Swain的语言输出理论的英文版

internalize

During our whole walk we have been seeing

社会化 是社会学中的一个基础概念 指的是：一个人由自然人变成社会人的过程。或者详细一点陈述为：个人为适应现在及未来的社会生活,在家庭,学校等社会环境中,经由教育活动或人际互动,个人认同(identify)并接受(accept)社会价值体系,社会规范,以及行为模式,并内化(internalize)至个人心里,成为个人价值观与行为的准绳的过程其作用：没有社会化，我们几乎无法形成个性，而且连生活中最简单的问题都无法应付。由于我们不基本指导其它动物的本能，我们只能靠通过与他人相互作用进行学习，使自己成为社会的人和完全的人。百度百科的陈述还是可以参考的 当然建议你最好能够借几本书看如《社会学的想象力》《社会学》等

回答和翻译如下：让生活垃圾分类内化于心外化于形。Lettheclassificationofdomesticgarbageinternalizeintheheartandexternalizeintheform.

问题一：医学中的 内在化 是什么意思? 你翻译错误了吧，不翻译做内在化，而是同化的意思，指的是摄入的外来物质经过体组织分解吸收后构成体内组织的过程 问题二：感情内在化是什么意思 不善于表达 但内心却感情丰富 一切的感情在心底把握 望采纳 问题三：企业特别优势是指什么?其内在化与外在化分析指的又是什么意思? 5分 每个企业的特点不同呀。我估计你可能从哪看过一段话吧？指的是企业文化，其内化是指文化落地，变成员工的行为，形成高效的工作机制，外化是指形象传播，提升企业与品牌美誉度。 问题四：感情内在化是什么意思 情感在心里面，不轻易表达出来。或是把外在的情感内化在了心里面，真正的理解了。 问题五：内在化了的社会环境要求是什么意思 比如说钢厂和渔场，钢厂排除污水会影响渔场的生产，导致社会的效率不能最大化，但是将两家厂合并起来，就能使钢厂和渔场的总的社会福利最大化 问题六：什么是外部效应的内在化？具体包括哪两类措施 外部效应内在化是指外部效应得以矫正，资源配置由不具有效率到具有效率的过程。实际上就是外部效应的编辑价值被定价了； 包括两类措施：矫正性的税收、矫正性的财政补贴。（前者用于实现负的外部效应的内在化，后者则用于实现正的外部效应的内在化） 问题七：什么叫外部性内在化 外部性可以分为正外部性和负外部性两种，当某种经济活动对他人产生负（正）影响，而被影响的人没有为此而付费或得到补偿，那么这种影响就称为外部性影响。 外部性在生活中非常多见，举个例子 正外部性：养蜂人得到的蜂蜜收入并不包括蜜蜂授粉给果园所有者带来的收益。果园所有者得到正外部影响。 负外部性：汽车尾气对路人的健康影响，汽车所有者没有给受到影响的路人补偿。 外部性内部化就是要将这部分没有付费或补偿的外部影响进行付费或补偿。例如果园所有者给养蜂人付传授花粉的费用。汽车车主缴纳尾气污染费给路人。不过这种外部性内部化在现实生活都不太可能实现。 问题八：internalize什么意思 是个及物动词 vt. 使(社会准则、价值观、习俗等)内在化；吸收同化 使深藏在心底

internalize externality之后应该是没有deadweight loss的。如果没有internalize，那么deadweight loss应该是g，因为SMC才是实际的supply curve，本来应该是跟D交于xB的，由于不考虑externality，造成了overproduction，从xB开始到xM的部分实际上是MC>MR的，所以g是deadweight loss。

外部性是一个经济学概念，由马歇尔和庇古在20世纪初提出：“某种外部性是指在两个当事人缺乏任何相关的经济贸易的情况下，由一个当事人向另一个当事人所提供的物品束。” 曼昆认为外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者的福利的影响。若斯的“搭便车”正外部性入手和科斯从外部侵害入手，无非也是指行为对与之交易或目的无关的其他人福利的影响。 依据作用效果进行分类，正外部性和负外部性。正外部性，行为人实施的行为对他人或公共的环境利益有溢出效应。负外部性，行为人实施的行为对他人或公共的环境利益有减损的效应。

中性化: neutral哗众取宠： play to the gallery, to behave in an exaggerated way to attract people"s attention价值观： values， 这个单词Value 做单数讲， 是表示价值，复数有特殊含义，为价值观。比如， They internalize their parents" rules and values

外部性又称为溢出效应、外部影响或外差效应，指一个人或一群人的行动和决策使另一个人或一群人受损或受益的情况。经济外部性是经济主体（包括厂商或个人）的经济活动对他人和社会造成的非市场化的影响。解决外部性的基本思路让外部性内部化(internalize the externalities)，即通过制度安排经济主体经济活动所产生的社会收益或社会成本，转为私人收益或私人成本，是技术上的外部性转为金钱上的外部性，在某种程度上强制实现原来并不存在的货币转让。典型办法1.征税与补贴任何一种经济活动都会对外部产生影响，比如说，汽车运输必然会产生废气污染环境，而植树造林发展林业就会形成改善环境的结果。这就是经济的外部性。如果说前者是“负外部性”的话，后者就应该被称作是“正外部性”。外部性扭曲了市场主体成本与收益的关系，会导致市场无效率甚至失灵，而负外部性如果不能够得到遏制，经济发展所赖以存在的环境将持续恶化，最终将使经济失去发展的条件。所以，可以对负的外部性征收税费，对正的外部性给予补贴。征税可以抑制产生负的外部性的经济活动；补贴可以激励产生正的外部性的经济活动。这种用于消除负外部性的税收被称作庇古税(Pigovian tax).2.科斯定理如果存在产权划分，交易成本较低且参与人数较少的时候，人们可以通过私下谈判来解决外部性问题。如上文所说的养狗问题，要么养狗者给予邻居补偿使其接受养狗，要么邻居给养狗者一定费用使其停止养狗。

天下事有难易乎?为之，则难者亦易矣；不为，则易者亦难矣。人之为学有难易乎?学之，则难者亦易矣；不学，则易者亦难矣。吾资之昏，不逮人也；吾材之庸，不逮人也。旦旦而学之，久而不怠焉，迄乎成，而亦不知其昏与庸也。吾资之聪，倍人也；吾材之敏，倍人也；屏弃而不用，其与昏与庸无以异也。圣人之道，卒于鲁也传之。然则昏庸聪敏之用，岂有常哉?蜀之鄙有二僧，其一贫，其一富。贫者语于富者曰：“吾欲之南海，何如?”富者曰：“子何恃而往?”曰：“吾一瓶一钵足矣。”富者曰：“吾数年来欲买舟而下，犹未能也。子何恃而往?”越明年，贫者自南海还，以告富者。富者有惭色。西蜀之去南海，不知几千里也，僧富者不能至而贫者至焉。人之立志，顾不如蜀鄙之僧哉?是故聪与敏，可恃而不可恃也；自恃其聪与敏而不学者，自败者也。昏与庸，可限而不可限也；不自限其昏与庸而力学不倦者，自力者也。很多人认为在学校时间才是真正学习的时间，以一个拥有大学本科学历的人为例，小学6年、中学6年、大学4年，算一算也有16年的时间待在学校，那么一个人在学校到底学到了什么东西？一个刚刚走向社会参加工作不到1年的大学毕业生对自己的同事说：“我在大学里学的专业是企业管理，但是工作已经1年了，学校里学到的知识直接用于工作的部分几乎没有多少。参加工作之后，我才开始真正地学习用以谋生的知识！”著名台湾企业家台机电的老板张仲谋在某场演讲过程中也说过类似的话。他说：“当我回顾这几十年的工作生涯，我发现只有在工作前5年，用得到过去在大学、研究院所学的20~30％，之后的工作生涯，直接用到的部分几乎等于零。”他说学校生活是“一场可带走的盛宴”，但他强调这指的绝非是谋生知识的学习。“一场可带走的盛宴”这句话出自作家海明威之口，原文译成中文就是：“如果你有幸在年轻时住过巴黎，它会一生跟着你，有如一场可带走的盛宴。”张先生想用这句话来生动形容自己前后21年的求学生涯。既然“盛宴”绝非指谋生知识的学习，那么为什么他会这样认为呢？我们都知道，在学校期间是培养求知心态最好的时候，也就是说，每一位在校生要把握机会多方面培养兴趣，无论是文学、艺术、科学都行，这也是一种向上的、积极的心态。除此以外，我们每个人还培养了自己学习的习惯，这包括终生学习的习惯。如果一个人在校期间既没有培养求知心态，又没有培养学习的习惯，那么他一定是在浪费时间。就算他考试考得再好，教科书背得再熟，对于以后的求职、发展也不会有太大帮助，这甚至还会成为甩不掉的思想包袱。张先生认为，学习只是一种input，如果没有经过内化（internalize）的过程，去发展出自己的思想，那不叫思考。求知心及学习习惯是两项基本能力，若没能在求学阶段及时培养，完全是虚掷光阴。至于思考能力则是更进一步的能力，如果想做些与普通人不同的事，非具备此能力不可。事实上，普通人常挂在嘴边的“活到老，学到老”，并非我们这里所认同的终生学习，因为每个人所坚持的终生学习绝非是泛泛的“活到老，学到老”，而是必需具备“有目标”、“有纪律”、“有计划”三项要素。定目标终生学习必须设立长期目标，也可称做终生目标，同时也要有长则几年、短则几天的短期目标。举例来说，我认为每个人都需定下“一定要能跟得上所属行业”的终生目标，不论是医生、科学家、工程师，都要跟得上该行业的最新潮流。比如，某人自从出校门后，就一直待在人力资源领域，因此他所立的终生学习目标，就是要跟上人力资源领域的发展。当一个人处在技术的领域，就应该要求自己要跟上技术的最新发展，如果以后又要转往业务领域，那么他的目标就要换成要跟上本行业各项业务的发展。假如你在银行界工作，能否想象20年前毕业的银行家，即使是最好学校的毕业生，日常所处理的业务也只不过是存、放款，发行政府公债、赚赚其中的差价罢了，十分简单。再想想10年前，我们所了解的银行职员是最容易不过的行业，每天下午4点钟就可以下班回家抱孩子。然而物换星移，现在银行业的情况与过去相较有天攘之别，因为目前货币可以跨地区、跨时区流通，所以银行业开始受到全球金融的影响，再过几年，我相信网际网络对银行业的转变将造成更大的影响。倘若你不能随时跟上最新发展，我看不用10年、15年，不思学习的现有人才就会面临失业的危险，而身处科技、工程领域的人，职业寿命更短。80年代中期我踏出校门时，根本不知道IT这两个大写字母的含义，这不是因为我无知，事实上当时很少人了解互联网。但是过不了几年，情况突变，很多人全都知道互联网的存在，可见知识是以很快的速度前进，如果无法与时俱进，就只有等着失业的份。因此，人人都该明白一个真理：“无论身处何种行业，都要跟上潮流”。至于短期目标，范围则大得多，因为它可以是兴趣，也可以与工作职务的调动相结合。当一个工程、技术、或研发的人才，被提拔成为管理者时，他开始需要涉猎财务、行销等其它相关知识，如果原本没有这些知识基础，就要尽快设立短期目标，在未来半年内尽量地学习。这是必要的学习阶段，倘若不这样做，新职务可能无法得到完全发挥，这是每个人在工作上可以经常设定的短期目标。有纪律终生学习的第二个要素是纪律，也就是你对学习要下决心，决定要花多少时间来从事终生学习，因为学习是一件相当严肃的事情。以聆听为例，其实倾听别人讲话也是一种学习。聆听的要诀首先要专心，一般人的观念是大家要尽力培养口才，却忽略了听的能力对一个人的发展，比讲的能力更重要。专家说，如果听者能完全了解讲者所说的内容，那他听的效率是100％，可是大部分人的效率却连50%都达不到。想通过聆听得到学习效果，第一个必要条件是专心听以提高听的效率，第二个重点则在于你是否能将听到的内容，经过消化的过程。我随身携带一本小记事簿，这是我的学习工具之一，每当我听到一些好观念及信息，一定随手纪录下来。本子的大小需要讲究，太大太小都不恰当。这样做的好处很多，譬如为了知己知彼，我十分注意客户的财务报表，资料来源很多，因为所有美国上市公司都会对外提供财务报表，另外也可以从报纸上得到相关讯息，但是这些资料，如果你没有真正记下来，没有经过消化，还是没有用。我在家看财务报表时，一看到重点就赶快记在笔记本，之后每个月或二周温习一次，就像温习教科书一样，这就是消化的过程。当然你不可能百分之百记得全部的内容，可是你一定不会漏掉重点例如客户是不是要垮台了？还是成长得很快？这你绝对会记得。有时当我与客户谈话时，他们往往很惊奇为何我知道这么多事，我就跟他们说，这些都是公开信息，只是别人没有注意到罢了。终生学习必须有纪律、花时间、严肃看待。好的终生学习，绝对会影响生活习惯，台机电的张先生就是最好的例子。他每天会尽可能看书2小时，阅读的内容可以是与工作相关的资料，也有纯属兴趣的阅读，像阅读清朝、法国的历史，听听音乐，这样一来自然不热衷应酬，因为有更具乐趣的事情可做。至于运动，他觉得打高尔夫球的运动效率不高，不如每天在跑步机上跑步半小时，运动量相可抵高尔夫球的好几倍，可见终生学习的纪律真的会影响一个人的生活习惯。有计划终身学习的最后一个要素就是要有计划，学习如果没有计划就会事倍功半。所谓的计划是先设定你的长、短期目标，你要看什么书、读什么杂志、报纸，或是要跟谁说话都要有计划。由其是跟谁讲话一定要想清楚，因为生活习惯也跟平常接触的人具有密切关系，会决定你的交友圈，因此对要认识哪些人也要订出一个方向。如果你对对经济、趋势的议题一直有浓厚兴趣，交往的朋友就会是学术界、经济界人士。不过跟这些专业人士交往前，自己要先打好基础，不然彼此的谈话很难长久，也就毫无乐趣可言。至于认识这些人的方法，是先打听好这些人出现的场合，找机会跟他们认识。此外，回学校充电也是必要的，即使很忙，每年也应抽出一、二个星期到学校听课，即使不是正式的上课，也可多参加研讨会，一年五到十次，听的时候要严肃地做笔记，才能学到东西。总之，学校是培养求知心、学习习惯及思考能力的地方，但从另一个角度思考，一个人并不需要进大学，更不需要进研究所才能培养出这些能力。我们常看到一些从学校半途出家的人依然能做出一番大事，而且他的思想、学问比接受正常教育的人来得好，这是因为他们拥有良好的终生学习习惯。张先生说自己常问自己一个问题：如何鉴定一所学校的好坏？一般的答案是师资好、设备好，在我看来，这倒是其次。他认为一所学校最重要的是学生，要有好同学才能培养你的求知心、良好的学习习惯，思考能力。如果有人踏出校门许久，还在谈论自己的学校，除非你那时认识了一些志同道合的同学，那才值得怀念。倘若只将学校当作一个吸收知识的地方，他是不觉得有何怀念的价值。过去常看到一些四、五十岁，甚至六、七十岁的人，喜欢说自己出身某某名校，每次听到这种言论，他总觉得奇怪，因为他们给我一种“这些学校很难进”的感觉，换言之，他们将那几年当成生命的巅峰，以后就都在走下坡路。你会发现，那些会把名校挂在嘴边的人，他生命的颠峰岁月往往真的就只在考上一所好学校。如果谁有此习惯，劝你最好早点戒掉。

