CFSP and the reform of the institutions.The Treaty opened the way for dialogue between the EU and its citizens by safeguarding fundamental rights (for the first time Member States failing to respect such rights may face penalties), tackling discrimination of all kinds, providing for equal opportunities for men and women, focusing on social issues and assets such as voluntary work, sport, public-service television broadcasting, disability, churches and non-confessional organisations, public credit institutions operating in certain countries and a rejection of the death penalty. But the Treaty also dealt with the major issues facing our society such as employment, the environment, public health and open government.The most pressing concerns of ordinary Europeans, such as their legal and personal security, immigration and fraud prevention, were all dealt with in other chapters of the Treaty. In particular, the EU will now be able to legislate on immigration, civil law or civil procedure, insofar as this is necessary for the free movement of persons within the EU. At the same time, intergovernmental cooperation was intensified in the police and criminal justice field so that Member States will be able to coordinate their activities more effectively. The Union aims to establish an area of freedom, security and justice for its citizens. The Schengen Agreements have now been incorporated into the legal system of the EU. (Ireland and the UK remained outside the Schengen agreement, see Common Travel Area for details)The Treaty lays down new principles and responsibilities in the field of the common foreign and security policy, with the emphasis on projecting the EU"s values to the outside world, protecting its interests and reforming its modes of action. The European Council will lay down common strategies, which will then be put into effect by the Council acting by a qualified majority, subject to certain conditions. In other cases, some States may choose to abstain constructively, i.e. without actually preventing decisions being taken.The treaty introduced a High Representative for EU Foreign Policy who, together with the Presidents of the Council and the European Commission, puts a name and a face on EU policy in the outside world. Although the Amsterdam Treaty did not provide for a common defence, it did increase the EU"s responsibilities for peacekeeping and humanitarian work, in particular by forging closer links with Western European Union.As for the institutions, there were two major reforms concerning the codecision procedure (the legislative procedure involving the European Parliament and the Council), affecting its scope - most legislation was adopted by the codecision procedure - and its detailed procedures, with Parliament playing a much stronger role. The President of the Commission will also have to earn the personal trust of Parliament, which will give him the authority to lay down the Commission"s policy guidelines and play an active part in choosing the Members of the Commission by deciding on their appointment by common accord with the national governments. These provisions make the Commission more politically accountable, particularly vis-à-vis the European Parliament. Finally, the new Treaty opens the door, under very strict conditions, to closer cooperation between Member States which so wish. Closer cooperation may be established, on a proposal from the Commission, in cases where it is not possible to take joint action, provided that such steps do not undermine the coherence of the EU or the rights and equality of its citizens.

同义词 forsake反义词 maintain请参考。

