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journal of hydrology在top区吗

2023-07-15 21:47:22
共4条回复
牛云
按照中科院杂志分区,由于未进入1区,该刊不属于top期刊,但要想中也是有不小难度的。

期刊名 journal of hydrology 出版周期:
中科院杂志分区 工程:土木分类下的 2 区期刊

近四年影响因子:
2013年度 2012年度 2011年度 2010年度
2.693 2.964 2.656 2.514

出版社或管理机构 杂志由 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 出版或管理。 ISSN号:0022-1694
杂志简介/稿件收录要求 The Journal of Hydrology publishes original research papers and comprehensive reviews in all the subfields of the hydrological sciences. These comprise, but are not limited to the physical, chemical, biogeochemical, stochastic and systems aspects of surface and groundwater hydrology, hydrometeorology and hydrogeology. Relevant topics in related disciplines such as climatology, water resource systems, hydraulics, agrohydrology, geomorphology, soil science, instrumentation and remote sensing, civil and environmental engineering are also included. Papers have empirical, theoretical and applied orientations.
康康map

《Journal of Hydrology》是水文水资源领域历史最悠久、最有影响力的国际期刊之一,隶属于Elsevier杂志社。该期刊主要关注水文水资源研究领域的分支方向,包括物理、化学、生物地球化学、地表及地下水文地理学、水文气象学、水文地质学等。按中国科学院文献情报中心期刊分区表升级版,该期刊最新的影响因子为5.722,属于一区Top期刊。

okok云

是二区top期刊

苏州马小云

CAS最新版分区已经是一区Top了

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煤矿酸性水水化学特征及其环境地球化学信息研究

摘 要 以水化学数据为依据,应用相关分析,结合地质、水文勘探资料,对煤矿酸性矿排水( AMD) 的水化学特点及其成因进行了研究。煤矿 AMD 在一定的物质条件和环境条件下形成,只要条件适宜,不管是高硫煤还是低硫煤均可产生酸性水; 低 pH、高 Eh、高 TDS 及高硬度是煤矿 AMD 的重要特征,水中的 SO42 -与其 EC 之间以及 Fe3 +/ Fe2 +比值与其 Eh 值走势具有良好的一致性,水中微量元素及重金属来源较复杂,如 Ni、Cu、Co、Zn 等来源于黄铁矿的氧化溶解,但 Pb、Sr 等主要来自 AMD 对煤系地层中煤及岩石中矿物的淋滤作用。任德贻煤岩学和煤地球化学论文选辑一、引言煤矿在开采过程中,因含煤地层中所含硫化物( 主要为黄铁矿) 的赋存环境变化而自发进行氧化还原反应,可导致产生酸性矿排水( AMD) 。AMD 的低 pH 值和较高的矿化度特征,说明其有很强的溶解性和侵蚀性,这种矿排废水能携带大量的重金属及有害化学物质进入环境。煤矿酸性矿井水在我国分布广泛,北方主要分布在陕、晋、鲁和内蒙等省区,南方分布在川、桂、贵、浙、闽等省区。目前,对 AMD 的研究多集中在金属矿床、矿尾库等的酸性矿排水治理方面,而对含煤地层环境下产生的 AMD 的水化学数据中所蕴含的丰富环境地球化学信息的解读还不多见。煤矿 AMD 的化学特征在一定程度上反映了相应地区的物质组成、主要水—岩反应和水中组分的相互作用等环境信息,对这些信息的研究可了解煤矿AMD 的产生、变化过程及可能产生的环境效应,为煤矿环境治理及模拟预测提供可靠依据。笔者通过对福建省永安及上京两个矿区的井下现场勘查,系统采集和测试了煤层、顶底板岩石、黄铁矿以及矿井中的酸性水样品,通过综合分析这些数据,试图总结煤系酸性水的水化学特征,并探讨其中所反映的环境信息。二、研究区地质环境区内地层主要由上石炭统船山组、下二叠统栖霞组、文笔组、童子岩组、上二叠统翠屏山组及第四系残坡积物层组成。下二叠统童子岩组为主要含煤地层,由一套海陆过渡相岩性组成,以泥质岩为主,次为粉砂岩和砂质岩,砂岩多为钙质胶结。普遍含形态各异、含量不等的菱铁矿和黄铁矿结核。童子岩组内由下而上分为第 1、第 2、第 3 段,其中第 1 和第 3 段为含煤段。在永安矿区,第 3 段为主要含煤段,自上而下有 0 ~11 号煤层,其中 1 号、2 号、5 +6 号、9 号为主采煤层。在上京矿区,第 1 段为主要含煤段,煤层自上而下为 22 ~ 49 号煤,其中 33、34、38、45、48 等 16 层煤层为可采煤层。研究区沟谷发育,植被茂盛,海拔最高点标高为809m,最低点为300m。本区为亚热带潮湿气候区,年平均降雨量和气温分别为1565mm、18.9℃,气温最高39.2℃,全年相对湿度平均79%。水文地质条件属简单—中等类型,下部栖霞灰岩富水性较强,但远离煤层(距煤层200m左右),正常情况下对煤层没有影响。大气降水是矿坑水的直接或间接补给水源。另外煤系构造裂隙发育,但富水性弱,岩性为砂岩,钻孔涌水量Q=0.57~4.5L/s,渗透系数K=0.073~0.15m/d。裂隙水水质为HCO3-Ca-Mg和HCO3-SO4-Cl-Mg型,总矿化度0.016~0.15g/L,属低矿化度具侵蚀性水。三、样品采集与检测为全面了解永安矿区童子岩组内整个含煤地层酸性水的情况,在永安矿区东坑仔矿的0号、1号、9号和上京矿区小华煤矿的34、38、48号等主采煤层的顶底板、煤和水及部分黄铁矿进行采样。在井下现场测定了水样温度、Eh值和pH值,其余水质项目按取样标准处理后送核工业北京地质研究院测定。用等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)测定水中阳离子及痕量元素含量;离子色谱法(IC)测定氯离子、氟离子、溴离子、硝酸根离子和硫酸根含量;采用容量法测定碳酸根、重碳酸根、氢氧根的浓度。对煤样、煤层顶底板岩样及黄铁矿样品进行了X射线衍射(XRD)分析和等离子质谱分析。四、结果与讨论1.井下AMD的环境特征在井下调研时发现,大量褐红色氧化铁沉淀物与酸性水伴生,可视其为存在酸性水或曾经有酸性水产出的标志。酸性水常常出现在松散、破碎的煤层顶板处及平巷上部的采空区下方,这些现象表明酸性水明显受环境条件的控制,这可能与含氧水的进入有关。在无破碎区,地表水中有限溶解氧在缓慢的下渗过程中,被浅部地层中的物质消耗,不足以氧化较深部的含硫矿物而产生酸性水。地质勘探资料表明,本区煤系由以铝、硅酸盐矿物为主的泥岩、粉砂岩及砂岩组成,地层中碳酸盐岩组分相对很少,CaCO3仅以脉状或钙质胶结物形式产出。有关黄铁矿氧化动力学实验表明[1],在有碳酸盐岩存在时,产酸能力受到抑制。Holmstrom[2]等的研究表明,尾矿是否产生酸性排水和释放重金属主要取决于碳酸盐矿物的含量,而不是硫化物的含量。永安矿区煤中总硫含量小于1%,为低硫煤,但却产生了pH值低达2.75的酸性水,这一事实表明不管是高硫煤还是低硫煤均可产生酸性水。2.煤层AMD的水化学特征所取水样有3种类型:煤层酸性水样、煤层非酸性水样、地表水样。各水样的化学组成检测结果见表1,样品中除JS8为地表水外,其余为井下矿排水。根据矿井原钻孔资料,未经淋滤的地层裂隙水的水质为HCO3-Ca-Mg和HCO3-SO4-Cl-Mg型,总矿化度0.016~0.15g/L。而经淋滤煤层后形成的酸性水的组成变化很大,按库尔洛夫表达式计算后,水质类型变为SO4-Ca-Mg(如DS2)和SO4-Mg-Fe-Ca(如HS5)型水,TDS为1.64~4.398g/L,为高矿化度水。表1 永安矿区煤层矿井水水化学常量组分含量w单位:mg·L-1注:-为未检出;表中硬度以CaCO3计。由表1可以得出本区煤矿酸性有如下特点:(1)pH值变化范围较大,可从5点几至2点几,而在pH≤3.00的水中,HCO-3含量均为未检出。根据水中碳酸系统平衡关系,此时水中的碳酸盐组分以H2CO3或游离CO2形式存在,即水的总碱度趋于零,具有较强的侵蚀性。(2)酸性水具有SO42-高、总硬度高和TDS高的三高特征。SO2-4含量在阴离子中占绝对优势,表1中HS7水样硫酸根离子浓度达3239.9mg/L,煤矿酸性水水化学类型一般为SO2-4-Ca、Mg(Fe、Al)型。酸性水使地层中碳酸盐类及铝硅酸盐类矿物大量溶解,而造成水的高硬度和高TDS,TDS>1g/L。如,HS7的TDS达4398.5mg/L。酸性水中硫酸盐是其矿化度主要贡献者,水中SO2-4离子浓度与其电导率(EC)具有良好的对应关系(图1)。(3)煤矿酸性水的Eh范围在600~800mv,是一种高氧化态水,水中的多价态元素以高价态存在,如Fe3+、V5+、Mn4+、Cr6+等。检测结果表明,Fe3+/Fe2+比值在多数情况下与环境的Eh值有良好的相关性(图2),Eh随Fe3+/Fe2+值增加而增加,Fe3+/Fe2+比值在井下酸性水环境中起到决定电势作用。图1 电导率与SO42-含量走势相关图图2 Eh与Fe3+/Fe2+走势相关图3.AMD中微量组分来源分析造岩矿物及矿石矿物中的微量元素通常以类质同象形式存在,而天然水中微量元素的分布通常受环境中水—岩相互作用控制。对永安矿区酸性矿坑水样中50多种微量元素进行了ICP—MS测定。对7个矿井水样中含量100×10-9以上的微量元素与水样中的主要特征元素进行了相关分析(表2)。综合分析上述数据,并结合煤、岩及黄铁矿样品的XRD分析结果,可得出以下初步结论:(1)pH值与大多数组分呈负相关,说明各组分的溶解度随介质pH的降低而增大,尤其对Fe和Al溶解度影响较大。同时也可能与它们在pH增大时易形成氢氧化物胶体而沉淀有关。胶体形成后对其他微量元素的吸附产生共沉淀是pH对微量元素含量的一个间接影响。(2)Ni、Co、Zn、Y等与Fe、SO2-4高度相关,相关系数大于0.94,说明它们的来源与黄铁矿的氧化溶解密切相关。Ni、Co、Zn均为过渡元素,常在黄铁矿中与铁形成类质同象替代,而在黄铁矿风化过程中被释放进入溶液;与Fe、SO2-4有较高相关性的还有Na、Cu、Mg、Mn元素,这些元素在地球化学上与铁元素常亲密共生,说明黄铁矿是其部分来源,或是黄铁矿的氧化溶解对它们的释放迁移有重要影响。(3)水中Pb-K和Pb-Al的相关系数分别为0.77和0.64,而与Fe和SO2-4的相关系数较低,分别为0.39和0.41。ICP-MS对煤、岩、矿的分析结果表明,大多数煤样品中的Pb含量高于同层位中黄铁矿的Pb含量,且由于本区为低硫煤,因此黄铁矿对矿井水中Pb的贡献相对较小,即本区酸性水样中的Pb除来源于黄铁矿的氧化溶解外,还来源于地层中的含铅矿物,如钾长石、黑云母的水解反应:任德贻煤岩学和煤地球化学论文选辑(4)锶是广泛存在于地下水中的一种微量元素。它在造岩矿物中的分配主要受钙和钾的互带性控制[3],Sr2+主要是以类质同象的形式存在于含钙、钾的铝硅酸盐矿物中,随着含锶的钙长石、钾长石、白云母等矿物的水解,锶被释放而进入地下水中。本研究水样中锶含量在几百~上千μg/L,Sr与Ca呈正相关,相关系数为0.79,与K的相关系数仅为0.27。本水样中的锶可能主要来源于钙长石的水解反应。赵广涛(1998)[4]对崂山矿泉水的研究得出Ca-Sr的相关系数为0.6636,而K-Sr的正相关则不明显。这一结论与本文结果较为吻合,但是否具有代表性还有待研究。表2 永安酸性煤矿坑水中特征组分及微量元素间的相关系数矩阵五、结论(1)煤矿AMD可产生于高硫煤或低硫煤层中,含氧水沿破碎带入渗和地层中相对少量的碳酸盐岩是产生煤矿AMD的重要条件。(2)低pH、高矿化度和高硬度是煤矿AMD的水化学的典型特征。水中的硫酸盐是其矿化度的主要贡献者;煤矿酸性水中的SO2-4含量与其电导率具有良好的对应关系;Eh随Fe3+/Fe2+比值的增加而增加,Fe3+/Fe2+比值决定着煤矿酸性水的电势。(3)煤矿AMD中含有众多重金属及其他微量元素。其中Ni、Co、Zn、As等主要有害微量元素来源于黄铁矿的氧化分解,而Pb、Sr等则来源于酸性水对地层中物质的溶滤作用。煤矿酸性水的酸度大大增加了环境中有害化学物质的出溶率和迁移性。参 考 文 献[1] Nicholson R V,Gillham R W,Reardon E J. Pyrite oxidation in carbionate buffered solution: 1. Experimental Kineti- ca. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1988,52: 1007 - 1085[2] Holmstrom H,Salmon U J,Carlsson E et al. Geochemical investigations of sulfide-bearing tailings at Kristineberg,north- ern Sweden,a few years after remediation. The Science of the Total Environment,2001,( 273) : 111 - 133[3] 文冬光,沈照理,钟佐 . 水-岩互相作用的地球化学模拟理论及应用 . 中国地质大学出版社,1998[4] 赵广涛,李玉瑛,曹钦臣等 . 青岛西北地区矿泉水的水化学特征与形成机理 . 青岛海洋大学学报,1998,28( 1) :135 - 141The environment geochemistry information of the coal mine acid mining drainageYUE Mei1,2,ZHAO Feng-hua1,REN De-yi1( 1. Department of Resource & Earth Sciences,University of China Mining & Technology( Beijing) ;Key Laboratory of Coal Resource,Ministry of Education,Beijing 100083,China;2. Anhui University of Sciences & Technology,Huainan 232001,China)Abstract: The chemical characteristic and its formation of the coal acid mining drainage are discussed in this paper based on the spot investigation,samples examination,applied the cor- relation analysis method,and combined w ith the geology and hydrogeology background informa- tion. Coal AMD formed in the specific substance and environment condition. And w hen the con- dition is meet,the AMD can be produced in both high or low sulfur in the coal. Low pH and high Eh,TDS,hardness are the important characteristic of coal AMD. There are good relation betw een SO2 -4and EC,Fe3 +/ Fe2 +radio and Eh. Some trace elements and harmful heavy metal such as Ni、Cu、Co、Zn in the AMD come from pyrit dissolution w hile some others like Pb、Sr are mainly come from the AMD eluviation to the coal and rocks.Key words: coal AMD; chemical characteristic; trace elements; correlation analysis( 本文由岳梅、赵峰华、任德贻合著,原载《煤田地质与勘探》,2004 年第 32 卷第 3 期)
2023-07-15 14:55:481

