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全北极区哺乳动物化石和老第三系各统间的界线

2023-06-24 08:36:31
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max笔记

S.G.Lucas

(New Mexico Museum of Natural History,1801 Mountain Road N.W.,Albuquerque,New Mexico 87104,USA)

摘要 研究哺乳动物的古生物学家长期以来一直试图把老第三系各统间的界线与全北极区哺乳动物大的世代交替事件联系起来。然而,我们目前对全北极区内老第三纪哺乳动物的生物地层及演化方面的了解表明,老第三系各统间的界线与哺乳动物大的交替难以对应。

关键词 老第三系 哺乳动物化石 欧洲 北美 亚洲 统

1 引言

哺乳动物化石在非海相老第三纪地层对比上起着很重要的作用。这一点对北方大陆来说尤为重要,因为在老第三纪的大部分时间内,北美、欧洲和亚洲在北部相连形成一个单一的全北极大陆。

哺乳动物化石的对比主要依靠那些建立在区域生物年代中的陆生哺乳动物“期”(LMA)(表1)。LMA首先是在北美命名的,它与当地动物群(组合带)的时间段相当[14,29]。LMA之间的界线通常对应于哺乳动物演化中的起源、绝灭和(或)迁移事件。

表1 北美、欧洲和亚洲老第三系LMA的对比

许多年来,就老第三系各统间的界线——特别是古新统/始新统界线和始新统/渐新统界线——是否与哺乳动物演化过程中的大的交替事件相一致这个问题,一些研究哺乳动物的古生物学家一直争论不休[11,15,16,18]。或者,也可以反过来这样说,一些古生物学家对于哺乳动物演化过程中的重大交替事件是否可用来确定老第三系各统间的界线这一问题一直存在争论。这里,我反对这种观点,并以在全北极区内哺乳动物的重大交替事件与老第三系各统间的界线并不一致来证明我的看法。

2 上白垩统/古新统界线

在亚洲和欧洲,穿越上白垩统/古新统界线的全北极区哺乳动物化石记录很不完全[7]。仅在北美有足够的在生物地层上有价值的记录。80年代以前,此界线与Lancian期和Puer-can期的LMA界线对比过[30,31]。那个界线之所以与所发现的哺乳动物的重大演变事件一致,主要是因为Lancian期哺乳动物实际上在时间上早于白垩纪末期,而典型的Puercan期哺乳动物群则处于白垩纪/老第三纪界线之后,在哺乳动物分布上留下了一个大约2Ma的间断[21]

在70年代晚期和80年代,通过详细收集在美国蒙大拿州东北部穿越白垩系—老第三系的有关化石资料,这个大约2Ma的间断被接上了,并且提出了一个经过修改的、穿越白垩系/老第三系界线的四个生物地层分带建议(图1)。然而,两个新的LMA——Bugcreekian期[1]和Mantuan期[39]——后来认为在生物地层上并不是很明显,不足以被定为LMA,因此,它们被降到了带的位置或降为次级陆生哺乳动物“期”(SLMA)。

图1 蒙大拿州东北部穿越上白垩统/古新统界线的哺乳动物属的地层分布范围

星号(*)表示在Puercan阶的属可能来自于对早白垩世地层的再沉积研究

Archibald和Lofgren[2]和Lofgren[19]最近分析了蒙大拿州东北部穿越上白垩统/古新统界线的哺乳动物化石记录,在所得的哺乳动物28个属中,有14个穿越了Lancian期与Puercan期的界线,仅有4个在Puercan阶底部有它们的最低出现处(LO),10个在Puercan阶内有其LO。显然,Puercan阶底界与哺乳动物演化过程中的一个大的演化交替期没有对应。大量明显的演化交替事件与较年轻的Puercan-Torrejonian界线相一致,此界线属于古新世早期[42]。因此哺乳动物在判定上白垩统/古新统界线上并不能提供一个有力的生物地层依据。

然而,这儿要提一下Lofgren[19]。他指出,由于再沉积,发现有10个处于Lancian阶到Puercan阶下部的哺乳动物的属在Puercan阶内也有记录。如果是这样的话(其已被讨论过但仍不确定),那么这10个属应在白垩纪/老第三纪界线处或之前消失,表示一次更重要的交替事件。

3 古新统/始新统界线

在西欧、北美和亚洲的非海相地层中,哺乳动物在生物地层上提供了穿越古新统/始新统界线的可靠的对比[22]。这些对比(图2)与磁性地层、放射性同位素测年以及化学地层是相一致的。古新统/始新统界线(也就是伊普里斯阶的底界)在欧洲的Neustrian阶(即Sparna-cian阶)LMA之内,在北美处在Wasatchian LMA的Graybullian阶时间段内,在亚洲则处在Nongshanian LMA的较年轻的段内(图2)。在欧洲和北美,在Neustrian阶底界和Wasatchian阶LMA记录了哺乳动物演化过程中的一次大的演变事件,它的时间在古新统/始新统界线之前。在亚洲,相似的交替事件却处在古新统/始新统界线之后,但这可能是由于亚洲的记录不完整所致。

图2 穿越古新统/始新统界线的全北极区LMA和SLMA的对比

Wasatchian LMA的底界代表了哺乳动物演化过程中的一次大的动物群世代交替事件[15]。在Wasatchian底部首次出现的重要种属包括:奇蹄目、偶蹄目、euprimates、hyaen-odontid、creodonts、didymocods、didelphinine marsupisls、食肉目中的几个属、小古猫类Miacid和啮齿类Microparamys。这次交替使许多研究哺乳动物的古生物学家认识到,古新统/始新统界线的确是在Wasatchian阶底界之上的。

在西欧剖面中最显著的动物群交替事件发生在RL MP6与RL MP7之间以及RLMP8/9与RL MP10之间(RL指参考层位)。这两次动物群交替事件足以确定Neusteian的LMA。在RL MA6和RL MA7的界线处,出现了perissodactyls、artiodactyls、chiropterans、啮齿和冠齿兽类pantodonts,multituberculates、condylarths和plexiadapiforms的分异度降低了。然而需要注意的是,这个“界线”是Cernay(RL MP6)动物群(在Thanetian时期是一个单个的点)和RL MP7组合之间的一个间断面;这个间断面与北美记录相比,在表观上肯定过于夸大了演化交替事件。在RL MP8/9与RL MP10的界线处,pantodonts和multitu-berculates消失了,在化石组合上以大量的lophiodonts动物为主。在亚洲,Bumbanian LMA的底界相当于出现奇蹄目、omimyid灵长目、啮齿类及Hyopsodus属的化石[9,37]

经确认,始新世的底界也就是伊普里斯期的底界。然而,古新统/始新统界线GSSP仍未建立。该GSSP可能位于与伊普里斯阶底界相一致的位置,或者相当于超微浮游生物NP9/NP10带的界线,或是浮游有孔虫的P5/P6带的界线和碳同位素偏移处。这些界线都比哺乳动物的交替的年代要新,是GSSP的有利候选者[3]。当古新统/始新统界线的GSSP建立时,这界线将应在Neustrian、Wasatchian和Nongshanian的LMA之内。

4 始新统/渐新统界线

在80年代,按照国际地质科学联合会下属的国际地层委员会(ICS)的规定和指导方针,国际地质对比计划174找到了一个适当的始新统/渐新统界线层型。他们选择了意大利Massignano剖面中19m处的层位作为始新统/渐新统界线的GSSP,ICS批准了这一决定[25,26]。此GSSP位于深海海相灰岩中,且界线层型点与浮游有孔虫Hantkenina及Han-tkeninidae科的其他成员的消失相一致。比此层型点稍低的火山灰层的放射性同位素年龄稍大于34Ma,且此层型点落入磁极倒转C13rl中。以前被广泛接受的始新统/渐新统界线的估计年龄为36Ma以上[5],新的GSSP将此界线移动了一下,故它比以前估计的要年轻2Ma。

含哺乳动物化石的地层与可能被用来确定始新统/渐新统界线位置的含有hantkenined有孔虫或其他海相化石的海相地层之间,还没有进行过直接的生物地层横向对比。取而代之的是把哺乳动物的生物年代同主要依靠放射性同位素测年和磁性年代来确定的始新统/渐新统界线进行对比。在北美西部的记录可提供精确的对比。