The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty, was signed on October 2, 1997, and entered into force on May 1, 1999; it made substantial changes to the Treaty on European Union, which had been signed at Maastricht in 1992.The Amsterdam Treaty meant a greater emphasis on citizenship and the rights of individuals, more democracy in the shape of increased powers for the European Parliament, a new title on employment, a Community area of freedom, security and justice, the beginnings of a common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and the reform of the institutions in the run-up to enlargement.ContentsAmsterdam comprises 13 Protocols, 51 Declarations adopted by the Conference and 8 Declarations by Member States plus amendments to the existing Treaties set out in 15 Articles. Article 1 (containing 16 paragraphs) amends the general provisions of the Treaty on European Union and covers the CFSP and cooperation in criminal and police matters. The next four Articles (70 paragraphs) amend the EC Treaty, the European Coal and Steel Community Treaty (which expired in 2002), the Euratom Treaty and the Act concerning the election of the European Parliament. The final provisions contain four Articles. The new Treaty also set out to simplify the Community Treaties, deleting more than 56 obsolete articles and renumbering the rest in order to make the whole more legible. By way of example, Article 189b on the codecision procedure became Article 251.Main amendmentsFour key chapters were affected: citizenship and fundamental rights, the establishment of an area of freedom, security and justice, the CFSP and the reform of the institutions.The Treaty opened the way for dialogue between the EU and its citizens by safeguarding fundamental rights (for the first time Member States failing to respect such rights may face penalties), tackling discrimination of all kinds, providing for equal opportunities for men and women, focusing on social issues and assets such as voluntary work, sport, public-service television broadcasting, disability, churches and non-confessional organisations, public credit institutions operating in certain countries and a rejection of the death penalty. But the Treaty also dealt with the major issues facing our society such as employment, the environment, public health and open government.The most pressing concerns of ordinary Europeans, such as their legal and personal security, immigration and fraud prevention, were all dealt with in other chapters of the Treaty. In particular, the EU will now be able to legislate on immigration, civil law or civil procedure, insofar as this is necessary for the free movement of persons within the EU. At the same time, intergovernmental cooperation was intensified in the police and criminal justice field so that Member States will be able to coordinate their activities more effectively. The Union aims to establish an area of freedom, security and justice for its citizens. The Schengen Agreements have now been incorporated into the legal system of the EU. (Ireland and the UK remained outside the Schengen agreement, see Common Travel Area for details)The Treaty lays down new principles and responsibilities in the field of the common foreign and security policy, with the emphasis on projecting the EU"s values to the outside world, protecting its interests and reforming its modes of action. The European Council will lay down common strategies, which will then be put into effect by the Council acting by a qualified majority, subject to certain conditions. In other cases, some States may choose to abstain "constructively", i.e. without actually preventing decisions being taken.The treaty introduced a High Representative for EU Foreign Policy who, together with the Presidents of the Council and the European Commission, puts a "name and a face" on EU policy in the outside world. Although the Amsterdam Treaty did not provide for a common defence, it did increase the EU"s responsibilities for peacekeeping and humanitarian work, in particular by forging closer links with Western European Union.As for the institutions, there were two major reforms concerning the codecision procedure (the legislative procedure involving the European Parliament and the Council), affecting its scope - most legislation was adopted by the codecision procedure - and its detailed procedures, with Parliament playing a much stronger role. The President of the Commission will also have to earn the personal trust of Parliament, which will give him the authority to lay down the Commission"s policy guidelines and play an active part in choosing the Members of the Commission by deciding on their appointment by common accord with the national governments. These provisions make the Commission more politically accountable, particularly vis-à-vis the European Parliament. Finally, the new Treaty opens the door, under very strict conditions, to closer cooperation between Member States which so wish. Closer cooperation may be established, on a proposal from the Commission, in cases where it is not possible to take joint action, provided that such steps do not undermine the coherence of the EU or the rights and equality of its citizens.