英国留学:如何选择水利方面的专业大学?

 对于申请英国方面的学生来说怎样合理的选择学校和专业是非常重要的,例如国内二本大学农业水利工程专业,平均成绩80~85,想申请英国大学水利相关专业。我们在申请系统中收到其评估表后,选定专业并进行了材料准备方面指导:   1、初步评估:英国大学没有水利工程方向的专业,更多的是水资源管理、水资源与环境管理、水文(信息、测量)、城市供水工程。可以考虑10名以后的学校,比如埃克塞特、拉夫堡、谢菲尔德、伯明翰、卡迪夫等;20-30名的学校保底。申请时可以不提交雅思成绩,但建议尽早准备,一般需要6.5,差1分左右可以就读语言课程。   2、详细选校安排:冲刺大学:UCL(Hydrographic Surveying)、布里斯托大学(Water and Environmental Management)、KCL(Water: Science & Governance)   稳妥大学:拉夫堡大学(Water and Waste Engineering或Water and Environmental Management)、谢菲尔德大学(Contaminant Hydrogeology)、伯明翰大学(Water Resources Technology and Management Masters)、纽卡斯尔大学(Hydrology Related Degree)、卡迪夫大学(Hydro-environment Engineering)   保底大学:格拉斯哥大学(Marine & Freshwater Ecology & Environmental Management)、萨里大学(Water and Environmental Engineering)、贝尔法斯特女王大学(Water Resources Management)   3、文书材料需要准备:1份PS、2封推荐信、1份简历、雅思成绩、成绩单(中英文)、在读证明(中英文)、资格证/获奖证书/实习证明(如果有的话提供)。   1.PS在突出成绩优异的同时,一定要突出个人的专业能力;   2.推荐信找到合适的推荐人,不一定要是领导、教授,教授课程是与申请专业相关的或是对你非常了解(比如你的论文导师等);   3.简历一定需要,可以充分突出个人综合素质;   4.成绩单、在读证明去学校教务处开具,一般是可以在那翻译的;   5.资格证/获奖证书/实习证明都需要翻译。
2023-07-15 14:55:551

王焰新的发表成果

1.Proceedings of International Symposium on Hydrogeology and the Environment, Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 20002.东亚大陆裂谷医疗矿水水文地球化学研究,中国环境科学出版社,20003.Proceedings of International Symposium on Water Resources and the Urban Environment, Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 20034.浅层孔隙地下水系统环境演化及污染敏感性研究-以山西大同盆地为例,科学出版社,20045.Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Amsterdam: Taylor & Francis, 20076.地下水污染及防治,高等教育出版社,2007(教育部推荐研究生教学用书)
2023-07-15 14:56:021

吴剑锋的代表性文章、论著

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2023-07-15 14:56:151

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1、亚利桑那大学的商学院2015年全美排名27,很好的商学院。2、亚利桑那大学(The University of Arizona),简称UA,坐落于美国亚利桑那州图森市,始创于1885年。由于地缘因素,该校的天文、地质、地理、土建等学科有着雄厚的科研实力,而人类学、社会学、哲学在美国也名列前茅,被誉为“公立常青藤”大学之一,同时也是美国大学协会(AAU)成员。UA是美国西南部最富盛名的大学之一,每年的科研经费超过5.8亿美元,该校的学生来自超过全球120个国家和地区,拥有超过500个学生组织和社团以及全美唯一的高校校内天文台(根据USnews世界大学排名2015,该校的宇宙空间大类学科排名世界前5,光学中心被称为世界三大光学中心之一,是NASA的重要太空辅助基地)。
2023-07-15 14:56:433