以前,始新统/渐新统界线被置于Chadromian LMA的下部(图3),此位置的年龄是用K-Ar法测定怀俄明州的Flagstaff凝灰岩得来的,并且与磁性年代明显一致[27]。现在,来自同一凝灰岩新的Ar-Ar年龄以及怀俄明州其他地方、内布拉斯加州和得克萨斯州西部的凝灰岩的新的Ar-Ar年龄值,和重新标定过的磁性年代,表明Chadronian结束的年龄大约为34Ma。这与始新统/渐新统界线相一致[28]。这意味着在过去的一些年里,北美西部的始新统/渐新统界线的位置被移动了超过2Ma和两个磁性年代单位(图3)。

图3 北美和亚洲穿越始新统/渐新统界线的新(1992年以后)、老(1992年以前)方案的LMA对比

RL—参考层位的缩写

在亚洲陆相地层中,目前用于对比始新统/渐新统界线的最精确方法是把Chadronian-Orellan的LMA界线与在蒙古和中国境内的陆地哺乳动物化石记录相对比。许多年以来,俄罗斯和蒙古的古脊椎动物学家们认为蒙古Ergilin-Dzo组的哺乳动物化石组合是早渐新世所特有的[45]。他们得出此结论的依据是已被广泛承认的Ergilin-Dzo哺乳动物与Chadro-nian期的哺乳动物的对比。

然而,Chadronian期哺乳动物现在被认为是始新世晚期的产物,在亚洲可与之对比的哺乳动物,像Ergilin-Dzo组的哺乳动物组合,也是如此。亚洲最古老的渐新世哺乳动物组合以Hsanda Gol组底部的组合为最好的代表,此哺乳动物组合在时间上紧随蒙古的Ergilin-Dzo哺乳动物组合。始新统/渐新统界线的重新定位还没有被中国、蒙古和俄罗斯的古脊椎动物学家所承认[11,32,41],但在西方却已被广泛接受[4,12,13],本文也同意这一定位。

在北美和亚洲,始新统/渐新统界线对应于相当LMA界线的哺乳动物的演化交替事件。然而,这一演变交替事件是从始新世晚期持续到渐新世中期的一次哺乳动物种群长期变动的一部分[4,11,12,40]。同样,长期的变动也发生在穿越始新统/渐新统界线的欧洲哺乳动物群中[17]。事实上,Stehlin[33]所谓的“Ia Grande Coupure”(大间断)——一次设想的引人注目的穿越始新统/渐新统界线的欧洲陆生哺乳动物的大变动——实际上是由于分散滞后而造成的一个假象[44]

5 渐新统/中新统界线

表2 穿越渐新统/中新统界线的全北极区LMA的对比

据我所知,人们并没有力图把渐新统/中新统界线与一次哺乳动物的交替事件等同起来。中新世的底界也就是阿启坦阶的底界。在欧洲,一个连续的标有MN1到MN17[6,24]的“中新世”哺乳动物参考层位(RL)实际上横穿了渐新统/中新统界线——RL MN1,并且至少RL MN2的底部处于渐新世晚期(表2)。可与阿启坦阶层型直接对比的最古老的哺乳动物位于RL MN2中[34]。这意味着渐新统/中新统界线处于Aegenian LMA内(表2),并不与欧洲哺乳动物群的一次显著的演化交替相一致。

在北美,哺乳动物组合与渐新统/中新统界线的对比有磁性地层和放射性同位素定年来实现。此界线对应为Arikareean的LMA内部,接近于White River动物群的终止这一交替事件,并属于小的迁移事件类[35,36]。因此,没有大的哺乳动物演化交替事件与渐新统/中新统界线相关。

在亚洲,渐新统/中新统界线的位置与塔本布拉克阶和谢家阶的LMA界线相一致[20,29,38],然而,这是建立在RL MN1的底界与阿启坦阶的底界相当这一错误概念基础上的错误对比。如果谢家阶下部的LMA与RL MN1的对比正确的话[20,23],那么渐新统/中新统界线将与谢家阶LMA之内的一个层型点相对比,而不与亚洲哺乳动物群的一次大的演化交替相一致。

致谢 1992年以来,国家地理协会一直资助我对亚洲老第三纪哺乳动物的研究。本文的许多观点受到M.P.Aubry、W.A.Berggren、H.de Bruijin和R.J.Emry等学者的启发和影响,在此一并表示感谢。

(聂浩刚译,余青校)

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2023-06-24 05:27:471

JOHN LEE HOOKER的《Murder》 歌词

歌曲名:Murder歌手:JOHN LEE HOOKER专辑:Hot SpotWithin Temptation - MurderAlbum "The Unforgiving" 2011I"ve been around these vicious lies tooToo long to be neglecting the truthI"m getting closer and I"m fully armedI"m about to hunt you down throughThe big black hole right behind youAnd I"m about to cut your wings away"Cause I"ve been finding outWhere you"ve broken inAnd I will take you outWhen I close you inI"m killing them allI"ve put my soul on the lineI purify sins that I"ve committed in lifeI"ll follow them allAnd I"ll be bringing them downWherever they go I"m right behindThere"s nowhere to goYour head on the lineThere is no rope, you"re running out of timeTo where will you goWhen I will murder your soulI"m about to do it your wayI will make your world unsafeI never thought you get this thought insaneYou don"t believe what I besides seeYou don"t believe in judgment dayBut you won"t believe in xxxx on horn"Cause I"ve been finding outWhere you"ve broken inAnd I will take you outWhen I close you inI"m killing them allI"ve put my soul on the lineI purify sins that I"ve committed in lifeI"ll follow them allAnd I"ll be bringing them downWherever they go I"m right behindThere"s nowhere to goYour head on the lineThere is no rope, you"re running out of timeTo where will you goWhen I will murder your soulYou can"t feel the painAnd scream in vainYou sink away to the bottomYou can"t break your chainsBreak away from hereI"m killing them allI"ve put my soul on the lineI purify sins that I"ve committed in lifeI"ll follow them allAnd I"ll be bringing them downWherever they go I"m right behindThere"s nowhere to goYour head on the lineThere is no rope, you"re running out of timeTo where will you goWhen I will murder your soulThe Endhttp://music.baidu.com/song/8127192
2023-06-24 05:27:541

雅思阅读之复杂句句型结构分析

【 #雅思# 导语】为了方便大家的学习,下面是 !   雅思的阅读部分有大量句型结构复杂、难以理解和把握的复杂句或难句。一般来说,这些句子有以下特点:   一、句子冗长,大多数句子由20个以上单词组成,很多句子超过40个单词   二、结构复杂,频繁使用并列复合句、多重复合句等复杂句式   三、大多是阅读考试的出题点,在阅读试题中常常有所涉及   我们可以从简单句开始分析语法    简单句   对于难度较大的简单句,阅读的基本方法是确定句子的主、谓、宾,找出句子的主干,忽略其他的成分,将长句变成短句,将句型结构复杂的句子变成句型结构简单的句子。   例1:It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions, and making trade-offs and compromises where interest are opposed.   分析:句子的主语是it, 谓语是involves,三个动名词短语probing for deeply rooted concerns、devising creative solutions和making trade-offs and compromises作宾语。意思是说:它涉及了探究深层次的关注、想出更有创意的解决方案以及当利益发生冲突的时候,做出交易和妥协。   例2:Automated techniques to measure these characteristics and verify a person"s identity infallibly are attracting widespread attention in these days of increased use of credit cards and e-mail.   分析:该句主语是automated techniques, 谓语是attract,宾语是attention, in these days of increased use of credit cards and e-mail在句子里起时间状语的作用。意思是说:在信用卡和电子邮件越来越多地被使用的今天,用来测量这些特性和确认人的身份的自动技术吸引了广泛的关注。    并列句   如果句子包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构,就是并列句。并列句中的分句通常用一个并列连词来连接,最常见的并列连词有and,or 和but。最简单的方法就是将句子从并列连词处断开,将并列句变成两个或若干个相对短的句子,然后再用处理简单句的方法——抓句子主干,来依次处理每个相对短的句子。   例:Government has encouraged waste paper collecton and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre.   分析:这个复合句可以从and处将句子分成两个相对较短的句子:and前面是一个简单句;and后面的句子有一个由that引导的定语从句,充当new recycling technologies的定语。意思是:政府鼓励了废纸的回收和分类计划,同时造纸工业也通过开发新的回收技术作出了反应,这个回收技术为更大程度地利用已经使用过的纤维铺平了道路。    插入语结构   插入语一般是对句子的某个成分的解释或补充说明,前后有逗号与其他句子成分分开,比较容易识别。处理插入语的基本办法是先略去不读,直接跳过两个逗号之间的内容,使插入语结构前后意思顺畅。   例句1:To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless.   分析:该句中,as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners充当插入语,阅读句子时,可以先忽略这部分。意思是说:对不经意看到的人和有影响力的自然科学家、区域规划者来说,亚马逊地区的繁茂的森林似乎是永恒的。   例句2:Over 120 years ago, the English botanist J.D. Hooker, writing of Australian edible plants, suggested that many of them were "eatable but not worth eating".   分析:此句中,两个逗号之间的内容即writing of Australian edible plants, 充当插入语。意思是说:120多年前,在写到澳大利亚可食用的植物时,英国植物学家J.D.Hooker就指出它们当中有很多可食用的,但却不值得食用。    倒装结构   在英语当中,主语和谓语有两种顺序:一种和汉语一致,即主语在前;另外一种顺序是谓语在主语前面,即倒装。阅读中一般会出现以not only等否定连词和never,seldom rarely, hardly等否定副词引导的倒装句。理解倒装句,就要把它转换成普通语句,把倒装语序还原为自然语序,在自然语序下理解句子。   例句1:In a dispute, not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party, but they are in conflict.   分析:该句中,not only...but also...引导了倒装句,把其中的句子换成正常语序就是:the interests of one party do not coincide with those of the other party.整句的意思是:在一个争论中,不仅一方的利益和另外一方不一致,而且它们是相互矛盾的。   例句2:Hardly had we arrived in Shanghai when it began to snow.   分析:此句是由hardly...when引导出了倒装,意思是:我们一到上海天就开始下雪。
2023-06-24 05:28:011