　　无论在学习、工作或是生活中，大家都有写作文的经历，对作文很是熟悉吧，根据写作命题的特点，作文可以分为命题作文和非命题作文。相信许多人会觉得作文很难写吧，以下是我帮大家整理的英语话题作文5篇，欢迎大家分享。 英语话题作文 篇1 　　There was an earthquake in Ya"an at about 8 o"clock on April 20, 20xx. Many houses fell down. 192 people were killed and more than10,000 people were hurt. After the earthquake, the doctors, nurses, firemen and volunteers from all over the country hurried to the scene and tried to cure the survivors. Some businesses donated many things such as clothes, food, water and medicine to the local people. Some pop stars organized charity shows to raise money. The local government took action actively to search for more lost people and helped them out of sadness. I hope the people there can cheer up and rebuild their homes as soon as possible. We must try our best to help them. 　　20xx年4月20日八点，雅安发生了地震。许多房屋倒塌。192人死亡，超过10000人受伤。地震后，各地的医生、护士、消防队员和志愿者赶到现场，试图治愈幸存者。有些企业捐赠了许多东西，比如衣服、食品、水和药品等，给当地人民。一些流行歌星举办慈善演出，以筹集资金。当地政府积极采取行动寻找更多失去的人，并帮助他们走出悲伤。我希望那里的人们能尽快振作起来，尽快重建家园。我们必须尽力帮助他们。 英语话题作文 篇2 　　 大学英语六级作文热点话题预测：社会责任感 　　 College Students"Social Responsibilities 　　1.许多大学生缺乏社会责任感，比如…… 　　2.造成这种现象的.原因 　　3.大学生应如何履行自身的社会责任 　　 英语六级作文范文： 　　College Students"Social Responsibilities 　　If you Google“the 71st Anniversary of the Nanjing Massacre”(in Chinese)on the Internet，you will be impressed by the video show of a girl"s special commemoration.After watching the video.I Was wondering where college students were.Taking into consideration their indifference to other historic events such as the May 4 Movement，we can conclude that college students lack the due social responsibilities. 　　However，we should not simply criticize their indifference，and analysis should be made to reckon with underlying reasons.Firstly，college students are imposed excessive pressure by the job market.They have to pay more attention to their studies.Secondly，many students believe that the history has already been borne in mind，and it is unnecessary to commemorate historic anniversaries each year.For them，it is better to internalize the humiliated history and work hard than to hold ceremonies without concrete contents. 　　To my way of thinking，college students should not keep silent on those occasions.It is our responsibilities to voice Our aspirations and let the society know that we have not forgotten the history. 英语话题作文 篇3 　　I guess the reason this question take this long time to argue is that some guys really want a long holiday, but some guys will prefer going back home in the traditional festival to have meal with their family. So, which one do I prefer? 　　我想这个问题的原因是很长时间的争论是，有些人真的想要一个长假，但有些人会喜欢在传统节日回家吃饭与他们的家人。那么，我更喜欢哪一个？ 　　In fact, although a long holiday sounds attractive, the day for rest is actually the same, I would like the second idea, which is still going on at this moment, because China is a country with a longest history in the world, when we are having holiday with our family in the festival, it"s actually a respectful to our history, which is a respectful to our country. I guessed that would be really important to a cultural country like this. 　　事实上，虽然长的假期听起来很有吸引力，但这一天的休息时间实际上是一样的，我想这一刻，因为中国是一个有着历史最悠久的国家，当我们与我们的家庭在节日里，它实际上是尊重我们的历史，这是尊重我们的国家。我想这对一个文化国家是非常重要的。 英语话题作文 篇4 　　上周上英语课的时候，吴老师说：“今天我们要评选出全班的前十名，前十名的评选标准是奖章数占百分之六十，还有要看你的单词记背的好不好。”吴老师接着说：“现在奖章5个以上的举手。”我一听便高高地举起了手，我听其他同学说：“我的5个！”，“我的6个！”……我一数，啊！我的9个呢，最多的一个，我真是太高兴了！ 　　然后，老师开始提问单词，有同学说错了，有的不会说，轮到我了，我全部正确说出来了。连吴老师也表扬我呢！ 　　最后，我顺利地被评选为前十名，不过，我不会骄傲自满的，一定要继续努力！ 英语话题作文 篇5 　　People always believe that study and recreations are like water and fire and that they can not be combined together. But in my opinion, they can and even on the contrary, they are relatives. 　　There is a popular saying that all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. The saying tells us a very simple meaning, but how to master the deep meaning need a clear aim. If someone has too much pressure, the side effect will come into being. 　　For example, if you have lots of things to do and they all will meet the deadline soon,what you need to do is to improve your efficiency. 　　A clear mind is essential. So what we should do is to make our minds work steadily. You can take a break after one or two hours" work and try to do something else like chatting with your friends. Doing so, you can improve your working efficiency. 　　Try to balance work and play, and you will get an unexpected harvest.

jiji

"Positive externalities" also known as being "external economy". Also known as "external economy ". Symmetry of "negative externalities ". The phenomenon of production and consumption bringing benefits to others for which beneficiaries do not have to pay. Such as beekeeper"s bee activities to the benefit of fruit farmers, and fruit farmers do not have to pay for it. In the field of environment, economic activities are beneficial to the environment, but the value of these benefits is not realized through the market, resulting in less private benefits than social benefits, which has a inhibitory effect on benign economic activities. In theory, society should compensate these producers to align private and social gains. Negative externality, also called external cost or external uneconomy, refers to the phenomenon that a person"s behavior or the behavior of an enterprise affects other people or enterprises and makes them pay extra cost costs, but the latter cannot get the corresponding compensation. Or the costs that are not reflected in the price for a third party other than the parties to the transaction.

对于美国留学，语言成绩是一部分，文书更是很重要的一点，人家美国人可不是像咱们有了成绩就能进学校，更看重学生本人的背景情况。当时在慧德留学，我记得文书中最麻烦的就是essay，我是申报的商科大学密歇根州立大学（我知道我很优秀啦，低调低调），后期老师是邀我一起去写，学校给出的是两篇要求，题目一个就是商科学校普遍爱问的“如果录取你，能给学校带来的效益是什么？”另一个就是用一个事例考验我的多样性。后期老师说多样性可以从我的爱好特长、事物经历所产生的观点去创作，拽着我说好好地跟着她把两篇essay搞定，真是大大小小修改了好多次，不过最后成稿我读了，的确是写的很好，老师挖掘的点都写进去了，我还是很满意。语言基础外加文书这么稳妥，密歇根州立我来了。

o分写作文，太吝啬了

on-going king金soft山 正在进行的,前进的；行为,工作 an ongoing festival. 正在进行的节日 An ongoing festival. 正在进行的节日 To insert oneself into an ongoing activity,project,or situation. 加入,参与中途加入到进行中的活动、项目或形势 Protean man internalizes the longing for immortality through an ongoing process of death and rebirth within himself(Henry S.Resnik) 多才多艺的人通过自己内心死亡和再生的持续过程将对不朽的渴望藏在心底(亨利S.雷斯尼克)

whereas可以用作从属连词，引导原因状语从句，意思是“鉴于/由于”。例句：Whereas women externalize their worries,men internalize theirs.女性有担忧就表露出来，而男性会藏心事。where除作为疑问副词用于引导特殊疑问句外，还可作为连接副词或关系副词等，用于引导多种从句。包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句。 where用于引导主语从句时，通常可直接位于句首。 Where we stay doesn"t matter.我们住在哪儿没有什么关系。 有时也可在句首使用形式主语it，而将由where引导的主语从句置于句末。如： It"s not known where she went.她到哪里去了没人知道。 用于引导表语从句，主要用作连系动词be的表语，此时句子主语通常是this或that。 That"s where he lives.那就是他所住的地方。 where用于引导宾语从句，主要用作动词的宾语。 where用于引导宾语从句，有时可用作介词的宾语。 where引导宾语从句有时可视为the place where之省略。 From where I stood I could see everything clearly.从我站的地方我一切都看得清清楚楚。 where用作关系副词引导定语从句时，其先行词应是一个表示地点的名词，并且关系副词where在定语从句中用作状语。 where除可用于引导限制性定语从句外，也可用于引导非限制性定语从句。 注意，where引导定语从句时，其先行词除了是表地点的名词外，有时也可能是某些抽象名词。 where引导状语从句时，主要用于表示地点，其意为“在……的地方”。 where除指地点外，有时还可表示条件、处境等（可有许多灵活的译法）。

一个人内化社会价值标准、学习角色技能、适应社会生活的过程。 　　社会化就是由自然人到社会人的转变过程，每个人必须经过社会化才能使外在于自己 儿童社会化的社会行为规范、准则内化为自己的行为标准，这是社会交往的基础，并且社会化是人类特有的行为，是只有在人类社会中才能实现的。用弗洛伊德的话说，社会化就是个人学习控制天性的冲动，就是“把野兽关到笼子里”，有报道说的狼孩猪孩等就是没有经过社会化的结果。 从人格发展和社会互动角度定义　　一个人获得自己的人格和学会参与社会或群体的方法的社会互动过程。 　　从人格发展角度来说， 　　社会化有自我完善的过程和功能。通过内化他人的态度，来认识“自我”，并按其他人的一般期待来调整自己行为过程，就是社会化过程。“自我”是人格的重要部分，自我完善包括：对自己生理、心理状况的认识；对自己和他人、社会的相互关系的认识。“自我”观念重要，对人有着推动、调节和控制的功能。 　　【注】关于人格发展和社会化的过程，具体可参考下面有关章节。 　　社会互动角度来说，没有社会化就没有社会： 　　社会化不仅对个人的生存发展是至关重要的，而且对社会的生存和有效运作也是如此。只有当一个社会的成员一起行动共同支持、维护这个社会的时候，社会才会生存下去，所以每个社会都塑造成员的行为来达此目的（角色承担）。从社会的观点来看 ，当人们感觉到自己想做的正是社会期待的，这期待也最好地满足了社会的利益和要求的时候，（学习、领会并遵从群体和社会对这一地位的角色期待）社会化才能有效运作和发展 。 　　社会化的强制性和人的能动性、自由：尽管社会化带有强制性，尽管我们的人格主要由社会来塑造，但社会化并未排除个人自由。所有的社会化形式都要求个体的合作，而成人可自由地拒绝社会化的某些方面（也就是可以选择） ，或者力图改变社会（也就是可以创造）。 　　类似的定义还有： 　　个人为适应现在及未来的社会生活,在家庭,学校等社会环境中,经由教育活动或人际互动,产生个人认同(identify)并接受(accept)社会价值体系,社会规范,以及行为模式,并内化(internalize)至个人心里,成为个人价值观与行为的准绳,此一过程谓之「社会化」. 从文化的角度定义　　</B>社会对个人的文化教化和个人对社会主动选择与能动调适的统一过程。 　　社会化的文化角度在于，与个人相关的特定文化要素，如生活专业技能、价值体系、社会规范等，正是社会化的基本内容。社会化就是（对个人来说）指社会新成员的文化习得，接受文化遗产，包括习俗、礼仪、语言、价值观念等一切方面；（对社会来说）保持社会文化传承和社会生活延续的过程和功能。 　　文化传承的类型：有传递和内化，有前人向后人的纵向传递，也有地区间的横向渗透，还有新文化的创造和发展。 　　社会化有强制性，出生的时候人不能随意选择文化环境。人的能动性在于，通过教化和实践，人们不断发展和创造文化。 其他解释　　社会化过程的实质是个体反映社会现实的过程，从心理学来看，就是社会现实内部化的过程。社会化的目的不仅是使人学习和接受社会文化，获得人的语言、思想、感情，掌握基本生活技能，学会一定的生产技能，懂得社会规范，明确生活目标，适应社会，成为社会的一分子，而且使上一代人的思想、技能、经验能传给下一代，使人能继承和发展文化遗产，维持代际关系，在适应社会的基础上改造社会，把社会不断推向前进。个体社会化过程有以下特点：①主动性。每个人对社会现实的反映都有一定的选择性，其社会化是主动的，而不是被动的。②贯穿于人的一生。由于社会现实的不断发展、变化和一个人一生经历中地位、职责的变化，个体社会化不是一次完成的,而是一个连续的过程,它贯穿于人的一生。③个性和共性的统一。即使在同一社会中，由于各人特点和所处具体环境不同，个体社会化也不完全一样。社会化过程也是个性化过程。共性寓于个性之中。对于社会化，社会学侧重研究社会影响，社会心理学侧重研究个体社会化的历程。 　　关于社会化这一概念的含义，有不同的说法：①以美国S.柯尼格为代表，从社会规范的观点来解释社会化，认为社会化是一种过程，个人由此成为他所出身的那个社会的一分子，他的一举一动都符合于该社会的民俗民德。②以美国E.A.罗斯为代表，从社会意识(群属之感)的观点来解释社会化，认为它是在团体中与同伴产生共同行动的能力和意志时的一种群属之感的发展。③以中国孙本文为代表，从行为改变的观点来解释社会化，认为社会化有无数的刺激约束个人的反应，使之成为社会所规定的行为，这种作用即称之为个人社会化。

什么叫社会化？就是一个地域里人群集体意识和认同的生存方式与生活习性所形成的趋势。一个人的出生与成长，除极个别残智的外，总是生活在自然形成的人群中间，并且时刻与所接触的人群进行交往。无限错综复杂的社会生活和社会关系也就形成了无限丰富多样的人的个性，同时任何个人又离不开群体和所组成的社会，个人与群体社会之间既有区别又相互紧密联系。也就是说，任何有个性的个人，虽然具有个人意识能独立存在，但是又离不开群体与社会，任何个人意识也离不开群体意识和一般社会意识。因此，如果讲社会化，把它局限在是自然人向社会过渡的过程的认知，有商榷之处。