恩洪矿区煤储层特征、含气特征及勘探开发建议

张金波1,2 吴财芳1,2(1.中国矿业大学资源与地球科学学院,江苏徐州221008;2.煤层气资源与成藏过程教育部重点实验室,江苏徐州221008)摘要:通过对恩洪矿区地质背景、煤储层特征、煤层气赋存特征及控气地质因素的研究,发现该区500~1000m深度煤层煤体结构、孔隙类型、顶底板岩性等条件均有助于煤层气的吸附和保存,但同时也存在渗透率低、储层压力低、煤层非均质性强烈等不利因素。主要煤层平均含气量均大于8m3/t,含气量受埋深和构造控制最为明显,盖层、煤阶、煤厚、水文地质等其他条件对煤层气富集也较为有利。综合考虑,认为该区煤层气开发前景良好,但渗透性差、构造条件复杂是最主要的不利因素。应探索以套管压裂完井和极短半径水平井为主的开发方式,配合高能气体压裂、“虚拟产层”等其他增产措施进行煤层气开发试验。关键词:恩洪矿区 煤层气 控气因素 含气量 勘探开发项目资助: 国家 “973”煤层气项目 ( 2009CB219605) 、国家科技重大专项项目 ( 2011ZX05034) 、国家自然科学基金重点项目 ( 40730422) 及青年科学基金项目 ( 40802032) 资助。作者简介: 张金波,1987 年生,男,河北南宫人,中国矿业大学资源与地球科学学院在读硕士研究生,研究方向煤层气与瓦斯地质。Tel: 18795426212,Email: xiaopo688@126. comCharacteristics of Coal Reserviors and Gas-bearing Property in the Enhong Mining District and Suggestions for Exploration and Development( ZHANG Jinbo1,2WU Caifang1,2)( 1. The school of Resources and Earth science China University of mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008,Jiangsu. China 2. Key Laboratory of Coalbed Methene Resources and Reservoir for- mation,Xuzhou 221008,Jiangsu,China)Abstract: After studying the geological background,characteristics of coal reservoirs,accumulation of CBM and controlling factors of geology in Enhong Mining District,we found that in the depth range of 500 - 1000 m, some conditions such as coal structure,pore types,roof and floor lithologies and so on,are helpful for the ad- sorption and preservation of CBM. But there are also low permeability,low reservoir pressure,strong heterogeneity of coal and other negative factors. Average gas content of the main coal seams is greater than 8 m3/ t. Depth and tectonic are the most obvious controlling factors for CBM. Other conditions,such as cap rock,coal rank,coal thickness and hydrogeology and so on,are also favorable for CBM" s enrichment. Generally speaking,there is a good prospect for developing CBM in this area. But the poor permeability and complex tectonic conditions may be the most important negative factors. We should explore sleeve fracturing completion wells and short-radius horizon- tal wells as the main development method and combine with other stimulation measures,such as high - energy gas fracturing,“virtual zones”concept and so on,to do our development test for CBM.Keywords: Enhong Mining District,CBM,gas controlling factors,gas content,exploration and development.恩洪矿区位于云南省东部曲靖市境内,全区呈北东南西向带状展布,长53km,宽9~20km,面积620km2,其中含煤面积485km2。含煤地层为晚古生界上二叠统宣威组(P2x),2000m以浅煤层气资源量为612.9亿m3,其中82%以上的煤层气资源埋深浅于1000m,具有较好的煤层气开发前景(邓明国等,2004)。前人已对该区盆地构造特征、煤层气成藏条件、有利区块筛选等方面进行了研究(邓明国等,2004;王朝栋等,2004;桂宝林,2004),认为恩洪矿区是滇东黔西地区煤层气勘探开发的有利区块之一(桂宝林,2004)。本文在对恩洪矿区煤层气赋存特征研究的基础上,进一步探讨了适合该区的煤层气勘探开发方式,以期为该区煤层气开发提供思路。1 地质背景1.1 构造及应力特点恩洪矿区位于扬子板块康滇古陆东缘,主体为一轴向北北东—近南北向的大型复向斜构造,其间密集展布次级向、背斜褶皱构造,自西向东依次为恩洪复向斜、牛头山复背斜、平关大坪复向斜。轴向近南北向,皆向北倾伏,向南跷起,延长15~30km,展布面积数十至数百km2。向斜核部出露最新地层为中三叠统关岭组(T2g)或下三叠统永宁镇组(T1y),背斜轴部最老地层为上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩组(P2β)或下二叠统茅口组(P1m),两翼地层倾角一般10°~30°。压扭性、张扭性和走向断层非常发育,主干断裂为:富源—弥勒大断裂、平关—阿岗大断裂、弥勒—师宗断裂。主干断裂周围呈“入”字型派生一系列小断层或共轭次级断裂,全区应力场表现为明显的拉张性和张扭性(桂宝林,2004),如图1所示。1.2 煤层沉积特征晚二叠世成煤期,古特提斯洋壳持续向东俯冲,康滇古陆持续上升为剥蚀区,滇东地区位于板块内川、黔、滇断坳沉积区西缘。以甘洛小江南北向古断裂线为西缘沉积边界,在“西隆东降”的跷板式机制控制下,东盘持续下沉,形成了现今以一套河流三角洲沉积体系为主的含煤岩系,该地层总厚205~335m,平均厚250m;含煤18~73层,总厚15.99~67.68m,平均32m;可采煤层8~20层,一般11~13层,可采厚度10~31m,平均18m(杨松等,2010)。1.3 水文地质特征该区处于高原山区,以中低山为主,是典型的喀斯特地貌区。地形切割较强烈,沟谷发育,排泄条件较好。煤系及上覆地层下三叠统卡以头组(T1k)、下三叠统飞仙关组(T1f)和下伏地层上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩组(P2β)富水性弱;下三叠统永宁镇组(T1y)及中三叠统关岭组(T2g)以灰岩为主,岩熔裂隙较发育,富水性较强,但与煤系地层之间有数百米的隔水层或弱含水层相隔,对煤系地层影响较小。受岩性控制,断层带富水性和导水性均较弱。浅部风化带单位涌水量(q)0.0104~0.0899l/s·m,一般低于0.05l/s·m,对煤层气保存较为有利。总体看,各水文地质单元地下水力联系不强,水文地质条件属简单类型。煤系地层等多为裂隙弱含水层,地下水的补、径、排局限于浅部(垂深50m)。图1 恩洪矿区构造纲要图(邓明国,2000)1.4 煤岩及煤质特征该区宏观煤岩类型以半亮和半暗型煤为主,暗淡型煤次之。煤岩显微组分在75%~89%之间。其中以镜质组为主,占58%~82%,惰质组次之,占10%~35%,半镜质组较少,占4%~11%,壳质组含量极微。煤体结构以原生结构为主,一般为均一、似均一状、条带状,以中、细条带状为主,次为线理状。各煤层原煤平均灰分16%~29%,垂向上以下部(恩21煤以下)及上部(恩71煤以上)煤层灰分较高,而中部煤层灰分较低。平面上由南东向北西方向灰分增高。各煤层原煤全硫含量一般0.50%~6.80%,平均0.16%~5.30%,属特低硫高硫煤。垂向上为煤系中部较低,上部、特别下部煤层偏高。平面上总体自东南(海)向西北(陆)方向降低,与灰分呈正或负相关关系,如图2所示。图2 恩洪矿区煤的灰分、全硫含量变化曲线图镜质组反射率平均在1.278%~1.699%之间,以焦煤—瘦煤为主。受深成变质作用和岩浆热变质作用控制,垂向随煤层层位变老煤级升高,平面上各煤层有由矿区西北向东南方向变质程度增高的分带规律,但在矿区东侧靠近主干断裂的扒弓、宽塘一带有变化幅度增大的趋势。2 煤储层特征2.1 孔裂隙特征煤层孔裂隙发育直接影响煤层渗透率,是决定煤层气运移和产出的主要因素之一。煤层裂隙可以分为:微裂隙、内生裂隙(割理)、外生裂隙三种类型。其中割理对煤层渗透率贡献最大,割理又可分为面割理和端割理两种,前者较后者延伸更远,连续性更强。对恩洪矿区矿井煤层观察发现,面割理宽度0.1~1.0mm,长度20~85mm,端割理宽度0.05~0.45mm,长度1.5~5.4mm,表明该区煤层内生裂隙发育,割理的开启性较好(聂俊丽等,2007)。煤层孔隙是吸附气的储集场所,既是决定煤层含气性的关键因素,又是煤层气渗流的通道。依据对该区部分煤矿的实测数据,该区孔隙度介于0.7%~4.4%之间,平均为2.8%,孔隙度较低。以微孔和过渡孔为主,占总孔容的63.8%,占总比表面积的98%以上。