policy

reform and opening up policy改革开放政策双语对照词典结果：网络释义1. 改革开放政策2. 改革和开放政策例句:1.With the reform and opening up policy being carried out, thousandsupon thousands of foreign visitors are crowding into our country. 随着改革开放政策的贯彻执行，数以万计的外国游人涌入中国。

1、如果是LSI的硬件RAID卡也就是说RAID卡带缓存的可以打开write back，这个时候数据写入有明显的提升，也就是数据先直接写入raid卡的缓存等IO空闲时在写入到硬盘。但是write back有一个不好的地方就是机器突然断电（RAID卡没有备份电池）情况下数据会丢失。如果是应用是一些核心数据建议不要开write back，使用write through模式。2、打开write back后磁盘的disk cache对写入没有影响。

这里问的是打开磁盘缓存，在打开raid卡上的写缓存策略的情况下，针对写入，提高or降低？

相机抉择的财政政策

前者是社会学，后者是社会政策。课程设置完全不一样，可去官网看一下课程设置。Sociology专注于社会学理论、方法和实质性议题；Social policy是为政策制定分析而设的专业。

National popcy should not be determined by outside influence . 国家政策的制定不该受外部影响。 For every country there is a whole set of national popcies . 每一个国家都有一整套全国性的政策。 It is a critical distinction, on which national popcy floundered in the united states for many years . 这是多年来使得美国国家政策犹豫不决的一个关键问题。 Agricultural popcy has confpcted with other agricultural goals and with other national popcies . 农业政策与不同的农业目标以及与其它的国民政策之间存在矛盾。 The new corporate leaders often fly to washington to confer with government officials on national popcy . 这些新的公司领导人常常飞往华盛顿，同 *** 官员商讨国家的政策。 To be sure, the vice president sits in on national security council meetings, where the gravest decisions of national popcy are considered . 当然，副总统参加决定最重大国策的国家安全委员会会议。 Global capital flows and national popcy choices 全球资本流通和国家政策选择 Current national popcy and reform of ecec in the uk 英国学前教育的现行国家政策与改革 Chinese mathematics supported by national popcy 国家政策扶持下的中国数学 Gospel teachings and national popcy will not confpct 福音的教导和国家的政策不会?突。 National popcy of returning farmland to forest and grassland 什么是国家的退耕还林还草政策 National popcies cannot be made hostage to another country 国家政策不能做为其他国家的谈判筹码。 National popcies and the development of industry of financial leasing 国家政策与融资租赁业的发展 Negotiating with terrorists is incongruous with national popcy 和 *** 进行谈判不符合国家政策。 Institute of national popcy research institute of international relations 政治大学国际关系研究中心 Development of national popcy simulator of social economic security 国家经济安全政策模拟器的开发问题 Summary of national popcy in ancient china in the last ten years 近十年来中国古代王朝民族政策研究综述 A probe into israep national popcy 以色列民族政策浅析 Comments on national popcy carried out in xingjiang province by yang zeng - xin 评杨增新治新时期的民族政策 A probe into indian national popcy 印度民族政策初探 On the change of ethnic consciousness of ussr through its national popcy 从苏联的民族政策看其族群意识的变化 He or she appoints and di *** isses ministers and formulates national popcy 总统有权任免各部部长，并制定国家政策。 The ethno - national popcy of vietnam and its practice since the reform and opening - up 越南革新以来的民族政策与实践 Evaluation on the national popcy of regional economic cooperation in the 1990s in china 90年代我国区域经济合作政策效果分析 5 . domestic modity except not allowed by national popcy wholesale and retail 5国内商品国家政策规定不允许经营除外批发零售 Implementing basic national popcy of conserving resources , speeding up building saving social 贯彻落实节约资源基本国策加快建设节约型社会 As a national popcy , the drug centrapzed bid procurement is a historic choice 摘要药品集中招标采购作为一项国策，已是大势所趋，不可逆转。 The function of national popcy on the minority areas building well - off society in an all - round way 民族政策在民族地区全面建设小康社会中的作用 The economic development in ethnic regions must have the support of national popcy 民族地区经济发展的滞后，已经成为提高我国综合国力的严重障碍。 Thoughts on the relationship beeen emperor wen " s national popcies in the sui dynasty and rule of kaihuang 关于隋文帝民族政策与开皇之治关系的思考 China announced in 2003 that it is a national popcy to revive the old northeast industrial base 2003年，我国明确提出把振兴东北老工业基地作为一项国策。 The open popcy , as a long - time rudimental national popcy , is " begun by mao and finished by deng " 对外开放作为中国的一项长期的基本国策， “始于毛，成于邓” 。 A usually expansionist national popcy having as its sole principle advancement of the national interest 现实政治常指一种扩张的国家政策，把国家利益看作是唯一的原则性进展 Our long - term planning strategy should be flexible , reapstic and also consistent with the national popcy 我们的长远规划策略应具备灵活性、符合实际需要，并配合国家政策。 To investigate national popcy and measures related to the river pollution control and evaluate its effectiveness 调查国家关于河水污染治理相关政策和措施并对有效性时行评价。 As this is in pne with the government s national popcy and interest , the group has their full backing and support 此一业务符合国家的利益和政策，集团得到 *** 部门的全力支持。 The chinese government takes environmental protection as one of its basic national popcies 中国 *** 把环境保护作为一项基本国策，从本国国情出发，为保护环境采取了一系列有力措施。 As a important national popcy , governmental affairs pubpcity has made some exploration and also some progress 作为一项重大的国家政策，政务公开在实践中有了一些初步探索，取得了一些成绩。 More than half of beijing " s *** single children don " t intend to have o kids , even though national popcy allows them to do so 有一半北京独生子家庭不打算要第二胎，即便国家政策允许要第二胎。 More than half of beijing " s *** single children don " t intend to have o kids , even though national popcy allows them to do so 尽管国家政策允许,但超过一半以上的北京成年独生子女也不想要第二胎 Canon began its chinese business after the open door popcy was affirmed as a fundamental national popcy by the chinese government 佳能的中国事业佳能的中国事业始于19世纪70年代末改革开放之初。 Plans for both human adaptation and appropriate ecological management techniques must be incorporated into national popcies 人类适应性选择和适宜的生态管理技术的相关计划必须整合到国家政策当中去。 More than half of beijing " s *** single children don " t intend to have o kids , even though national popcy allows them to do so 北京超过半数的独生子女不打算要两个孩子,尽管国家政策允许他们这样做 More than half of beijing " s *** single children don " t intend to have o kids , even though national popcy allows them to do so 北京大多数独生子女不想要两个小孩儿，尽管国家法律允许他们可以生两胎。 Manufacturing : plastic products , dianmu products , rubber products ( excluding franchised national popcy , the control of goods ) 制造：塑料制品、电木制品、橡胶制品（不含国家政策规定专营、专控商品） 。 Talents will receive various influences during their growing , among which national popcy is the important exterior factor 人才的成长受到很多因素的影响，民族政策是少数民族妇女成才的重要的外部影响因素。 Rural social security in ethnic minority regions is in consistent with the national popcy , but has its specific characteristics 民族地区农村社会保障工作既有同全国相一致的地方，但也有民族地区的特点。 More than half of beijing " s *** single children don " t intend to have o kids , even though national popcy allows them to do so 北京超过半数的独生子女夫妇不打算要两个孩子,虽然国家政策允许他们生第二胎 Give no cause for more critici *** , this is the child below market economy , also did not undertake to this in national popcy any standard 无可厚非,这是市场经济下的产物,国家政策中对此也没有进行任何的规范 More than half of beijing " s *** single children don " t intend to have o kids , even though national popcy allows them to do so 北京有超过一半的独生子女夫妇不打算要第二个孩子，尽管国家政策目前允许生第二胎。