thomashooker是诗人吗

不是。thomashooke的意思是胡克,托马斯胡克,他是一位著名的基督教信徒,提供着三个传教士。胡克任知事温斯罗,创建康乃狄克州的胡克,克尔艺复兴的见解和基督教的正统思想,他们的政治主张从呼克尔,虎克福,马萨诸塞弯区副总督温特洛普,康乃迪克殖民地始祖虎克。
2023-06-24 05:28:071

世界上最大的光学望远镜是哪一部?

屹今为止世界上最大的光学望远镜是美国设立在夏威夷的凯克望远镜,其透视直径约为10米,望楼主采纳。
2023-06-24 05:28:182

请介绍一下植物分类学家哈钦松,非常感谢!

呵呵,楼上的,从我的百科词条里粘过来的吧。
2023-06-24 05:28:372

Lady Gaga新专辑中文歌词

INTROIt doesn"t matter if you love him, or capital H-I-M不论你是爱上了他,还是认为他很美妙,暗暗的爱着着他Just put your paws up只管挥舞起你的爪子吧"cause you were Born This Way, Baby因为我们生而如此,亲爱的 VERSE:My mama told me when I was young在我年轻的时候,妈妈曾经告诉我We are all born superstars我们都是天生的巨星She rolled my hair and put my lipstick on她将我的头发烫卷,为我涂上唇膏In the glass of her boudoir在她自己的房间的化妆镜前“There"s nothing wrong with lovin" who you are”“爱上我们本来的样子,并没有任何过错”She said, “‘Cause he made you perfect, babe”她说,“因为他(我觉得这里的他指的是上帝~)从一开始就将你创造得那么完美,我的宝贝”“So hold your head up girl and you"ll go far,所以,姑娘,昂起你美丽的额头吧,你将会走得很远Listen to me when I say”在我说这些话的时候,请认真听好 CHORUS:I"m beautiful in my way我以我独特的方式美丽着‘Cause God makes no mistakes因为上帝从来没有过错误的时候I"m on the right track baby我正前行在最正确的轨道上,宝贝I was Born This Way我,生而如此!Don"t hide yourself in regret不要将自己掩埋在懊悔和遗憾之中Just love yourself and you"re set去学会爱上你自己,你是那么的完美I"m on the right track baby我正前行在最适合的轨道上,宝贝I was Born This Way我,生而如此! POST-CHORUS:Ooo there ain"t no other way喔,并不是说没有别的路可走Baby I was born this way但是,宝贝,这才是我天生就要走的路Baby I was born this way宝贝,我生而如此Ooo there ain"t no other way喔,并不是说只有这一条路可走Baby I was born-I"m on the right track baby宝贝,我天生(就应该这样),宝贝,我正前行于正确的路上啊I was born this way我生而如此!Don"t be a drag – just be a queen不要成为累赘,要成为王者!Don"t be a drag – just be a queen不要成为累赘,要成为王者!Don"t be a drag – just be a queen不要成为累赘,要成为王者!Don"t be! 不可以! VERSEGive yourself prudence让自己变得精明谨慎And love your friends用真爱温暖你的朋友们Subway kid, rejoice your truth在地铁上的孩子也会为你的真诚而欢庆In the religion of the insecure我深信不疑着,世事皆是无法断定、难以预料的I must be myself, respect my youth所以,我更要做我自己,尊重自己的青春A different lover is not a sin拥有一个与众不同的恋人,并不是什么罪孽Believe capital H-I-M (hey hey hey)相信上帝吧,hey hey heyI love my life I love this record and我爱我的生活。我爱这首歌,Mi amore vole fe yah (love needs faith)爱,是需要信念的 REPEAT CHORUS + POST-CHORUSBRIDGE:Don"t be a drag, just be a queen不要成为累赘,要成为王者!Whether you"re broke or evergreen不论你是破产了,身无分文,还是成功着,一直顺利You"re black, white, beige, chola descent不论你是黑种人,白种人,黄种人,还是胆汁血统(靠= =||||。。。我只知道chola是胆汁descent是血统但是谁能告诉我胆汁血统是神马玩意T T。。。反正就这样翻译了- -。。。撞墙)You"re lebanese, you"re orient不论你是出生在黎巴嫩,还是遥远的东方Whether life"s disabilities不论你是否残疾Left you outcast, bullied, or teased不要去理会那些遗弃和背叛,欺骗和恐吓,嘲笑和戏弄Rejoice and love yourself today在当下,爱自己,并且为自己而欢呼喝彩‘Cause baby you were born this way宝贝,因为你生而如此 No matter gay, straight, or bi,不论你是男|同|性|恋,异性恋,还是双|性|恋Lesbian, transgendered life女|同|性|恋,还是变性人I"m on the right track baby我们都可以走上属于自己的正确的道路I was born to survive我天生就有通过这条路而生存的权利No matter black, white or beige与肤色无关,无论你是黑,白,还是黄Chola or orient made无论你来自南美洲还是亚洲(我是多么想翻译成“无论你来自胆汁= =。。。)I"m on the right track baby我们都能找到自己的路,宝贝I was born to be brave我生而如此,这是上帝赋予我的勇气REPEAT CHORUSOUTRO/REFRAIN:I was born this way hey!I was born this way hey!我生而如此,hey!I"m on the right track baby我正在我的路上前行,宝贝I was born this way hey!我生而如此!I was born this way hey!I was born this way hey!I"m on the right track babyI was born this way hey!There"s no reason you and me should be alone 没有什么原因是你我孤独的理由 Tonight, yeah babe 今晚! 对!宝贝! Tonight, yeah babe 对!就今晚!宝贝! There"s no reason you shouldn"t take me home tonight 今晚没有任何原因是你不把我带回家的理由 I need a man who thinks it right when it"s so wrong,当这件事是错误的时候,我需要一个人来认为这是对的 Tonight yeah babe,今晚!对!宝贝! Tonight yeah babe,对!就今晚!宝贝! Right on the limits where we know we both belong tonight今晚是一个分界点,我们将属于彼此 It"s time to feel the rush, 是感受这次飞跃的时候了 To push the dangerous 把危险甩在一边, I"m gonna run back to, to the edge with you 我要和你跑到天涯海角, Where we can both fall in love 在那儿,我们可以自由自在的恋爱 *I"m on the edge of glory, 我站在光荣的边缘 And I"m hanging on a moment of truth, 我会坚持真理 I"m on the edge of glory,我站在光荣的边缘 And I"m hanging on a moment with you, 我会和你永不分手 I"m on the edge 我站在边缘 The edge 边缘 x6 I"m on the edge of glory 我站在光荣的边缘 And I"m hanging on a moment with you 我会和你永不分手 I"m on the edge with you 我与你一起站在这个边缘 Another shot, before we kiss the other side, 在我们吻对方之前,再触电一次吧! Tonight, yeah babe 今晚!对!宝贝! Tonight, yeah babe 对!就今晚!宝贝! I"m on the edge of something final we call life tonight 今晚我们在最终被我们称为生活的边缘Alright, alright 好吧, 好吧! Pull out your shade "cause I"ll be dancing in the flames 离开你的庇佑,我只能在热火中热舞 Tonight, yeah babe 今晚!对!宝贝! Tonight, yeah babe 对!就今晚!宝贝! … the burden of my name, tonight, tonight 今晚,今晚我的责任 It"s time to feel the rush 是感受这次飞跃的时候了 To push the dangerous 把危险甩在一边, I"m gonna run back to, to the edge with you 我要和你跑到天涯海角, Where we can both fall in love 在那儿,我们可以自由自在的恋爱 I"m on the edge with you 我会和你一直站在一起!Gaga, Gaha-aaaaah 嘎嘎 嘎哈哈哈   Gaga, Gaho-oooooh 嘎嘎 嘎吼吼吼   Ii Io ritorne- (I have returned) 我要变了   Ii Io ritorne- (I have returned) 我要变了   Ii Io ritorne- (I have returned) 我要变了   Government Hooker-ey 官妓呀   VERSE 1:   I can be good (If you just wanna be bad) 我会无可媲美(除非你就想变坏)   I can be cool (If you just wanna be mad) 谁叫人家如此潇洒(除非你刻意生气)   I can be anything, I"ll be your everything 我可以千变万化,你拥有我   Just touch me baby (I don"t wanna be sad) 侵犯我的心灵吧(我不想生气)   PRE-CHORUS   As long as I"m your hooker (Back up and turn around) 只要我是你的妓女(支持而行动)   As long as I"m your hooker (Hands on the ground) 只要我是你的妓女(把手按在大地)   As long as I"m your hooker (Back up and turn around) 只要我是你的妓女(支持而行动)   As long as I"m your hooker (Get down) 只要我是你的妓女(快放下)   CHORUS:   Hooker! (Yeah, you"re my hooker) 奴仆(是的,你就是我的佣人)  Hooker! (Government Hooker) 奴仆(官场的奴役)   Hooker! (Yeah, you"re my hooker) 奴仆(是的,你就是我的佣人)   Hooker! (Government Hooker) 奴仆(官场的奴役)   POST-CHORUS:   I"m gonna drink my tears tonight, 今夜我将痛哭流涕   I"m gonna drink my tears and cry, 然后咽下泪水止不住得哭   "cause I know you love me baby. 就源起于我读懂了你的爱   I know you love me, baby! 我读懂了你的爱   VERSE 2:   I could be girl (Unless you want to be man) 我可以做个女子(除非你想做男人)   I could be sex (Unless you want to hold hands) 我可以做支性的手枪(除非你举起手来)   I could be anything, I could be everything (Iku Iku [Japanese - I"m cumming]) 我可以千变万化(我的高潮)   I could be mom (Unless you want to be dad) (oy, [Spanish - oh, Daddy!]) 我是母(除非你是父)(爸爸)   POST-CHORUS:   As long as I"m your hooker (Back up and turn around) 只要我是你的妓女(支持而行动)   As long as I"m your hooker (Hands on the ground) 只要我是你的妓女(把手按在大地)   As long as I"m your hooker (Back up and turn around)只要我是你的妓女 (支持而行动)   As long as I"m your hooker (Get down) 只要我是你的妓女(快放下)   CHORUS:   Hooker! (Yeah, you"re my hooker) 奴仆(是的,你就是我的佣人)   Hooker! (Government Hooker) 奴仆(官场的奴役)   Hooker! (Yeah, you"re my hooker) 奴仆(是的,你就是我的佣人)   Hooker! (Government Hooker) 奴仆(官场的奴役)   BRIDGE:   Put your hands on me, 把手放在我的怀里   John F. Kennedy. 约翰肯尼迪   I"ll make you squeal baby, 亲爱的,我要令你尖叫   as long as you pay me - ow! 像你雇我一样日月煎熬,奥   POST-CHORUS   I"m gonna drink my tears tonight, 今夜我将痛哭流涕   I"m gonna drink my tears and cry, 然后咽下泪水止不住得哭   "cause I know you love me baby. 就源起于我读懂了你的爱   I know you love me, baby! 我读懂了你的爱   CHORUS:   Hooker! (Yeah, you"re my hooker) 奴仆(是的,你就是我的佣人)   Hooker! (Government Hooker) 奴仆(官场的奴役)   Hooker! (Yeah, you"re my hooker) 奴仆(是的,你就是我的佣人)   Hooker! (Government Hooker) 奴仆(官场的奴役)   I could be girl (Unless you want to be man) 我可以做个女子(除非你想做男人)   I could be sex (Unless you want to hold hands) 我可以做支性的手枪(除非你举起手来)   I could be anything, I could be everything (Iku Iku [Japanese - I"m cumming]) 我可以千变万化(我的高潮)   I could be mom (Unless you want to be dad) (oy, [Spanish - oh, Daddy!]) 我是母(除非你是父)(爸爸)   OUTRO:   I wanna fu-[BEEP] a government hooker, 我想上了一个官场的妓女   Stop fu-[BEEP-ING] me, government hooker! 停住上我,官妓   I wanna fu-[BEEP] a government hooker, 我想上了一个官场的妓女   Stop fu-[BEEP-ING] me, government hooker! 停住上我,官妓   Get down, yeah! 放下重担,松一口气   I can be sex. 我是性手枪heavy metal lover 由于太多字了,这首我给你个链接: http://hi.baidu.com/bleaklove/blog/item/4de62939e9cf0a33ba998f63.html
2023-06-24 05:28:441