debilitate缺陷易于隐蔽的恢复反向模拟退行性显性几乎1。这些严重的并发症是特别容易发展很年轻,营养不良的孩子或解释。2。伤寒(伤寒)开始发烧有过失,其特征是发热、头痛、便秘、倦怠、发热和肌痛。3。在1998年福克斯宣布他被诊断出患有帕金森症(一种异常的解释中枢神经系统。4。化疗是用来治疗…不合格产品的所有情形Wilms的肿瘤。5。所有这些因素增加一个人的冠状动脉thombosis效率。6。被削弱的葡萄糖耐受是目前在50%到70%的人用肢端肥大症、糖尿病发展…在小数量的这些。7。裸鼠,因为遗传国,没有胸腺细胞并不能确定基本为各种各样的免疫反应。以。龋齿治疗的发展,牙科提取了历史上从外科…。9。有一些酶特异性,将接受更广泛的几种不同的解释一个特定的基质(底物)。10。 日常咖啡消费量的进步可以帮助延缓阿兹海默症或…条件,根据一项研究在周日杂志在线版的阿尔茨海默病。

vegetarian

I"m out.Good luck to you

这是我找的英语学习法，很详细吧这是第一部分 阅读理解方法阅读理解是综合读者各方面知识的过程。要想快捷，准确的理解所阅读的语篇，我们要清具备什么样的能力，理解的过程，阅读的层次，阅读的目的，阅读技能等。学会阅读意味着我们具备以下的能力:理解作者的思想和观点。看出文章的叙事或推论过程。看出并思考所读文章的细节，获的详细的信息。把已获得的信息保在大脑中以便随时使用。看出作者的主要意图和文章的基调。从有关资料中汲取有用的东西。对非重要情节或信息一带而过。根据阅读目的和材料的难易程度调整阅读速度和方法。根据作者的描述的出自己的结论。掌握词的多种含义的知识。另外，我们也想在此强调指出：我们不能盲目的应用快读“技巧”，而应该根据不同情况调整阅读速度。如：对场景，人物性格，人物心理刻画要细读。其中最重要的一点就是要知道在什么时候快读，什么时候慢读。要提高阅读速度，正确的阅读方法是问题的关键。1. 你是否善于阅读 为了正确的评价自己的阅读能力，我们可以对照检验一下自己在阅读时是否有以下影响阅读效率的行为，但第2 ，3条，得在你不注意时，别人观察你。你是否读的非常慢，非常仔细，不相信自己能全部理解所读的东西。阅读时你的嘴唇和舌头是否在动。在阅读时你的头是否随着所读文字的符号的位置而左右移动。你是否经常回读，即，读过的东西又重新读一遍，甚至几遍。你是否读什么样的体裁都是一样的速度。你是否有很多单词不认识，或不知道他在此处的含义。如果对上述的问题回答是肯定的，那你确实需要提高阅读技能。如果只有一两项的回答是肯定的，那你就需要针对这一两种不良习惯寻找有效的解决方法，以帮住你提高阅读能力。2.扩大词汇量有限的词汇量必然影响你的阅读能力提高。生词的含义只有在上下文中才能完全展现出来，并易于被记住、理解、掌握。换句话说，是上下文给一个词以特定的含义，而这个特定的含义往往是字典无法提供的。不少教师鼓励学生背句子、段落、整片文章，都是出于同一目的，即：要学生在上下文中理解并掌握词汇和短语。II．阅读的目的阅读一般应该达到下列目的了解作者要表达的主要思想；了解文章的主要内容和次要内容，并能把他们区分开来；了解并记住文章中最重要的内容；了解文章结构以及事件发生的时间、空间顺序；了解作者的观点、意图、写作风格及其偏见等；用自己的阅历和知识对文章进行分析、评价，得出自己的体会；在读完一篇文章之后，想一想上述所列出的六项阅读目的，看看你能达到那几项目的。III．阅读技能和方法1．技能阅读不是一个被动的过程，而是一个积极主动的过程，它需要大量的脑力活动，这就是说，一篇文章的意义不在于材料的本身，而是我们与材料不断交流活动的结果。我们把新知识和旧知识联系起来，以便完整的理解文章得意义，这种引申意义的脑力活动不仅仅是对词汇意义的解码，而是对文章的全面理解。阅读是一个判断、推理、归纳、总结的过程。我们需要把分散于文章中的各种信息联系起来，经过必要的判断、推理、得出自己对文章的认识。阅读是一个心理语言猜测活动。也就是说，一个好的读者总是猜测下文是什麽，然后用作者所给的信息检验自己的预测是否正确。如果预测正确就开始下一个预测，如果错误，必须修正原来的假想。2． 方法人们阅读时总是从左到右，从上一行到下一行，从词到词组到句子到段落，这一过程给人的感觉是人的眼睛总是在不停的移动。其实不然，科学家发现，阅读时人的眼睛不是持续的移动，而是跳跃式移动，94%的时间眼睛是静止的，6%的时间在跳跃。两次跳跃的时间称为一次“注目”，约四分之一秒，每次注目看到的单词因人而异，儿童大约是半个单词，一般读者是一二个单词，较好的读者是二三个单词。在实际阅读中，人的眼睛以词群为单位跳跃，即相关的词往往在一次注目中看到。既然阅读时人的眼睛跳跃式移动，用铅笔或手指着书上每一行左右移动，一边阅读一边念出声、一边读一边字翻译都是没有用的。因为这些动作的速度与眼睛跳跃的速度不一致，再加上他们分散一些注意力，因而不仅影响阅读速度，也影响阅读理解的程度。IV．如何对待阅读中的生词对阅读中遇到的生词最好的方法是通过上下文猜测。以下几条建议可帮助你猜测词义：看看上下文中有没有生词的另一种说法，即找同义词。有时下文会对一个词做解释，或者提供一些暗示。看看生词在文章中的词性，即看这个是名词、动词、形容词、副词或其他词类。另外看看这个词在文中与那些词搭配使用，再根据自己的其他知识，就可以进行正确的猜测了。分析生词的构成，尤其是词的前缀和后缀。英语中很多词都是加前缀和后缀而来的。比如你认识这两个词write和similar，根据前缀re--和后缀--ity的含义，你就可以准确的猜出rewrite和similarity这两个词的意思。看看同一生词是否在上下文的其他地方出现，把两处的语竟相比较，也许更能准的猜出词义。充分利用你关于所阅读的内容已有的知识。利用文中所附的插图等直观线索猜测词义。V． 推论--找出文章中隐含意思为了目的，作者往往不直接说出文章的意思，而是含蓄的表达。这种隐含的意思有时是文章的主要意思。所以阅读文学作品经常需要推论。有时一句话的含义需要推论，有时整个文章的含义需要推论。以下几条建议可以帮助你推论：结合作者的思想、观点及其创作目的、创作背景进行推论。寻找作者直接陈述的诸多事件之间的联系。仔细体会一些重要词的含蓄意义及其感情色彩。比如politician和statesman的意思都是“政客家”，但前者有贬义的色彩，即“政客”，后者则没有。从作者的语气、语调、措辞等文体特征，读出作者的“言外之意”。得出推论后，尽量从上下文中寻找证据。充分利用自己的各方面的知识，把文章中所述的事件和自己的阅历或熟悉的事情联系起来思考。VI． 如何找出文章中心思想为了便于找出文章的中心思想，阅读中你可以思考以下问题：文章是否表明了有关社会生活的重要东西？它是否帮助你形成新的生活观？文章是否表普遍真理？你同意文章的中心思想和观点吗？VII．做题时应注意的问题精读问题及选择项，仔细品味问题的所指及选项之间意思的差别，切勿望文生义，草率处之。做完同一篇文章后，应综合看一下你的选择，因为，它们也许是紧密相关的。选择与所提问的内容针对性强的选择项作为正确答案。考生的知识与常识也可以帮助他接受或拒绝一些选择项。文后的几个问题经常是对整个文章推理过程的几方面的概括，了解这一点可以帮助考生对照检验自己的阅读从而对文章的推理过程进一步的认识。To the top(回页首)猜词技巧在英语阅读中，我们自然会遇到许多生词。这时，许多人立即翻阅字典，查找词义。其实，这种做法是不科学的。它不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落有着互相制约的关系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。猜测词义时，可利用以下线索：一 针对性解释针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。1． 根据定义猜测词义如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。例如：anthropology is the scientific study of man.由定义可知，anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。In slang the term "jam" constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.同样，从上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。定义句的谓语动词多为：bemeandeal withbe consideredto berefer tobe calledbe known asdefinerepresentsignifyconstitute等。