表明煤体吸附能力较强,有利于煤层气的储集,但不利于煤层气的扩散和渗流(杨松等,2010)。2.2 储层压力目前还没有关于该矿区煤层气参数井的试井压力资料,根据水头高度资料换算,矿区内煤储层压力在0.255~2.002MPa之间,压力梯度在4.412~8.920kPa/m之间,属于低压—超低压储层状态。但从实测资料来看该区浅部实际含气量往往大于理论含气量,甚至在部分富气带中存在超压储层,表明该地区储层非均质性强烈,储层压力的分布情况和控制因素还有待于进一步研究。2.3 渗透性2004年,云南煤田地质局与中联煤层气公司合作曾在恩洪矿区南部施工了两口煤层气参数井。从所得试井数据来看,EH-01井9#和16#煤层渗透率分别为0.016mD和0.0045mD,EH02井9#,16#,21#煤层渗透率分别为0.011mD,0.013mD,0.056mD(赵有洲等,2004)。煤层渗透性较差,16#煤层两井所得渗透率相差一个数量级,表现出强烈的非均质性。随埋深增加,渗透率反而增大,根据取芯资料推测可能是煤体结构变化所致。9#,16#煤层受构造破坏严重,多出现糜棱煤结构;下部煤层煤体结构较上部完整,以原生结构、碎裂结构为主,故渗透性较好。3 含气性及控气因素3.1 含气性该区煤层气含量较高,且随埋深增加而增加。9#煤层甲烷含量3.72~14.54m3/t(干燥无灰基,即可燃基;下同);平均为8.68m3/t。16#煤层甲烷含量为3.92~21.98m3/t,平均为10.20m3/t。21#煤层甲烷含量为4.50~16.36m3/t,平均为10.69m3/t。除甲烷外还含有少量的CO2,N2以及重烃气(表1)。表1 恩洪矿区部分煤层含气量及气体成分统计表从平面上看,该区煤层气分布明显受向斜、背斜褶皱构造控制,一般自向斜两翼向轴部随埋深增加,甲烷含量增高,两者呈“对数型”相关关系。含气量等值线的分布与煤层底板等高线走向基本一致(图3)。图3 恩洪矿区9号煤层含气量等值线图(邓明国,2000)从垂向上看,自上而下按其成分不同,可分为三个带(聂俊丽等,2007):①氮气带:N2≥70%,CO2≤20%,CH4≤10%,煤层埋深一般约0~100m。②氮气甲烷带:N2<70%,CH4<70%,(重烃含量一般小于2cm3/g),埋深100~140m。③甲烷带:CH4≥70%,一般埋深>140m。3.2 控气因素3.2.1 埋藏深度埋深可对煤层气富集起到两方面的影响:一是随着煤层埋深加大储层压力增大,煤对甲烷的吸附能力增强,但两者并非简单的线性关系,在浅部煤层,甲烷含量随埋深而变化的梯度较大,越往深部埋深对煤层气含量的影响程度越小。二是随埋深增大煤层气的保存条件逐渐变好。浅部煤层往往由于遭受风化剥蚀,而使煤层气一般在140m以浅,甲烷含量随深度变浅而减少。不同地质背景下瓦斯风化带的深度也不一样,如与恩洪矿区毗邻的老厂矿区,风化带最大深度可达600m以上,而恩洪矿区清水沟井田,由于其上倾方有断层隔挡,风化带深度仅为50~80m。仅从埋深因素考虑,恩洪矿区开发煤层气的深度一般以250~1000m为宜,小于250m难以完全避开风氧化带影响,1000m以下的深部煤层由于渗透率极低,煤层气开采难度很大。3.2.2 构造地质条件构造地质条件对含气性的影响是很复杂的问题,该区在喜山运动后,前形成的含煤盆地遭到破坏,形成一些以向斜或复向斜构造为主的不连续褶皱和部分断块,背斜较少,对煤层气的保存有利。资料研究表明,该区煤层气含量在随埋深变大而增高总趋势背景下,富气构造部位一般在次级褶曲及断裂带的高点部位,即煤层气含量有自向斜轴部向翼部增高的趋势;富集带出现在封闭型断裂交汇处及背斜核部、或地垒断块上,如老书桌井田、清水沟井田东部的9号煤层含气量>11m3/t的几个高值区。此外,在一些小型背斜和张裂带,特别在煤层受挤压、构造裂隙发育、煤层突然增厚地段,瓦斯涌出量成倍增高,形成“瓦斯包”,而在较大规模张性断裂带附近,因开启性裂缝发育,使气散失,含气量异常降低。总之,构造的渗透性和封闭性决定了煤层气是富集还是逸散。无论是向斜、背斜、或是单斜、断层,渗透性较差者,煤层气的逸失或运移程度差,富气部位受埋深控制较明显,富气区易集中在向斜轴部和单斜向下转弯处;渗透性较好时,有利于煤层气运移,在封闭性好构造高点处,形成局部富集区,如顶部无开启性断裂的次级背斜轴部、封闭型的断块高处等特定构造部位。3.2.3 煤变质程度煤层含气量随煤阶增加呈急剧增高→缓慢增高→急剧增高→急剧降低的阶段性演化特征(傅雪海等,2007)。该区煤阶以中煤级的焦煤、瘦煤为主,正处于煤化作用出现第二次跃变的阶段,含气性随煤阶缓慢增加。煤体孔隙率和孔比表面积进一步增大,生气作用和吸附能力较强,有利于煤层气的富集。煤级分布有明显的规律性,自西北向东南煤级升高,垂向上各煤层层位越老变质程度越高(易同生,2007)。3.2.4 煤层厚度恩洪矿区具有典型的多煤层特征,且以薄煤层—中厚煤层为主,单层厚度一般不超过5m。煤层之间的夹层岩性以泥岩、砂质泥岩为主。开采时可将距离较近的煤层看作一个煤层组(易同生,2007),这样做有两个优点:一是累计厚度变大,增加了煤层气的可开采量。二是煤层之间以砂、泥岩为主的夹层可以对各开采层起到很好的支撑作用,也便于保持煤层压力和增加封闭性。对储层进行强化时可对一个煤层组进行统一处理,也可根据“虚拟产层”概念直接对煤层组中间的夹层进行压裂,可能会收到更好的效果。3.2.5 煤层顶底板和盖层煤层顶底板岩性和裂隙发育情况对煤层含气量影响很大。与砂岩和灰岩相比,泥岩、砂质泥岩对煤层封闭作用强,有利于煤层气的保存;断层或顶底板裂缝发育的煤层含气量远低于断层或顶底板裂缝不发育的煤层。据该区的统计,同一煤层和岩性相似的顶底板,有张性断裂切割和无断层切割两种情况,后者煤层含气量为前者的3~12倍。该区上二叠统含煤地层主要依靠泥质岩和泥质粉砂岩类作盖层,下伏地层为厚近几百米的峨眉山玄武岩,煤层气保存条件良好。3.2.6 水文地质条件按岩性、岩溶裂隙发育程度及富水性,该矿所处地区自下而上可划分出6套含水层,但各层之间水力联系不大。浅部露头区为裂隙潜水,地下水交替强烈,但受地层岩性影响,垂深一般在50m以内,在向向斜深部径流过程中逐渐过渡为弱裂隙承压水。水文地质资料显示,该区中段南部的老书桌井田、清水沟井田、中部南端勘查区地下水条件良好,地下水由两翼向向斜核部运移,对煤层气形成了水力封堵作用,含气量较高。此外,7井田和9井田的承压水区也有利于煤层气的保存。4 勘探开发建议4.1 勘探方向作为滇东黔西煤层气富集区的重要组成部分,前人已对恩洪矿区的煤层气资源评价及勘探方向做了大量工作。桂宝林等曾从煤层气系统的角度对滇东黔西含煤盆地进行了深入研究,认为恩洪矿区是滇东地区煤层气勘探开发的重点试验区。综合考虑该区地质条件、资源赋存状况、储层物性条件、交通及市场条件等诸多因素,认为老书桌井田、中段南部普查区、7井田、清水沟井田(东部)、9井田、10井田及大坪普查区是恩洪矿区煤层气勘探开发的最优区块(聂俊丽等,2007)。4.2 开发建议该区目前还处于勘探及试验阶段,只有为数不多的参数井和生产试验井,尚未实现大规模的商业开发。根据已掌握的矿区资料,结合我国其他地区的成功经验,可为今后该区煤层气开发提出以下建议:(1)该区煤层含气量高,资源丰度大,但煤层众多,单层厚度不大,因此需考虑采用适合多煤层开采的钻完井方式,配合适当的储层强化措施和增产改造措施。根据国内外的生产实践经验,套管压裂完井方法和极短半径水平井均适合在多煤层环境下开采煤层气,应作为该区煤层气的主要开发方式。在局部地应力较小、煤体强度高、渗透性好的地区也可以探索裸眼完井开发方式,但需特别注意风险性。多分支水平井技术适合在单一厚煤层中应用,且有一定钻井难度,不建议在该区煤层气开发中大规模应用。(2)该区地质构造条件复杂,拉张性、张扭性小断层极为发育,浅部煤层所受构造运动改造强烈,构造煤较发育,渗透性差,且位于瓦斯风化带之上,含气量低,因此不适合开采煤层气;而较深部煤层(500~1000m)煤体结构以原生或碎裂结构为主,渗透性相对较好,含气量高,地应力小,适合煤层气的开采。(3)与晋城相比,该区煤级较低,煤体强度小,吸水性强且吸水后容易变软。因此,其他地区应用较多的水力加砂压裂完井技术在该区的适用性还有待于进一步研究。根据中联煤层气公司此前的气井压裂结果显示(王建中,2010),产气效果不佳,应考虑采用高能气体压裂、“虚拟储层”等其他增产措施来提高煤层气开发的成功率。5 结论(1)总体来看,恩洪矿区煤层顶底板封盖能力好,煤层孔隙吸附能力强,水文地质条件简单,地下水沿两翼向向斜核部运移,对煤层甲烷有水力封堵作用。虽然受构造条件复杂所限,煤层非均质性强烈,渗透性差,但含气量、渗透率、煤体结构均与埋深呈正相关关系,因此适合在500~1000m的煤层中开采煤层气。(2)埋深和构造条件是控制该区含气量的两个主要因素。煤层气含量在随埋深增大而增高总趋势背景下,受构造条件的控制作用明显,在封闭条件好的地区富集,在封闭条件差的地区逸散。水文地质条件、顶底板岩性、煤体吸附能力也是影响该区含气量的重要因素。(3)该区煤储层非均质性强、渗透性差、煤体强度小,煤层厚度小且层数众多。从开发风险和投资成本方面考虑,不宜采用裸眼完井方式和多分支水平井方式开采煤层气。套管压裂完井和极短半径水平井对煤储层适应能力较强,适合作为该区开采煤层气的主要开发方式。参考文献邓明国,桂宝林,普传杰等.2004.云南恩洪矿区煤层气勘探开发前景及其对策建议[J].中国煤炭,(1):48~50傅雪海,秦勇,韦重韬.2007.煤层气地质学[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,98~99桂宝林.2004.滇东黔西煤层气选区及勘探目标评价[J].云南地质,(4):51桂宝林.2004.恩洪老厂地区煤层气成藏条件研究[J].云南地质,(4):421~433聂俊丽,邓明国.2007.恩洪矿区煤层气资源评价及开发利用前景[J].贵州科学,(S1):124~127王朝栋,桂宝林,郭秀钦等.2004.恩洪煤层气盆地构造特征[J].云南地质,(4):471~478王建中.2010.高能气体压裂技术在云南恩洪盆地煤层气开发中的试验应用[J].中国煤层气,(5):14~15.杨松,秦勇,申建等.2010.恩洪向斜煤储层特性及其地质影响因素[J].中国煤层气,(5):19~20易同生.2007.恩洪矿区煤层气富集的控制因素[J].矿物学报,(Z1):495~497赵有洲,桂宝林,罗启亮等.2004.恩洪煤田南部煤层气勘探项目总结[J].云南地质,(4):454
2023-07-15 14:56:531