　　在日复一日的学习、工作或生活中，许多人都写过作文吧，作文是从内部言语向外部言语的过渡，即从经过压缩的简要的、自己能明白的语言，向开展的、具有规范语法结构的、能为他人所理解的外部语言形式的转化。相信许多人会觉得作文很难写吧，以下是我收集整理的英语话题作文9篇，欢迎阅读与收藏。 英语话题作文 篇1 　　The Great Wall, the longest wall in the world, is one of thegreatest architectures in ancient China. The structure which wasbuilt in a time when countries were at war, once served as abarrier to keep out invading enemies. It remains a mystery howpeople built the Great Wall without the help of any high technologytwo thousand years ago. But there is no doubt that the Great Wall,with rich history and magnificent appearance, attracts a greatnumber of tourists, scientists and historians every year. Allvisitors think highly of the wisdom of ancient Chinese. 英语话题作文 篇2 　　按系统论的观点，外语教学是一个系统，写作教学是其中的一个子系统，与听、说、读等教学共同构成一个科学的大系统，它是由英语词汇、语法、主题及其写作手法等互相依赖、互相作用的诸要素组成的有机整体。在小学阶段，大部分老师都非常注重学生的听、说和阅读能力的培养和训练，往往忽视了写作能力的训练，认为这是中学的要求，或者是因为觉得写作教学难，教师批改学生作文也难，因此一般对阅读理解较重视，而对写的重要性认识不足，忽视学生写的能力培养。我认为英语写作能唤起学生对所学或所掌握的语言的感觉；其次，每一次单元测试和期末考试，写作(写话)也占了一定的比例。因此，在小学高年级，英语的写作训练与听、说、读的训练同等重要。 　　一、小学英语话题写作的概念 　　小学高年级的英语写作是指学生能在教师指导下，围绕一个主题自觉运用所学的单词、句型起草一篇短小的习作或一两段话，初步能注意英汉的差异，能使用正确的英语表达法。 　　二、英语写作教学的目的 　　1、提高学生综合运用语言的能力； 　　2、发展学生从口头表达转向书面表达的能力； 　　3、让学生主动地整合所学的语法、句型等知识点，把它们变成一个有机的整体。 　　三、英语写作的常用模式 　　1、填空式写法 　　英语语音教学强调模仿，但英语写作教学却忽视模仿的作用。写作起步阶段可多进行摹仿写。填空式写作是保留文章或对话的主干，适当地调换内容让学生换上其它人、事和物进行填空。其优点是既降低写作难度，激发学生写作兴趣，又可加深对课文的理解，特别是新旧单词的综合运用；缺点是学生有可能忽视语法、时态问题，在培养学生创造力方面有欠缺。通常可以在每学完一篇课文或对话后，让学生进行填空写作。 　　2、仿例写法 　　学完一个完整的单元，为了帮助学生系统归纳、整理语言知识点，教师根据本 　　单元的教学要点，围绕一个人、一件事或一个动物写一篇短文，要求学生注意模仿例文的时态和语态仿写。通过仿写训练，能引起学生对英语时态和语态的重视。例如一般现在时主语是第三人称单数，动词加“s”或“es”,这是学习的难点。我让学生先写一写自己一天的生活，然后调查一个朋友或亲人一天的生活，模仿例文仿写。通过对比，使学生对同一时态不同人称动词的运用有了更深刻的理解，而不仅仅停留在记忆的层面上，也可免去老师重重复复的讲解和提醒。 　　3、启示式写法 　　前两种写法的缺点是局限较大，不能发挥学生创造力，习作不能体现学生个性。启示式写法是在学生有了一定习作基础和语感上，稍高层次的写作训练。师生共同围绕一个话题讨论写作内容，列出写作提纲，然后学生根据提纲自由发挥起草一段话。例如，师生围绕“zoo animals”这个话题进行讨论，得出可从“外形、能力、生活习性，来源国”等几方面进行描述。学生自由发挥，写出颇具个人特色小文章。此法的优点是既可体现学生个性，也避免学生跑题等现象的发生。 　　4、命题式写法 　　此写法给予学生更大创意空间，难度也更大。教师只给予题目或主题，学生通过启动自身知识体系的搜索引擎，自主地搜集相关资料进行写作。例如写“Seasons in Guangzhou”,学生仔细浏览我设计的相关网页，选取某一个季节中一两个感兴趣的主题来表述，如“气候、衣着、食物和活动”等等。选题要与学生生活密切相关，并能激起他们写作的欲望；切忌主题过大，会让学生无所适从或无从下手。 　　四、注重写作策略的指导 　　1、“联系”和“迁移” 　　在写作课“zoo animals”上，我让学生讨论这个主题可以涵括的内容，要求学生在已有的词汇、句型中进行分析，提取相关信息，再综合运用。实际上就是要求学生联系所学知识，是对学生分析综合能力的训练。这时候，学生认为这足以能指导完成写作了，他们的思维通常到这个阶段就停滞不前了。但教师还应该培养学生迁移的能力，即把这种思考方式迁移到其他内容的写作上去，做到举一反三。 　　2、注意英汉差异，正确使用英语表达法 　　许多学生写英文短文，都习惯用汉语去思考。结果写出来的句子，读起来很拗口，句意生硬，令人费解。其原因就在于学生不明白英汉两种语言表达上的差异。例如，汉语中没有时态和语态的复杂变化，只借助于助词“着，了，过”；而英语则有复杂的时态和语态变化。再如，英语中名词分（1）可数名词———单数名词———复数名词--规则名词复数的变化；不规则名词复数的变化（2）不可数名词：water furniture , advice （3）名词单复数相同：sheep , deer , fish （4）既能可数又不可数的名词：hair , wood , pa?鄄per , rain , sand 。动词短语，介词短语等一些固定搭配，动词与其主语的一致，称谓的一致，等等。这些差异只要通过不断的积累和运用，才能逐步达到恰到好处。英语写作才能更规范，更标准，更符合英美人的表达习惯。 　　3、充分利用小组合作学习的力量。 　　通过小组成员相互鉴赏阅读，学会欣赏和借鉴别人的好词好句。 　　五、培养自改作文的能力，发挥学生主动性 　　我们总碰到这种现象：学生写完作文不经修改就交给老师，对老师形成依赖心理。在写作的初级阶段，可采取师生共同改一篇习作，指出学生普遍性错误，提醒学生注意；鼓励学生同一个意思用不同的表达方式。我认为修改阶段是反馈机制下的一个开放性过程，是通过师生信息互动，使学生的作文逐步完善的过程。采取反馈和同伴间互相阅读作文的方法，也可以形成一种语言意识。学生既是作者又是读者，他们通过批评性地阅读别人的作文，可以学到更多的写作知识和技巧；他们时刻留心语法及用词错误，写作时开始想到的是读者（而非教师）。学生作文经教师批改后，修订工作是通过个人作业和小组活动相结合进行的。这种做法能使学生学得更深、更广、更活，还能培养学生总结归纳的能力。 　　总之，学生英语写作能力在教师有计划的组织、有序的训练和耐心帮助、正确引导下，通过学生自主、积极密切的配合是能够得以逐步提高的。 英语话题作文 篇3 　　I guess the reason this question take this long time to argue is that some guys really want a long holiday, but some guys will prefer going back home in the traditional festival to have meal with their family. So, which one do I prefer? 　　我想这个问题的原因是很长时间的"争论是，有些人真的想要一个长假，但有些人会喜欢在传统节日回家吃饭与他们的家人。那么，我更喜欢哪一个？ 　　In fact, although a long holiday sounds attractive, the day for rest is actually the same, I would like the second idea, which is still going on at this moment, because China is a country with a longest history in the world, when we are having holiday with our family in the festival, it"s actually a respectful to our history, which is a respectful to our country. I guessed that would be really important to a cultural country like this. 　　事实上，虽然长的假期听起来很有吸引力，但这一天的休息时间实际上是一样的，我想这一刻，因为中国是一个有着历史最悠久的国家，当我们与我们的家庭在节日里，它实际上是尊重我们的历史，这是尊重我们的国家。我想这对一个文化国家是非常重要的。 英语话题作文 篇4 　　 大学英语六级作文热点话题预测：社会责任感 　　 College Students"Social Responsibilities 　　1.许多大学生缺乏社会责任感，比如…… 　　2.造成这种现象的原因 　　3.大学生应如何履行自身的社会责任 　　 英语六级作文范文： 　　College Students"Social Responsibilities 　　If you Google“the 71st Anniversary of the Nanjing Massacre”(in Chinese)on the Internet，you will be impressed by the video show of a girl"s special commemoration.After watching the video.I Was wondering where college students were.Taking into consideration their indifference to other historic events such as the May 4 Movement，we can conclude that college students lack the due social responsibilities. 　　However，we should not simply criticize their indifference，and analysis should be made to reckon with underlying reasons.Firstly，college students are imposed excessive pressure by the job market.They have to pay more attention to their studies.Secondly，many students believe that the history has already been borne in mind，and it is unnecessary to commemorate historic anniversaries each year.For them，it is better to internalize the humiliated history and work hard than to hold ceremonies without concrete contents. 　　To my way of thinking，college students should not keep silent on those occasions.It is our responsibilities to voice Our aspirations and let the society know that we have not forgotten the history. 英语话题作文 篇5 　　To be or not to be punctual is a habit. We often fail to appreciate the influence of habit in our life. Habit is worklng for or against us every minute of the day. It has much to do with our future. So when we are young, we should try to be punctual every time and never be late, for the habit is much easier to acquire in youth than when we are older. 　　Punctuality is an important constituent of good character.A person who is always on time for his appointments shows real consideration for others. A person who is always late shows selfishness and thoughtlessness, and he is not a person that most people want for a friend. A few minutes‘ delay may not be a serious matter, but it may have bad results. Getting up ten minutes later than usual may upset the plan of the day.Calling on a friend five minutes later than the appointed time may cause him some unexpected trouble. One delay after another makes a man unable to exert himself. It also proves him to be untrustworthy. 　　Since punctuality is a good habit and a nice virtue, we should pay much attention to it and make much effort to cultivate this good habit so that we may have a strong sense of punctuality and do whatever we are supposed to do on time. 　　是否做到准时是一种习惯。我们在日常生活中往往没有意识到习惯的影响。 习惯每时每刻都在起作用，或起积极作用，或起不良作用。 习惯与我们的前途息息相关。所以，我们年轻时应该力求次次准时，从不迟到，因为准时的习惯在年轻时比年老时更容易养成。 　　准时是优良品格的一个重要成分。一个总是按时赴约的人真正做到了为别人着想。一个老是迟到的人说明他自私自利，不为别人考虑；大多数人都不愿和这样的人交友。耽搁几分钟也许是一件小事，但它可能引起不良后果。比平时起床晚十分钟可能打乱整天的计划。拜访朋友比约定的时间迟到五分钟会给朋友带来意想不到的麻烦。一次又一次的延误会让一个人无法竭尽全力，这也证明他是不值得信赖的。 　　既然准时是个好习惯，又是一种好品德，我们应该十分注重准时，努力养成这种好习惯，以便具有强烈的准时观念，凡是应该做的事，都按时去做。 英语话题作文 篇6 　　The cartoon aims at informing us of the significance of modesty. Definitely, no once can deny the importance of it. Modesty can inspire people to achieve greater success. Those who are modest will never be content with their current achievements, instead, they will work constantly to achieve a higher target. moreover,a modest people are more likely to be fitting in, win others" trust and enjoy a harmonious interpersonal relationship. To further illustrate the importance of modesty, I would like to take Newton as a case in point: how could he, one of the most influential scientists throughout the history of mankind, discover the Law of Momentum Conservation if he was simply content with the achievement of finding Three Laws of Motion ? 　　Accordingly, at no time should we be satisfied with our small accomplishments, instead , we need to keep an open mind to accept new things, absorb new information, acquire new knowledge and seize new opportunities. "Success consists in industry and modesty." A philosopher once said. 英语话题作文 篇7 　　 such a promise种种承诺 　　when i first look at the car toon , i can"t help laughing at the hen who seems to be seriously making a foolis h announcement to the public that she always lays eggs , smooth and round and never without eggwhite and yolk in side the shell . howeve r , when i star t to study the car toon mor e ca refully , i find something significant in it and gradually i come to unde rstand the author"s intention . 　　nowadays , almost all tr ades and professions ar e r epeatedly making sincer e promises to people: government people assure that they a re noble and clean and will serve people hea rt and soulmer chants smilingly swear tha t the products they sell are of s uperior quality , genuine instead of false, life- time maintenance gua ranteed and the cheapest ma rket price; adver tisers take pains to r ecommend mir acle drugs and make-youbeautiful cosmetics , etc . year af ter year , s uch promises are repeated . i wonder why they t ake so much trouble to boast oudly about their obligations and duties . people believed them at first , but gradually became awakened becau se they have found some dishonesty in such bombing promises . 　　“actions speak louder than words .” the hen is foolish enough to make he r egg-promise, why shouldn"t those nonsense- maker s become cleve rer ? 　　 cet6六级作文结构分析： 　　· paragraph 1 — 　　* inte rpretation of the car toon 　　* my understanding 　　· paragraph 2 — 　　* promises made by all t r ades and professions 　　* awakening of the people 　　· paragraph 3 — 　　*“actions speak louder than word s .” 　　 --------------------------------------------------------- 　　 cet6六级作文内容分析： 　　本文是一篇漫画作文, 画的寓意是“各行各业的种种承诺本应是自身的职责, 却要大肆渲染, 无疑是多此一举”, 其愚蠢程度不亚于图中“ 母鸡下蛋的承诺”。这类题型必须把握其寓意( hidden meaning) , 方能切中主题。本文第一段用两句解释了 漫画, 其开头不落俗套, 文笔幽默。第二段切入主题, 例举各种“ 多此一举”的承诺, 笔调生动, 最后一句是有力的揭露。结尾段 中引用了一句成语并奉劝承诺者不要像母鸡那样愚蠢本题曾是一次考研写作题, 漫画取自于21 世纪报, 作者借题自行撰文。 　　 ----------------------------------------------------------- 　　 cet6六级作文万能句型： 　　car toon n . 漫画 　　can"t help + -ing 禁不住 　　lay eggs 下蛋 　　eggwhit e n . 蛋白 　　yolk n . 蛋黄 　　all t r ades and professions 各行各业 　　serve people hear t and soul 全心全意为人民服务 　　swear v . 发誓 　　superior quality 优质 　　genuine instead of false 真货而不是假货 　　life-time maintenance guarant eed 保证终身维修 　　take pains to + v . 费尽心思去 　　miracle drugs 神药 　　make-you-beautiful cosmetics “使你美”化妆品 　　year after year 年复一年 　　boast about 吹嘘 　　obligation n . 责职, 义务 　　dishonesty in such bombing promises 轰炸性的承诺中的欺骗 　　actions speak louder than words . 听其言更要观其行 　　nonsense-maker s 说废话者 英语话题作文 篇8 　　【写作要求】 　　Mary在学校参加了一个Buddy Club, 从那以后，她改变了很多。请你结合下面所给的提示，写一篇英语短文。 　　In the past 　　Now 　　Personalities 　　shy, quiet, get nervous easily 　　brave, outgoing… 　　Hobbies 　　reading 　　reading, singing… 　　Abilities 　　good at dancing, singing… 　　 要求: 　　1. 覆盖要点，可以合理增加细节； 　　2. 80词左右，开头已经给出，不计入总词数。 　　Joining a club sometimes changes a person greatly. 　　【优秀满分范文】 　　Joining a club sometimes changes a person greatly. 　　Mary used to be a shy and quiet girl. She used to get nervous easily and her face often turned red when she spoke with strangers. She liked nothing but reading alone in her free time. However, she has changed alot since she joined the Buddy Club. Now, Mary is so brave and outgoing that she isn"t afraid of speaking out in public any more. What"s more, she has lots of hobbies, such as singing, writing and dancing. She is good at them as well. 　　People sure change all the time, right? What we should do is to learn from Mary. Change ourselves and choose to be the best of ourselves. 英语话题作文 篇9 　　上课的内容是话题作文Health，执教的是潘老师，感谢潘老师给我们带来非常精彩的这堂课，整个教学过程如行云流水，课堂气氛非常活跃，学生语言知识得到有效训练，综合能力得到有效培养，教学效果非常好。我受益非浅，体现在下面几个方面： 　　1、学习内容有趣，符合学生胃口，大量的输入，保障了学生语言的输出。她利用多媒体课件，容纳更多地信息，使学生有话可说。 　　2、课堂环节层层深入，衔接自然。潘老师有很强的亲和力，面带微笑，教态自然。 　　3、课堂气氛活跃，学生对于老师的问题能及时做出反应。学生在本堂课中真正起到主体地位，老师起到主导地位。 　　我想每堂课最美的其实就是教学的过程。教师在精心备课之后，只有在师生互动过程中，轻松愉快的合作，课堂才能达到预期的效果，这才是我们教师所能得到的历练，教学才能相长。

中文：我们都是儿童

市场失灵，即失效，缺乏效率。外部性有正和负两种。负外部性，即某个经济行为个体的活动使他人或社会受损，而造成外部不经济的人却没有为此承担成本。其实可以说，负外部性是市场失灵的其中一个表现。

With the continuous development of psychology and pedagogy, research at home and abroad show that, two-way interactive parent-child education mode than family education mode of one-way education is more conducive to children"s physical and mental health and family harmony. On the issue of children"s education, more and more families starting from family education mode to the parent-child education model. In China, the contemporary young parents who want to start a family education for children, and their mode of experience internalization on the other hand is still small when they accept the one-way family education, so that they in the child"s education this kind of change, but unable to implement. The operational mode in this transfer to new scientific parenting parents to design feasible community group counseling and feasible, let parents learn from each other, in a group to help each other, not only to avoid the empty theory, way of Parenting Style Chicken Soup for the soul of the market is flooded, and solve the psychological counseling resources in China the tension, not universal problem, the best way to solve the problem under the present situation.

答：a. National welfare of a tariff 5 per unit: e－(b+d) = 250－(62.5+125) = 62.5b. National welfare of a production subsidy 5 per unit: e－b = 250－62.5 = 187.5c. Production subsidy is conform with the “specific rule”, it can avoid consumption distortion.d. The best policy is to have producers fully internalize the externality by providing a subsidy of 10 per unit.