2.根据复述猜测词义虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。同位语Semanticsthe study of the meaning of wordsis necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semanties式同位关系，因此我们不难猜出semanties指“语义学”。在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号，和括号等。Capacitanceor the ability to store electric chargeis one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance词义---电容量。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有orsimilarlythat is to sayin other wordsnamelyor othersay i. e. 等副词或短语出现。定语从句Krabacber suffers from SADwhich is short for seasonal affective disordera syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings我们可以推断出SAD含义，即“季节性情绪紊乱症”。根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索，例如：The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. 句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例，通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义“重要的”，这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。二 内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。1． 根据对比关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描 述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。例如：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brotherin contrastis quite humble and modest.该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语in contrast，（相对照的，相对比的）可以提示我们supercilious和后面词组humble and modest（谦卑又谦虚）是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语，但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系，即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词adept的词义，“熟练的”。2． 根据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系，例如：Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly，like，just as，also等。3． 根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落种，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。例如：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd. 此句为结果状语从句，根据从句的描书“许多示威者”，我们便可推知elbow的词意“挤，挤过”。4． 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义在句子或段落种，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。例如：Although he often had the opportunityMr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bankand he did not want to jeopardize his future.作者为避免重复使用endanger一词，用其同义词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知其词义为“使. . . 陷入危险，危及、危害”。Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.句中detrimental四个生词，但判断出harmful替代detrimental后，不难推断出其词义为“不利的，有害的”。三 外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：Husband：it"s really cold out tonight.Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb.How about lighting the furnace?根据生活经验，天气寒冷时，手肯定是“冻僵的，冻得麻木的”。The snake slithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为“爬行”。在猜测词义过程中，除了使用上面提到的一些技巧，我们还可以依靠构词方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。1． 根据前缀猜测词义 例如：He fell into a ditch and lay theresemiconsciousfor a few minutes.根据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。I"m illiterate about such things.词根literate意为“有文化修养的，通晓的”，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指“一窍不通，不知道的”。2． 根据后缀猜测词义 例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示“杀者，杀灭剂”，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为“杀虫剂”。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后缀let表示“小的”，词根drop指“滴，滴状物”。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义“小滴，微滴”。3．根据复合词的各部分猜测词义 例如：Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是“以强光照射，使突出”的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain.Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动---斗牛。综上所述，利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是一项重要的阅读技巧。在实践中，我们可以灵活运用，综合运用上面提到的几种猜测技巧，排除生词的障碍，顺利理解文章的思想内容，提高阅读速度。第二卷 第一章 更新时间:2007-1-12 23:36:56 本章字数:5573??????一. 常见的前缀1.