binculars(双筒望远镜)发明作文

17世纪初的一天,荷兰小镇的一家眼镜店的主人利伯希(Hans Lippershey),为检查磨制出来的透镜质量,把一块凸透镜和一块凹镜排成一条线,通过透镜看过去,发现远处的教堂塔尖好象变大拉近了,于是在无意中发现了望远镜的秘密。1608年他为自己制作的望远镜申请专利,并遵从当局的要求,造了一个双筒望远镜。据说小镇好几十个眼镜匠都声称发明了望远镜,不过一般都认为利伯希是望远镜的发明者。 望远镜发明的消息很快在欧洲各国流传开了,意大利科学家伽利略得知这个消息之后,就自制了一个。第一架望远镜只能把物体放大3倍。一个月之后,他制作的第二架望远镜可以放大8倍,第三架望远镜可以放大到20倍。1609年10月他作出了能放大30倍的望远镜。伽里略用自制的望远镜观察夜空,第一次发现了月球表面高低不平,覆盖着山脉并有火山口的裂痕。此后又发现了木星的4个卫星、太阳的黑子运动,并作出了太阳在转动的结论。几乎同时,德国的天文学家开普勒也开始研究望远镜,他在《屈光学》里提出了另一种天文望远镜,这种望远镜由两个凸透镜组成,与伽利略的望远镜不同,比伽利略望远镜视野宽阔。但开普勒没有制造他所介绍的望远镜。沙伊纳于1613年—1617年间首次制作出了这种望远镜,他还遵照开普勒的建议制造了有第三个凸透镜的望远镜,把二个凸透镜做的望远镜的倒像变成了正像。沙伊纳做了8台望远镜,一台一台地云观察太阳,无论哪一台都能看到相同形状的太阳黑子。因此,他打消了不少人认为黑子可能是透镜上的尘埃引起的错觉,证明了黑子确实是观察到的真实存在。在观察太阳时沙伊纳装上特殊遮光玻璃,伽利略则没有加此保护装置,结果伤了眼睛,最后几乎失明。荷兰的惠更斯为了减少折射望远镜的色差在1665年做了一台筒长近6米的望远镜,来探查土星的光环,后来又做了一台将近41米长的望远镜。 使用透镜作物镜的望远镜称为折射望远镜,即使加长镜筒,精密加工透镜,也不能消除色象差,牛顿曾认为折射望远镜的色差是不可救药,后来证明过分悲观的。1668年他发明了反射式望远镜,斛决了色差的问题。第一台反望远镜非常小,望远镜内的反射镜口径只有2.5厘米,但是已经能清楚地看到木星的卫星、金星的盈亏等(见附图1)。1672年牛顿做了一台更大的反射望远镜,送给了英国皇家学会,至今还俣存在皇家学会的图书馆里。1733年英国人哈尔制成第一台消色差折射望远镜。1758年伦敦的宝兰德也制成同样的望远镜,他采用了折射率不同的玻璃分别制造凸透镜和凹透镜,把各自形成的有色边缘相互抵消。但是要制造很大透镜不容易,目前世界上最大的一台折射式望远镜直径为102厘米,安装在雅弟斯天文台。1793年英国赫瑟尔(William Herschel),制做了反射式望远镜,反射镜直径为130厘米,用铜锡合金制成,重达1吨。1845年英国的帕森(William Parsons)制造的反射望远镜,反射镜直径为1.82米。1917年,胡克望远镜(Hooker Telescope)在美国加利福尼亚的威尔逊山天文台建成。它的主反射镜口径为100英寸。正是使用这座望远镜,哈勃(Edwin Hubble)发现了宇宙正在膨胀的惊人事实。1930年,德国人施密特(Bernhard Schmidt)将折射望远镜和反射望远镜的优点(折射望远镜像差小但有色差而且尺寸越大越昂贵,反射望远镜没有色差、造价低廉且反射镜可以造得很大,但存在像差)结合起来,制成了第一台折反射望远镜。 战后反射式望远镜在天文观测中发展很快,1950年在帕洛玛山上安装了一台直径5.08米的海尔(Hale)反射式望远镜。1969年在前苏联高加索北部的帕斯土霍夫山上安装了直径6米的反射镜。1990年,NASA将哈勃太空望远镜送入轨道,然而,由于镜面故障,直到1993年宇航员完成太空修复并更换了透镜后,哈勃望远镜才开始全面发挥作用。由于可以不受地球大气的干扰,哈勃望远镜的图像清晰度是地球上同类望远镜拍下图像的10倍。1993年,美国在夏威夷莫纳克亚山上建成了口径10米的“凯克望远镜”,其镜面由36块1.8米的反射镜拼合而成。2001设在智利的欧洲南方天文台研制完成了“超大望远镜”(VLT),它由4架口径8米的望远镜组成,其聚光能力与一架16米的反射望远镜相当。现在,一批正在筹建中的望远镜又开始对莫纳克亚山上的白色巨人兄弟发起了冲击。这些新的竞争参与者包括30米口径的“加利福尼亚极大望远镜”(California Extremely Large Telescope,简称CELT),20米口径的大麦哲伦望远镜(Giant Magellan Telescope,简称GMT)和100米口径的绝大望远镜(Overwhelming Large Telescope,简称OWL)。它们的倡议者指出,这些新的望远镜不仅可以提供像质远胜于哈勃望远镜照片的太空图片,而且能收集到更多的光,对100亿年前星系形成时初态恒星和宇宙气体的情况有更多的了解,并看清楚遥远恒星周围的行星。
2023-06-24 05:29:042

以ker结尾的英语单词

bakercookermakerlaker
2023-06-24 05:29:124

婊子英语怎么说

bitch
2023-06-24 05:29:2115

prostitute / whore 都是贬义词吗?

同义词
2023-06-24 05:29:464

hooker和prostitute的区别

hi hooker and prostitute are ofen means the same , they are perfect synonymous.But I believe and my pals think that hookers hook their clients at their own, but prostitutes often have a pimp as an medium.
2023-06-24 05:30:063

hooker啥意思

hooker ["huk?] n.【C】<口>妓女n.小渔船,破船Hooker:胡克(姓氏) hooker引人上钩者 hooknosed 鹰钩鼻的; hookah 水烟筒利用水的吸烟装置; Hooke 虎克; hooked 钩状的有钩 旧船 旧船hooker 龙舟dragon boat 拖网鱼船trawler 小渔船yawl 布网船net layer 捕鲸船
2023-06-24 05:30:211

妓女用英语怎么说

妓女这个职业的标准名称为:prostitute此外还有一些极贬义的说法,与中文对应如下:婊子_whore拉客的_hooker鸡_callet以及委婉语:streetgirlfemaleperformer
2023-06-24 05:30:301

为什么在彩虹六号里面挂壁叫hooker,在gta5里面却叫mooder

是hacker和moder吧hacker吧。。。。hacker就是骇客、黑客的意思moder大概可以称为模组使用者???moder用来称呼挂壁很少见啊,大部分人都是用hacker的吧。
2023-06-24 05:30:391

JOHN LEE HOOKER的《Hey Baby》 歌词

歌曲名:Hey Baby歌手:JOHN LEE HOOKER专辑:Plays & Sings The BluesPitbull Feat. T-Pain – Hey Baby (Drop It To The Floor)So listen upLet her go, lalalaBaby girl wanna play, let her goSaid let her go, lalalaBaby girl wanna play, let her goSaid let her go, lalalaBaby girl wanna play, let her goSaid let her go, lalalaBaby girl wanna play, let her goGot it Pain?Hey baby girl what you doing tonight?I wanna see what you got in store (hey, hey baby)You"re giving it your all when you"re dancing on meI want to see if you can give me some more (hey, hey baby)You can be my girl, I can be your manAnd we can pump this jam however you want (hey, hey baby)Pump it from the side, pump it upside downOr we can pump it from the back and the front (hey, hey baby)Oooh baby, baby lalalalalaOooh baby, baby lalalalalaOooh baby, baby lalalalalaOooh baby, baby lalalalalaOoh drop it to the floorMake me wanna say hey babyYeah, you can shake some moreMake me wanna say hey babyOoh you got it cause youMake me wanna say hey babyOoh don"t stop itI want u tonightI"m a dankenSelf paid, self-made millionaireI used to play around the worldNow I"m around the world getting paidGirl problems, no problemsDon"t hate the game that won"t solve itI want to get with you mamiNow let me see where the Lord??Hey baby girl what you doing tonight?I wanna see what you got in store (hey, hey baby)You"re giving it your all when you"re dancing on meI want to see if you can give me some more (hey, hey baby)You can be my girl, I can be your manAnd we can pump this jam however you want (hey, hey baby)Pump it from the side, pump it upside downOr we can pump it from the back and the front (hey, hey baby)Oooh baby, baby lalalalalaOooh baby, baby lalalalalaOooh baby, baby lalalalalaOooh baby, baby lalalalalaOoh drop it to the floorMake me wanna say hey babyYeah, you can shake some moreMake me wanna say hey babyOoh you got it cause youMake me wanna say hey babyOoh don"t stop itMake me wanna sayMake money, make moneyThis chicka right here gotta eat babyScared money don"t make moneyThat"s how it goes in the street babyBut enough with the the nonsenseBaby girl take a shot to clear your conscienceNot a goon or a God, I"m a monsterCause I hit all baddest woman in the world, gangstaOooh baby, baby lalalalalaOooh baby, baby lalalalalaOooh baby, baby lalalalalaOooh baby, baby lalalalalaOoh drop it to the floorMake me wanna say hey babyYeah, you can shake some moreMake me wanna say hey babyOoh you got it cause youMake me wanna say hey babyOoh don"t stop itMake me wanna sayOooh baby, baby lalalalalaOooh baby, baby lalalalalaOooh baby, baby lalalalalaOooh baby, baby lalalalalaOoh drop it to the floorMake me wanna say hey babyYeah, you can shake some moreMake me wanna say hey babyOoh you got it cause youMake me wanna say hey babyOoh don"t stop itI want you tonighthttp://music.baidu.com/song/8086215
2023-06-24 05:30:461

JOHN LEE HOOKER的《Highway 13》 歌词

歌曲名:Highway 13歌手:JOHN LEE HOOKER专辑:Mr. Lucky「Highway」作词∶WISE作曲∶SONPUB歌∶WISErolling down the highway少しでも前へ 进んでくmy way(Like a shooting Star)心开いて 受け入れる大切な 梦抱いて(guide me through the dark)流れてく景色を见てこのまま远く please take me far awayいまはまだ谁もこの道が この先も続くのかさえも分からずに踏み込んだアクセル keep proceeding my roadleft to right, right right to left左右わかれる道の先で待つ stressいつもだいたい what"s the best选択求められてく test?たまに迷い込むトンネル出口见つけられずに迷ってる戸惑ってる暇ない分かってる自分だけの答えを探してるrolling down the highway少しでも前へ 进んでくmy way(Like a shooting Star)心开いて 受け入れる大切な 梦抱いて(guide me through the dark)show me the way….please guide me through the dark流される时代の行方このままだとどこいくんだろう?いまならまだきっと未来へと繋いでく道があるからあきらめず颜あげていつも just believe in who you areとっくにリミッター振り切ったスピード阻止するインターセプターでも止まんない胴体伤ついても前 进むため Fight梦ない世界に住めないから周りを染めてく自分のカラーまだゴールは先 destiny向けてハンドルをこの手にrolling down the highway少しでも前へ 进んでくmy way(Like a shooting Star)心开いて 受け入れる大切な 梦抱いて(guide me through the dark)show me the way….please guide me through the darkrolling down the highway少しでも前へ 进んでくmy way心开いて 受け入れる大切な 梦抱いて(No I"ll never stop!)【 おわり 】http://music.baidu.com/song/2593883
2023-06-24 05:30:531