让生活垃圾分类内化于心外化于形Let domestic garbage classification internalize in the heart and externalize in the form

　 英语文章摘抄 （一） 　　Eliminate Internal Negative Chatter 　　The first step is one of awareness. It will be hard to make a change to positive thinking without being acutely intimate with the thoughts that run through your mind. Recently, I was amazed to discover deep buried emotions from negative thoughts that I had for fewer than 10 minutes. Without awareness, I would have carried the hurt and anger inside. Awareness helped me to bring them out to the open for me to deal with. 　　Undoubtedly it will not be easy to make a switch if you have a long history or negative self talk. Your talk became negative over the years due to various factors. For instance, if your first grade teacher repeatedly told you that you were stupid, you might believe it to be truly the case. You would find that your inner chatter would often be filled with talk of I am so slow and it is so hard to learn. If you constantly tell yourself such negative stories, your actions are going to reflect your low self esteem. It will be difficult to get very far if you are always putting yourself down. 　　A common negative talk involves telling yourself I canu2019t. When you say to yourself I canu2019t or it is too difficult, you are creating a resistance. Having such a mental block will prevent you from achieving a task you could otherwise succeed at. 　　Anytime you catch yourself saying I canu2019t, turn around and challenge your own claim with, Why canu2019t I? Research shows that most geniuses became the people they are also because of the hard work they put in. So if you would like to be successful, you need to start saying I can a lot more. 　　A great method that I have also found useful is to say Cancel Cancel each time I find myself saying something negative, whether in the mind or verbally. The method works if you sincerely have the intent of becoming a positive thinker. 　　 英语文章摘抄 （二） 　　positive Affirmations 　　Affirmations are positive statements of a desired outcome or goal. They are usually short, believable and focused. By repeating them over and over again, you build inroads into your subconscious mind, opening up the possibility of a new state of thoughts. 　　An important step when repeating affirmations is that you need to read your affirmations aloud with feeling. The mere reading of the words bears no consequence unless you put some emotions behind them. Of significant fact is that your subconscious mind takes any orders given in complete faith and after repeated self talk. So the daily practice of repeating affirmations is important. 　　Initially you may be skepticism toward the statement of your positive affirmation. However, if you follow this simple set of instructions your skepticism will soon give way to a new set of beliefs and then crystallized into absolute faith. 　　 英语文章摘抄 （三） 　　positive Scripts 　　One thing that you may observe is on how easy it is for your mind to build negative thought upon negative thought. The chatter not only does not stop but it spins a drama that traps and limits you. 　　From now on, regularly do this exercise instead. Spin an uplifting story that runs like a movie script. Some visualization will be helpful. You build on a story with a positive outline. The longer you can tell this story to yourself the better. It is also best if you can make this story one about having all your goals achieved. When you do this, you start to internalize your goals and dreams, as if they are something that you have already achieved. 　　 英语文章摘抄 （四） 　　Replace Negative Influences with positive Ones 　　It is important that you identify external negative factors in your life which may be holding your thoughts hostage. For instance, your mental state can become toxic by being around friends who are negative. If you are not vigilant enough, you will start to adopt their thoughts as your own. Hence, be alert to what your negative influences are. If they come from certain friends, limit your exposure to them as much as you can. Refrain from discussing your plans with people who will be unsupportive of your dreams and goals. 　　Instead surround yourself with thoughts and actions from people who will empower you. 　　From being uninspired and de-motivated, you will begin to feel uplifted and driven to greater self growth. The positive energy that they vibrate will start affecting the self talk that you engage in as well. 　　 英语文章摘抄 （五） 　　Present Tense Messages 　　You may find yourself daunted by the many things you need to do in order to reach your goals. It just seems overwhelming to become the success that you secretly desire for. Your mind gets caught up in an endless stream of worry. 　　What may be helpful is to concentrate on steps you can take in the present. If you find yourself becoming stuck, stop and say, What can I do right now? Change your internal talk from a future anxiety ridden one to one that is about the more manageable present. You cannot control what will happen in the future but you can take the necessary steps now that will build a better tomorrow. Taking the necessary steps require you to focus your thoughts and inner talk on Now. 　　 英语文章摘抄 （六） 　　Confront Fears 　　Fear is often what holds you back from your success. You are scared of taking chances because you fear losing the security that you enjoy now. You try to convince yourself that you are happy in your current state when in fact, you are not. Your self talk may sound positive in your attempt to lie to yourself. But somehow, there is an inner knowing that you are short changing yourself. 　　Ask yourself what you are afraid of. What can be the worst that can happen? Take a step-by-step approach in breaking down your fears and see if there is any way round to looking at things more positively. When you confront your fears, you will often realize that the worst case scenario is not as bad as you think. In fact, the benefits of change are worth the risk. Your inner talk begins to change at this point.

Developed by Merrill Swain, the comprehensible output (CO) hypothesis states that learning takes place when encountering a gap in the linguistic knowledge of the L2. By noticing this gap the learner becomes aware of it and might be able to modify his output so that he learns something new about the language [1] Although Swain does not claim that comprehensible output is solely responsible for all or even most language acquisition, she does claim that under some conditions, CO facilitates second language learning in ways that differ from and enhance input due to the mental processes connected with the production of language.[2] This hypothesis is closely related to the Noticing hypothesis. Swain defines three functions of output: 1. Noticing function: Learners encounter gaps between what they want to say and what they are able to say and so they notice what they do not know or only know partially in this language. 2. Hypothesis-testing function: When learners say something there is always a hypothesis underlying e.g. about grammar. By uttering sth. the learners test this hypothesis and receive feedback from an interlocutor. This feedback enables them, if necessary, to reprocess their hypothesis. 3. Metalinguistic function: Learners reflect about the language they learn and hereby the output enables them to control and internalize linguistic knowledge

对…感到愤怒;怨恨;愤恨;厌恶

Most of us are in constant mental chatter. We talk to ourselves all day long and, unfortunately, this self talk is frequently negative. Often it is tainted with guilt about our past or anxiety about our future. This negativity can destroy any seed of hope that we may otherwise have in striving for our dreams. Our actions are inspired by our thoughts. If we can change the way we think, we can begin to change the actions we take. It is human nature to seek personal growth; whether financially, emotionally, physically or spiritually. Practicing positive self talk can help us set in motion actions that will bring us greater rewards. The following are seven steps to positive self talk. By following these steps you will begin to rid your inner conversations of negativity and instead have empowering thoughts. 1. Eliminate Internal Negative Chatter The first step is one of awareness. It will be hard to make a change to positive thinking without being acutely intimate with the thoughts that run through your mind. Recently, I was amazed to discover deep buried emotions from negative thoughts that I had for fewer than 10 minutes. Without awareness, I would have carried the hurt and anger inside. Awareness helped me to bring them out to the open for me to deal with. Undoubtedly it will not be easy to make a switch if you have a long history or negative self talk. Your talk became negative over the years due to various factors. For instance, if your first grade teacher repeatedly told you that you were “stupid”, you might believe it to be truly the case. You would find that your inner chatter would often be filled with talk of “I am so slow” and “it is so hard to learn”. If you constantly tell yourself such negative stories, your actions are going to reflect your low self esteem. It will be difficult to get very far if you are always putting yourself down. A common negative talk involves telling yourself “I can"t”. When you say to yourself “I can"t” or “it is too difficult”, you are creating a resistance. Having such a mental block will prevent you from achieving a task you could otherwise succeed at. Anytime you catch yourself saying "I can"...", turn around and challenge your own claim with, “Why can"t I?” Research shows that most geniuses became the people they are also because of the hard work they put in. So if you would like to be successful, you need to start saying “I can” a lot more. A great method that I have also found useful is to say “Cancel Cancel” each time I find myself saying something negative, whether in the mind or verbally. The method works if you sincerely have the intent of becoming a positive thinker. 2. Positive Affirmations Affirmations are positive statements of a desired outcome or goal. They are usually short, believable and focused. By repeating them over and over again, you build inroads into your subconscious mind, opening up the possibility of a new state of thoughts. An important step when repeating affirmations is that you need to read your affirmations aloud with feeling. The mere reading of the words bears no consequence unless you put some emotions behind them. Of significant fact is that your subconscious mind takes any orders given in complete faith and after repeated self talk. So the daily practice of repeating affirmations is important. Initially you may be skepticism toward the statement of your positive affirmation. However, if you follow this simple set of instructions your skepticism will soon give way to a new set of beliefs and then crystallized into absolute faith. 3. Positive Scripts One thing that you may observe is on how easy it is for your mind to build negative thought upon negative thought. The chatter not only does not stop but it spins a drama that traps and limits you. From now on, regularly do this exercise instead. Spin an uplifting story that runs like a movie script. Some visualization will be helpful. You build on a story with a positive outline. The longer you can tell this story to yourself the better. It is also best if you can make this story one about having all your goals achieved. When you do this, you start to internalize your goals and dreams, as if they are something that you have already achieved. 4. Replace Negative Influences with positive Ones It is important that you identify external negative factors in your life which may be holding your thoughts hostage. For instance, your mental state can become toxic by being around friends who are negative. If you are not vigilant enough, you will start to adopt their thoughts as your own. Hence, be alert to what your negative influences are. If they come from certain friends, limit your exposure to them as much as you can. Refrain from discussing your plans with people who will be unsupportive of your dreams and goals. Instead surround yourself with thoughts and actions from people who will empower you. From being uninspired and de-motivated, you will begin to feel uplifted and driven to greater self growth. The positive energy that they vibrate will start affecting the self talk that you engage in as well. 5. Present Tense Messages You may find yourself daunted by the many things you need to do in order to reach your goals. It just seems overwhelming to become the success that you secretly desire for. Your mind gets caught up in an endless stream of worry. What may be helpful is to concentrate on steps you can take in the present. If you find yourself becoming stuck, stop and say, “What can I do right now?” Change your internal talk from a future anxiety ridden one to one that is about the more manageable present. You cannot control what will happen in the future but you can take the necessary steps now that will build a better tomorrow. Taking the necessary steps require you to focus your thoughts and inner talk on Now. 6. Confront Fears Fear is often what holds you back from your success. You are scared of taking chances because you fear losing the security that you enjoy now. You try to convince yourself that you are happy in your current state when in fact, you are not. Your self talk may sound positive in your attempt to lie to yourself. But somehow, there is an inner knowing that you are short changing yourself. Ask yourself what you are afraid of. What can be the worst that can happen? Take a step-by-step approach in breaking down your fears and see if there is any way round to looking at things more positively. When you confront your fears, you will often realize that the worst case scenario is not as bad as you think. In fact, the benefits of change are worth the risk. Your inner talk begins to change at this point. 7. Focus on Enjoyable Moments It is much easier to have a positive attitude if you focus on the enjoyable moments in life rather than the difficult ones. While there will inevitably be challenges, you need to remember that life consists of ups and downs and the good times are forged through the bad. So choose to fill your mind with positive images and thoughts. Make it a conscious habit. Simply bring your mind back every time it goes astray in its thoughts. For a start, if you can be grateful for what you have presently, your self talk will also change to be in alignment with one of joy. A state of gratitude does wonders to your psyche. Conclusion Replacing self talk from a negative to a more positive one is not going to happen overnight. If your mind has ingrained habits of thinking negatively, it will take some work and time. However, if you find yourself often struggling, unable to achieve your goals and talking yourself down, then you should grit your teeth and commit to the process of change. By following the above tips to positive self talk, you will experience an improvement in the quality of your life. The rewards are plentiful with greater Happiness, peace and joy. Best of all, you feel empowered. With the change in energy, you are more likely to reach your highest potential and achieve success.

社会化 是社会学中的一个基础概念 指的是：一个人由自然人变成社会人的过程。或者详细一点陈述为：个人为适应现在及未来的社会生活,在家庭,学校等社会环境中,经由教育活动或人际互动,个人认同(identify)并接受(accept)社会价值体系,社会规范,以及行为模式,并内化(internalize)至个人心里,成为个人价值观与行为的准绳的过程其作用：没有社会化，我们几乎无法形成个性，而且连生活中最简单的问题都无法应付。由于我们不基本指导其它动物的本能，我们只能靠通过与他人相互作用进行学习，使自己成为社会的人和完全的人。百度百科的陈述还是可以参考的 当然建议你最好能够借几本书看如《社会学的想象力》《社会学》等

首先，外部性又称为溢出效应、外部影响或外差效应，指一个人或一群人的行动和决策使另一个人或一群人受损或受益的情况。经济外部性是经济主体（包括厂商或个人）的经济活动对他人和社会造成的非市场化的影响。即社会成员（包括组织和个人）从事经济活动时其成本与后果不完全由该行为人承担。分为正外部性 (positive externality) 和负外部性 (negative externality)。正外部性是某个经济行为个体的活动使他人或社会受益，而受益者无须花费代价，负外部性是某个经济行为个体的活动使他人或社会受损，而造成负外部性的人却没有为此承担成本。其次，污染只有负的外部性，没有正的外部性。工厂在生产中所排放的污染物就是一种负外部性。它所造成的社会成本包括政府治理污染的花费，自然资源的减少，以及污染物对人类健康造成的危害。教育是一种正外部性。完善的教育系统培育出的人才，会对社会建设作出贡献，这是对所有人都有益的。建设一栋造型美观的建筑，让这个地区的所有人都可以欣赏到这一道风景线，也是一种正外部性。最后，解决外部性的基本思路让外部性内部化(internalize the externalities)，即通过制度安排经济主体经济活动所产生的社会收益或社会成本，转为私人收益或私人成本，是技术上的外部性转为金钱上的外部性，在某种程度上强制实现原来并不存在的货币转让。典型办法1.征税与补贴任何一种经济活动都会对外部产生影响，比如说，汽车运输必然会产生废气污染环境，而植树造林发展林业就会形成改善环境的结果。这就是经济的外部性。如果说前者是“负外部性”的话，后者就应该被称作是“正外部性”。外部性扭曲了市场主体成本与收益的关系，会导致市场无效率甚至失灵，而负外部性如果不能够得到遏制，经济发展所赖以存在的环境将持续恶化，最终将使经济失去发展的条件。所以，可以对负的外部性征收税费，对正的外部性给予补贴。征税可以抑制产生负的外部性的经济活动；补贴可以激励产生正的外部性的经济活动。这种用于消除负外部性的税收被称作庇古税(Pigovian tax).2.科斯定理如果存在产权划分，交易成本较低且参与人数较少的时候，人们可以通过私下谈判来解决外部性问题。如上文所说的养狗问题，要么养狗者给予邻居补偿使其接受养狗，要么邻居给养狗者一定费用使其停止养狗。3.企业合并