你应该加个trig，否则不会触发文件切换动作。 <rollingPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.TimeBasedRollingPolicy"> <!--日志文件输出的文件名 --> <FileNamePattern>${LOG_HOME}/oltp-sql.%d{yyyy-MM-dd}-%i.log</FileNamePattern> <!--日志文件保留天数 --> <MaxHistory>30</MaxHistory> <!--日志文件最大的大小 --> <timeBasedFileNamingAndTriggeringPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.SizeAndTimeBasedFNATP"> <maxFileSize>10MB</maxFileSize> </timeBasedFileNamingAndTriggeringPolicy> </rollingPolicy>

上传指针为tp1吧？

i agree to the terms of service and privacy policy我同意服务和隐私政策的条款i agree to the terms of service and privacy policy我同意服务和隐私政策的条款

　　privacy policy url　　网络隐私权政策网址；也是选填的　　网络释义　　1.　　　　隐私权政策网址　　如何建立fb应用程式 |... ... Category 程式分类 Privacy Policy URL 隐私权政策网址 Terms of Service 服务使用规定网址 ...　　2.　　　　也是选填的　　基廉列克杂记本: Apple App上架方法 ... Privacy Policy URL 这是隐私权保护政策的网站　　如果您认可我的答案，请采纳。　　您的采纳，是我答题的动力，O(∩_∩)O谢谢！！

This application respects and protects the personal privacy of all service users. In order to provide you with more accurate and personalized services, this application will use and disclose your personal information in accordance with the provisions of this privacy policy. However, this application will treat this information with a high degree of diligence and prudence. Except as otherwise provided in this privacy policy, this application will not disclose or provide this information to third parties without your prior permission. This application will update this privacy policy from time to time. When you agree to this application service use agreement, you are deemed to have agreed to the entire content of this privacy policy. This privacy policy is an integral part of this application service usage agreement. Scope of application (a) When you register for this application account, you provide personal registration information according to the requirements of this application; (b) When you use this application network service or visit the application platform webpage, this application automatically receives and records the information on your browser and computer, including but not limited to your IP address, browser type, Data such as the language used, the date and time of the visit, the software and hardware feature information, and the web page records you need; (c) This application obtains user personal data from business partners through legal means. You understand and agree that the following information does not apply to this privacy policy: (a) The keyword information you enter when using the search service provided by this application platform; (b) The relevant information and data that you publish in this application collected by this application, including but not limited to participation in activities, transaction information and evaluation details; (c) Violation of legal provisions or violations of the rules of this application and the measures this application has taken against you. Use of information (a) This app will not provide, sell, rent, share or trade your personal information to any unrelated third party, unless you get your permission in advance, or the third party and this app (including this app affiliate) individually or jointly To provide you with services, and after the end of the service, it will be prohibited from accessing all these materials that it was able to access before. (b) This application also does not allow any third party to collect, edit, sell or disseminate your personal information by any means. If any user of this application platform engages in the above activities, once discovered, this application has the right to immediately terminate the service agreement with the user. (c) For the purpose of serving users, this application may use your personal information to provide you with information that you are interested in, including but not limited to sending you product and service information, or sharing information with partners of this application for them To send you information about its products and services (the latter requires your prior consent). Information Disclosure Under the following circumstances, this application will disclose your personal information in whole or in part according to your personal wishes or legal requirements: (a) Disclosure to a third party with your prior consent; (b) In order to provide the products and services you request, you must share your personal information with third parties; (c) Disclosure to a third party or administrative or judicial institution in accordance with the relevant provisions of the law or the requirements of an administrative or judicial institution; (d) If you violate relevant Chinese laws, regulations or this application service agreement or related rules, you need to disclose to a third party; (e) If you are a qualified intellectual property complaint and have filed a complaint, you should disclose it to the respondent at the request of the respondent so that both parties can deal with possible rights disputes; (f) In a transaction created on this application platform, if any party to the transaction fulfills or partially fulfills its transaction obligations and makes an information disclosure request, this application has the right to decide to provide the user with the contact information of the counterparty. Information to facilitate the completion of transactions or the resolution of disputes. (g) Other disclosures deemed appropriate by this application in accordance with laws, regulations or website policies. Information storage and exchange The information and data collected by this application about you will be stored on the servers of this application and/or its affiliated companies. This information and data may be transmitted to your country, region or outside the country where the application collects information and data and in Visited, stored and displayed outside the country. Share your information with other third-party statistical codes (a) During your use of our products, in order to reduce the impact of bugs on your use, and according to your behavior habits, change the interaction to improve the user experience, we will upload the crash log and the IEMI/Mac address of the device information to Youmeng Statistics Platform, used for statistical detailed crash logs and behavior analysis. (b) In order to help us better understand the operation of the app and related services, so as to ensure the safety of operation and service provision, we use Youmeng statistical tools to record network log information, as well as the frequency of software and related services, crash data, General installation, usage, performance data and other information. (c) Please understand that when we collect and use all the above information, we have performed de-identification/anonymization, and data analysis only corresponds to specific codes that cannot be directly associated with user identities. Use of Cookies (a) If you do not refuse to accept cookies, this application will set or access cookies on your computer so that you can log in or use the services or functions of this application platform that rely on cookies. This application uses cookies to provide you with more thoughtful and personalized services, including promotional services. (b) You have the right to choose to accept or refuse to accept cookies. You can refuse to accept cookies by modifying your browser settings. But if you choose to refuse to accept cookies, you may not be able to log in or use the web services or functions of this application that rely on cookies. (c) This policy will apply to the relevant information obtained through the cookies set in this application. Instructions for obtaining permissions 1. Check the network status, Wi-Fi status, Internet access authority: because the voice library has online voice in addition to local voice, in order to meet the needs, the online voice library is preferred when there is a network. 2. Recording: The tuner must have a recording function to be able to tune, but it only performs sound frequency analysis locally and never uploads 3. Read phone status and identity: This permission allows the application to determine the phone number and device ID, whether it is in a call state, and the number dialed. 4. Retrieve the currently running application: the voice library requires permission 5. Change your audio settings: voice library needs permission 6. Read phone status and identity: This permission allows the application to determine the phone number and device ID, whether it is in a call state, and the number dialed. 7. Modify/delete the content in the SD card: This permission is required for application storage data 8. Modify the global system settings: voice library required permissions 9. Obtain location permissions: To help us better understand the operation of the app and related services Information Security (a) This application account has security protection function, please keep your username and password information properly. This application will ensure that your information is not lost, abused and altered by encrypting user passwords and other security measures. Despite the aforementioned security measures, please note that there is no "perfect security measure" on the information network. (b) When using this application network service for online transactions, you will inevitably have to contact the counterparty or potential transaction pair Changes to this privacy policy (a) If you decide to change the privacy policy, we will post these changes in this policy, on our company"s website, and where we deem appropriate, so that you can understand how we collect and use your personal information and who can access this information. And under what circumstances we will disclose this information. (b) The company reserves the right to modify this policy at any time, so please check it frequently. If there is a major change to this policy, the company will notify it through a website notice. Parties disclose their personal information, such as contact information or postal address. Please properly protect your personal information and only provide it to others when necessary. If you find that your personal information is leaked, especially the user name and password of this application, please contact the customer service of this application immediately so that this application can take corresponding measures.