翻译《千古奇人徐霞客》,高手翻一下~~急,发到邮箱1356804748@qq.com

He has a poor kyushu inside and outside and put the secret"s ideals, premature death father, mother sincerely support his interest, encourage said: hung less lonely, long to the four winds, man is your things we paid enough, do yi (ChenJiRu longevity jiangyin XuLao too gentleman Confucianism person eighty Syria) and for his hand sewing son crown, with strong will and of common people of different swim well, xu of pursuit is ask that, regardless of the distant from HangQi for aged 22 to death between the more than 30 years, he parked a cliff habitat, climbed, stream in and explore cave, slippery slope, climbing perilous peak, is stolen away in food, and frustration is numerous, always not shake his will in the long travel career, xu xiake everywhere they pay attention to examine mountains and situation of common products such as hydrological geology, in the form of a diary recorded, namely
2023-07-15 14:57:013

郑庄区块煤层气富集主控地质因素及开发前景分析

李俊乾 刘大锰 姚艳斌 蔡益栋 张百忍( 中国地质大学北京能源学院 北京 100083)摘 要: 寻找煤层气富集高产区是煤层气勘探开发过程中一项重要的工作,通过对煤层气富集成藏的规律及开发潜力进行分析,为煤层气有利开发区的优选提供依据。本文从沉积环境、水文地质条件及地质构造三个方面,对沁水盆地南部郑庄区块山西组 3#和太原组 15#煤层气富集规律进行了分析。结果表明: ( 1) 区块内 3#煤层顶板以厚层泥岩为主,15#煤层顶板为一大套碳酸盐岩沉积,两类顶板封盖性好,有利于煤层气保存; ( 2) 区块位于滞水洼地附近,水力封闭作用有利于煤层气富集; ( 3) 煤层气局部富集区主要受地质构造的控制,宽缓背斜部位有利聚气、两翼较陡的向斜和背斜轴部均不利聚气、活动性断层部位最不利聚气,总体上向斜部位要好于背斜部位。最后本文从煤储层参数角度,具体分析了该区块的开发前景。3#和 15#煤层煤级高,含气量、含气饱和度较高,煤层较厚,煤层埋藏适中,储层压力接近或稍高于静水压力,均表明有利于煤层气的开发; 而煤储层渗透率普遍较低,则是煤层气开发的主要瓶颈,统计表明,该区块渗透率大小主要受最小有效应力 ( 最小主应力与储层压力之差) 的影响。关键词: 郑庄 富集规律 沉积环境 地质构造 水文地质 渗透率基金项目: 国家科技重大专项课题 34 ( 2010ZX05034 - 001) ,国家重大基础研究计划课题 ( 2009CB219604) ,国家自然科学基金项目 ( 40972107) ,中石油创新基金资助 ( 2010D -5006 -0101) 。作者简介: 李俊乾,博士研究生,矿产普查与勘探专业,主要从事煤层气勘探与开发研究。Email: lijunqian1987@ 126. com; Tel: 010 - 82320892Primary Geologic Factors Controlling Coalbed Methane ( CBM) Enrichment and CBM Development Potential in Zhengzhuang BlockLI Junqian LIU Dameng YAO Yanbin CAI Yidong ZHANG Bairen( School of Energy Resources,China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083)Abstract: It is significant to find out the CBM enrichment area during the CBM exploration and develop- ment. It can help select favorable CBM target areas through studying the CBM enrichment regularity and its devel- opment potential. In the paper,the CBM enrichment regularity of the Shanxi Formation No. 3 and the Taiyuan For- mation No. 15 coal seams of the Zhenzhuang Block in northern Qinshui Basin were studied by analyzing sedimenta- ry environment,hydrogeology and geologic structure. Results show that: ( 1) in the study area,the thick mud- stone and carbonate rock are the major lithology of the roof plates of No. 3 and 15 seams respectively. Both roof plates have a good sealing-capping property which are beneficial to preserve the CBM; ( 2) the study area locates near the center of stagnant water,where a CBM enrichment area is formed resulting from hydraulic sealing; ( 3) regional CBM enrichment is mainly controlled by geologic structure. The most favorable area for CBM enrichment locates at an anticline with steep wings; secondarily locates in the axial parts of the anticline and syncline with gentle wings; and the worst locates near the activities faults. On the whole,syncline is much more favorable than anticline in CBM enrichment. In the paper,the CBM development potential in the study area was also analyzed based on coal reservoir parameters. Results show that it is promising to develop CBM within No. 3 and 15 coal seams because both seams are characterized by high metamorphic grade,high CBM content and gas saturation, thick seam,moderate coal burial depth and coal reservoir pressure is similar to ( or higher than ) hydrostatic pressure. However,the low coal reservoir permeability is a main unfavorable factor in CBM development. Statistical results show that the coal reservoir permeability is mainly affected by the difference between minimum principal stress and coal reservoir pressure.Keywords: Zhengzhuang; enrichment regularity; sedimentary environment; geologic structure; hydrogeol- ogy; permeability自20世纪80年代美国成功实现地面煤层气商业性开发以来,煤层气的勘探和开发越来越受到世界各主要产煤国的重视。煤层气的抽采利用不仅能缓解常规油气资源短缺带来的能源危机,而且对于煤矿安全生产以及保护环境都具有重要意义。我国煤层气资源丰富,据最新一轮全国煤层气资源评价结果(孙茂远等,2008),埋深2000以浅的煤层气资源总量达36.8×1012m3,仅次于俄罗斯和加拿大,居世界第三位。截至2008年,在沁水盆地南部已建成1.5亿m3产能的煤层气生产基地,成功实现了高煤级、中低渗透煤的煤层气开发,打破了国外高煤级储层是煤层气开发禁区的理论(高远文等,2008)。虽然我国高煤级煤炭资源丰富(占总煤炭量29%),赋存煤层气资源量巨大(占总含气量15.42%),但开采难度较大,单井产量也通常较低。这是由于我国的聚煤盆地形成演化历史复杂,后期构造破坏严重,以及盆地原型及构造样式多变(孙茂远,2001;饶孟余等,2005),使得煤层气富集规律难以把握,而且我国的高煤级煤储层多阶段演化和多热源叠加变质作用明显(杨起,1999),使得我国煤层气藏的储层物性具有极强的非均质性,增加了煤层气的开采难度。因此,研究煤层气富集成藏的地质控制因素以及分析煤层气藏的开发潜力,对于寻找煤层气富集、高产高渗区具有重要现实意义。本文以沁南郑庄区块煤层气藏为研究目标,对这一问题进行了初步探讨分析。1 区域背景及地质概况郑庄区块位于晋城市西北约80km处,行政区划属于沁水县郑庄镇。1999年,中国石油华北油田公司在郑庄区块取得982.76km2的探矿权,并于2006年探明含气面积74km2;在2008年取得了135.2km2的采矿权;截至2009年,在该区块累计探明煤层气地质储量达到843亿m3,和毗邻的樊庄区块一起构成我国首个整装千亿立方米的煤层气田(探明地质储量为1152亿m3),具有广阔的商业开发前景。郑庄区地块质构造上位于沁水盆地东南部的马蹄形斜坡构造背景之上,其东南及东部以寺头断裂带为界,区内以宽缓褶曲为主,局部发育小规模正断层(如图1)。区块内自下而上发育有奥陶系,石炭系中统本溪组、上统太原组,二叠系下统山西组、下石盒子组、上统上石盒子组、石千峰组,三叠系下统刘家沟组以及第四系等地层,其中山西组和太原组为主要含煤层段,发育多套煤层。