BuddyJoeHooker是谁

BuddyJoeHookerBuddyJoeHooker是一名演员,参与作品有《无耻混蛋》、《零号嫌疑犯》等。外文名:BuddyJoeHooker职业:演员代表作品:《无耻混蛋》、《零号嫌疑犯》合作人物:昆汀·塔伦蒂诺
2023-06-24 05:31:001

lady gaga《government hooker》中文歌词

Government Hooker 政治女妓Gaga, Gaha-aaaaah 嘎嘎Gaga, Gaho-oooooh 嘎嘎 Ii Io ritorne- (I have returned) 我已经回来了Ii Io ritorne- (I have returned) 我已经回来了Ii Io ritorne- (I have returned) 我已经回来了Government Hooker-ey 政治女妓I can be good (If you just wanna be bad) 我可以做得很好(如果你想变坏)I can be cool (If you just wanna be mad) 我的变得很冷酷(如果你想变得狂热)I can be anything, I"ll be your everything 我的变成任何东西,我会变成你的一切Just touch me baby (I don"t wanna be sad) 只用抚摸我宝贝(我不想变得伤心)As long as I"m your hooker (Back up and turn around) 只要我是个女妓(背过去转身)As long as I"m your hooker (Hands on the ground) 只要我是个女妓(手放在地上)As long as I"m your hooker (Back up and turn around) 只要我是个女妓(背过去转身)As long as I"m your hooker (Get down) 只要我是个女妓(下来)Hooker! (Yeah, you"re my hooker) 女妓!(耶,你是我的女妓)Hooker! (Government Hooker) 女妓!(政治女妓)Hooker! (Yeah, you"re my hooker) 女妓!(耶,你是我的女妓)Hooker! (Government Hooker) 女妓!(政治女妓)I"m gonna drink my tears tonight, 今晚我要饮尽我的眼泪I"m gonna drink my tears and cry, 我要饮尽我的眼泪再哭泣"cause I know you love me baby. 因为我知道你爱我,宝贝I know you love me, baby! 我知道你爱我,宝贝I could be girl (Unless you want to be man) 我可以做你的女孩(除非你想变成男人)I could be sex (Unless you want to hold hands) 我可以性感(除非你想握住我的手)I could be anything, I could be everything - (Iku Iku) 我可以是任何东西,我可以做你的一切(我***)I could be mom (Unless you want to be dad) - (oy, mi papito!) 我可以做母亲(除非你想做父亲)(哦,爹地)As long as I"m your hooker (Back up and turn around) 只要我是个女妓(背过去转身)As long as I"m your hooker (Hands on the ground) 只要我是个女妓(手放在地上)As long as I"m your hooker (Back up and turn around) 只要我是个女妓(背过去转身)As long as I"m your hooker (Get down) 只要我是个女妓(下来)Hooker! (Yeah, you"re my hooker) 女妓!(耶,你是我的女妓)Hooker! (Government Hooker) 女妓!(政治女妓)Hooker! (Yeah, you"re my hooker) 女妓!(耶,你是我的女妓)Hooker! (Government Hooker) 女妓!(政治女妓)Put your hands on me, 把你的手放在我身上John F. Kennedy. 约翰肯尼迪I"ll make you squeal baby, 我要让你尖叫,宝贝as long as you pay me - ow! 只要你付钱,噢!I"m gonna drink my tears tonight, 今晚我要饮尽我的眼泪I"m gonna drink my tears and cry, 我要饮尽我的眼泪再哭泣"cause I know you love me baby. 因为我知道你爱我,宝贝I know you love me, baby! 我知道你爱我,宝贝Hooker! (Yeah, you"re my hooker) 女妓!(耶,你是我的女妓)Hooker! (Government Hooker) 女妓!(政治女妓)Hooker! (Yeah, you"re my hooker) 女妓!(耶,你是我的女妓)Hooker! (Government Hooker) 女妓!(政治女妓)I could be girl (Unless you want to be man) 我可以做你的女孩(除非你想变成男人)I could be sex (Unless you want to hold hands) 我可以性感(除非你想握住我的手)I could be anything, I could be everything 我可以是任何东西,我可以做你的一切I could be mom (Unless you want to be dad) 我可以做母亲(除非你想做父亲)I wanna fu-[BEEP] a government hooker, 我想[beep]一个政治女妓Stop fu-[BEEP-ING] me, government hooker! 停止[beep-ing]我,政治女妓!I wanna fu-[BEEP] a government hooker, 我想[beep]一个政治女妓Stop fu-[BEEP-ING] me, government hooker! 停止[beep-ing]我,政治女妓!Get down, yeah! 下来,耶!
2023-06-24 05:31:071

lady gaga goverment hoooker 翻译

http://baike.baidu.com/view/5230259.htm原谅我懒得从百科里复制,所以就给你网址自己看吧,骚瑞(这个人也太懒了吧~.~)
2023-06-24 05:31:142

机械战警2演员谁能告诉我下

机械战警2演员表《Robocop》由《彼得·威勒》饰演《Magnavolt Salesman》由《约翰·格洛弗》饰演《Cain》由《汤姆·诺南》饰演《Dr. Juliette Faxx》由《Belinda Bauer》饰演《Casey Wong》由《Mario Machado》饰演《Jess Perkins》由《Leeza Gibbons》饰演《Surgeon General》由《John Ingle》饰演《Whittaker》由《Roger Aaron Brown》饰演《Hob》由《Gabriel Damon》饰演《Stef》由《Mark Rolston》饰演《Homeless Woman》由《Lila Finn》饰演《Purse Snatcher》由《John Hateley》饰演《Hooker》由《Gage Tarrant》饰演《Chet (as Tommy Rosales)》由《Thomas Rosales Jr.》饰演《Flint》由《Brandon Smith》饰演《Gun Shop Owner》由《Wallace Merck》饰演《Catzo》由《迈克尔·麦迪罗斯》饰演《Angie》由《Galyn G?rg》饰演《Mother with Baby》由《Linda Thompson》饰演《Desperate Woman》由《Lily Chen》饰演《Anne Lewis》由《南茜·艾伦》饰演《Jimmy Murphy》由《Clinton Austin Shirley》饰演《Ellen Murphy》由《Angie Bolling》饰演《Holzgang》由《Jeff McCarthy》饰演《Delaney》由《Ken Lerner》饰演《Yuppie》由《Martin Casella》饰演《Mayor Kuzak (as Willard Pugh)》由《Willard E. Pugh》饰演《Poulos》由《Phil Rubenstein》饰演《Donald Johnson》由《菲尔顿·派瑞》饰演《The Old Man》由《丹·奥赫里奇》饰演《Dr. Schenk》由《John Doolittle》饰演《Sgt. Reed (as Robert Do"Qui)》由《Robert DoQui》饰演《Angry Citizen》由《Richard Reyes》饰演《Angry Citizen》由《Charles Bailey》饰演《Angry Citizen》由《Jo Perkins》饰演《Angry Citizen》由《Erik Cord》饰演《Duffy》由《Stephen Lee》饰演《Injured Cop》由《Eric Glenn》饰演《Gilette》由《George Cheung》饰演《Estevez》由《旺达·德·杰索斯》饰演导演:厄文·克什纳,
2023-06-24 05:31:321

BrianHooker是什么职业

BrianHookerBrianHooker是一名编剧,代表作品有《大鼻子情圣》《游民之王》等。外文名:BrianHooker职业:编剧代表作品:《大鼻子情圣》《游民之王》等合作人物:JaneAtkins
2023-06-24 05:31:401

陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克的生平简介:约瑟夫·胡克怎么死的?