privacy policy url网络隐私权政策网址；也是选填的网络释义1.隐私权政策网址如何建立fb应用程式 |... ... Category 程式分类 Privacy Policy URL 隐私权政策网址 Terms of Service 服务使用规定网址 ...2.也是选填的基廉列克杂记本: Apple App上架方法 ... Privacy Policy URL 这是隐私权保护政策的网站如果您认可我的答案，请采纳。您的采纳，是我答题的动力，O(∩_∩)O谢谢！！

申请通过了吗亲

emm 我们老师讲的是aim to increase productive capacity of economy

具体步骤如下：请更改BIOS设置。1、开机的时候长按F2键进入BIOS界面，通过方向键进入【Boot】菜单，通过方向键选择【Lunch CSM】选项，将其设定为“Enabled”。2、通过方向键进【Secure】菜单，通过方向键选择【Secure Boot Control】选项，将其设定为 “Disabled”；c， 点击F10保存设置。开启的具体步骤如下:1、先恢复add new boot option功能进入bios里面把Security-Secure Boot Control设为Disabled Boot-Launch CSM 设为Enabled，按F10 保存，重启后应该可以看到add new boot option回来了。2、dd boot option：选择后会出现一个对话框，相当于命名一个新的引导设备或选项。3、Add New Boot Option功能：增加新的引导选项，可以手动添加一些具有特殊引导功能的设备，例如符合UEFI规定，可以被识别并使用的设备。进入Add New Boot Option后，同样有下级选项。

区别是由介绍的功能决定的。一般来说，of带有隶属性，也有同位语连接的功能。所以后来一般强调的是策略的内容。如：The government"s policy of high interest rates is having a detrimental effect on industry. 政府的高利率政策正对工业产生不利影响。高利率正是政策的内容。toward带有指向性和针对向，所以一般接的是政策实施的对象，如：For this, the U.S. adjusted its policy toward Japan accordingly to serve its global strategy. 为此，里根政府也相应地调整了对日政策，以便为自己的全球战略服务。政策是针对与日本的关系而制定的。for有“为了...”的意思，所以带有目的性，后面一般接政策的受益者，如：In this sample scenario, you define a policy for manufacturing plant selection.在这个示例的场景中，您为生产厂商的选择定义了一个策略。生产厂商正是这个策略的受益者。不过偶尔也有可能通用的。如果有区别，则遵循上面的法则。

你想要什么

要么违反了策略，要么出了系统故障。

<meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="script-src "self"; object-src "none"; style-src www.ruiguohealth.com *.ruiguohealth.com; child-src https:">上面代码中，做了如下配置。脚本：只信任当前域名只信任www.ruiguohealth.com和ruiguohealth.com的所有二级域名框架（frame）：必须使用HTTPS协议加载其他资源：没有限制启用后，不符合 CSP 的外部资源访问就会被阻止加载，Chrome 就会报错。

大意就是如果你有钱用来穿著打扮，就不用给你加工资了了。

补充一下，如Route-policy可以修改bgp的属性，如AS_PATH，community等，而filter-policy不可以。

filter-policy是路由过滤的一个工具，也叫过滤器，可以通过与ACL、地址前缀列表结合使用，对路由信息进行过滤。给大家举个例子：RIP接收路由过滤流程：RTA-----RTB----RTCRTA上有10.0.0.0/24、10.0.0.1/24、10.0.0.2/24三个网段，RTB不想把接受到的路由中的0.1和0.2网段发送给RTC。配置举例：[RTB] ip ip-prefix abc index 10 deny 10.0.1.0 24[RTB] ip ip-prefix abc index 20 deny 10.0.2.0 24[RTB] ip ip-prefix abc index 30 permit 0.0.0.0 0 less-equal 32[RTB] rip 100[RTB-rip-100] filter-policy ip-prefix abc import发送路由过滤对所发送的RIP路由信息进行过滤和接收的路由过滤一样[RTB-rip-100] filter-policy ip-prefix abc export