表示否定意义的前缀1)纯否定前缀a-an-asymmetry（不对称）anhydrous（无水的）dis- dishonestdislikein-ig-ilimirincapableinabilityignobleimpossibleimmoralillegalirregularne-n-noneneithernevernon-noesenseneg-neglectun- unableunemployment2)表示错误的意义male-mal-malfunctionmaladjustment(失调)mis-mistakemisleadpseudo-pseudonym(假名)pseudoscience3)表示反动作的意思de-defenddemodulation(解调)dis-disarmdisconnectun-unloaduncover4)表示相反，相互对立意思anti-ant- antiknock( 防震)antiforeign(排外的)contra-contre-contro-contradictioncontroflow(逆流)counter-counterreactioncounterbalanceob-oc-of-op-objectopposeoccupywith-withdrawwithstand2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀1)a- 表示“在……之上”，“向……”aboardaside2)by- 表示“附近，邻近，边侧”bypathbypass(弯路)3)circum-circu-表示“周围，环绕，回转”circumstancecircuit4)de-表示“在下，向下”descenddegrade5)en-表示“在内，进入”encageenbed(上床)6)ex-ec-es-表示“外部，外”exiteclipseexpandexport7)extra-表示“额外”extraction （提取）8)fore- 表示“在前面”foreheadforeground9)in-il-im-ir-表示“向内，在内，背于”inlandinvadeinsideimport10)inter-intel-表示“在……间，相互”internationalinteractioninternet11)intro-表示“向内，在内，内侧”introduceintroduce12)medi-med-mid-表示“中，中间”Mediterraneanmidposition13)out-表示“在上面，在外部，在外”outlineoutsideoutward14)over-表示“在上面，在外部，向上”overlookoverheadoverboard15)post-表示"向后，在后边，次”postscript(附言)，16)pre-表示"在前”在前面”prefixprefacepreposition17)pro-表示“在前，向前”progressproceed18)sub-suc-suf-sug-sum-sup-sur-sus-表示“在下面，下”subwaysubmarinesuffixsuppresssupplement19)super-sur-表示“在…..之上”superficialsurfacesuperstructure20)trans-表示“移上，转上，在那一边”translatetransformtransoceanic21)under-表示“在…..下面，下的”underlineundergroundunderwater22)up-表示“向上，向上面，在上”upwardupholduphill(上坡)3. 表示时间，序列关系的前缀1)ante-anti-表示“先前，早于，预先”antecedentanticipate2)ex-表示“先，故，旧”expresidentexhusband3)fore-表示“在前面，先前，前面”forewarddorecastforetell(预言)4)mid-medi-表示“中，中间”midnightmidsummer5)post-"表示“在后，后”postwar6)pre-pri-表示“在前，事先，预先”preheatprewarprehistory7)pro-表示“在前，先，前”prologue(序幕)，prophet(预言家)8)re-表示“再一次，重新”retellrewrite4. 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀1)by-表示“副，次要的”byproductbywork(副业)2)extra-表示“超越，额外”extraordinary3)hyper- 表示“超过，极度”hypersonic(超声波)hypertesion(高血压)4)out-表示“超过，过分”outdo(超过)outbid(出价过高的人)5)over-，表示“超过，过度，太”overeatoverdressoversleep6) sub-suc-sur-表示“低，次，副，亚”subeditorsubordinatesubtropical(亚热带)7)super-sur- 表示“超过”supernaturesuperpowersurplussurpass8)under-表示“低劣，低下”undersizeundergrownunderproduction(生产不足)9)vice- 表示“副，次”vicepresidentvicechairman5. 表示共同，相等意思的前缀1)com-cop-con-cor-co- 表示“共同，一起”。connectcombinecollectcombatcoexistco-operate2)syn-syl-sym-表示“同，共，和，类”symmetrysympathysynthesis(合成)6. 表示整个完全意思的前缀1)al- 表示“完整，完全”alonealmost2) over-表示“完全，全”overalloverflow(充满)3) pan-表示“全，总，万”panentheism(泛神论)，panorama7. 表示分离，离开意思的前缀1)a- ab-abs-表示“分离，离开” awayapartabstractabstain2)de- 表示“离去，处去”departdecolour3)dis-di-dif-表示“分离，离开” divorcedisarm(缴械)4)ex-e-表示“离开，分离”expelexcludeexpatriate(驱出国外)5)for- 表示“离开，脱离”forgetforgive6)表示“离开”releaseresolve7)表示“分离，隔离”separateseduceselect8. 表示通过，遍及意思的前缀1)dia-表示“通过，横过”diameterdiagram2)per-pel-表示“通，总，遍”perfectperformpervade(浸透)3)trans-表示“横过，贯通”transparenttransmittransport9. 表示加强意思的前缀a-arouseashamedad-a

conversation 后文是交谈花费许多的时间 it 代指conversation 交流 后文的itself 也是主句是交谈在社会中弱化了 that 后面都是具体表现和解释 so..that..结构是强调交流变弱 so much time..that..花费如此多的时间以至于...... 交流在社会中弱化了 它要花费许多的时间来聆听和与人交谈 以至于交流失去了情感和技巧来为它自身发言。

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First, the general social customs Dutch social custom features can be used the following words to sum it up : Dutch national hi novel.seriousness efficiency; listen to compliment exchanges, others do not want chaos picky; Hi Cheuk known to love flowers."Garden State" reputation; David Windmill, as was the benefit of mankind useful; "13" and "Friday" good luck,So everyone is tired.In life, there are the following characteristics :Dutch"s time idea is very strong. They all very much take to each kindof social activity, is fastidious the good faith to the appointment,and has the good custom which punctually keeps an appointment. Theythought this is the public relations politeness question. The Dutchspecially likes listening to the visitor to their flattery, You Yi toin their furniture, the artware, the rug and family"s other ornaments.If the visitor will praise several their above goods in front of, thatwill be able to cause its mood especially happily. They regard as thewindmill the national treasure. The windmill is their draining water,rubs the surface and the lumber processing tool, also is has watchesthe value the special handicraft, or they use to transmit each kind ofdifferent information and the sentimental special machine: They ifsuspend the windmill the cruciform, indicated this windmill waswaiting for the employer visits. If conducts a funeral procession whenranks after