天下事有难易乎?为之，则难者亦易矣；不为，则易者亦难矣。人之为学有难易乎?学之，则难者亦易矣；不学，则易者亦难矣。吾资之昏，不逮人也；吾材之庸，不逮人也。旦旦而学之，久而不怠焉，迄乎成，而亦不知其昏与庸也。吾资之聪，倍人也；吾材之敏，倍人也；屏弃而不用，其与昏与庸无以异也。圣人之道，卒于鲁也传之。然则昏庸聪敏之用，岂有常哉?蜀之鄙有二僧，其一贫，其一富。贫者语于富者曰：“吾欲之南海，何如?”富者曰：“子何恃而往?”曰：“吾一瓶一钵足矣。”富者曰：“吾数年来欲买舟而下，犹未能也。子何恃而往?”越明年，贫者自南海还，以告富者。富者有惭色。西蜀之去南海，不知几千里也，僧富者不能至而贫者至焉。人之立志，顾不如蜀鄙之僧哉?是故聪与敏，可恃而不可恃也；自恃其聪与敏而不学者，自败者也。昏与庸，可限而不可限也；不自限其昏与庸而力学不倦者，自力者也。很多人认为在学校时间才是真正学习的时间，以一个拥有大学本科学历的人为例，小学6年、中学6年、大学4年，算一算也有16年的时间待在学校，那么一个人在学校到底学到了什么东西？一个刚刚走向社会参加工作不到1年的大学毕业生对自己的同事说：“我在大学里学的专业是企业管理，但是工作已经1年了，学校里学到的知识直接用于工作的部分几乎没有多少。参加工作之后，我才开始真正地学习用以谋生的知识！”著名台湾企业家台机电的老板张仲谋在某场演讲过程中也说过类似的话。他说：“当我回顾这几十年的工作生涯，我发现只有在工作前5年，用得到过去在大学、研究院所学的20~30％，之后的工作生涯，直接用到的部分几乎等于零。”他说学校生活是“一场可带走的盛宴”，但他强调这指的绝非是谋生知识的学习。“一场可带走的盛宴”这句话出自作家海明威之口，原文译成中文就是：“如果你有幸在年轻时住过巴黎，它会一生跟着你，有如一场可带走的盛宴。”张先生想用这句话来生动形容自己前后21年的求学生涯。既然“盛宴”绝非指谋生知识的学习，那么为什么他会这样认为呢？我们都知道，在学校期间是培养求知心态最好的时候，也就是说，每一位在校生要把握机会多方面培养兴趣，无论是文学、艺术、科学都行，这也是一种向上的、积极的心态。除此以外，我们每个人还培养了自己学习的习惯，这包括终生学习的习惯。如果一个人在校期间既没有培养求知心态，又没有培养学习的习惯，那么他一定是在浪费时间。就算他考试考得再好，教科书背得再熟，对于以后的求职、发展也不会有太大帮助，这甚至还会成为甩不掉的思想包袱。张先生认为，学习只是一种input，如果没有经过内化（internalize）的过程，去发展出自己的思想，那不叫思考。求知心及学习习惯是两项基本能力，若没能在求学阶段及时培养，完全是虚掷光阴。至于思考能力则是更进一步的能力，如果想做些与普通人不同的事，非具备此能力不可。事实上，普通人常挂在嘴边的“活到老，学到老”，并非我们这里所认同的终生学习，因为每个人所坚持的终生学习绝非是泛泛的“活到老，学到老”，而是必需具备“有目标”、“有纪律”、“有计划”三项要素。定目标终生学习必须设立长期目标，也可称做终生目标，同时也要有长则几年、短则几天的短期目标。举例来说，我认为每个人都需定下“一定要能跟得上所属行业”的终生目标，不论是医生、科学家、工程师，都要跟得上该行业的最新潮流。比如，某人自从出校门后，就一直待在人力资源领域，因此他所立的终生学习目标，就是要跟上人力资源领域的发展。当一个人处在技术的领域，就应该要求自己要跟上技术的最新发展，如果以后又要转往业务领域，那么他的目标就要换成要跟上本行业各项业务的发展。假如你在银行界工作，能否想象20年前毕业的银行家，即使是最好学校的毕业生，日常所处理的业务也只不过是存、放款，发行政府公债、赚赚其中的差价罢了，十分简单。再想想10年前，我们所了解的银行职员是最容易不过的行业，每天下午4点钟就可以下班回家抱孩子。然而物换星移，现在银行业的情况与过去相较有天攘之别，因为目前货币可以跨地区、跨时区流通，所以银行业开始受到全球金融的影响，再过几年，我相信网际网络对银行业的转变将造成更大的影响。倘若你不能随时跟上最新发展，我看不用10年、15年，不思学习的现有人才就会面临失业的危险，而身处科技、工程领域的人，职业寿命更短。80年代中期我踏出校门时，根本不知道IT这两个大写字母的含义，这不是因为我无知，事实上当时很少人了解互联网。但是过不了几年，情况突变，很多人全都知道互联网的存在，可见知识是以很快的速度前进，如果无法与时俱进，就只有等着失业的份。因此，人人都该明白一个真理：“无论身处何种行业，都要跟上潮流”。至于短期目标，范围则大得多，因为它可以是兴趣，也可以与工作职务的调动相结合。当一个工程、技术、或研发的人才，被提拔成为管理者时，他开始需要涉猎财务、行销等其它相关知识，如果原本没有这些知识基础，就要尽快设立短期目标，在未来半年内尽量地学习。这是必要的学习阶段，倘若不这样做，新职务可能无法得到完全发挥，这是每个人在工作上可以经常设定的短期目标。有纪律终生学习的第二个要素是纪律，也就是你对学习要下决心，决定要花多少时间来从事终生学习，因为学习是一件相当严肃的事情。以聆听为例，其实倾听别人讲话也是一种学习。聆听的要诀首先要专心，一般人的观念是大家要尽力培养口才，却忽略了听的能力对一个人的发展，比讲的能力更重要。专家说，如果听者能完全了解讲者所说的内容，那他听的效率是100％，可是大部分人的效率却连50%都达不到。想通过聆听得到学习效果，第一个必要条件是专心听以提高听的效率，第二个重点则在于你是否能将听到的内容，经过消化的过程。我随身携带一本小记事簿，这是我的学习工具之一，每当我听到一些好观念及信息，一定随手纪录下来。本子的大小需要讲究，太大太小都不恰当。这样做的好处很多，譬如为了知己知彼，我十分注意客户的财务报表，资料来源很多，因为所有美国上市公司都会对外提供财务报表，另外也可以从报纸上得到相关讯息，但是这些资料，如果你没有真正记下来，没有经过消化，还是没有用。我在家看财务报表时，一看到重点就赶快记在笔记本，之后每个月或二周温习一次，就像温习教科书一样，这就是消化的过程。当然你不可能百分之百记得全部的内容，可是你一定不会漏掉重点例如客户是不是要垮台了？还是成长得很快？这你绝对会记得。有时当我与客户谈话时，他们往往很惊奇为何我知道这么多事，我就跟他们说，这些都是公开信息，只是别人没有注意到罢了。终生学习必须有纪律、花时间、严肃看待。好的终生学习，绝对会影响生活习惯，台机电的张先生就是最好的例子。他每天会尽可能看书2小时，阅读的内容可以是与工作相关的资料，也有纯属兴趣的阅读，像阅读清朝、法国的历史，听听音乐，这样一来自然不热衷应酬，因为有更具乐趣的事情可做。至于运动，他觉得打高尔夫球的运动效率不高，不如每天在跑步机上跑步半小时，运动量相可抵高尔夫球的好几倍，可见终生学习的纪律真的会影响一个人的生活习惯。有计划终身学习的最后一个要素就是要有计划，学习如果没有计划就会事倍功半。所谓的计划是先设定你的长、短期目标，你要看什么书、读什么杂志、报纸，或是要跟谁说话都要有计划。由其是跟谁讲话一定要想清楚，因为生活习惯也跟平常接触的人具有密切关系，会决定你的交友圈，因此对要认识哪些人也要订出一个方向。如果你对对经济、趋势的议题一直有浓厚兴趣，交往的朋友就会是学术界、经济界人士。不过跟这些专业人士交往前，自己要先打好基础，不然彼此的谈话很难长久，也就毫无乐趣可言。至于认识这些人的方法，是先打听好这些人出现的场合，找机会跟他们认识。此外，回学校充电也是必要的，即使很忙，每年也应抽出一、二个星期到学校听课，即使不是正式的上课，也可多参加研讨会，一年五到十次，听的时候要严肃地做笔记，才能学到东西。总之，学校是培养求知心、学习习惯及思考能力的地方，但从另一个角度思考，一个人并不需要进大学，更不需要进研究所才能培养出这些能力。我们常看到一些从学校半途出家的人依然能做出一番大事，而且他的思想、学问比接受正常教育的人来得好，这是因为他们拥有良好的终生学习习惯。张先生说自己常问自己一个问题：如何鉴定一所学校的好坏？一般的答案是师资好、设备好，在我看来，这倒是其次。他认为一所学校最重要的是学生，要有好同学才能培养你的求知心、良好的学习习惯，思考能力。如果有人踏出校门许久，还在谈论自己的学校，除非你那时认识了一些志同道合的同学，那才值得怀念。倘若只将学校当作一个吸收知识的地方，他是不觉得有何怀念的价值。过去常看到一些四、五十岁，甚至六、七十岁的人，喜欢说自己出身某某名校，每次听到这种言论，他总觉得奇怪，因为他们给我一种“这些学校很难进”的感觉，换言之，他们将那几年当成生命的巅峰，以后就都在走下坡路。你会发现，那些会把名校挂在嘴边的人，他生命的颠峰岁月往往真的就只在考上一所好学校。如果谁有此习惯，劝你最好早点戒掉。

外部性又称为溢出效应、外部影响或外差效应，指一个人或一群人的行动和决策使另一个人或一群人受损或受益的情况。经济外部性是经济主体（包括厂商或个人）的经济活动对他人和社会造成的非市场化的影响。解决外部性的基本思路让外部性内部化(internalize the externalities)，即通过制度安排经济主体经济活动所产生的社会收益或社会成本，转为私人收益或私人成本，是技术上的外部性转为金钱上的外部性，在某种程度上强制实现原来并不存在的货币转让。典型办法1.征税与补贴任何一种经济活动都会对外部产生影响，比如说，汽车运输必然会产生废气污染环境，而植树造林发展林业就会形成改善环境的结果。这就是经济的外部性。如果说前者是“负外部性”的话，后者就应该被称作是“正外部性”。外部性扭曲了市场主体成本与收益的关系，会导致市场无效率甚至失灵，而负外部性如果不能够得到遏制，经济发展所赖以存在的环境将持续恶化，最终将使经济失去发展的条件。所以，可以对负的外部性征收税费，对正的外部性给予补贴。征税可以抑制产生负的外部性的经济活动；补贴可以激励产生正的外部性的经济活动。这种用于消除负外部性的税收被称作庇古税(Pigovian tax).2.科斯定理如果存在产权划分，交易成本较低且参与人数较少的时候，人们可以通过私下谈判来解决外部性问题。如上文所说的养狗问题，要么养狗者给予邻居补偿使其接受养狗，要么邻居给养狗者一定费用使其停止养狗。

一个人内化社会价值标准、学习角色技能、适应社会生活的过程。 社会化就是由自然人到社会人的转变过程，每个人必须经过社会化才能使外在于自己 儿童社会化 的社会行为规范、准则内化为自己的行为标准，这是社会交往的基础，并且社会化是人类特有的行为，是只有在人类社会中才能实现的。用弗洛伊德的话说，社会化就是个人学习控制天性的冲动，就是“把野兽关到笼子里”，有报道说的狼孩猪孩等就是没有经过社会化的结果。 从人格发展和社会互动角度定义 一个人获得自己的人格和学会参与社会或群体的方法的社会互动过程。 从人格发展角度来说， 社会化有自我完善的过程和功能。通过内化他人的态度，来认识“自我”，并按其他人的一般期待来调整自己行为过程，就是社会化过程。“自我”是人格的重要部分，自我完善包括：对自己生理、心理状况的认识；对自己和他人、社会的相互关系的认识。“自我”观念重要，对人有着推动、调节和控制的功能。 【注】关于人格发展和社会化的过程，具体可参考下面有关章节。 社会互动角度来说， 没有社会化就没有社会： 社会化不仅对个人的生存发展是至关重要的，而且对社会的生存和有效运作也是如此。只有当一个社会的成员一起行动共同支持、维护这个社会的时候，社会才会生存下去，所以每个社会都塑造成员的行为来达此目的（角色承担）。从社会的观点来看 ，当人们感觉到自己想做的正是社会期待的，这期待也最好地满足了社会的利益和要求的时候，（学习、领会并遵从群体和社会对这一地位的角色期待）社会化才能有效运作和发展 。 社会化的强制性和人的能动性、自由： 尽管社会化带有强制性，尽管我们的人格主要由社会来塑造，但社会化并未排除个人自由。所有的社会化形式都要求个体的合作，而成人可自由地拒绝社会化的某些方面（也就是可以选择） ，或者力图改变社会（也就是可以创造）。 类似的定义还有： 个人为适应现在及未来的社会生活,在家庭,学校等社会环境中,经由教育活动或人际互动,产生个人认同(identify)并接受(accept)社会价值体系,社会规范,以及行为模式,并内化(internalize)至个人心里,成为个人价值观与行为的准绳,此一过程谓之「社会化」. 从文化的角度定义 社会对个人的文化教化和个人对社会主动选择与能动调适的统一过程。 社会化的文化角度在于，与个人相关的特定文化要素，如生活专业技能、价值体系、社会规范等，正是社会化的基本内容。社会化就是（对个人来说）指社会新成员的文化习得，接受文化遗产，包括习俗、礼仪、语言、价值观念等一切方面；（对社会来说）保持社会文化传承和社会生活延续的过程和功能。 文化传承的类型：有传递和内化，有前人向后人的纵向传递，也有地区间的横向渗透，还有新文化的创造和发展。 社会化有强制性，出生的时候人不能随意选择文化环境。人的能动性在于，通过教化和实践，人们不断发展和创造文化。 其他解释 社会化过程的实质是个体反映社会现实的过程，从心理学来看，就是社会现实内部化的过程。社会化的目的不仅是使人学习和接受社会文化，获得人的语言、思想、感情，掌握基本生活技能，学会一定的生产技能，懂得社会规范，明确生活目标，适应社会，成为社会的一分子，而且使上一代人的思想、技能、经验能传给下一代，使人能继承和发展文化遗产，维持代际关系，在适应社会的基础上改造社会，把社会不断推向前进。个体社会化过程有以下特点：①主动性。每个人对社会现实的反映都有一定的选择性，其社会化是主动的，而不是被动的。②贯穿于人的一生。由于社会现实的不断发展、变化和一个人一生经历中地位、职责的变化，个体社会化不是一次完成的,而是一个连续的过程,它贯穿于人的一生。③个性和共性的统一。即使在同一社会中，由于各人特点和所处具体环境不同，个体社会化也不完全一样。社会化过程也是个性化过程。共性寓于个性之中。对于社会化，社会学侧重研究社会影响，社会心理学侧重研究个体社会化的历程。 关于社会化这一概念的含义，有不同的说法：①以美国S.柯尼格为代表，从社会规范的观点来解释社会化，认为社会化是一种过程，个人由此成为他所出身的那个社会的一分子，他的一举一动都符合于该社会的民俗民德。②以美国E.A.罗斯为代表，从社会意识(群属之感)的观点来解释社会化，认为它是在团体中与同伴产生共同行动的能力和意志时的一种群属之感的发展。③以中国孙本文为代表，从行为改变的观点来解释社会化，认为社会化有无数的刺激约束个人的反应，使之成为社会所规定的行为，这种作用即称之为个人社会化。

简单讲，。就是 对整个社会的影响，。

　　人的社会化的功能 　　从文化角度看，人的社会化是文化延续和传递的过程，个人社会化的实质是社会文化的内化。著名美国社会学家w．奥格本对社会现象中的文化因素进行了深入探讨，他认为人的社会化过程就是个人接受世代积累的文化遗产，保持社会文化的传递和社会生活的延续。这种观点反映了人的社会化在文化延续中的重要性。 　　 从社会结构角度看，学习、扮演社会角色是社会化的本质任务。帕森斯曾说，社会没有必要把人性陶治得完全符合自己的要求，而只须使人们知道社会对不同角色的具体要求就可以了。他认为角色学习过程即社会化过程。在这个过程中，个人逐渐了解自己在群体或社会结构中的地位，领悟并遵从群体和社会对自己的角色期待，学会如何顺利地完成角色义务，其功能在于维持和发展社会结构。 　　人的社会化是指人接受社会文化的过程，即指自然人(或生物人)成长为社会人的过程。刚刚出生的人，仅仅是生理特征上具有人类特征的一个生物，而不是社会学意义的人。在社会学家看来，人是社会性的，是属于一种特定的文化，并且认同这种文化，在这种文化的支配下存在的生物个体。刚刚出生的婴儿不具备这些品质，因此他(她)必须渡过一个特定的社会化期，以熟悉各种生活技能、获得个性和学习社会或群体的各种习惯，接受社会的教化，慢慢成人。

Charles Francis Hockett"s 13 Design Features of Language 1. Vocal-Auditory Channel: Much of human language is performed using the vocal tract and auditory channel. Hockett viewed this as an advantage for human primates because it allowed for the ability to participate in other activities while simultaneously communicating through spoken language. 2. Broadcast transmission and directional reception: All human language can be heard if it is within range of another personu2019s auditory channel. Additionally, a listener has the ability to determine the source of a sound by binaural direction finding. 3. Rapid Fading (transitoriness): Wave forms of human language dissipate over time and do not persist. A hearer can only receive specific auditory information at the time it is spoken. 4. Interchangeability: A person has the ability to both speak and hear the same signal. Anything that a person is able to hear, they have the ability to reproduce through spoken language. 5. Total Feedback: A speaker has the ability to hear themselves speak. Through this, they are able to monitor their speech production and internalize what they are producing through language. 6. Specialization: Human language sounds are specialized for communication. When dogs pant it is to cool themselves off, when humans speak it is to transmit information. 7. Semanticity: This refers to the idea that specific signals can be matched with a specific meaning. 8. Arbitrariness: There is no limitation to what can be communicated about and there is no specific or necessary connection between the sounds used and the message being sent. 9. Discreteness: Phonemes can be placed in distinct categories which differentiate them from one another , such as the distinct sound of /p/ versus /b/. 10. Displacement: The ability to refer to things in space and time and communicate about things that are currently not present. 11. Productivity: The ability to create new and unique meanings of utterances from previously existing utterances and sounds. 12. Traditional Transmission: The idea that human language is not completely innate and acquisition depends in part on the learning of a language. 13. Duality of patterning: Meaningless phonic segments (phonemes) are combined to make meaningful words, which in turn are combined again to make sentences.