这个貌似是TE实验的一个知识点。1、路由策略的意思是：使用route-policy，开启节点10，如果满足as-path 12、ip as-path 1 permit ^$这里的正则表达式的意思是：允许本AS的路由向外传递3、peer 2.2.2.3 route-policy jc 1 export 的意思是：向对等体2.2.2.3发布本as内路由所以：整体就是向对等体发布本AS路由，不属于本AS内的路由不得向外传递。不能加节点20，如果加了空节点，那么默认是放行的；节点10过滤了，20又放行了，整个route-policy就无任何意义！希望可以帮到你，还有问题百度HI我。

on-policy：收集数据的策略和维护更新的策略为同一个策略。智能体根据当前策略和环境交互，收集一定步数的数据(s, a, r, s", terminal_flag)后进行当前策略的更新，不存在replay buffer，数据使用后即丢掉，无经验回放。 Behaviour policy(Policy used for data generation is called behaviour policy) == Policy used for action selection off-policy：收集数据的策略和维护更新的策略为不同的策略，智能体和环境交互。智能体根据当前策略和环境交互，收集一定步数的数据(s, a, r, s", terminal_flag)丢进replay buffer，从replay buffer中选取一定步数的数据进行当前策略的更新。 Off-policy learning allows the use of older samples (collected using the older policies) in the calculation. To update the policy, experiences are sampled from a buffer which comprises experiences/interactions that are collected from its own predecessor policies. This improves sample efficiency since we don"t need to recollect samples whenever a policy is changed. offline：未知数据收集策略，无环境交互。智能体不和环境交互，而是利用先前收集的数据集，从中选取一定步数的数据(s, a, r, s", terminal_flag)进行当前策略的更新，无新数据产生。 Offline reinforcement learning algorithms: those utilize previously collected data, without additional online data collection. The agent no longer has the ability to interact with the environment and collect additional transitions using the behaviour policy. The learning algorithm is provided with a static dataset of fixed interaction, D, and must learn the best policy it can using this dataset. The learning algorithm doesn"t have access to additional data as it cannot interact with the environment. https://slideslive.com/38935785/offline-reinforcement-learning-from-algorithms-to-practical-challenges https://kowshikchilamkurthy.medium.com/off-policy-vs-on-policy-vs-offline-reinforcement-learning-demystified-f7f87e275b48

同学你好，很高兴为您解答！　　Fiscal Policy财政政策影响宏观经济环境的政府开支政策，通过管理税率、利率、政府开支，控制总体经济。　　对于各个投资领域内的专业人员，包括基金经理、证券分析师、财务总监、投资顾问、投资银行家、交易员等等，CFA非常重要；它直接证明了你的职业素养和能力，被投资业看成一个“黄金标准”,这一资格被认为是投资业界中具有专业技能和职业操守的承诺。考生考过CFA对自己将会有很大帮助。　　希望高顿网校的回答能帮助您解决问题，更多财会问题欢迎提交给高顿企业知道。高顿祝您生活愉快！

你好，关于强化学习中on-policy 与off-policy有什么区别强化学习可以分成off-policy（离线）和on-policy（在线）两种学习方法，按照个人理解，判断一个强化学习是off-policy还是on-policy的依据在于生成样本的policy（value-funciton）和网络参数更新时的policy（value-funciton）是否相同。Q-learning在计算下一状态的预期收益时使用了max操作，直接选择最优动作，而当前policy并不一定能选择到最优动作，因此这里生成样本的policy和学习时的policy不同，为off-policy算法；而SARAS则是基于当前的policy直接执行一次动作选择，然后用这个样本更新当前的policy，因此生成样本的policy和学习时的policy相同，算法为on-policy算法。on-policy 与 off-policy的本质区别在于：更新Q值时所使用的方法是沿用既定的策略（on-policy）还是使用新策略（off-policy）。个人见解，不足之处还望大神指正

高手有，只是你没碰到而已。呵呵 如下命令 # 先定义2个acl，分别定义2个数据流，其中permit和deny没有任何作用，只是定义数据流 acl number 3000 rule 0 permit ip source 192.168.119.0 0.0.0.255 destination 192.168.108.18 0.0.0.0 acl number 3001 rule 0 permit ip source 192.168.119.0 0.0.0.255 destination 192.168.108.0 0.0.0.255 #定义类，并引入acl traffic classifier permit if-match acl 3000 traffic classifier deny if-match acl 3001 #定义行为，并定义动作，此动作才是真正的允许或者拒绝 traffic behavior permit filter permit traffic behavior deny filter deny #定义策略x。并绑定类和行为。先绑定permit的后deny。 qos policy x classifier permit behavior permit classifier deny behavior deny #下发qos策略。S55支持vlan下发。 qos vlan-policy x vlan 119 inbound # 完成。 如果你的命令和此不同，应该是老版本的，此命令为新版本的。 如果成功，请采纳！

华为交换机的Traffic Policy（流量策略）和Traffic Filter（流量过滤）是两个不同的功能，它们的作用和使用场景也不同。Traffic Policy：Traffic Policy主要用于对网络中的流量进行管理和控制。Traffic Policy可以设置如下参数：端口带宽、限速、限流、优先级、队列等。通过Traffic Policy，管理员可以按照自己的需求来规划和配置网络带宽资源，以保证业务的正常运行和网络的高效利用。Traffic Filter：Traffic Filter主要用于对网络中的数据包进行过滤和拦截。Traffic Filter可以根据IP地址、源端口、目标端口、协议类型等参数对数据包进行匹配，并选择性地允许或者禁止其通过特定的端口或者路由器。Traffic Filter通常用于实现网络安全防护和数据隔离等功能。在华为交换机中，Traffic Policy和Traffic Filter之间并没有直接的优先级关系。每个功能都有其独立的作用和使用场景，在不同的情况下可以单独或者结合使用，以满足不同的需求。需要注意的是，Traffic Policy和Traffic Filter都需要在设备上进行配置和调试，因此需要管理员具备相关的技术和经验。如果您不确定如何进行配置，请参考华为官方文档或者咨询专业人士的帮助。

off-policy和on-policy的根本区别在于off-policy学习的policy和agent实际执行的policy并不相同。虽然看起来很trivial，但这给了off-policy极大的发挥空间，使RL有能力做knowledge representation。假设有一个机器人在地面上行走，我们想知道在某个状态时如果机器人停止动力系统，需要多久才能完全停下来。我们可以构造一个policy，action永远都是停止动力系统，reward是每个time step为-1，那很显然在某个state下机器人停止所需的时间就是在我们构造的这个policy下的v(state)。我们可以有很多类似的问题，同样我们需要构造很多类似的policy来回答这些问题。这些policy的value function一般称作GVF(general value function)，可以作为knowledge representation。但问题在于怎样学习这些policy，由于数量巨大，显然不可能对每个GVF进行on-policy的学习，此时便可以利用一个exploration很强的behaviour policy进行off-policy学习。

DESPITE ANY PROVISION OF THE DELIVERY TERMS THERETO不考虑任何运输条款楼上的是高手信用证本来就是十分专业的，你竟然不知如何操作？！

不是啊，谁说的

policy当方针，政策的含义时为可数名词；当策略性，贤明性，精明的行为，权谋的含义时为不可数名词。它的复数形式是policies； 例句： One of the new governments policies is to cut taxes. 新政府的政策之一是减税。 扩展资料 　　双语例句 　　1.We need to evaluate how well the policy is working. 　　我们需要对这一政策产生的效果作出评价。 　　2.The results are a clear comment on government education policy. 　　这些结果是对政府教育政策明显的批评。 　　3.This speech may mark a change in government policy. 　　这篇演讲表明政府的政策可能会有变化。 　　4.The government"s policy is an open door to disaster. 　　政府的`政策为灾难敞开了大门。 　　5.Their foreign policy is based on the principle that "might is right". 　　他们的外交政策遵循“强权即公理”的原则。