山西组3#煤层和太原组15#煤层在沁水盆地南部广泛分布,为两个主力煤层,厚度较大且稳定可采,是煤层气勘探开发的主要目标层位。图1 郑庄区块地质构造及3#煤层埋深等值线图2 煤层气富集成藏的地质控制因素2.1 沉积环境结合前人研究(任海英,2004;邵龙义等,2006)及钻井剖面分析,郑庄区块15#煤层形成于太原组早期第一次特大型海侵之前,聚煤作用发生在泻湖被逐渐淤浅的滨岸沼泽之上,在稳定的构造背景下,聚煤作用持续时间较长,形成较厚的15#煤层(2.4~7.9m)。长期的海侵之后,在15#煤层之上沉积了10m左右的大套石灰岩。在太原组末期,海水开始退去,海陆交互相沉积转换为三角洲沉积体系,在下三角洲平原分流涧湾内发育了厚度较大的3#煤层(5.3~6.2m)。3#煤层顶板发育厚层分流涧湾泥岩,局部夹有分流河道砂体。沉积环境控制着煤层气的储盖组合、煤层气储层的几何形态以及煤层厚度(王红岩等,2004),从而影响煤层气的赋存及三维空间分布特征。在不同沉积环境,煤储层围岩条件好坏各异,这直接影响着煤层气的保存。围岩条件的好坏主要取决于煤层顶底板岩性、厚度及其透气性。顶底板岩性越致密、厚度越大、透气性越弱,越有利于煤层气保存富集;反之则利于煤层气体向其他岩层扩散,使气体含量降低。如图2所示,在郑庄区块,3#煤层直接顶、底板均为厚达10多米的泥岩,由于泥岩具有气体排驱压力高、透气性弱的特点,因此对煤层气的封闭能力较好;15#煤层直接顶板为大套的石灰岩,虽然灰岩易受地下水溶蚀作用而使其透气性能增加,但溶蚀性灰岩常分布于构造变动强烈地段,而研究区内构造变形简单,石灰岩遭受溶蚀可能较弱。再加上该灰岩层厚度较大,因此对煤层的保存亦较为有利,但总体较3#煤层围岩封闭性差。图2 郑庄区块3#和5#煤层顶底板岩性图总之,在郑庄区块,稳定的沉积环境下发育厚度大、稳定性好(其中3#>15#)的两主力煤层,为煤层气大量储集提供了物质基础;同时,煤层顶、底板具有良好的封闭性能,保证了煤层气的有效保存富集。2.2 水文地质条件水文地质条件对煤层气的富集及运移起重要作用,影响煤层气的赋存和分布。通常,水文地质条件控气具有双重性,既可导致煤层气逸散,又能起到保存聚集煤层气的作用。叶建平等(2001)将水文地质控气作用概况为3种类型,即水力运移逸散作用、水力封闭作用和水力封堵作用,其中后两种类型有利于煤层气保存。傅雪海等(2007)在研究沁水盆地水文地质条件对煤层气富集的影响时,提出从盆缘到盆地中心依此出现水力封堵控气作用、水溶携带控气作用、径流逸散控气作用和水力封闭控气作用,最终导致盆缘煤层气含量低、斜坡带含量较高和盆地中心含量高的结果。研究表明,沁水盆地南部地区山西组含水层主要由底部砂岩和3#煤层上部砂岩组成,两者之间没有水力联系,后者通过裂隙与3#煤层有一定的水力联系(傅雪海等,2007);15#煤层与顶板石灰岩没有水力联系。可见两煤层本身基本是独立的水动力系统,受其他含水岩层影响较弱,外部水动力对煤层气保存影响较小。郑庄区块边界的寺头断裂,现今状态下属于一条封闭性断裂,导水、导气能力极差,是盆地内部的一个水文地质单元边界。山西组砂岩含水层和太原组灰岩含水层水位在寺头断层东侧附近达到最低值,是地层水的滞水洼地;位于寺头断裂西侧的郑庄及其附近地区,水位也较低,地下水径流强度也可能较弱,较有利于煤层气保存(王红岩等,2001;2004;傅雪海等,2007)。通常,地下水滞水地带也是矿化度较高区域,郑庄区块煤层水矿化度非常高(如表1),远高于弱径流区地层水矿化度(1823.61mg/L),由此推测郑庄区块亦位于地下水滞流区,地下水以静水压力的形式将煤层中的煤层气封闭起来,导致煤层含气量较高。表1 郑庄区块煤层水矿化度 单位:mg/L2.3 地质构造条件构造作用是影响煤层气成藏最为重要和直接的因素,不仅控制着含煤盆地及含煤地层的形成和演化,而且控制着煤层气生成、聚集和产出过程的每一环节。在聚煤期,构造控制着煤系地层形成发育的特征,影响到煤层气的生成、储集和封盖能力;在聚煤期后,构造特征及其演化通过对构造变形和热历史的限定,不仅对煤层气的生、储、盖性能产生影响,而且直接控制了煤层气的运移、聚集和保存特征,从而决定着特定地区煤层气资源开发潜力的大小(秦勇,2003)。在沁水盆地东南部(包括郑庄区块),煤层气成藏经历了三个演化阶段(王红岩等,2008;林晓英等,2010):第一阶段,三叠纪末期,煤层达到最大埋深,煤岩镜质组反射率达1.2%,此阶段为深成变质作用生气阶段,累计生烃量达到81.45m3/t;第二阶段,晚侏罗世开始至白垩纪末,地层开始抬升,但由于燕山中期的构造热事件影响,煤层长期处于异常高古地温阶段,引起二次生烃,累计生烃量大,可达359.10m3/t;第三阶段,喜山期的煤层气藏调整与改造,最终形成了现今格局。在第二阶段,由于异常热事件的影响,地层的抬升并没有破坏煤层气藏,反而增加了煤储层储集气体的能力。两次生烃作用为煤储层大量聚气提供物质基础。在盆地形成演化过程中,郑庄区块受构造作用影响较弱,构造形迹相对简单。对煤层气富集具有控制作用的主要为寺头断层及区内局部背、向斜,在不同的构造部位煤层含气量具有明显差异。从图3上可以看出,在宽缓背斜部位有利聚气(如Js8井)、两翼较陡的向斜和背斜轴部(如Js5和Zs31井)均不利聚气、断层部位最不利聚气(如Zs39井),总体上向斜部位要好于背斜部位(如Js5>Zs31井)。图3 区域地质构造与煤层含气量关系图这主要包括以下几个方面的原因:(1)通常处于活动期的断层具有开放性,是气体运移的有利通道;而活动比较微弱或不活动的断层具有封闭性则有利于气体的保存。在煤层气成藏演化过程中,寺头断层在喜山晚期之前一直处于活动状态,具有强开放性,导致断层附近煤层气体沿断层大量逸散,煤层含气量极低。(2)两翼较陡的向、背斜,均为挤压应力下形成的地质构造。对于向斜,轴部煤层的底部及其底板岩层张性裂隙易于发育,部分煤层气扩散损失,而两翼部位则为煤层气富集区;对于背斜,轴部煤层含气量低则是由于煤层顶部及其顶板张性裂隙的发育,同时两翼部位有利于煤层气富集。总体而言,向斜要比背斜更有利于聚气。(3)宽缓背斜也是在挤压应力环境下形成的,属于局部小构造,亦为应力集中区,因此有利于煤层的吸附。3 煤层气开发前景分析煤层气有利开发区主要包括两层含义,它既是煤层气的富集区又是高产高渗区。在查明煤层气富集规律的基础上,寻找煤层气高产高渗区是实现煤层气大规模商业开发的关键。文章从煤储层参数角度,具体分析了郑庄区块3#和15#两主力煤层的开发潜力以及瓶颈问题。煤层气在煤储层中的渗流特征与常规天然气差异很大,影响煤层气高产的因素复杂而多样,主要包括:煤层气含量、含气饱和度、煤层埋深、煤层厚度、煤级、煤储层渗透率、煤储层压力、临界解吸压力(娄剑青,2004;万玉金等,2005;陈振宏等,2009)以及煤体结构等。在研究区内,煤层气开发的有利储层参数主要包括以下几个方面:(1)煤储层含气性较好(表2),3#煤层平均含气量19.11m3/t、甲烷含量18.35m3/t、含气饱和度69.58%;15#煤层平均含气量16.30m3/t、甲烷含量15.42m3/t、含气饱和度62.80%。较高的含气量和含气饱和度是煤层气高产稳产的物质基础。(2)煤层埋藏适中,降低开采难度及开采成本,3#煤层埋藏深度512~1215m;15#煤层605~1310m。(3)煤层厚度较大,3#煤层厚度5.3~6.2m;15#煤层厚度2.4~7.9m。(4)煤变质演化程度高,最大镜质组反射率Ro,max=3.55%~3.98%,高变质程度使煤的吸附能力强,含气量高。(5)3#煤储层压力梯度接近于静水压力梯度;15#煤储层压力梯度略高于静水压力梯度。煤层气储层为常压或接近常压均有利于煤层气的开发。表2 郑庄区块煤层含气性特征注:下标ad代表空气干燥基。在郑庄区块,开发煤层气存在的主要瓶颈问题是煤储层渗透率较低,平均低于1mD,其中3#煤层试井渗透率为0.013~0.430mD;15#煤层试井渗透率为0.022~0.920mD。通过镜下观察显微裂隙,两煤层均以B型(宽度>5μm,1mm<长度<10mm)裂隙为主,A型(宽度>5μm,长度>10mm)裂隙较少,裂隙密度较小,且连通性中等至差。裂隙不发育和连通性较差是导致煤储层渗透性差的主要原因。但两煤层的煤岩类型主要为光亮煤,煤体结构以原生结构和碎裂为主,这使得改善煤储层渗透能力成为可能。从煤层气开发的角度来讲,原生结构的煤体,裂隙虽然相对较少,但经过压裂后,煤层气容易抽放,属较好类型的煤体;碎裂结构的煤体,裂隙相对发育,抽放条件优越,属于极好的煤体类型。表3 郑庄区块煤储层宏观和微观裂隙发育特征另外从图4上可以看出,在郑庄区块煤储层渗透率主要受最小有效应力(最小主应力与储层压力之差)的影响,随着该应力的增加,渗透率值明显降低;但埋深和最小主应力对渗透率的影响不明显。因此,可以通过研究最小有效应力分布规律,在研究区低渗透率背景上寻找渗透率高值区,为选取煤层气高产高渗区提供科学依据。图4 3#(a)及15#(b)煤层渗透率与应力、埋深关系图4 结论文章从沉积环境、水文地质条件和地质构造三个方面,分析了郑庄区块3#和15#煤层煤层气富集成藏的地质控制因素。结果表明:稳定的聚煤沉积环境和封闭的水动力系统是煤层气的保存的有利条件,而局部煤层气富集则受控于地质构造条件:在宽缓背斜部位有利聚气、两翼较陡的向斜和背斜轴部均不利聚气、断层部位最不利聚气,总体上向斜部位要好于背斜部位。另外,文章从储层参数角度分析了该区块煤层气的开发潜力。3#和15#煤层煤级高,含气量、含气饱和度较高,煤层较厚,煤层埋藏适中,储层压力接近或稍高于静水压力,均表明有利于煤层气的开发。然而该区块煤储层渗透率极低,使煤层气的商业开发增加了难度,但可以通过压裂等增产措施适当的改善煤储层,提高气产量。参考文献陈振宏,王一兵,杨焦生等.2009.影响煤层气井产量的关键因素分析———以沁水盆地南部樊庄区块为例,石油学报,30(3),409~416傅雪海,秦勇,韦重韬等.2007.沁水盆地水文地质条件对煤层含气量的控制作用,煤层气勘探开发理论与实践,61~69高远文,姚艳斌.2008.我国煤层气产业现状及开发模式探讨,资源与产业,10(2),90~92林晓英,苏现波,郭红玉.2010.沁水盆地东南部寺头断层对煤层气藏的封闭性评价,天然气工业,30(4),20~23娄剑青.2004.影响煤层气井产量的因素分析,天然气工业,24(4),62~64秦勇.2003.中国煤层气地质研究进展与述评,高校地质学报,9(3),339~352饶孟余,杨陆武,冯三利等.2005.中国煤层气产业化开发的技术选择,特种油气藏,12(4),1~4任海英.2004.沁水煤田晋城矿区煤层的沉积环境与煤层气,煤矿现代化,(6),18~19邵龙义,肖正辉,何志平等.2006.晋东南沁水盆地石炭二叠纪含煤岩系古地理及聚煤作用研究,古地理学报,8(1),43~52孙茂远,刘贻军.2008.中国煤层气产业新进展,天然气工业,28(3),5~9孙茂远,杨陆武.2001.开发中国煤层气资源的地质可能性与技术可行性.煤炭科学技术,29(11),45~46万玉金,曹雯.2005.煤层气单井产量影响因素分析,天然气工业,25(1),124~126王红岩,万天丰,李景明等.2008.区域构造热事件对高煤阶煤层气富集的控制,地学前缘(中国地质大学(北京);北京大学),15(5),364~369王红岩,张建博,李景明等.2004.中国煤层气富集成藏规律,天然气工业,(5),11~13王红岩,张建博,刘洪林等.2001.沁水盆地南部煤层气藏水文地质特征,煤田地质与勘探,29(5),33~36杨起.1999.中国煤的叠加变质作用,地学前缘(中国地质大学,北京),6(增刊),1~7叶建平,武强,王子和.2001.水文地质条件对煤层气赋存的控制作用,煤炭学报,26(5),459~462
2023-07-15 14:57:101