windmill, the windmill can stop rotating immediately,shows the sorrow to fall; Every year May second Saturday "the windmilldate", national all windmills can start revolve, by watches for thetourist. They are very fond of the fresh flower. They decorate thefresh flower to the banquet in are extremely appreciate. Because,their country has "country of the garden" laudatory name. Regardlessof in cities or street corner, everywhere obviously gorgeous variedeach kind of fresh flower. They most love the tulip, and Yu Qiweinational flower. The people not only make the ornament with it,moreover is expressed the friendship best presents as a gift thefireworks. Holland"s Alker horse city men most like gathering thebeard, the people all take gather the beard as to be beautiful are thehonours, the common beard all assumes the English letter V font, showsthe male spirit. Otherwise, does not gather the beard the man reachesthis point the city, namely is easy to receive local resident"sdiscrimination. The Dutch in appreciates the other people "to have thebrains very much" time, often to the finger knocks the temples toexpress.Second, the courtesy etiquette Dutch meets when the official situationand the visitor, generally is used to the line to shake hand theritual. Meets when with the common friend friendship, mostly is usedto executes the hug ritual. When meets with the intimate goodfriendship, some person of also Shi Wenli (generally is kisses doublecheek). The general etiquette does not need to give the taxi drivertip. The name and the regards official correspondence communicate mustuse the title title; May be informal in other situations. Meets whenmust with 11 shake hand in the field person, including child. Theappointment and the punctual principle not beforehand order thescheduled time and punctually keeps an appointment. Receives cordiallywith 馈 bestows the fresh flower, the chocolate or the similar ritualis the local custom. The novel unique gift most receives welcome. Thegift all must carefully pack. Do not take other foods the gift. Aftersips in front of the first liquor or carries on toasts. Theconversation Dutch likes the people praising in their furniture, theartware, the rug and all that rooms arranges. Should avoid topic: US"Spolitics, money and price. Appropriate topic: Holland"s politics,travel and sports.Third, the belief abstained from the Dutch believes in main religionfor Catholicism and protestantism. Catholic accounts for the nationalpopulation 1/3 slightly many; The protestant does not occupy 1/3. Theyabstain from "13", "Friday". They thought "13" are symbolizing themisfortune, "Friday" is symbolizing the disaster. They abstained fromoverlapping shakes hand with the overlapping conversation. Thoughtthese all are extremely not politeness manner. They mutually areassociating, is not willing to discuss US by, aspect the and so onmoney and price question. Holland"s old city Shi Tahe Si areespecially regarded as "the mystical woman village". Here woman to themodernized facility, the instrument as well as the social prevailingcustom very is all repugnant, even indicated detests. Moreover, theyalso specially abstain from the others to their photographing. Hollandabstained from some people inquire them question and so on religiousbelief, wages situation, marriage smoke condition, individualwhereabouts. They thought the personal matters concerned do not needthe other people to inquire about. They drink the coffee to abstainfrom a cup fills to the brim. They regard fill to the brim and lackthe education for the failure in politeness behavior, thought only canbut actually arrive the cup 2/3 only then for to be appropriate.Fourth, the diet custom Dutch to, the lunch request is early simple,takes the supper, generally they in meal front all the custom drink adrink. They dine the custom use table napkin; On the dinner table musthave the seasoning. Their country vegetable is not the delicacies ofevery kind, but is "greatly braises the vegetable" which the carrot,the potato and the onion mix cooking becomes. It is said this is forcommemorate predecessor"s unforgettable history, therefore only thenthe reputation is the country vegetable.