意为方针，政策时可数；意为策略性，权谋时不可数。根据百度文库《高三复习》资料显示，policy当方针，政策的含义时为可数名词;当策略性，贤明性，精明的行为，权谋的含义时为不可数名词，它的复数形式是policies。可数名词是指能以数目来计算，可以分成个体的人或东西。

1、policy英[u02c8pu0252lu0259si]美[u02c8pɑu02d0lu0259si]。n.政策; 方针; 原则; 为人之道; 保险单。 2、[例句]We need to evaluate how well the policy is working.我们需要对这一政策产生的效果作出评价。

1、policy英[?p?l?si]美[?pɑ?l?si]。n.政策; 方针; 原则; 为人之道; 保险单。2、[例句]We need to evaluate how well the policy is working.我们需要对这一政策产生的效果作出评价。

policy是一个英语单词，意为政策; 策略; 保险单; 策略性。短语搭配：monetary policy货币政策。economic policy经济政策。foreign policy外交政策。public policy国家政策。national policy国家政策。quality policy质量方针；品质政策。双语例句：1、You are advised to read the small print of household and motor insurance policies.建议阅读家庭财产和汽车保险单中的附属细则。2、Jordan"s policy has been misconstrued.约旦的政策被曲解了。3、This is a policy we have pursued consistently.这是我们一贯奉行政策。

1、policy英[?p?l?si]美[?pɑ?l?si]。n.政策; 方针; 原则; 为人之道; 保险单。2、[例句]We need to evaluate how well the policy is working.我们需要对这一政策产生的效果作出评价。

policyn.政策; 策略; 保险单; 策略性That seems like a good policy.那听起来是个不错的策略。

个阶段的状态确定后，可以作出各种选择从而演变到下一阶段的某个状态，这种选择手段称为决策（decision），在最优控制问题中也称为控制（control）。描述决策的变量称决策变量（decision variable），

有关华为与用户之间的责任条款还有跨国使用条款

具体步骤如下：请更改BIOS设置。1、开机的时候长按F2键进入BIOS界面，通过方向键进入【Boot】菜单，通过方向键选择【Lunch CSM】选项，将其设定为“Enabled”。2、通过方向键进【Secure】菜单，通过方向键选择【Secure Boot Control】选项，将其设定为 “Disabled”；c， 点击F10保存设置。开启的具体步骤如下:1、先恢复add new boot option功能进入bios里面把Security-Secure Boot Control设为Disabled Boot-Launch CSM 设为Enabled，按F10 保存，重启后应该可以看到add new boot option回来了。2、dd boot option：选择后会出现一个对话框，相当于命名一个新的引导设备或选项。3、Add New Boot Option功能：增加新的引导选项，可以手动添加一些具有特殊引导功能的设备，例如符合UEFI规定，可以被识别并使用的设备。进入Add New Boot Option后，同样有下级选项。

【答案】：限制性政策是对逆向效果的另外一种衡量方式，它想要证明：雇主的雇佣实践在有意或无意的情况下将某一受保护劳动者群体排除在组织之外。检验限制性政策的方法是，证明雇主的雇佣政策有意或无意地排斥受保护阶层成员。在这方面问题通常是明显的。例如，不得雇佣身高6英尺以下的人当酒吧间招待的政策。限制性政策的这些证据足以证明存在不利影响并使雇主面对诉讼。

是的，必须紧跟先行词，这是英语中的惯例，否则别人不知道你的从句修饰的究竟是哪个词 。限定性从句紧跟先行词，非限定性从句用一个逗号把先行词和从句隔开。但都是紧跟其后的。注意我的紧随其后的意思是只要不产生先行词是哪个的困惑就行，因此可以是有介词的。 e.g. He lives in a house from which he can see the sea

regulation是规章的意思，即属于广义法律的一种；而policy是政策。

你好~可以是单数也可以是复数policy的名词复数是policiesdifficulty的名词复数是difficulties 附：抽象名词的数 抽象名词大多是不可数的，不能计数，因而没有单、复数之分。例如：Honesty is the best policy.Knowledge is strength. 但也有一些抽象名词是可数的，如victory, a victory, two victories; conference, a conference, several conferences。还有一些抽象名词可以复数形式出现，但不能计数。例如difficulty, difficulties; opinion, opinions。 还有一些抽象名词有复数与非复数两种形式，但表示不同的意义。以experience一词为例：当experience作“经验”解时，它没有复数，但作“经历”解时，两种形式均可。例如：The salesman met once a week to exchange experience（经验）。Please tell us about your experiences（经历）in Africa. 有些抽象名词表示抽象概念是不可数名词，而表示具体事物则是可数名词。例如relation作“关系”解是不可数名词，而作“亲戚”解则是可数名词；Youth作“青春”、“青年”（集合体）解是不可数名词，而作“男青年”解则是可数名词；worry作“忧愁”、“烦恼”解是不可数名词，而作“烦恼事”解则是可数名词。 有些抽象名词本身没有复数形式，如果要计数，就得用在语义上与之对应的个体名词。例如： 抽象名词 个体名词 laughter laugh work job correspondence（通信）letter, note, ect. photography photo permission permit music song fun joy homework exercise 英语中还有少数几个名词，如family, room, mouth, ear,等，似乎只能是可数名词，但实际上这类名词在某些搭配中也可表示抽象概念，从而成为不可数名词，例如to have too much family (=too heavy family burden), to have too much winter (= a too long spell of cold weather); to have too much mouth (= to talk too much), to have too little ear (= to be not inclined to listen to others), to have room for (=to have a need for), to feel the patriot rise... (=to feel the patriotic feelings rise...)等。 英语中还有一些名词（大多是指人的名词），通常作可数名词，但在特殊的搭配中表示人的特质等抽象意义时便成了不可数名词。例如fool本属可数名词，但在to be fool enough (=to be foolish enough), more of a fool (=more foolish), as much of a fool as (=as foolish as), too much of a fool (too foolish) 等搭配中，便表示抽象意义，成为不可数名词。类似的名词还有man,coward, poet, politician, sportsman, scholar 等。例如： He was enough of a man to tell the truth.上述这类现象只限于少数名词用在特殊的搭配中。希望对你有帮助

policies

order和policy区别是表示的信息和作用不同。1、表示的信息不同：Order（订单）通常是指顾客下单购买商品或服务的行为，包含订单的编号、商品或服务的名称、数量、价格、顾客的信息、交付方式等信息。Policy（保单）通常是指保险合同中的条款和规定，包括保险公司和被保险人之间的权利和义务、保险责任、保险费用、理赔处理等内容。2、作用不同：Order在商业活动中，订单是一种交易凭证，可以用于记录交易、管理库存、进行物流配送等。Policy在保险活动中，保单是一种法律文件，可以用于保障被保险人的利益、规范保险公司的经营行为。