约瑟夫·胡克Joseph Hooker (1814年11月13日 - 1879年10月31日)波托马克军团司令,参加过美墨战争,在内战中成为少将,尽管在整场战争中立下赫赫战功,但他总是因在钱诺斯维尔战役中被罗伯特·李大败而被人诟病。他有个绰号叫"好战的乔",但本来只是以讹传讹。 毕业于西点军校,曾参加1846-1848年的墨西哥战争,南北战争开始后任志愿军准将,1862年参加所有的东部重要战役,安布罗斯·埃弗雷特·伯恩赛德辞职后继任波托马克军团司令。他立即对军队进行整编,准备赢得胜利,但1863年5月在著名的钱瑟勒斯维尔战役却被南方军总司令罗伯特·爱德华·李率领的部队以寡胜众。迫使胡克丢盔卸甲,损失1.7万人马。这充分暴露了他做为指挥官的缺点。几个月后,胡克率领的波托马克军团的两个军,救援被围困在田纳西州查塔努加的威廉姆·斯塔克·罗斯克兰斯将军,1863年11月24日在卢考特山上的"云端战役"中取胜利,为联邦军队在传教士岭获得重大胜利扫清道路。1864年亚特兰大战役后,胡克不再对战争程序发挥积极作用 。内布拉斯加州胡克县即以胡克的名字命名。
2023-06-24 05:32:031

加拿大英语口音和美音区别是?

一、两者的元音不同:1、英语口音的元音:英语中发音仅仅为一个缩短了的长音/u0254u02d0/(如or)。2、美式发音的元音:美语中的er很少为浑元音,并有时对短音i(如sentimental,actuality)和u(如 wuss),甚至短音的oo(如:hooker)采用了浑元音。二、两者er的发音不同:1、英语口音er的发音:英语中短音的er是如上所述的浑元音,但长音的er也不过是个拉长了的浑元音,听起来是一个很夸张的介于“俄”和“啊”的声音。2、美式发音er的发音:美语中er听起来怎么都是个“儿”音(例外是一些俗语中发成浑元音)。三、两者的辅音不同:1、英语口音辅音:英国英语会把r连读当作后面一个词的开头元音的辅音。2、美式发音的辅音:美语会分开来读,并依旧发出原有的卷舌音/r/。参考资料来源:百度百科-美国英语参考资料来源:百度百科-英国英语
2023-06-24 05:32:111

怎样看待凯伦对她爸!

有节操 有下线 你会看!!!别逗了骚年.
2023-06-24 05:32:256

妓女用英语怎么说

bitch
2023-06-24 05:32:416

迈克尔杰克逊thrllier 女主角是谁?

阿拉蕾
2023-06-24 05:33:095

什么是浑元音

英语和美语的发音最大的区别之一在它们对浑元音(schwa,音标中的倒写e,)的处理。英语中,浑元音在单元音中常通发生在一些非重读的短音a(如about)和短音er(如computer)上。美语中的er很少为浑元音,并有时对短音i(如sentimental,actuality)和u(如wuss),甚至短音的oo(如:hooker)采用了浑元音。(这四个例子在英语中的发音分别为[i], [i], [u:], [u])浑元音的读音是不定的,但是听起来差不多像一个急促的介于“俄”和“啊”的发音。
2023-06-24 05:33:221

求助,安装《幕府将军2》后,提示缺少steam_hooker.dll

win8不要想玩破解 想要玩 破解的幕府2 在win8下无法实现 win8的反盗版措施导致破解失效等等情况 推荐使用win7 64位系统 目前是玩幕府2的 最适合的系统 求采纳
2023-06-24 05:33:292