　　社会化　　社会化就是由自然人到社会人的转变过程　　每个人必须经过社会化才能使外在于自己的社会行为规范、准则内化为自己的行为标准，这是社会交往的基础　　并且社会化是人类特有的行为，是只有在人类社会中才能实现的　　有报道说的狼孩猪孩等就是没有经过社会化的结果　　你自身的社会化过程可以从家庭、学校的教育谈起，教育是社会化的主要途径　　补充解释：　　个人为适应现在及未来的社会生活,在家庭,学校等社会环境中,经由教育活动或人际互动,个人认同(identify)并接受(accept)社会价值体系,社会规范,以及行为模式,并内化(internalize)至个人心里,成为个人价值观与行为的准绳,此一过程谓之「社会化」.　　shehuihua　　社会化　　socialization　　个人凭借其生理特点(主要是神经系统尤其是脑)在社会实践中通过学习获得符合特定社会要求的知识、技能、习惯、价值观、态度、理想和行为模式，成为具有独特人格的社会成员并履行其社会职责的过程。在社会生活中，一个人自出生后就接受社会的影响，开始了社会化的过程。据美国L.P.利普塞特在产科医院进行的研究表明，婴孩在出生后3～4天就能形成经典性条件反射，例如吸吮反射。这是新生婴孩初次接触社会因素形成的人的心理活动，是个体社会化的起点。社会化过程的实质是个体反映社会现实的过程，从心理学来看，就是社会现实内部化的过程。社会化的目的不仅是使人学习和接受社会文化，获得人的语言、思想、感情，掌握基本生活技能，学会一定的生产技能，懂得社会规范，明确生活目标，适应社会，成为社会的一分子，而且使上一代人的思想、技能、经验能传给下一代，使人能继承和发展文化遗产，维持代际关系，在适应社会的基础上改造社会，把社会不断推向前进。个体社会化过程有以下特点：①主动性。每个人对社会现实的反映都有一定的选择性，其社会化是主动的，而不是被动的。②贯穿于人的一生。由于社会现实的不断发展、变化和一个人一生经历中地位、职责的变化，个体社会化不是一次完成的,而是一个连续的过程,它贯穿于人的一生。③个性和共性的统一。即使在同一社会中，由于各人特点和所处具体环境不同，个体社会化也不完全一样。社会化过程也是个性化过程。共性寓于个性之中。对于社会化，社会学侧重研究社会影响，社会心理学侧重研究个体社会化的历程。　　关于社会化这一概念的含义，有不同的说法：①以美国S.柯尼格为代表，从社会规范的观点来解释社会化，认为社会化是一种过程，个人由此成为他所出身的那个社会的一分子，他的一举一动都符合于该社会的民俗民德。②以美国E.A.罗斯为代表，从社会意识(群属之感)的观点来解释社会化，认为它是在团体中与同伴产生共同行动的能力和意志时的一种群属之感的发展。③以中国孙本文为代表，从行为改变的观点来解释社会化，认为社会化有无数的刺激约束个人的反应，使之成为社会所规定的行为，这种作用即称之为个人社会化。　　社会化依赖的因素 个体社会化进程依赖于 3个因素：①自然基础，其中最重要的是健全的神经系统，尤其是神经系统的高级中枢——大脑，这是个体社会化发展的必要的自然前提。②社会基础，指特定的社会生活条件，包括社会生产方式、政治和法律制度、社会规范、价值体系、信仰体系、风俗、种族和民族、家庭、学校、友伴、群众、宗教、职业、其他社会团体或组织等。其中最重要的是社会生产方式。这些社会因素是个体社会化发展的外部条件，它们促使社会化发展的可能性成为现实性。③实践活动,这是个体社会化的内因,是个体社会化发展的能动因素。个体社会化过程有赖于个体与社会的相互作用，有赖于个人生理上的禀赋与社会环境的充分接触，有赖于个体参加社会实践活动才能实现。如果一个人从小与社会生活隔离，脱离社会实践，即使他具有个体社会化的自然基础，具有健全的神经系统，也不能获得正常人的社会化。例如狼孩的事例，就说明实践活动对个体社会化的重要作用。正常地参加社会实践，正常地进行社会交往，才能获得正常的社会化。经济活动是人类社会最基本的实践活动，它决定着人的社会化的性质和表现形式。如以自然经济为特征的封建社会的经济活动，使人的社会化离不开血缘和狭小的地区范围，造成人的狭隘、保守和落后；以社会化大生产和私有制为特征的资本主义社会的经济活动，一方面使人的社会化范围扩大了，另一方面使金钱至上主宰着社会化过程中的一切；以社会化大生产和生产资料公有制为基本特征的社会主义社会的经济活动，使人的社会化不仅扩大到很广的范围，而且渗透着集体主义的精神。　　社会化的诸方面 个体社会化过程表现在许多方面。　　政治社会化 指个体形成某一特定社会所要求的政治信仰、态度和行为的过程。它体现在如何对待政治制度、政治生活方式、政策、以及个体政治观念的发展等问题上。在不同的社会制度和阶级中，个体政治社会化有不同的内容和方向。关于政治社会化问题在各国社会心理学领域仅有少量的研究。美国R.赫斯1969年作了一项关于儿童政治观念发展的研究。他提出很多政治问题让各个年级的儿童回答，发现很多年龄比较小的儿童把美国政府与美国总统混为一谈,3年级以上的儿童才能区别担任政府职务的个人和政府机构。这说明个体政治化是发展的，并且与一定的知识文化水平有关。　　民族社会化 指热爱和忠于所属民族的优良传统、风尚、风俗，但这并不是盲目排外或把自己所属民族凌驾于其他民族之上。中华民族的民族社会化水平是很高的，即使是长期侨居在国外的华人，仍然保持和发扬着中华民族的优良传统。　　法律社会化 指个体形成某一特定社会要求的法律观念和遵守法律的行为的过程。在不同社会制度和阶级中，个体法律社会化的内容和方向不同。据美国J.L.塔普等人(1974、1976)对丹麦、希腊、意大利、印度、日本、美国等6个国家的4、6和8三个年级5000名学生所进行的研究,发现被试的法律推理有3种水平：①习俗前水平:特点是因害怕惩罚而遵守法律,不明白必须遵守法律的道理。这是一种比较低级的水平。②习俗水平：特点是以社会需要有控制管理才能使这个社会有秩序和存在下去这种习俗的认识，去理解为什么要制定法律。这是一种中等水平。③后习俗水平：特点是能通过抽象的法律概念来证明法律存在的合理性，懂得为什么要遵守法律的道理。塔普等人的研究对象后来从4、6和 8年级学生扩大到成人和学前期幼儿。根据研究的结果认为，这6 个国家的儿童和成人，绝大多数只达到中等水平，能达到后习俗水平者为数极少。中国政府从1985年开始用5年左右时间在全体公民中普及法律常识,这一措施有助于公民的法律社会化进程。　　道德社会化 指个体形成某一特定社会的道德标准和与之相符的行为的过程在不同社会制度和阶级中,道德社会化有不同的内容和方向。美国L.科尔伯格1966～1976年用他设计的9种“两难困境”进行的研究表明,个体道德社会化的发展有阶段性（见道德发展阶段论）。　　性别角色社会化 指个体形成社会对不同性别的期望、规范和与之相符的行为的过程。社会、民族、文化、风俗不同，对男女性各有不同的期望和规范。心理上的男女差别是社会造成的。美国R.罗森克兰茨等人1968年做了一项研究，要求被试（大学生）举出所有的描述普通男人和普通女人的形容词。其结果反映出在美国大学生中存在很深的男优于女的性别角色成见（见表[性别角色社会化调查]）。　　职业社会化 指个体按社会需要选择职业、掌握从事某种职业的知识和技能，以及从事某种职业后进行知识、技能更新的再训练的过程。　　性的社会化 指个体形成符合某一特定社会要求的性观念和性行为的过程。在社会主义中国，性的社会化的内容包括性的解剖生理知识、性的心理卫生知识、性疾病的防治知识、计划生育、性道德、性犯罪的预防等方面的教育。　　个体社会化的发展 个体社会化一般经历儿童社会化、青年社会化和继续社会化的过程，对某些人来说还要经历再社会化的过程。儿童在社会化的过程中，动作的沟通逐渐被语言代替，在掌握语言的基础上，学习生活技能和社会规范。青年社会化，是儿童社会化的继续和发展，但它有许多不同于儿童社会化的特点：①来自成人对社会化控制的范围和强度显著缩小和降低；②外在强化的方式（父母或成人的奖赏与惩罚）转化为逐渐由个人对环境的认识等内在因素调节；③对成人行为的模仿和对榜样的选择，有更大的主动性；④社会化的媒介更广（儿童社会化的媒介主要是父母，青年社会化的媒介的范围越来越大）。继续社会化，指个体经历儿童社会化和青年社会化后,社会化还不完全,特别是在飞速发展的现代化社会面前，还须不间断地学习的过程。这个过程，贯穿于从青年期至生命的终结。再社会化是指个人原来的思想和生活方式以及行为模式与社会环境的要求不协调，甚至发生了冲突,必须断然改变,形成对他本人来说是完全新的思想和生活方式以及行为模式。如犯过或犯罪的青少年，原先形成了错误的社会化，必须经过再社会化加以改正。再社会化与继续社会化的区别在于：①再社会化是抛弃原先形成的错误的社会化，形成新的正确的社会化；继续社会化则是在原先社会化的基础上进一步发展、提高，使之更加完善。②再社会化的方向和内容与原先的不一致，而继续社会化的基本方向和内容则与原先的相一致。③再社会化过程是一种思想和生活方式以及行为模式向另一种思想和生活方式以及行为模式的基本的、急剧的、迅速的改变，不适应感很强烈；而继续社会化过程是逐渐的、部分的变化，往往是在不知不觉中进行的。再社会化有两种方式：①主动的再社会化，通常称之为自觉改造，即个人主动地自觉地适应新的社会生活、生活方式和工作方式。②强制的再社会化，通常称之为强迫改造，对违法犯罪者判刑或实施劳动教养，就属于这种方式。　　社会化的媒介 个体社会化的媒介很多：就人的方面来说，有父母、教师、同龄伙伴、同学、同事、领导等;就物的方面来说,有电视、电影、广播、报纸、杂志、书籍等。这些媒介对人的社会化起着交互作用，并且随着儿童年龄的增长，社会化媒介的主次有所不同。儿童在学龄前，社会化媒介主要是家庭（主要是父母）、托儿所和幼儿园（主要指教师和同龄小伙伴）、社会（指除了家庭、托儿所、幼儿园以外的其他社会环境中的人和事）。儿童入学后，社会化媒介主要是学校（主要指教师和同学）、家庭和社会（指除了家庭、学校以外的其他社会环境中的人和事）。离开学校后，社会化的媒介主要是社会和家庭。美国B.C.罗林斯等1979年研究了父母教育儿童的方法与社会化的关系，发现父母对儿童一般采用诱导训练法和强制训练法两种教育方法，诱导训练法比强制训练法的效果好。早期教育对人的社会化起着极其重要的作用。早期教育不仅要在家庭而且要在托儿所、幼儿园中进行。电视、电影、广播、报纸、杂志、书籍等大众传播工具也是社会化的重要媒介。从心理学的角度来分析，电视和电影既包括视觉学习又包括听觉学习，广播只是一种听觉学习，报纸、杂志、书籍都只是视觉学习，所以电视、电影的作用大于其他大众传播工具。美国A.班杜拉1963年研究了电视、电影中残暴行为对观看电影、电视儿童的影响，发现看了有残暴行为的电影的儿童，以后有侵犯行为者，是未看过有残暴行为的电影的儿童后来有侵犯行为的 2倍。但美国S.费许巴奇等1971年的研究认为，看有残暴行为的电视节目未必导致侵犯行为。当然，观看有残暴行为的电视节目是否导致侵犯行为，还要考虑看电视者的动机因素。　　补充:社会化的概念以及作用.　　社会化的概念　　社会化是社会行为的模塑过程。通过这一过程，人们形成了为其生存环境所认可的社会行为模式，对其生存其间的社会文化环境中的各种简单或复杂的刺激能够给予合适、稳定的反应。　　社会化的作用　　没有社会化，我们几乎无法形成个性，而且连生活中最简单的问题都无法应付。由于我们不基本指导其它动物的本能，我们只能靠通过与他人相互作用进行学习，使自己成为社会的人和完全的人。　　社会化的基本内容　　1.传授生活技能；　　2.教导社会规范；　　3.指点生活目标；　　4.提供角色人选。　　编辑词条　　开放分类：　　社会学　　参考资料：　　1.<社会学概论>

土地利用的外部性分两种：1、正的外部性：改善土壤质量，保护水土，绿化环境等等。2、负的外部性：使土壤贫瘠，造成更大的水土流失，造成生物多样性受损，化肥农药污染等等。土地利用经济是指土地在国民经济各部门的分配与使用，具体包括土地资源的勘察，技术经济评价，土地规划，土地开发、利用、保护与整治等方面的经济问题。所研究的是人与土地之间的关系问题。土地价值是指土地在权属转移及其收益分配中的价值形式及其量化表现。如土地作为商品买卖的价格，土地使用权有偿转让时土地使用者向土地所有者支付的地租，以及国家参与土地收益分配的具体形式——土地税收等。土地价值所研究的也是在土地利用中发生的人与人之间的经济关系，但它所涉及的是土地权属转移和土地收益分配中所发生的土地关系问题。扩展资料：解决外部性的基本思路让外部性内部化(internalizetheexternalities)，即通过制度安排经济主体经济活动所产生的社会收益或社会成本，转为私人收益或私人成本，是技术上的外部性转为金钱上的外部性，在某种程度上强制实现原来并不存在的货币转让。典型办法1、征税与补贴任何一种经济活动都会对外部产生影响，比如说，汽车运输必然会产生废气污染环境，而植树造林发展林业就会形成改善环境的结果。这就是经济的外部性。如果说前者是“负外部性”的话，后者就应该被称作是“正外部性”。外部性扭曲了市场主体成本与收益的关系，会导致市场无效率甚至失灵，而负外部性如果不能够得到遏制，经济发展所赖以存在的环境将持续恶化，最终将使经济失去发展的条件。所以，可以对负的外部性征收税费，对正的外部性给予补贴。征税可以抑制产生负的外部性的经济活动；补贴可以激励产生正的外部性的经济活动。这种用于消除负外部性的税收被称作庇古税(Pigoviantax).2、科斯定理如果存在产权划分，交易成本较低且参与人数较少的时候，人们可以通过私下谈判来解决外部性问题。如上文所说的养狗问题，或者养狗者给予邻居补偿使其接受养狗，或者养狗者给狗带上嘴套以免犬吠扰民。3、企业合并4、排放标准5、行政准入参考资料来源：百度百科-外部性