性质上、内容上都有区别。暂保单（Binder，BindingSlip）又称“临时保险书”，保险单或保险凭证签发之前，保险人发出的临时单证。暂保单的内容较为简单，仅表明投保人已经办理了保险手续，并等待保险人出立正式保险单。policy是一种正规的保险合同，除载明被保险人(投保人)的名称、被保险货物(标的物)的名称、数量或重量、唛头、运输工具、保险的起讫地点、承保险别、保险金额、出单日期等项目外，还在保险单的背面列有保险人的责任范围，以及保险人与被保险人各自的权利、义务等方面的详细条款，它是最完整的保险单据。

首先，是police，不是policy（政策；方针；制度）其次，police可以翻译为“公安”，但中国目前基本不使用“公安”的称呼了，已经统一为“警察”。此外，中国有“国安”部门，不同于“公安”。

police和policy是不可以算作词形变化的，因为这两个词是路人甲和路人乙，没有一毛钱关系。

区别是Policies和policies 是一种重要的classes设计技术，每一个 policy实现某一方面的行为或结构(behavioral or structural aspect)，定义了一个class或class template的一个接口，该接口由inner type definition、member property或member function组成

接口不同。区别是Policies和policies是一种重要的classes设计技术，每一个policy实现某一方面的行为或结构。Policies是面向语法的，而一般的Classes接口是面向方法签名的，Policy明确定义的是，什么样的语法构造是符合其所规范的class，而非必须实现哪些函数。

你好，off-policy和on-policy的根本区别在于off-policy学习的policy和agent实际执行的policy并不相同。虽然看起来很trivial，但这给了off-policy极大的发挥空间，使RL有能力做knowledge representation。假设有一个机器人在地面上行走，我们想知道在某个状态时如果机器人停止动力系统，需要多久才能完全停下来。我们可以构造一个policy，action永远都是停止动力系统，reward是每个time step为-1，那很显然在某个state下机器人停止所需的时间就是在我们构造的这个policy下的v(state)。我们可以有很多类似的问题，同样我们需要构造很多类似的policy来回答这些问题。这些policy的value function一般称作GVF(general value function)，可以作为knowledge representation。但问题在于怎样学习这些policy，由于数量巨大，显然不可能对每个GVF进行on-policy的学习，此时便可以利用一个exploration很强的behaviour policy进行off-policy学习。希望对你有帮助~

policy 当方针，政策时为可数名词 当策略性，贤明性，精明的行为，权谋为不可数名词

policy当方针，政策的含义时为可数名词；当策略性，贤明性，精明的行为，权谋的含义时为不可数名词。它的复数形式是policies。例句：One of the new government"s policies is to cut taxes.新政府的政策之一是减税。 双语例句 1.We need to evaluate how well the policy is working. 我们需要对这一政策产生的效果作出评价。 2.The results are a clear comment on government education policy. 这些结果是对政府教育政策明显的批评。 3.This speech may mark a change in government policy. 这篇演讲表明政府的政策可能会有变化。 4.The government"s policy is an open door to disaster. 政府的政策为灾难敞开了大门。 5.Their foreign policy is based on the principle that "might is right". 他们的外交政策遵循“强权即公理”的原则。

policy n. 政策，方针；保险单 policy 当方针，政策时为可数名词 当策略性，贤明性，精明的行为，权谋为不可数名词 扩展资料 　　例句： 　　Their admissions policy is very selective. 　　他们执行严格挑选的录取政策。 　　His policy risks fracturing the coalition. 　　他的政策有分裂联盟的危险。 　　Each school sets its own admissions policy. 　　每所学校都设立自己的入学政策。

521之后 和 到达日期之前2周（14日）外（比如6月21你们入住，那么之前6月7日之前4.30, 5.1 5.2 5.3 ...取消）取消，都要交2天房费在14日内（如6.7 - 6.21）和任何NO-SHOW 都将扣除3日房费。写的很清楚. IN PRIOR是到达日期之前，不是之后2周

ethical sourcing policy翻译如下:就是有道德的采购政策，就是诚信

1、stochastic gradient descent随机梯度下降2、gradient descent梯度下降而stochastic随机形容词 random随机, 任意, 乱, 随便, 轻淡, 胡乱的stochastic随机 1）Stochastic and mathematical models; 随机和数学模型； 2）In this paper, a numerical method for structure stochastic response analysis is presented. 对结构随机响应分析的数值积分方法进行了深入的研究。 3）The optimization of fuzzy stochastic systems is studied in this paper. 本文研究了模糊随机系统的模糊随机优化问题。 4）In this paper, the probability distribution of this kind of stochastic benefit is studied. 本文对这类随机利润的概率分布进行了研究。 5）In this paper, the problem of stochastic optimal control with uncertain terminating time is discussed. 文章研究了终时不确定的随机最优控制问题。

端口占用，重启netbeans，查看端口1098是哪个程序在用。

C 试题分析：本题考查时态语态：由teach 的用法teach sb,sth.，可以看出teach 后面跟双宾，所以只能用被动语态，又因为时态一致所以只能选择C.句意：诚信为本吗？我们在很小的时候就被教会了这个道理。选C。点评：本题考查被动语态以及单词的用法，考查时态要注意时间，这句话的时间是when we are little.，用一般现在时，还要注意主动被动，学生可能因为teach 用法不清晰而出错。

is truth and honesty 在作者角度而言强调是一个整体概念，没有分开强调的必要。 而且后面有the best 解释：1） 用and或both…and连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。如： Plastics and rubber never rot. Walking and riding are good exercises. 但是，并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。如： Truth and honesty is the best policy. The girl"s teacher and friend is a young doctor. To love and to be loved is great happiness. Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit. A knife and fork is on the table.