俄罗斯莫斯科国立大学基本概况

  俄罗斯的莫斯科国立大学创建于1755年,简称莫斯科大学,是一所历史悠久的顶级大学,那么跟着一起来了解下俄罗斯莫斯科国立大学基本概况吧,欢迎阅读。   一、关于国立大学   Lomonosov Moscow State University.Moscow State University was established in 1755More than 40 000 students (graduate and postgraduate) and about 7 000 undergraduates study at the university, and over 5 000 specialists do the refresher course here. More than 6 000 professors and lecturers, and about 5 000 researchers work for the faculties and research institutes.Every year Moscow University enrolls about 4 000 international students and postgraduates from all over the world.Moscow University campus is an extremely complex system, with its 1 000 000 m2 floor area in 1 000 buildings and structures, with its 8 dormitories housing over 12 000 students and 300 km of utility lines.MSU library system is one of the largest in Russia, with its 9,000,000 books, 2,000,000 of them in foreign languages, and the average number of readers 55,000, using 5,500,000 books a year.   莫斯科罗蒙诺索夫国立大学,莫斯科国立大学成立于1755年,超过4万名学生(研究生和研究生)和大约7000名本科生在这所大学学习,5000多名专业人士在这里进修。超过6000名教授和讲师,大约5000名研究人员为学院和研究机构工作。莫斯科大学每年招收大约4000名来自世界各地的留学生和研究生。莫斯科大学校园是一个极其复杂的系统,它的面积为100万平方米,建筑面积100万平方米,校园内一共有8个宿舍,有1.2万名学生和300平方公里的的公用设施。莫斯科罗蒙诺索夫国立大学图书馆系统是俄罗斯最大的图书馆之一,藏书900万册,其中包括外文图书200万册,平均读者550万册,每年藏书550万册。    二、历史沿革   On January 25, 1755, Russian tsar Elizabeth petrovna ordered the establishment of Moscow university, which began teaching on April 26.January 25 is the day of the college students" day in Russia.At first the university was set up in a central pharmacy on the edge of the red square, and Catherine the great moved it to a new classic building on the other side of Mokhovaya street.In 1905, a social democratic organization was founded in Moscow university, which called for the overthrow of the tsar and the establishment of a republic, which the tsarist government had repeatedly shut down.In 1911 130 scientists and professors protested against the army"s entry to campus and some professors were beaten, and thousands of students were expelled.After the October revolution in 1917, universities began to accept the children of workers and peasants.In 1919, tuition was waiving, and a preparatory system was established for working-class children to pass the entrance examination.The university was renamed in 1940 to commemorate its founder, mikhail vasievic lomonosov.In 2005, the school held a grand occasion to celebrate the 250th anniversary of its founding. The school held various celebrations and invited many celebrities from the world education community to speak at the university.   1755年1月25日,俄国沙皇伊丽莎白·彼得罗芙娜下令莫斯科大学成立于同一年的4月26日,并开始教学。1月25日是大学生的一天在俄罗斯的日子。首先,大学是在红场的边缘中心药房设置和伟大的凯瑟琳搬到一个新古典建筑在莫霍瓦亚街的另一侧。1905年,社会民主党组织成立于莫斯科的大学,该组织呼吁全面推翻沙皇,共和国的建立,使沙皇政府曾多次关闭。1911年 130名科学家和教授反对军队进入校园,一些教授被殴打,成千上万的学生被开除。1917十月革命后,大学开始接受工人农民的孩子。1919年开始学费免收,并准备系统建立了工薪阶层的孩子通过入学考试,1940年大学正式更名,原因是为了纪念其创始人米哈伊尔vasievic罗蒙诺索夫。2005年,为庆祝建党第二百五十周年学校举行了隆重的场合。学校举行了各种庆祝活动,邀请了世界教育界的许多名人来大学演讲。   三、教研优势   Research Priorities in Sciences at MSU:Algebra, number theory, and mathematical logic,.Geometry and topology,Modern mathematical analysis,Differential equations and mathematical physics,Computational mathematics and programming,Discrete mathematics and artificial intelligence,Theory of probabilities and mathematical statistics,Problems in history and methodology of mathematics, mechanics, and math education,Liquid, gas and plasma mechanics,Mechanics of solids,Analytical mechanics, motion stability, control and optimization problems,Mechanics of multiphase medium,Mechanics of composites.   Research Priorities in Sciences at MSU:Differential equations in mathematical physics,Theory of probabilities and mathematical statistics,Mathematical modelling and applied mathematics methods,Mathematical methods of studying non-linear controlling systems and processes,Theory, methods, and software.   Research Priorities in Sciences at MSU:Mathematics,Condensed matter physics,Optics and laser physics,Radio physics and electronics; acoustics,Plasma physics,Nuclear physics,Heat-mass exchange, hydrodynamics, gas dynamics, plasma dynamics,Life sciences,Earth sciences,Development of education.   Research Priorities in Sciences at MSU:Developing new methods of partition, concentration and identification of small quantities of organic and inorganic substances in the environment, food stuff and biomedical objects.Modern problems of chemistry and physical chemistry of high molecular compounds.Physical-chemical mechanics of solid and dispersion systems: molecular mechanisms of Rebinder"s Effect: influence of ambience on interaction of dispersion particles and structurization.Research in the field of laser-induced physical-chemical processes.Inorganic chemistry as the basis for developing new generations of functional.materials.Developing efficient methods of teaching sciences, chemistry in particular..Modern methods of physical-chemical analysis in examining the diagrams of complex systems conditions.Molecular design of organic structures and organic reactions; research, synthesizing, and testing new organic compounds developed for practical purposes.Element-organic compounds as reagents and catalysts in the synthesis of organic and organo- metallic compounds.Radionuclids and tagged compounds in chemistry and biology.Tracer diagnostics of chemical processes and materials,Dosemetry and radioactivity of the environment.Structure and dynamics of atomic-molecular systems.Chemical thermodynamics.Catalysis, physical chemistry of surface.Physical-chemical basics of partition and purification of materials and isotopes.Chemistry of high pressure condition.Chemistry of energy-intensive and coal graphite materials.New approaches to the problem of hydrocarbons natural resources rational use.Organic chemistry of nucleic acids and NC-protein complexes.Chemical methods of studying the structure and function of complex RN-proteins.Kinetics and mechanisms of photochemistry, cryochemistry and catalytic processes and developing new materials and technologies on the basis of organized molecular systems.Developing new technological systems to process chemical raw materials and fuel: the concept of safe technosphere.Chemical enzymology.Electrochemistry.Organic systems radiation chemistry.   Research Priorities in Sciences at MSU:Physical-chemical basis of biology and biotechnologies.Mechanisms of physiological activity, development, and stability of humans and animals.General biology and ecology.   Research Priorities in Sciences at MSU:Biochemical functions of breathing.Ferments bioengineering.   Research Priorities in Sciences at MSU:Soil evolution and functioning in natural and anthropogenic landscape.Ecological-functional and evolutionary-genetic geography of soil.Role of soil microorganisms in bio-sphere functions of soils.Chemical basis of soil formation, fertility and chemical monitoring.Diagnostics and evaluation of ecological condition of soil and biocenose under different land-use.Theory and methods of research of physical characteristics and processes in topsoil and energy-mass-exchange within the soil-plant-atmosphere system.Genesis and melioration of soil.Radio-ecology of overland ecosystems.Current fertility state of different types of soil and agrochemical methods of its reproduction.Soil erosion regularities and the role of erosion in erosion-prone landscapes ecology.Ecological monitoring of sod-podzol soil in Moscow suburbs.Information support for developing agro technologies and rational nature management.Ecological standardization; natural and man-transformed soil and land resources evaluation.   Research Priorities in Sciences at MSU:Composition, construction, evolution, and geodynamics of lithosphere (the deep structure of continents and oceans; geodynamics, tensing condition of subsoil and disastrous processes; geospheres interaction; problems of the Cambrian period; evolution of the organic world)Geology and geochemistry of combustible fossils (problems of oil and gas; fluids in the terrestrial cortex).Conditions of formation and regularities of occurrence of natural resources deposits (Mineral-raw materials problems of geo-economics; genetic particularities of gold deposits).Occurrence and distribution of the chemical elements in the Earth, physical-chemical processes of minerals, rock and ore formation in geo-spheres (physical-chemical nature of processes in geo-spheres; fluids and formation of magma in the terrestrial cortex and mantle; ecological and search geochemistry; the synthesis of crystals with unique characteristics; crystal chemistry).Problems of engineering and ecological geology, hydrogeology and geocryology (geology of the environment; underground water resources, their dynamics and protection; fresh underground water resources; condition of cryolithizone and forecasting its development).Theory and methodology of lithosphere geophysical research   Research Priorities in Sciences at MSU:Evolution and operation of geo-systems and resources of land surfaces.Complex research of the climate, the World Ocean and fresh water; processes of interaction of the hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere in the past and in the present.Ecologic-geographical analysis of anthropogenic changes of landscapes and their components.The spatial structure of world economy and socio-economic and geopolitical activity in Russia and other countries.Geography of unfavourable and threatening natural processes: theory and practice.Theory and methodology of geographical cartography, geo-informatics and remote monitoring of natural and social-economic geo-systems.Theory and methodology of geography and its branches; interaction between nature and society.   Research Priorities in Sciences at MSU:Developing new generation nanomaterials and nanotechnologies.Developing new types of functional materials.The use of non-linear dynamics methods to solve materials science problems.Developing the university system of training highly qualified specialists in materials science   Research Priorities in Sciences at MSU:Research of mechanisms of free radical pathology of cells.Metabolism changes under extreme exposure.Research of mechanisms of organism adaptation to oxygen deficit and other environmental factors.Research of central and peripheral mechanisms of blood pressure regulation with the goal of pharmacological correction of the hypertensive state.Research of reception and intracellular signalizing in the heart and blood vessels cells.   莫斯科国立大学力学和数学的科学研究所优先研究事项:代数、数论和数学逻辑、几何和拓扑结构、现代数学分析、微分方程和数学物理、计算数学和编程、离散数学和人工智能、概率论与数理统计、数学、力学和数学教育的历史和方法论问题、液体,气体和等离子体力学、固体力学、分析力学,运动稳定性,控制和优化问题、多相介质力学、复合材料力学。   莫斯科国立大学计算数学和控制论的科学研究优先事项:数学物理中的微分方程、概率论与数理统计、数学建模和应用数学方法、研究非线性控制系统和过程的数学方法、理论、方法和软件学。   莫斯科国立大学物理的科学研究优先事项:数学、凝聚态物理、光学和激光物理学、无线电物理和电子、声学、等离子体物理、核物理、热质量交换,流体动力学,气体动力学,等离子动力学、生命科学、地球科学发展教育。   莫斯科国立大学化学学院的科学研究优先事项:在环境、食品和生物医学等领域,开发新型的有机和无机物质的分离、浓缩和鉴别方法。化学和高分子化合物的物理化学的现代问题,固体和分散系统的物理化学力学:重粘合剂效应的分子机制:环境对分散粒子的相互作用和结构化的影响。激光诱发物理化学过程的研究,无机化学是开发新一代功能性材料的基础,发展有效的教学方法,尤其是化学现代物理化学分析方法在检查复杂系统条件图的过程中,有机结构和有机反应的分子设计;研究、合成和测试用于实际用途的新型有机化合物,元素有机化合物作为有机和有机金属化合物合成的试剂和催化剂。化学和生物的放射性物质和标记化合物,化学过程和材料的示踪剂诊断,环境的剂量测定和放射性,原子分子系统的结构和动力学,化学热力学,表面的催化,表面的物理化学,材料和同位素的分离和纯化的物理化学基础,高压条件化学,能源密集型和煤炭石墨材料的化学,解决碳氢化合物自然资源问题的新方法,核酸和nc蛋白复合物的有机化学,研究复杂蛋白的结构和功能的化学方法,光化学、低温化学和催化过程的动力学和机制,以及在有组织的分子系统基础上开发新的材料和技术,开发新技术系统来处理化学原料和燃料:安全技术领域的概念,化学酶学,电化学,有机系统辐射化学   莫斯科国立大学生物学院的科学研究优先事项:生物学和生物技术的物理化学基础,人类和动物的生理活动、发育和稳定机制,一般生物学和生态学。   莫斯科国立大学生物工程和生物信息学的科学研究优先事项:生化功能的呼吸,发酵生物工程   莫斯科国立大学土壤科学学院的科学研究优先事项:自然和人为景观的土壤进化和功能,土壤生态功能和进化-遗传地理学,土壤微生物在土壤生物领域的作用,土壤形成、肥力和化学监测的化学基础,对不同土地利用土壤和生物群落生态条件的诊断和评价,土壤-植物-大气系统中表层土壤和能量-质交换的物理特性和过程的理论和方法,土壤的起源和改良,放射生态学的陆地生态系统,目前不同类型土壤和农业化学方法的繁殖状态,土壤侵蚀规律和侵蚀在侵蚀性的景观生态学中所扮演的角色,莫斯科郊区的苏-灰壤土的生态监测,开发agro技术和rational自然管理的信息支持,生态标准化,自然和人工改造的土地和土地资源评估。   莫斯科国立大学地质学院的科学研究优先事项:岩石圈的组成、构造、演化和地球动力学(大陆和海洋的深层结构;地球动力学,土壤的紧张状况和灾难性的过程;陆圈互动;寒武纪的问题;有机世界的进化),可燃化石的地质和地球化学(石油和天然气的问题;陆地皮层的液体)。自然资源矿床发生的形成和规律(地质经济学的矿物原料问题;黄金矿床的遗传特性)。地球化学元素的发生和分布,地球物理化学过程的物理化学过程(地球物理化学性质的物理化学性质;陆地皮层和地幔的岩浆和岩浆的形成;生态和搜索地球化学;具有独特特性的晶体的合成;晶体化学)。工程和生态地质、水文地质和地质构造(环境地质;地下水资源,他们的动力和保护;新鲜的地下水资源;冰冻层的条件和预测的发展),岩石圈地球物理研究的理论和方法。   莫斯科国立大学地理学院的科学优先事项:地质系统和土地资源的演化和操作,对气候、海洋和淡水的复杂研究;过去和现在的水球、大气、岩石圈和生物圈相互作用的过程,生态地理分析,对景观及其组成部分的人为变化。世界经济的空间结构以及俄罗斯和其他国家的社会经济和地缘政治活动,对自然过程的不利和威胁的地理环境:理论与实践,地理制图学、地理信息学和对自然和社会经济系统的远程监测的理论和方法,地理及其分支的理论和方法;自然与社会的互动。   莫斯科国立大学材料科学学院的科学研究优先事项:开发新一代纳米材料和纳米技术,开发新型的功能性材料,利用非线性动力学方法来解决材料科学的问题,发展大学教育体系,培养高素质的材料科学专业人才。   莫斯科国立大学药学院的科学研究优先事项:细胞自由基病理机制的研究,在极端暴露下的代谢变化,对氧缺陷和其他环境因素的适应机制的研究,血压调节的中心和外围机制的研究,目的是对高血压状态进行药理学校正,对心脏和血管细胞内信号的接收和细胞内信号的研究。   请阅读第2页为莫斯科国立大学校园环境和杰出校友详细介绍。
2023-07-15 14:57:201