Math can be a difficult subject particularly if you don"t have the right skills in place. But once you know how to approach it strategically you"ll likely find it less frustrating and have much higher chances of success. This article details how to evaluate break down and successfully plete math tasks and avoid getting stuck or overwhelmed. 1) If you don"t understand something focus on mastering that topic before moving on to the next topic. It sounds simple but it is absolutely essential. Lets say a student is learning Algebra for example. Further lets say he or she is having a hard time understanding how to add and subtract negative and positive numbers. All of us struggle with this in the beginning as it is a sticky point for most students. Some students in this situation out of frustration that they "can"t" learn this topic will move on to the next lesson in the hope that they will be able to understand that one. This is a recipe for disaster. Math is very much like learning to read. If you don"t know your letter sounds then you have no hope of being able to sound out words of course there is no way possible that you could read a book. All math courses are taught in a specific sequence because the every topic builds on the previous topic. If you are having a problem with a topic continue working with that one until you understand it and can work problems successfully. Watch the DVD section over again attend tutoring read the book and examples a second time or even get a totally different book to have it explained a different way...but whatever you do not turn the page and tackle the next topic. If you do you will get even more frustrated and you in all likelihood will begin to give up hope. 2) Work example problems and check your wers to gain practice with every lesson. The entire premise of the DVD series is to "learn by example" and it is quite simply the easiest way to learn Math. After watching the section on the DVD and reading the section in your textbook begin working examples from the end of the chapter. Make sure to work the problems that have wers in the back of the book and check every one. Always begin with the easiest problem in your book even if you think it will be too "easy" to solve. It is very very important to build your confidence. This is why the DVD lessons begin with easier problems that no one will have any issue understanding. Gradually work harder and harder problems from your book and check your wer for each one. After working a dozen or more problems from the section (o dozen is best) you are ready to move on to the next section. Many students want to plow though a lesson just to make it to the next one. You cannot just read a section in a Math book and bee an expert on that section. You must work problems. If you can"t work problems then you are not ready to move on. The good news is that working problems will build your confidence and confidence is 100% the name of the game in Math. 3) When beginning to work a Math problem do not "map out a path from problem-to-wer" in your head before writing anything down. I see this almost every day. It is very mon when someone looks at a Math problem that they try to "figure it out" in their head before writing anything down. Take Algebra for example. When a beginning student looks at an equation he or she will be tempted to solve the equation in their head and not write anything down. Students are tempted to do this most often with Word Problems. Since a word problem is written in sentence form it is mon to think that you can "think your way to the wer". I will tell you that I never ever solve any sort of math problem without writing it down. Ever. What you need to do is begin by first writing down the problem. Then you begin to solve it one step at a time. Write down even the simple things. What you need to ensure is that every single step that you write down is perfectly legal. In other words if you are solving an equation for example and you subtract "10" from both sides....write that down. Then in the NEXT step actually do that subtraction. Then if you need to divide both sides by "2" write THAT down...then in the NEXT step actually do the division. This gives you a paper trail to check your work and also it allows you to break the problem down in to bite sized chunks. If you can be sure that every single little step is legal then you will be in good shape. If you try to do too many things at one time which is mon you will probably try to do something illegal and get into trouble. 4) When you study and do homework try to find a quiet place to do it. I was the worst offender of this while in school. I used to listen to music all of the time while trying to do homework. I"d also listen to the TV as "background noise" while studying. Over time I realized that if I had a quiet place without the background noise I could focus much better. What I found is that when reading for example...I would have to read something perhaps 3 or 4 times if I was listening to something else but only once if I had some quiet. People love to listen to music while studying but I am convinced that it is much more effective if you don"t. Try to find a quiet spot in your home or in the Library to get your schoolwork done and you will get your work done much more quickly because you"ll be able to focus and absorb more. 5) If someone asks you for help try to explain the topic to them as best you can. This one is going to seem a little odd for this list...but there is one universal truth. Those who can teach others have a true gr of the material. Many times when studying in groups there will be one member of the group who is behind and doesn"t "get it". Try to help that person even if your own work will take longer. Not only will you feel like you are helping someone else succeed but the process of rephrasing information back to someone else and breaking things down into bite sized chunks will increase your own understanding. It will help you understand at a fundamental level what the stumbling blocks are for the topic which will help you as you move on in your math studies. 6) Never ever work math problems in pen. This one is pretty simple. You will make a mistake; it is only a matter of time. When you do you will want to pletely erase your mistake and write over it. You will never ever want to scratch something out and write next to the scratch-out. This will lead to a paper that is hard to read and the scratch-outs will actually increase your anxiety about solving these problems. You want clean-neat paper with a clean well thought-out solution. 7) Try to use a mechanical pencil with separate eraser if you can. Mechanical pencils have cleaner lines and the separate eraser allows you to erase more cleanly. Nothing is worse than making a mistake and trying to erase something then just *** earing that all around your page. The cheap erasers will do this and make your life hard. Invest in a good mechanical pencil and a good separate eraser. 8) Keep your solutions neat and line-by-line. Always work problems vertically with one step on every line. Never work horizontally. It may take more paper but you will be able to follow your steps much more easily. More importantly the teacher will be able to follow your work much better which allows him/her to give you partial credit. If there are just 2 steps when there should be 10 you will not be getting any points for your thought process. The steps you write down tell the teacher what you are thinking and how you are attacking the problem. 9) Don"t work problems very late at night. I know all of the college students will be laughing at this but it is true. I have tried many many times to do Calculus or Physics late at night after 12 or 1am but you are just doing yourself a disservice. I have stared at problems for hours because I just could not sleep until I knew how to solve it...then I finally fell asleep out of extreme fatigue...but when I woke up it just seemed so simple how to proceed with the problem. Also I have worked problems at night and got the wrong wer and I knew I must have a silly mistake in the solution. I would usually set out to find it but many times when you are tired you simply can"t find the silly mistake. The next morning after about 5 minutes I could spot the simple sign error or even a simple multiplication error that caused the problem. 10) If the problem lends itself to it draw a picture of the problem. This is most applicable for Trigonometry Calculus and Physics Students but also applies to any word problem in basic math or algebra. Please do yourself a favor and draw a picture of what the problem is describing even if your picture is simple. We are visual beings...the process of drawing the situation causes us to internalize what the problem is really asking for. It helps figure out how to proceed. If you are in Physics you should draw a picture for every single problem that you work out. If you are in Calculus definitely draw pictures for all related rate problems. If you are in Calculus 2 or Calculus 3 definitely draw a picture of all of your 3-dimensional problems (3d integrals). If you are in basic math and Jenny gives Bob 2 pencils and Bob gives 1 pencil away draw that situation. It will really help you figure out how to proceed. Remember there is no silver bullet in learning Math. It es with taking things one step at a time and with practice. The tips above will help you along in your math studies and give you confidence. And confidence is 100% the name of the game in learning any level of Math. RESOURCES: mathgoodies/articles/improve_your_grades 多做题目，多计算，多了解思考计算过程。 do more exercise

The year end is coming, before we move on to the new year, it"s high time for all of us to do a review for the year. To me, doing this annual review is like getting a report card. It"s no different with my annual review – except these results aren"t for my studies – they"re bigger. They"re for my life. 时间转瞬到年底，在我们步入新的一年之前，我们所有人都应该对这一年做个回顾总结。对于我来说，年终总结就像是拿成绩单。年终总结和成绩单一样，只不过收获的并不是学习成绩，它们更重要，是关于我的人生。 Importance of Year End Reviews 年终总结的重要性 So why is it important to do a year end review? There are 4 si-mp-le reasons: 年终总结为什么这么重要?有这样四个简单的理由： 1. Draw lessons from the year 从一年中吸取经验教训 What have you experienced this year? What have you learned from them? With every experience we face, there are important things to learn. We can either let these incidences paus by, or we can stop to understand, internalize them, and draw lessons from them. Life is your school, and the lessons are dressed up as your everyday incidences. You don"t want to be living year after year without learning from your experiences. That"s just sleepwalking your life away. 这一年，你经历了些什么?从中你又学到了些什么?我们面对的每一次经历，都有一些重要的东西值得学习，我们可能会让发生的这些事情就从我们的生命中匆匆而过，或者我们也可以选择停下来，理解并消化这些经历，从中学到经验教训。生活就是你的学校，这些经验教训会假扮成每天的琐事。你也不想年复一年只是过生活，却从不从经历中学到些什么吧，那样的话，你只是在梦游度日。 There are a lot of lessons which I learn every year. Looking back at my review for 2007, one of the biggest lessons I learned is that our reactions to life"s situations is a choice, and it"s up to how we make out of situations we encounter. This realization came after a highly intense period at my job. At that time I was already a positive person, but the situation was so out of control that it really made me negative. It was after a short period of feeling miserable that I realized that the reality was such and it was up to me to make the best out of it. I could either sit and bi-tc-h about it which would do absolutely nothing to change the situation, or I could take action and make the best out of it. This small shift in my mindset created a big shift in my reality – it made me a lot more proactive and solution-oriented. It made me realize that many of us generate unnecessary baggage with negative situations in life, and it"s all about taking action to create the lives that we want. Happineis truly a choice. 每年我都能学到很多。现在回头看看我2007年的总结，我学到的最重要的一课是“我们对生活环境的反应是一种选择”，取决于我们如何解决遇到的情况。这种感悟是在我的工作经历了一段高度紧张的阶段之后得出的。其实那时候我是个很积极向上的人，但是当时的情况完全不在我的掌控下，让我也变得消极了。有那么一小段时间，我觉得很痛苦，然后我就意识到，生活就是这样，如何做到取决于我自己，我可以选择干坐在那里抱怨牢骚，但这根本对改变现状一点帮助都不起;我也可以选择采取行动做到。这样简单的心态转变使我的生活出现了很大的改变：我变得更加主动，积极选择解决问题的方法。这也让我意识到，我们许多人在遇到不利状况时，总是背负了太多不必要的包袱，只要采取行动，我们就能创造想要的生活。幸福快乐其实只是个选择。 Because I would write down lessons I learned each time (in my life handbook), I could then build upon my learnings. Rather than deja vuing through life situations, every time I would think about how I could apply what I had learned earlier and how I could do something different. As a result, I kept moving forward in my growth. 因为我每次都会记下学到的经验教训(在我的生活手册里)，所以我从所学中慢慢成长。每次总结后我都会想，下次遇到我会如何利用之前学到的改正错误，而不是一次次的重复犯错栽跟头。就这样，我在成长的路上一步步前进。 2. Wrap up what you"ve done this year 打包今年所做的事情 Many things can happen in a year and this is the perfect time to wrap them up. Were there any ups and downs? Did you get a promotion? Did you recently quit your job and joined a new workplace? Did you just start up a business? Did you move to a new place? Did you just end an unhappy relationship? Did you move on from a bad partnership? Any major events took place? Or perhaps there are nothing significant that happened? 每年都会发生许许多多的事情，现在就是你把之前的事情打包的时机。生活中有一些起起落落?你升职了?最近刚辞职进入新的工作环境?刚开始创业?搬到新地方?刚结束一段不快乐的感情?走出了一段很糟的伙伴关系?发生了很多大事?也或许没什么重要的事情发生? This is the time to wrap up the year. It"s time to let go of past baggage, tie up the loose ends, tidy up your feelings, and get ready for what"s ahead. 现在是该打包这一年的事了，也是时候放下这些过去的包袱，做一些收尾让工作有始有终，收拾起情绪，准备迎接即将到来的新一年。 3. Regain focus 重新找到重点 After working for a few years, you"d find that the years sort of just start to blend into each other. Soon it"s hard to tell one year apart from the next. Subsequently, it"s so easy to fall into a routine without being conscious of it. Sometimes I hear people commenting that they"re not sure what exactly they"ve been doing with the past few years of their lives, because everything just seems like the same. 工作了几年后你会发现，每年似乎开始有些混在一起的感觉，很难把它们区分开来。然后不知不觉，工作就很容易变成例行公事的老套路。有时候我会听到人们在说，不知道过去的几年具体都干了些什么，因为一切看起来都一样。 It"s just like driving. When you"re driving in a car, it can be hard to see where you are and where you"re heading to. On the other hand, pausing for a short moment to look at the map can be amazingly helpful. Where are you right now? How far have you traveled? Where do you want to go to? Doing so helps you to regain focus. 这就像开车一样。当你开车的时候，很难看出来你开到哪和要去哪。而另一方面，如果你停下来看看地图，你会发现超级有帮助。你现在正在哪儿?你走了有多远了?你想去哪儿?年终总结会帮你重新找到重点。 Like I mentioned above, doing my annual review is like getting the report card for my life. How do I grade myself for this year? Do I give myself an A+? A? B? C? D? or even F? This assessment reminds me if I have lived this year the way I had wanted to. 我之前提到过，写年终总结，就像拿成绩单一样。今年给自己打多少分?A+? A? B? C? D? 还是F? 这样的自我评估会提醒我，让我反思过去的一年是否是我想要的生活方式。 4. Start the next year on a high note 以高起点开始下一年 Last but not least, your annual review will help you to start the next year on a high note. As I"m going to share later in the post, doing your review includes setting your goals for the next year. For this year 2011, my one single biggest goal was to build this blog. So this year, while other people were figuring out what to make out of their year, I was a person on a mission. By mid-year I had already exceeded some of my goals, and now that it"s the end of the year, I"ve accomplished what I had set out to do at the beginning, and more. 最后，年终总结会帮你从一个高起点开始下一年的工作和生活。正如我稍后要跟大家分享的，年终总结会包括你下一年的目标。2011年我的目标是建好这个博客，所以在这一年，当其他人还在找寻到底该干些什么的时候，我已经是一个有任务的人了。年中的时候我就已经超额完成目标，现在到年末，我已经完成了年初的目标，甚至做的更多。 Exercise: Write Your Year End Review for 2011 练习：写下你的2011年终总结 Let"s get started on your year end review for this year! 从今年开始写下你的年终总结吧! Take out your life handbook, or if you don"t have your life handbook, take out any notebook or blank piece of pa-pe-r. If you have a blog, you can copy the questions and answer them in your blog entry. 拿出生活手册，如果没有的话，就随便拿本笔记本或是张白纸。如果有博客，也可以把这些问题复制过去在你的博客里回答。 Set aside some quiet time with yourself, for 30-45 minutes or so. Now, write your answers to the following 6 questions: 给自己留出30到45分钟的安静时间，现在写下对这6个问题的回答： 1. What are your biggest accomplishments this year? (Accomplishments here refer to any results you are proud of) 今年你的收获是什么?(这里的收获指任何你感到骄傲的结果) 2. What are the biggest lessons you"ve learned this year? 今年的教训是什么? 3. On a scale of 1-10, how satisfied are you with how you spent the year? (Or if you prefer giving grades, what grade would you give yourself for how this year turned out, between F- to A+?) Why? 如果让你从1到10给自己打分，今年你对自己的满意程度是几分?(如果你喜欢分等级的话，那么从F-到A+你今年表现怎么样呢?)为什么? 4. What do you want to accomplish next year, such that it"s your best year ever? Alternatively: 最想完成什么样的目标让明年成为最棒的一年?或者： If it"s now Dec 31 of next year, what do you want to see in your life? 如果现在是2012年12月31日，你希望自己生活是怎样的? What does it take to make you feel a 10/10 satisfaction level at the end of next year? 到明年年底，什么事情会让你对自己百分百满意? 5. What new habits to cultivate that will help you to achieve your goals in Q4? 为了实现第四个问题中的目标，你应该培养那些新习惯? 6. What are your immediate next steps to achieve these goals? 为了实现这些目标，下一步你马上会进行什么? Take as much time as you need to write your review. These are the very same questions I use for my personal review every year, so I"ve no doubt that you"ll find them useful in yours. 写年终总结别着急，慢慢来。每年我都会拿这些问题来问自己，所以我肯定你们会发现这些问题很有用。 If you want, you can get started with questions 1-3 first, which are more reflection questions for the year. Spend a couple of days to think about them, before moving to questions 4-6, which are about the year ahead. 如果愿意的话，可以先从问题1到3开始，这些都是更值得思考的年终问题。花上几天时间想一想，然后再回答问题4到6，这些是关于你来年的计划。