100分都不见得有人愿意写

范文二 “You can trust nobody except yourself”, we always see this subtitle in the movie. It does reflect one overcast facet of our society. As a matter of fact, dishonesty has swarmed into our lives. To name only a few, pirate DVD products have dominated the film market; we don"t possess intimate friends and we always, worst of all, lose the sense of security. Shall we indulge ourselves in this situation without any concern? Absolutely, no. For one thing, honesty is a traditional virtue of our Chinese offspring. Looking back on the past, we have got an army of heroes who dedicated themselves to the government because of their sense of honesty and loyalty. For another, honesty is conduce not only to yourself but also to other fellow citizens surrounding you. Undoubtedly, honesty could sharpen your competitive edge in the process of job-hunting. Moreover, it will, combined with passion, play a positive role in the modernization course of our country. All above-mentioned interpret the significance of being honest. As an individual, I hold the attitude that it pays to be honest. We will exert ourselves on propelling this merit until it is universally recognized. 范文三 Although honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society. For example, some businessmen sell fake product to their consumers; some students cheat on the exams. Dishonest people are short-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at first, but consumers won"t buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortune or even be sent to prison. By contrast, honest people gain a lot. Those who always tell truth or keep to their promise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Such persons are sure to have a lot of good friends. Because they are trustable and respectable, everyone is eager to make friends with them, Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job. Generally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyone who is honest will be paid back later. In a word, honesty wins trust, respect and honor. So it is important that we should be honest.

范文二 “You can trust nobody except yourself”, we always see this subtitle in the movie. It does reflect one overcast facet of our society. As a matter of fact, dishonesty has swarmed into our lives. To name only a few, pirate DVD products have dominated the film market; we don"t possess intimate friends and we always, worst of all, lose the sense of security. Shall we indulge ourselves in this situation without any concern? Absolutely, no. For one thing, honesty is a traditional virtue of our Chinese offspring. Looking back on the past, we have got an army of heroes who dedicated themselves to the government because of their sense of honesty and loyalty. For another, honesty is conduce not only to yourself but also to other fellow citizens surrounding you. Undoubtedly, honesty could sharpen your competitive edge in the process of job-hunting. Moreover, it will, combined with passion, play a positive role in the modernization course of our country. All above-mentioned interpret the significance of being honest. As an individual, I hold the attitude that it pays to be honest. We will exert ourselves on propelling this merit until it is universally recognized. 范文三 Although honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society. For example, some businessmen sell fake product to their consumers; some students cheat on the exams. Dishonest people are short-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at first, but consumers won"t buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortune or even be sent to prison. By contrast, honest people gain a lot. Those who always tell truth or keep to their promise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Such persons are sure to have a lot of good friends. Because they are trustable and respectable, everyone is eager to make friends with them, Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job. Generally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyone who is honest will be paid back later. In a word, honesty wins trust, respect and honor. So it is important that we should be honest.

是的。They 主语say 谓语that 宾语后面的是宾语从句望采纳。

做人诚信为本

honesty is the best policy， this proverb is very through in you want to survive in quality field. If you are not honest, many times when you tell a lie, you need to make up another one hundred lies just to cover up the first lie you told. Lying after lying, you will be busy lying your whole life. You will break down one day and the truth will be shown. Your integrity will be gone by then and your personal image or even business will be gone too. So be honest but must always said you are a virgin

原则 《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》1136页，Is honesty the best policy? 诚实是不是处世的最佳原则？policy = principle for people to live by

Honesty is the best policyJustasthefamoussayinggoes,“Honestyisthebestpolicy”.Whentalking about honesty, many of us have too much to say. It is definitely athought-provoking problem. Cheating in the public servants examination,plagiarizingthepublicationsofothers,and dishonestyinotheraspectsalways exist.Cheatinginthepublicservantsexaminationsnowadaysis stillabigproblem. The stability and relativelyhigherincome of this work attracttoomanypeople.Also,thekeencompetitionandthedesirefortheposition make many people cheating in the exam.Academic plagiarism is another big problem. In many universities andresearchinstitutes,thequalityandquantityofpapersonepublishesbecomethemajorwaytojudgeoneu2019sability.Consequently,somestudents, and sometimes, even some teachers, who want to takea shortcut and become successful quickly, plagiarize the publications of others.Similarly, dishonesty exists in other aspects in our dailylife, Such asfabricating evidence by the witness, drawing up budgets by some officersand so on.Inashorttime,ifnotcaught,somepeoplemaytakeadvantageofdishonesty to get what they want. But, if caught, then these people will nodoubt be thoroughly discredited. Besides, in the long run, it will do harmto the moral character of the whole society.Now, as postgraduates in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, maybe, inthe future, most of us will choose scientific research as our lifetime work.However, whatever jobs we choose, we should make honesty as our basicprinciple, and always remember:“Honesty is the best policy”.

There is an English proverb saying "Honesty is the best policy." Which signifies the importance of honesty. What are the benefits of honesty? If you are honest to others, they will be honest to you in return. When you are sad, they will comfort you. When you are in trouble, they will help you. Honesty is regard as the traditional virtue of our Chinese nation. Through the ages, people stress sincerity, praise highly sincerity. It has already incorporated the blood of our national culture. It is usually better to be honest than dishonest.Sometimes honesty may get you in trouble or hurt someone,but on the whole telling the truth is less harmful than lying.Dishonesty can result in guilty feelings,cause distrust among people and even ruin your reputation. One of the worse things about lying is that it causes a guilty conscience.Even if no one ever discovers the lie,you will know about it and it will bother you for a long time.Another problem occurs when others know about your lies.As a result,people will not trust you any longer and you will lose your reputation and all your friends.Do you still remember the boy who cried wolf for several times so no one would trust him?At last all his sheep were eaten by the wolf. His dishonesty brought him shame as well as damage. So to sum up,honesty not only brings us honor and friendship,but also material gains.Honesty is the best policy we can take.

林肯 诚实至上 There is an English proverb saying "Honesty is the best policy." Which signifies the importance of honesty. What are the benefits of honesty?If you are honest to others,they will be honest to you in return.When you are sad,they will comfort you.When you are in trouble,they will help you. Honesty is regard as the traditional virtue of our Chinese nation.Through the ages,people stress sincerity,praise highly sincerity.It has already incorporated the blood of our national culture. It is usually better to be honest than dishonest.Sometimes honesty may get you in trouble or hurt someone,but on the whole telling the truth is less harmful than lying.Dishonesty can result in guilty feelings,cause distrust among people and even ruin your reputation. One of the worse things about lying is that it causes a guilty conscience.Even if no one ever discovers the lie,you will know about it and it will bother you for a long time.Another problem occurs when others know about your lies.As a result,people will not trust you any longer and you will lose your reputation and all your friends.Do you still remember the boy who cried wolf for several times so no one would trust him?At last all his sheep were eaten by the wolf.His dishonesty brought him shame as well as damage. So to sum up,honesty not only brings us honor and friendship,but also material gains.Honesty is the best policy we can take.