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放弃 (1) abandon 动词举例：abandon one"s idea 放弃自己的想法 He abandoned his wife and child. 他遗弃了他的妻子和孩子。 They abandon themselves to drinking. 他们沉湎于饮酒。 Do not abandon yourself to despair. 不要悲观失望。 （2）give up （3）abjuration 名词（4）abnegate 动词举例： abnegate the idea of freedom 放弃自由的观念（5）quit 动词举例： quit hold of 撒手放开

一、常见英语前缀1、a- 在……之上‖aboard prep. 在（船、飞机、车）上2、ab-, abs- 离开，偏离‖abnormal a. 反常的3、anti- 先‖anticipate vt. 预期4、ac-, ad-, af-, ag-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-表加强意 ‖accuse vt. 指控5、bene- 好‖beneficial a. 有益的6、bio- 生命‖biology n. 生物学7、cata- 向下‖catalog(ue) n. 目录8、col-, com-, con-, co-, cor- 共同，一起 ‖combat n. 战斗9、contra- 相反‖contrast v. 对比，对照10、de- 离；加强词意‖depart vi. 离开；背离11、di-, dif-, dis- 分开 ‖discard vt. 丢弃12、dia- 穿过‖diameter n. 直径13、e-, ef-, ex- 出，出来‖export v. 出口14、em-, en- 在……之中；使……‖enclose vt. 围住15、fore- 前‖forehead n. 前额16、i-, il-, im-, in- 不 ‖indifferent a. 不关心的17、im-, il- 在……上‖impose vt. 把……强加于18、in- 进入；向……‖indicate vt. 表明，示意19、inter- 在……之间‖interfere vi. 干涉20、micro-, mini- 小 ‖microwave n. 微波21、multi- 许多‖multiple a. 复合的，多重的22、non- 不‖nonsense n. 废话23、ob-, op- 相反‖oppose vt. 反对24、out- 向外，出来‖outlet n. 出口25、over- 越过‖overlook vt. 忽视26、per- 穿过‖perspective n. 视角27、pre- 在…之前‖pregnant a. 怀孕的28、pro- 向前‖promote vt. 促进29、re- 向后；再次‖recall vt. 回忆起30、semi- 半‖semiconductor n. 半导体31、sub- 在……下‖subway n. 地铁32、super- 在……之上，超级的 ‖superior a. 优于……的33、trans- 横过，越过‖transplant vt. 移栽34、tri- 三‖triangle n. 三角35、un- 不‖uncover vt. 揭露36、under- 在……下面，低于……‖underline vt. 在……下面划线37、uni- 一个‖unique a. 唯一的，独特的二、常见英语后缀1、动词后缀：-ate,-en, -(i)fy, -ish, -ize/ise2、副词后缀：-ly,-ward(s), -way(s)3、形容词后缀：-able/ible,-al/ial,-full, -ic, -ish, -ive, -ly4、表示“人”的名词后缀：-ist,-man, -er/or, -ee, -ant5、表示“小”的名词后缀：-el,-let, -(c)ule6、抽象名词后缀：-ion,-hood, -ic(s), -ism, -ship, -ty