　　(一)外部经济影响 外部经济影响或外在性的含义 外部性是指某一经济单位的经济活动对其他经济单位所施加的非市场性影响，非市场性是指一种活动所产生的成本或利益未能通过市场价格反映出来，而是无意识强加于他人的，外部性有正的外部性，有些称之为外部经济，这是指一个经济主体对其他经济主体产生积极影响，无偿为其他人带来利益。相反，产生负向外部影响的经济活动。（外部不经济）给其他经济单位带来消极影响，对他人施加了成本。 外部性的例子很多，如一个养蜂的人和裁种果树的农场主之间相互施加了正的影响，他们的行为为典型的外部经济，农场主为蜜蜂提供了蜂源，提高了养蜂生产者的产量。同时，峰蜜采蜜过程中加速果树的授粉，提高水果的产量，双方互相无意识地为对方带来好处，企业排放污染源的例子是典型的外部不经济。　　(二)外部经济影响对效率的影响 外部性对经济效率的影响在于它使得私人行为与社会需要的数量出现差异，这一点可以由私人成本和社会成本加以说明。 私人成本和社会成本的含义 私人成本是指一个经济单位从事某次经济活动所需要支付的费用，一项经济活动的社会成本是指全社会为了这项活动需要支付的费用，包括从事该项经济活动的私人成本加上这一活动给其他经济单位带来的成本。如果一项经济活动产生外部不经济，则社会成本大于私人成本，如果一项经济活动产生外部经济，则社会成本小于私人成本。 同样地分析可以用于私人收益与社会收益（外部经济带来的利益） 外部经济影响对资源配置效率的影响 在存在外部不经济的条件下，私人厂商的最优产量大于社会最优产量，在存在外部经济的条件下，私人厂商的最优产量小于社会最优产量。 因此，无论一个经济单位对其他经济单位的影响是正或是负，私人自主决策所决定的最优产量是缺乏效率的。　　(三)矫正外部经济影响的政策 由于外部性造成资源配置缺乏效率的原因是由于私人部门用于决策的成本与社会实际付出的成本之间出现偏差，因此矫正外部性影响的指导思想是：外部经济影响内在化，为决策者提供衡量其决策的外部性的动机。主要措施有税收，补贴，企业合并以及明确产权。 税收和补贴 迫使厂商考虑外部成本或外部利益的手段之一，是政府采取税收和补贴政策，即向施加外部不经济的厂商征收恰好等于外部边际成本的税收，而给予提供外部经济的厂商等于外部边际来收益的补贴，以便使得厂商的私人边际成本与社会边际成本相等，诱使厂商提供最优的产量。

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Norms are the agreed-upon expectations and rules by which a culture guides the behavior of its members in any given situation.Of course,norms vary widely across cultural groups.Americans,for instance,maintain fairly direct eye contact when conversing with others.Asians,on the other hand,may avert their eyes as a sign of politeness and respect.Sociologists speak of at least four types of norms:folkways,mores,taboos,and laws.Folkways,sometimes known as “conventions” or “customs,” are standards of behavior that are socially approved but not morally significant.For example,belching loudly after eating dinner at someone else"s home breaks an American folkway.Mores are norms of morality.Breaking mores,like attending church in the nude,will offend most people of a culture.Certain behaviors are considered taboo,meaning a culture absolutely forbids them,like incest in U.S.culture.Finally,laws are a formal body of rules enacted by the state and backed by the power of the state.Virtually all taboos,like child abuse,are enacted into law,although not all mores are.For example,wearing a bikini to church may be offensive,but it is not against the law.Members of a culture must conform to its norms for the culture to exist and function.Hence,members must want to conform and obey rules.They first must internalize the social norms and values that dictate what is “normal” for the culture; then they must socialize,or teach norms and values to,their children.If internalization and socialization fail to produce conformity,some form of “social control” is eventually needed.Social control may take the form of ostracism,fines,punishments,and even imprisonment.

　 英语文章摘抄 （一） 　　Eliminate Internal Negative Chatter 　　The first step is one of awareness. It will be hard to make a change to positive thinking without being acutely intimate with the thoughts that run through your mind. Recently, I was amazed to discover deep buried emotions from negative thoughts that I had for fewer than 10 minutes. Without awareness, I would have carried the hurt and anger inside. Awareness helped me to bring them out to the open for me to deal with. 　　Undoubtedly it will not be easy to make a switch if you have a long history or negative self talk. Your talk became negative over the years due to various factors. For instance, if your first grade teacher repeatedly told you that you were stupid, you might believe it to be truly the case. You would find that your inner chatter would often be filled with talk of I am so slow and it is so hard to learn. If you constantly tell yourself such negative stories, your actions are going to reflect your low self esteem. It will be difficult to get very far if you are always putting yourself down. 　　A common negative talk involves telling yourself I canu2019t. When you say to yourself I canu2019t or it is too difficult, you are creating a resistance. Having such a mental block will prevent you from achieving a task you could otherwise succeed at. 　　Anytime you catch yourself saying I canu2019t, turn around and challenge your own claim with, Why canu2019t I? Research shows that most geniuses became the people they are also because of the hard work they put in. So if you would like to be successful, you need to start saying I can a lot more. 　　A great method that I have also found useful is to say Cancel Cancel each time I find myself saying something negative, whether in the mind or verbally. The method works if you sincerely have the intent of becoming a positive thinker. 　　 英语文章摘抄 （二） 　　positive Affirmations 　　Affirmations are positive statements of a desired outcome or goal. They are usually short, believable and focused. By repeating them over and over again, you build inroads into your subconscious mind, opening up the possibility of a new state of thoughts. 　　An important step when repeating affirmations is that you need to read your affirmations aloud with feeling. The mere reading of the words bears no consequence unless you put some emotions behind them. Of significant fact is that your subconscious mind takes any orders given in complete faith and after repeated self talk. So the daily practice of repeating affirmations is important. 　　Initially you may be skepticism toward the statement of your positive affirmation. However, if you follow this simple set of instructions your skepticism will soon give way to a new set of beliefs and then crystallized into absolute faith. 　　 英语文章摘抄 （三） 　　positive Scripts 　　One thing that you may observe is on how easy it is for your mind to build negative thought upon negative thought. The chatter not only does not stop but it spins a drama that traps and limits you. 　　From now on, regularly do this exercise instead. Spin an uplifting story that runs like a movie script. Some visualization will be helpful. You build on a story with a positive outline. The longer you can tell this story to yourself the better. It is also best if you can make this story one about having all your goals achieved. When you do this, you start to internalize your goals and dreams, as if they are something that you have already achieved. 　　 英语文章摘抄 （四） 　　Replace Negative Influences with positive Ones 　　It is important that you identify external negative factors in your life which may be holding your thoughts hostage. For instance, your mental state can become toxic by being around friends who are negative. If you are not vigilant enough, you will start to adopt their thoughts as your own. Hence, be alert to what your negative influences are. If they come from certain friends, limit your exposure to them as much as you can. Refrain from discussing your plans with people who will be unsupportive of your dreams and goals. 　　Instead surround yourself with thoughts and actions from people who will empower you. 　　From being uninspired and de-motivated, you will begin to feel uplifted and driven to greater self growth. The positive energy that they vibrate will start affecting the self talk that you engage in as well. 　　 英语文章摘抄 （五） 　　Present Tense Messages 　　You may find yourself daunted by the many things you need to do in order to reach your goals. It just seems overwhelming to become the success that you secretly desire for. Your mind gets caught up in an endless stream of worry. 　　What may be helpful is to concentrate on steps you can take in the present. If you find yourself becoming stuck, stop and say, What can I do right now? Change your internal talk from a future anxiety ridden one to one that is about the more manageable present. You cannot control what will happen in the future but you can take the necessary steps now that will build a better tomorrow. Taking the necessary steps require you to focus your thoughts and inner talk on Now.

【 #四六级考试# 导语】你可以创造未来的方式，就是脚踏实地向前走。你的未来也只有自己才能创造，既然选择了就要毫不犹豫的坚持走下去。 为大家准备了以下内容，供大家参考阅读。 1.2022年9月英语六级作文范文赏析 　　The Popularity of Instant Messaging Technologies 　　Recently，we can hear the melodious sounds of the lovely QQ penguin out of cell phones almost everywhere on campus.Those cell phone users are actually communicating with their friends through their mobile QQ. This new means of instant messaging technology has gradually gained its popularity among college students.Micro message, another form of instant messaging technology.also receives vied usage among college cell phone users. 　　In comparison with the text message usage.mobile QQ is much cheaper.Users are only charged by the total network flows.As to micro—message.users can send free text messages.What"s more.this mobile instant messaging technology also brings more convenience.With these mobile services，users do not need to type on the desktop computer or laptop.In consequence，without worrying about the cell phone fees， users are able to enjoy the pleasure of instant chatting almost everywhere. 　　However，mobile instant messaging services should not be embraced wholly with open arms.When mobile QQ softwares are downloaded to cell phones，they can create a serious security breach，for crackers may plant virus in the program. 2.2022年9月英语六级作文范文赏析 　　College Students"Social Responsibilities 　　If you Google“the 71st Anniversary of the Nanjing Massacre”(in Chinese)on the Internet，you will be impressed by the video show of a girl"s special commemoration.After watching the video.I Was wondering where college students were.Taking into consideration their indifference to other historic events such as the May 4 Movement，we can conclude that college students lack the due social responsibilities. 　　However，we should not simply criticize their indifference，and analysis should be made to reckon with underlying reasons.Firstly，college students are imposed excessive pressure by the job market.They have to pay more attention to their studies.Secondly，many students believe that the history has already been borne in mind，and it is unnecessary to commemorate historic anniversaries each year.For them，it is better to internalize the humiliated history and work hard than to hold ceremonies without concrete contents. 　　To my way of thinking，college students should not keep silent on those occasions.It is our responsibilities to voice Our aspirations and let the society know that we have not forgotten the history. 3.2022年9月英语六级作文范文赏析 　　Overseas Study 　　The discussion about overseas study has never stopped in the past few years. Let‘s have a look at its advantages and disadvantages before drawing the final conclusion. 　　The biggest advantage of studying overseas is the higher academic level and advanced research facilities. What"s more, by understanding a new culture and meeting different people, students can develop a more reasonable and balanced view towards the world. Last but not least, the experience will be invaluable to character building, which makes most students more independent, diligent and enterprising. 　　However, the negative effects are also obvious. To begin with, if a person does not make full preparations before going abroad, he will have great difficulty adapting to the new environment. In the second place, the cultural differences will hinder the regular life in many ways. Finally, money is always a big problem. Many students have to find part-time jobs to earn money to pay tuition and fees. 　　In conclusion, the advantages of overseas study outweigh disadvantages. Once they return home, the overseas students will make great contributions to our motherland.

土地利用的外部性分两种：1、正的外部性：改善土壤质量，保护水土，绿化环境等等。2、负的外部性：使土壤贫瘠，造成更大的水土流失，造成生物多样性受损，化肥农药污染等等。土地利用经济是指土地在国民经济各部门的分配与使用，具体包括土地资源的勘察，技术经济评价，土地规划，土地开发、利用、保护与整治等方面的经济问题。所研究的是人与土地之间的关系问题。土地价值是指土地在权属转移及其收益分配中的价值形式及其量化表现。如土地作为商品买卖的价格，土地使用权有偿转让时土地使用者向土地所有者支付的地租，以及国家参与土地收益分配的具体形式——土地税收等。土地价值所研究的也是在土地利用中发生的人与人之间的经济关系，但它所涉及的是土地权属转移和土地收益分配中所发生的土地关系问题。扩展资料：解决外部性的基本思路让外部性内部化(internalizetheexternalities)，即通过制度安排经济主体经济活动所产生的社会收益或社会成本，转为私人收益或私人成本，是技术上的外部性转为金钱上的外部性，在某种程度上强制实现原来并不存在的货币转让。典型办法1、征税与补贴任何一种经济活动都会对外部产生影响，比如说，汽车运输必然会产生废气污染环境，而植树造林发展林业就会形成改善环境的结果。这就是经济的外部性。如果说前者是“负外部性”的话，后者就应该被称作是“正外部性”。外部性扭曲了市场主体成本与收益的关系，会导致市场无效率甚至失灵，而负外部性如果不能够得到遏制，经济发展所赖以存在的环境将持续恶化，最终将使经济失去发展的条件。所以，可以对负的外部性征收税费，对正的外部性给予补贴。征税可以抑制产生负的外部性的经济活动；补贴可以激励产生正的外部性的经济活动。这种用于消除负外部性的税收被称作庇古税(Pigoviantax).2、科斯定理如果存在产权划分，交易成本较低且参与人数较少的时候，人们可以通过私下谈判来解决外部性问题。如上文所说的养狗问题，或者养狗者给予邻居补偿使其接受养狗，或者养狗者给狗带上嘴套以免犬吠扰民。3、企业合并4、排放标准5、行政准入参考资料来源：百度百科-外部性

土地的利用自然会产生外部性，利用好了会产生正的外部性，利用不好会产生负的外部性。正的外部性有，改善土壤质量，保护水土，绿化环境等等负的外部性有，使土壤贫瘠，造成更大的水土流失，造成生物多样性受损，化肥农药污染等等

1. Eliminate Internal Negative ChatterThe first step is one of awareness. It will be hard to make a change to positive thinking without being acutely intimate with the thoughts that run through your mind. Recently, I was amazed to discover deep buried emotions from negative thoughts that I had for fewer than 10 minutes. Without awareness, I would have carried the hurt and anger inside. Awareness helped me to bring them out to the open for me to deal with.Undoubtedly it will not be easy to make a switch if you have a long history or negative self talk. Your talk became negative over the years due to various factors. For instance, if your first grade teacher repeatedly told you that you were “stupid”, you might believe it to be truly the case. You would find that your inner chatter would often be filled with talk of “I am so slow” and “it is so hard to learn”. If you constantly tell yourself such negative stories, your actions are going to reflect your low self esteem. It will be difficult to get very far if you are always putting yourself down.A common negative talk involves telling yourself “I can"t”. When you say to yourself “I can"t” or “it is too difficult”, you are creating a resistance. Having such a mental block will prevent you from achieving a task you could otherwise succeed at.Anytime you catch yourself saying “I can"t…”, turn around and challenge your own claim with, “Why can"t I?” Research shows that most geniuses became the people they are also because of the hard work they put in. So if you would like to be successful, you need to start saying “I can” a lot more.A great method that I have also found useful is to say “Cancel Cancel” each time I find myself saying something negative, whether in the mind or verbally. The method works if you sincerely have the intent of becoming a positive thinker.2. positive AffirmationsAffirmations are positive statements of a desired outcome or goal. They are usually short, believable and focused. By repeating them over and over again, you build inroads into your subconscious mind, opening up the possibility of a new state of thoughts.An important step when repeating affirmations is that you need to read your affirmations aloud with feeling. The mere reading of the words bears no consequence unless you put some emotions behind them. Of significant fact is that your subconscious mind takes any orders given in complete faith and after repeated self talk. So the daily practice of repeating affirmations is important.Initially you may be skepticism toward the statement of your positive affirmation. However, if you follow this simple set of instructions your skepticism will soon give way to a new set of beliefs and then crystallized into absolute faith.3. positive ScriptsOne thing that you may observe is on how easy it is for your mind to build negative thought upon negative thought. The chatter not only does not stop but it spins a drama that traps and limits you.From now on, regularly do this exercise instead. Spin an uplifting story that runs like a movie script. Some visualization will be helpful. You build on a story with a positive outline. The longer you can tell this story to yourself the better. It is also best if you can make this story one about having all your goals achieved. When you do this, you start to internalize your goals and dreams, as if they are something that you have already achieved.4. Replace Negative Influences with positive OnesIt is important that you identify external negative factors in your life which may be holding your thoughts hostage. For instance, your mental state can become toxic by being around friends who are negative. If you are not vigilant enough, you will start to adopt their thoughts as your own. Hence, be alert to what your negative influences are. If they come from certain friends, limit your exposure to them as much as you can. Refrain from discussing your plans with people who will be unsupportive of your dreams and goals.Instead surround yourself with thoughts and actions from people who will empower you.From being uninspired and de-motivated, you will begin to feel uplifted and driven to greater self growth. The positive energy that they vibrate will start affecting the self talk that you engage in as well.5. Present Tense MessagesYou may find yourself daunted by the many things you need to do in order to reach your goals. It just seems overwhelming to become the success that you secretly desire for. Your mind gets caught up in an endless stream of worry.What may be helpful is to concentrate on steps you can take in the present. If you find yourself becoming stuck, stop and say, “What can I do right now?” Change your internal talk from a future anxiety ridden one to one that is about the more manageable present. You cannot control what will happen in the future but you can take the necessary steps now that will build a better tomorrow. Taking the necessary steps require you to focus your thoughts and inner talk on Now.6. Confront FearsFear is often what holds you back from your success. You are scared of taking chances because you fear losing the security that you enjoy now. You try to convince yourself that you are happy in your current state when in fact, you are not. Your self talk may sound positive in your attempt to lie to yourself. But somehow, there is an inner knowing that you are short changing yourself.Ask yourself what you are afraid of. What can be the worst that can happen? Take a step-by-step approach in breaking down your fears and see if there is any way round to looking at things more positively. When you confront your fears, you will often realize that the worst case scenario is not as bad as you think. In fact, the benefits of change are worth the risk. Your inner talk begins to change at this point.