诚实至上。满意请采纳，谢谢！

英语谚语: Honesty is the best policy 中文意思: 诚实是上策。 随机推荐10条英文谚语： The scalded cat fears cold water 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。 The sea plains it wants water 大海总是抱怨水不够。 The sea refuses no river 大海有能容之量。 The secret of a good momory is attention and attention to a subject depends upon our interest in it -- We rarely forget that which has made a deep impression on our minds 记忆力好的秘密在于专心，而对于一个问题的专心取决于对这个问题的兴趣。在我们心上留下深刻印象的东西，我们是不大会忘记的。 The secret of success in life is for a man to be ready for his opportumity when it es 人生一生中成功的秘诀是在机会来临时要及时抓住。 The secret of success is constancy of purpose 成功的秘诀是目标坚定。 The shortest answer is doing the thing 最简短的回答就是干。 The shortest way to do many things is to do only one thing at a time 要想多做事情，最简单的办法是一次只做一件事。 The sky is not less blue because the blind man does not see it 天不会因瞎子看不见而减其蓝色。 The sleeping fox catches no poultry 睡觉的狐狸抓不到鸡鸭。 英语谚语: Honesty is the best policy 中文意思: 诚实是上策。

policy是政策方针的意思regulation是规章规则的意思law指法律，包括规章制度，一些权威机构指定的标准也可以是lawlegislation特指立法，只能是有这样权力的部门才能被授权立法。

题主，您现在解决了么？我也遇到一样的问题，死活解决不了。。。

据说可以。只要卡巴斯基说其中一个文件是恶意软件，选择清除，整个文件夹就没啦。

Q1.The increase compares to rises of 0.4% in June and a fall of 0.3% in May, meaning for the 12 months to the end of July the Inflation Gauge recorded an increase of 1.9%. This puts it just below the Reserve Bank of Australia"s (RBA) target band for inflation of 2.0-3.0%.The July gain was driven by higher prices for communications, which alone contributed 0.27 percentage points to the overall increase, utilities and other housing, while prices for fruit and vegetables, financial services and audio-visual and computing equipment fell in the month.TD Securities senior strategist Annete Beacher suggests the gauge data hint there has been a bottoming in inflation momentum, though the strength this month was partly through some one-off increases that may unwind in coming months. This means it remains uncertain as to whether or not there are increased inflationary pressures emerging for the Australian economy, particularly as the gauge remains below the RBA"s target band.In Beacher"s view, today"s outcome means the RBA will almost certainly leave interest rates unchanged when it meets next week, with the cash rate likely to stay at the current 3.0% level for some time as the central bank assesses more data and looks through recent volatility.Q2While the RBA is likely moving towards a more neutral tone with respect to the rate outlook, Beacher suggests the potential for further rate cuts should be retained in the event the current economic recovery doesn"t prove to be self-sustaining, especially once the recent fiscal stimulus measures have flowed through the system.Melbourne Institute professor Don Harding, co-creator of the gauge, notes inflation numbers have been very volatile since late last year and so he sees it taking a couple of months to determine whether today"s data are a sign inflation pressures are again picking up or whether the data are just another example of increased volatility.In terms of the price pressures Harding points out prices rose in 32 expenditure groups and fell in only 12, meaning a net balance of 20 expenditure groups recording higher prices for the month. Given the latest figures Harding is now not so sure the beginning of an unwinding of the sustained increase in inflationary pressures in the Australian economy of the last several years is at hand.Q3The IMF officials present were asked if they wanted to add anything to the Ito and Santiprobhob presentations. By and large, they agreed with the accounts given, but sought to underline a few points. They stressed that the crisis was a mix of a traditional balance of payments crisis and a financial sector crisis. The former required a standard response, including fiscal contraction and a step devaluation. It was also pointed out that the IMF did not have access to key data in the early stages of the crisis. In particular, they did not know the magnitude of the forward dollar contracts, or the amount of liquidity support that had been provided by the FIDF (close to 100 percent of base money by July 1997). This information conditioned the policy response sought by the fund. The IMF"s key objectives at the outset were to reduce the current account deficit and to stop the money flowing from the central bank through the FIDF. At this point, discussion turned again to the issue of non-performing loans. One participant wanted to know what fraction of the non-performing loans was due to the crisis, and what fraction were already non-performing in the first half of 1997. Although no one was able to give a firm estimate, a participant quoted a JP Morgan study that put the fraction of non-performing loans at 25 percent of total loans at the beginning of the crisis. An IMF participant referred to the pre-crisis fund report from June 1997, which, he claimed, laid out the problems that were present. Another IMF official reported, however, that when he visited Thailand in March of 1997, the official figures on non-performing loans in the banking system put them at just 7 percent. This official continued by saying that the Thai"s should could a lot of credit for how they have managed the crisis.Meeting chair Martin Feldstein attempted to switch discussion to the issue of whether the IMF conditions too tight, leading to a damaging credit crunch. Takatoshi Ito responded first, saying that he believed the 1 percent initial fiscal surplus target was overly strict (especially given the tightening from the monetary side). He noted that the IMF"s excuse that they did not foresee the drop in GDP was not convincing given that this drop partly a function of the fiscal stance. In defense, one of the IMF officials distinguished between doing the right thing ex ante (with the information that they had in July 1997) and the right thing ex post (what would have been the best policy with hindsight). Given that the situation looked like a conventional balance of payments crisis at the outset, he felt that their policy prescription was appropriate. One participant asked if there were not enough contractionary forces anyway--including the wealth effects of the exchange rate depreciation. Why was a further contraction through fiscal tightening necessary? Another IMF official admitted that their program was predicated on the assumption that capital would not flow out as much as it did and that the exchange rate would not fall Q4The next topic that came up in discussion was the appropriateness of the government"s fiscal stance. It was asked whether the abandonment of the 1 percent surplus target was a bow to reality--a belated recognition that this was unattainable. The answer given was that it was recognized that it would be counterproductive. There were also question about how tendentious was the debate between the government and the fund on the easing of the target. One of the IMF officials shared that there was general agreement on the appropriateness of fiscal easing. He observed that the Thai officials were at least as conservative as the fund on this issue. The officials were pressed on whether the fund changed its view on the appropriateness of the fiscal contraction. They admitted that they did. The issue of financial sector restructuring also initiated some debate. An official from the US government asked if the conditions imposed by the government--notably the dilution of ownership--in return for injections of new capital were two severe. An IMF official observed that government recapitalization was meant to be a safety net, and not to drive the process. Someone else asked about the politics of bailouts. He wondered if fear of political opposition prevented bailouts that might be warranted on economic grounds. The answer offered was that the key political constraint is that shareholders are not to be bailed out. Another participant asked what was the incentive for putting equity into a bank with a large share of non-performing loans. The answer given was that the new money comes in on a preferred basis, so that the original owners are forced to take some pain.

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