关于香水方面专业英语

香水 perfume
2023-06-24 05:33:477

《物种起源》

生物方面的书中心点就是物种怎么起源的(*^__^*).
2023-06-24 05:34:055

求歌名,歌词。

不知道,但有一首 i just had sexy
2023-06-24 05:35:003

求一份关于达尔文的英文介绍

(1)Charles Robert Darwin ( 1809 - 1882 ) Charles Robert Darwin was born at The Mount ,Shrewbury ,England , on 12 February 1809. He was the son of Dr. Charles Waring Darwin and the grandson of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, a naturalist whose speculations were to have a profound influence on the younger family scion. Young Charles was educated at the grammer school at Shrewsbury , thence he went to Edinburgh (1825) and afterward to Cambridge .He din not excel in school., however. He was, in fact, considered rather below the common standard in intellect.He became a pupil of Professors Henslow and Sedgewicke at Cambridge,and under their guidance his consuming interest in botany began to bear fruit. He received his degree at Cambridge in 1831 and shortly thereafter , at the age of twentytwo , joined a hydrographical survey as an unpaid naturalist on H. M.S Beagle. For five years he served aboard the Beagle , studying the flora, fauna , and geology of numerous temperate, subtropical , and tropical districts sorrounding South America. This historic round-the -world voyage which Darwin later referred to as " by far the most important event in my life," laid the foundations for the remainder of his life"s work, placing him among the foremost of rising natuaralists . The results of his services were given in his Journal of Researches into the geology and natural history of the countries visite. Darwin was not a robust man even in his young manhood but he was a zealous naturalist who refused to be shackled by illness; on his return to England he began to write and experiment extensively ,despite poor health, exploring all the sciences of earth, life, and man. Thus he rose to renown.Few were privileged to know him on a close personal level, however, for owing to his always feeble health and retiring nature, he seldom entered into social functions or close personal relationships . Instead he labored diligently and introspectively in the pursuit of scientific study. By his work at the Geological Society ,and by his numerous papers on coral reefs , the natural history of the cirrhipeds,and many other biological researches he gained fame as an authority. In 1838 he accepted the appointment as secretary of the Geological Society and was elected to the Royal Society the following year. Meanwhile ,he had married his cousin , Emma wedgwood , and settled in Down,kent , shortly thereafter . Years of study and writing followed . Darwin held that no higher plant could fertilize itself for a perpetuity of generations without the intercession of being cross-fertilized with some other individual . This theory he published in 1859 in his work entitled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection . This work brought him controversial fame as it called down upon him a shower of blame and abuse for propounding such a theory without providing absolute proof. Native terrestrial orchids grew in abundance near Darwin"s home and , because they were the " most singular and modified forms in the vegetable kingdom, " he began an extensive study of their reproduction in order to prove his theory of cross-fertilization aganist that of self-fertilization . With his son and his friends often assisting him in his observations , he spent unnumbered hours in the garden and fields making notes on the number of flowers that set seed; setting up controls by the use of nets and bell jars; catching bees and moths and examining the showy markings and structures of species which were consistent in attracting natural pollinators . Early in his reserches he noted the pollination of Orchis pyramidalis by a particular moth, and studied such unusual adaptations as the " flinging " of pollen onto the pollinator in the genus Catasetum and the pollination of Ophrys by pseudo-copulation. The studies were of such interest to Darwin that he shortly initiated a copious correspondence with Sir Joseph Hooker (then assistant director at Kew), and a letter to Hooker in October 1861 he stated ," I never was more interested in any subject in my life than this of Orchids." As his interest in the order became intensified , he began to study the pollinating devices of tropical orchids: the shooting mechanism of Catasetum species , the " bucket" lip of Coryanthes , and many others. Observing the remarkably lengthy nectary of Angraecum sesquipedale, he predicted that it must be necessary for some certain moth with a footlong tongue to be the pollinating agent for this remarkable species . Finally gathering sufficient evidence to uphold his theories , in 1862 Darwin published his classic work, on the Fertilisation of Orchids by insects. This work put forth the results of his reservations and not only removed all doubt regarding the function of the pollinia , but drew the attention of naturalists to the complex symbiosis existing between flowering plants and food-seeking insects. The introduction of this book states his purpose : .......... In my volume " On the Origin of Species " I gave only general reasons for the belief that it is an almost universal law of nature that the higher organic being require an occasional cross with another individual ; or ,which is the same thing ,that no hermaphrodite fertilises itself for a perpetuity of generations . Having been blamed for propounding this doctrine without giving ample facts , for which I had not sufficient space in that work , I wish here to show that I have not spoken without having gone into details. I have been led to publish this little treatise separately, as it is too large to be incorporated with any other subject . As Orchids are universally acknoledge to rank amongst the most singular and most modified forms in the vegetable kingdom , I have thought that the facts to be given might lead some observers to look more curiously into the habits of our several native species....... This treatise affords me also an opportunity of attempting to show that the study of organic beings may be as interesting to an observer who is fully convinced that the structure of each is due to secondary laws ,as to one who views every trifflinf detail of structure as the result of the direct interposition of the Creator . As the facts were brought together to bear on Darwin"s theory ,the tide of feeling among naturalists turned in his favor . Known for his honesty ,his persistent study habits, and his unprejudiced devotion to truth , he gained immediate support from such men as Sir Joseph Hooker , Professor Huxley ,Mr. George Bentham , and others. Their " conversions" to a belief in evolution were remarkably rapid, and even the educated minority of the population at large soon grasped evolutionary concepts. For the remainder of his life Darwin studied ,reserched , and made many important contributions to geology, zoological geography , taxonomy ,ecology , and animal breeding . He died on 19 April 1882, at the age of seventy-three. Other of his important works in the various fields of science include The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs ,The Descent of Man , Geological Observations in South America, Insectivorous Plants , Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom, Formation of Vegetable Mold ,Emotions im Man and Animals , Principles of Variation Under Domestication, adn The Power of Movement in Plants . Darwin"s orchid studies become the basis of a number of later works by succeeding naturalists and botanists , but while his contributions to orchidology were therefore unprecedented in pollination studies , their importance is equally shared in science as a breakthrough which resulted in theories that changed the whole foundation of scientific knowledge .(2)Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was an an English naturalist whose theory of evolution is one of the greatest contributions ever made to science. Darwin stated this theory in his book The Origin of Species (1859). In another book called The Descent of Man (1871 ) he applied his theory to the evolution of man from a primitive monkey-like animal. Both books aroused world-wide controversy. Many considered them to be offensive, atheistic, blasphemous and Darwin"s caricatures were published in magazines. Although later research has modified or disproved some of Darwin"s findings, scientists still accept his basic ideas.Darwin was born in Shrewsbury and his father was a physician. As a youth Darwin was interested in all living things. He read all the books on geology and biology he could find and collected plant and animal specimens, including fossils. In 1825 he began medical studies at the University of Edinburgh but gave them up after two years. In 1828 he entered Cambridge University to study theology getting a degree in 1831. He eventually obtained a post as unpaid naturalist aboard the surveying ship H.M.S. Beagle.In 1831 the Beagle left on a five-year voyage to South American and Australian waters. During this time Darwin observed and studied in many remote regions of the world. He collected great numbers of plant and animal specimens. From detailed notes of his observations he began to develop the theory that was to make him famous. When he returned to England Darwin began studying and investigating nature. In 1844 Darwin began to compile his greatest contribution, Origin of Species, in which he proposed his theory of natural selection. All life, he said, is a continuous struggle in which only the fittest can survive. In this period Darwin discovered that the idea of natural selection was not exclusively his. Alfred Russel Wallace ( 1823-1913 ), a young naturalist, had developed similar ideas in an essay called "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Independently from the Original Type." Wallace sent this paper to Darwin for an opinion. Darwin took Wallace"s manuscript to a friend, Sir Charles Lyell, who decided that both Wallace"s and Darwin"s ideas should be presented at the same time. On July 1,1858, both papers were read at a meeting of the Linnaean Society of London.After publication of Origin of Species in 1859, Darwin continued to write on botany, geology, and zoology until his death in 1882. He is buried in Westminster Abbey. (3)Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882), British scientist, who laid the foundation of modern evolutionary theory with his concept of the development of all forms of life through the slow-working process of natural selection. His work was of major influence on the life and earth sciences and on modern thought in general.Born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, on February 12, 1809, Darwin was the fifth child of a wealthy and sophisticated English family. His maternal grandfather was the successful china and pottery entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood; his paternal grandfather was the well-known 18th-century physician and savant Erasmus Darwin. After graduating from the elite school at Shrewsbury in 1825, young Darwin went to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. In 1827 he dropped out of medical school and entered the University of Cambridge, in preparation for becoming a clergyman of the Church of England. There he met two stellar figures: Adam Sedgwick, a geologist, and John Stevens Henslow, a naturalist. Henslow not only helped build Darwin"s self-confidence but also taught his student to be a meticulous and painstaking observer of natural phenomena and collector of specimens. After graduating from Cambridge in 1831, the 22-year-old Darwin was taken aboard the English survey ship HMS Beagle, largely on Henslow"s recommendation, as an unpaid naturalist on a scientific expedition around the world.Voyage of the BeagleDarwin"s job as naturalist aboard the Beagle gave him the opportunity to observe the various geological formations found on different continents and islands along the way, as well as a huge variety of fossils and living organisms. In his geological observations, Darwin was most impressed with the effect that natural forces had on shaping the earth"s surface.At the time, most geologists adhered to the so-called catastrophist theory that the earth had experienced a succession of creations of animal and plant life, and that each creation had been destroyed by a sudden catastrophe, such as an upheaval or convulsion of the earth"s surface (see GEOLOGY: HISTORY OF GEOLOGICAL THOUGHT: 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES). According to this theory, the most recent catastrophe, Noah"s flood, wiped away all life except those forms taken into the ark. The rest were visible only in the form of fossils. In the view of the catastrophists, species were individually created and immutable, that is, unchangeable for all time.The catastrophist viewpoint (but not the immutability of species) was challenged by the English geologist Sir Charles Lyell in his two-volume work Principles of Geology (1830-33). Lyell maintained that the earth"s surface is undergoing constant change, the result of natural forces operating uniformly over long periods.Aboard the Beagle, Darwin found himself fitting many of his observations into Lyell"s general uniformitarian view. Beyond that, however, he realized that some of his own observations of fossils and living plants and animals cast doubt on the Lyell-supported view that species were specially created. He noted, for example, that certain fossils of supposedly extinct species closely resembled living species in the same geographical area. In the Galapagos Islands, off the coast of Ecuador, he also observed that each island supported its own form of tortoise, mockingbird, and finch; the various forms were closely related but differed in structure and eating habits from island to island. Both observations raised the question, for Darwin, of possible links bet
2023-06-24 05:35:181

渔夫捕鱼的工具有哪些?用英语回答

鱼叉:harpoon 鱼饵:bait 鱼钩:barb/fishhook 渔船:fisher/hooker/trawler 渔网:fishing net/flue
2023-06-24 05:35:251

请教有没有有关刑事诉讼比较好的电影。谢谢。

这个是汤姆·克鲁斯早期的经典电影,他演一个律师,在庭上交锋的过程排得很棒义海雄风/军官与魔鬼/好人寥寥 A Few Good Men(1992) 剧情简介: 关塔娜摩美军基地,士兵道森和唐尼被指控杀害了另一名士兵圣地亚哥。军队的律师丹尼尔.卡菲中尉为被告辨护。据杰塞普上校说,死者曾告发过道森,之后曾请调工作,以逃避“红色法规”——士兵自行做出的惩罚的报复。但卡菲对此怀疑,上校有可能窜改记录,谎称没有飞机离开基地,致使圣地亚哥惨遭毒手。 经过讯问,被告称是遵照上司肯德里克中尉的命令对圣地亚哥施行“红色法规”的;机场的地勤人员也作证说上校撒了谎;再加上马金森中校因参与作伪证畏罪自杀,杰塞普只得承认,是他让肯德里克尉下令执行“红色法规”的。上校被捕,两名被告无罪释放。 导 演: 罗伯·雷恩 Rob Reiner 主 演: 凯文·培根 Kevin Bacon 汤姆·克鲁斯 Tom Cruise 戴米·摩尔 Demi Moore 杰克·尼科尔森 Jack Nicholson 库巴·古丁 Cuba Gooding Jr. 吉弗·莎瑟兰 Kiefer Sutherland J.T. Walsh 克里斯多弗·盖斯特 Christopher Guest 上 映: 1992年12月11日 ( 西班牙 )更多地区 地 区: 美国 ( 拍摄地 ) 对 白: 英语 评 分: 7.5/10( 21908票 ) 详细 颜 色: 彩色 声 音: Dolby SR 时 长: 138 分钟 类 型: 剧情 惊秫 分 级: 英国:15 西班牙:13 阿根廷:13 芬兰:K-8 德国:12 智利:TE 澳大利亚:M 瑞典:11 挪威:15 美国:R参考资料:http://www.mov6.com/title/tt0104257/
2023-06-24 05:35:423

六人行第八季12里和joey约会的女生是谁?

看不懂问题,难道六人行中有两个 JOEY?
2023-06-24 05:36:012