卢耀如的主要著作

(一)主要论著卢耀如, 1958 ,略论喀斯特---- 读“六郎洞喀斯特的水源问题”一文随笔。水文地质工程地质, (1):17 ~ 21 。卢耀如, 1959a, 官厅水库矽质石灰岩内喀斯特发育的规律性及其工程地质特征。中华人民共和国地质部水文地质工程地质研究所水文地质工程地质论文集。地质出版社。 (1)123 ~ 153 。卢耀如, 1959b ,对三峡南津关坝区的水文地质工程地质条件的初步认识。水文地质工程地质, (3):15 ~ 18 。卢耀如, 1962 ,喀斯特水动力条件的初步研究 ( 摘要 ) ,中国科学院地学部编:全国喀斯特研会议论文选集。科学出版社。 92 ~ 100 。卢耀如, 1965 ,中国南方喀斯特发育基本规律的初步研究。地质学报, 45(1) : 108 ~ 128.卢耀如、赵成梁、刘福灿, 1966 ,初论喀斯特作用过程及其类型。第一届全国水文地质工程地质学术会议论文选编,第二辑 ( 喀斯特问题专辑 ) 。中国工业出版社。 1 ~ 28.在 1966 年“中国地质学会第一届喀斯特学术会议”上,卢耀如为首提出了两篇重要研究成果:卢耀如、杰显义、赵成梁、刘福灿, 1966 ,紧密褶皱地区喀斯特水动力条件研究;卢耀如、戴莺、贾温茹, 1966 ,水溶液性质及温度对可溶性矿物和岩石溶解度的影响问题的初步讨论。因 10 年动乱,使这次学术会议成果未能出版面世。卢耀如, 1982a ,略论岩溶 ( 喀斯特 ) 及其研究方向。自然辩证法通讯, 4 (1) : 5 ~ 7 。卢耀如, 1982b ,岩溶地区主要水利工程地质问题与水库类型及其防渗处理途径。水文地质工程地质, (4):15 ~ 21 。卢耀如, 1985a ,关于岩溶 ( 喀斯特 ) 地区水资源类型及其综合开发治理的探讨。中国岩溶, (1 ~ 2) : 1 ~ 13 。卢耀如, 1985b ,中国喀斯特及其若干水文地质特征。国际交流地质学术论文集 6 ,为第二十七届国际地质大会撰写。地质出版社。 13 ~ 30 。卢耀如, 1986a ,中国喀斯特地貌的演化模式。地理研究, 5 (4) : 25 ~ 34 。卢耀如, 1988a ,中国岩溶地区水文环境与水资源模式。中国岩溶, 7 (3) : 193 ~ 198 。卢耀如, 1988b ;岩溶地区水利水电建设一些环境地质问题的探讨。全国第三次工程地质大会论文选集。成都科技大学出版社。 1000 ~ 1006 。这时期卢耀如还参加 1985 年在英国蒙恰斯特( Manchester )召开“第一届国际地貌大会”, 1987 年在上海召开的“亚太地区海岸带都市地质环境研讨会”和 1988 年在中国桂林召开的“第 21 届国际水文地质学家会议”,并向 1986 年在西班牙巴塞洛那 (Barcelona) 召开的“第 9 届国际洞穴大会”,提出了论文。正式出版的有:Lu Yaoru, 1986a, The distribution and basic features of caves in China . Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Speleology. Barcelona , Spain . Vol. I: 214 ~ 217.Lu Yaoru, 1986b, Process of karst caverns" development and three phrases" flow. Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Speleology. Barcelona , Spain . Vol. I: 273 ~ 276.Lu Yaoru, 1987a, Karst geomorphological mechanisms and types in China . International Geomorphology 1986 Part Ⅱ . John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1077 ~ 1092.Lu Yaoru, 1987b, Water resources in karst regions and their comprehensive exploitation and harnessing. International Geornorphology 1986 Part Ⅱ . John Wiley & sons Ltd.,1151 ~ 1167.Lu Yaoru, 1988, Hydrogeological environments and water resources patterns in China . Proceedings of the IAH 21st Congress. Karst Hydrogeology and Karst.Environment Protection, Part Ⅰ . Geological Publishing House , China . 64 ~ 75.The following paper been printed as a single volume to distribute in the Expert Working Group Meeting cum Workshop on the Urban Geology of Coastal Area is :Lu Yaoru, 1987c, The basic features of coastal karst in China . For the expert working group meeting cum workshop on the urban geology of coastal area. Organized jointly by the Mineral Resources Sections of the Natural Resources Division of ESCAP and the Ministry of Geology & Mineral Resources of China.卢耀如, 1990 ,喀斯特洞穴发育过程与三相流。中国地理学会地貌专业委员会(喀斯特地貌与洞穴研究)编辑组:喀斯特地貌与洞穴研究。科学出版社。 145-146 。卢耀如, 1991 ,论地质—生态环境的基本特征与研究方向。地质矿产部《水文地质工程地质》编辑部编:环境地质研究。地震出版社。 13-24 。卢耀如, 1993a ,喀斯特为主地质—生态环境质量及其评判—中国南方几省(区)为例。宋林华、丁怀元主编:喀斯特景观与洞六旅游。中国环境科学出版社。 56-64 。卢耀如, 1993b ,南方岩溶山区的基本自然条件与经济发展途径的研究。见:赵延年主编,中国少数民族和民族地区九十年代发展战略探讨。中国社会科学出版社。 431-456 。卢耀如, 1993c ,江河流域综合治理要重视地质环境效应——从淮河、太湖 1991 年水灾谈起。中国地质灾害与防治学报。 4 ( 1 ): 84 — 86 。卢耀如, 1998a ,长江三峡及其上游岩溶地区地质—生态环境与工程效应研究。见:李振声主编,中国减轻自然灾害研究,全国减轻自然灾害研讨会论文集,中国科学技术出版社, 184 — 184 。卢耀如, 1998b ,长江全流域国土地质—生态环境有待进行综合治理,环境保护, 252 ( 10 ): 8 — 9 。卢耀如, 1998c ,国土地质—生态环境综合治理与可持续发展——黄河与长江流域防灾兴利途径讨论。中国地质灾害与防治学报。 9 : 91 — 99 。卢耀如, 1998d ,长江流域国土地质—生态环境与洞庭湖综合治理的探讨。湖南地质 17 ( 4 ): 218 — 220 。卢耀如, 2000 ,地质灾害的监测与防治。见: 1999/2000 中国科学技术前沿,中国工程院版,高等教育出版社。 635 — 678 。Lu Yaoru, 1990a, Assessment of the exploitation of water resources in mountain regions of China . International Conference jointly Convened with IAHS on Water Resources in Mountainous Regions, Lausanne, Switzerland 22(Part 1 — 2):1068-1075.Lu Yaoru 1990b, Artificial environmental effects on hydrogeological evolutions in some karst regions of China (abstract). International Symposium and Field Seminar of Hydrogeological Processes in Karst Terrance. Turkey 99-100.Lu Yaoru, 1991, The features of goological disasters and the ways for their researches, preventions and treatments. Geological Hazards. Proceedings of Beijing lnternational Symposium , 676-680.Lu Yaoru 1993a, Efferts of hydrogeological development in selective karst regions of China . IAHS Publication NO.207. Hydrogeological Processes in Karst Terranse, 15-24.Lu Yaoru, 1993b, Features and geologic ecologic environment and cave patterns. Proceedings of X1 International Congress of Speleology, Beijing , China ,19-20.Lu Yaoru,1993c, Evaluation of cave activity for use in karst forecasting. Proceedings of XI International Congress of Speleology, Beijing,China,169 — 171.Lu Yaoru 1993d, Comparative researches on evolutions of karst environment in main constructing regions in China (abstract). Third lnternational Geomorphology Conference, Programme with Abstracts, Hamilton , Ontario , Canada ,189.Lu Yaoru 1993e, Introduction of a series of enrironmental maps in the principle karst regions of south China (abstract). Third International Geomorphology Conference, Programme with Abstracts, Hamilton , Ontario , Canada , 189Lu Yaoru & Duan Guangiie. 1997, Afificially induced hydrogeological effects and their impact of environments on karst of North and South China . In: Fei Jin and Krothe N.C (eds ), Hydrogeology. Proceedings of the 30 th International Geological Congress.VSP.22:113-120.Lu Yaoru, Tong Guoban, Guo Yonghai, Zhang Feng"e, Yang Lijuan, 1997,Geological environment types and qualities and prediction on their evolution in 21 St Century in China. In: Geosciencse and Hunan survival, Environment,Natural hazards,Global change, Proceedings of the 30 th International Geological Congress, Beijing , China , Vol. 2&3 VSP UTRECHT, the Netherland, 117-113.Lu Yaoro, 2001, Rational exploitation of resources and prevention of geohazards in karst regions. ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA. 75(3): 239 ~ 248.Lu Yaoru and Cooper, A. H. 1997. Gypsum geohazard in China . In: Barry F. Beck & J. Brad Stephenson (eds): Environment in Karst Terranes, Proceedings of the Sixth Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environment Impacts in Karst Terranes. A.A.Balkema /Rotterdam/Brookfield.117-126 。Lu Yaoru and Anthony H.Cooper, 1996, Gypsum karst in China . International Journal of Speleology. Vol.25(3-4):297-307.张凤娥,卢耀如, 2001 ,硫酸盐岩溶蚀机理实验研究。水文地质工程地质 . 28(5): 12 ~ 16.卢耀如,张凤娥,阎宝瑞,郭秀红, 2002 ,硫酸盐岩岩溶发育机理与有关地质环境效应 . 地球学报, 23(1): 1 ~ 6. (二)1.卢耀如.1965.《中国南方喀斯特发育基本规律的初步研究》.《地质学报》,45(1),108—1282.卢耀如.1986.《中国岩溶——景观·类型·规律》.北京:地质出版社3.卢耀如.1993a.《中国南方(岩溶为主)地区地质——生态环境图系》.北京:地质出版社4.卢耀如.1993b.《南方岩溶山区的基本自然条件与经济发展途径的研究》.见:赵延年主编.《中国少数民族和民族地区九十年代发展战略探讨》.北京:中国社会科学出版社,431—4655.卢耀如.1998.《长江全流域国土地质—生态环境有待进行综合治理》.《环境保护》,252(10):8—96.卢耀如.1999.《岩溶水文地质环境演化与工程效应研究》.北京:科学出版社
2023-07-15 14:57:271

宁武盆地煤层气勘探效果分析及启示

王一兵1,2 孙平2 鲜保安2(1.中国地质大学(北京);2.中国石油勘探开发研究院廊坊分院)作者简介:王一兵,1966年生,高级工程师,长期从事煤层气勘探研究工作,中国地质大学(北京)能源学院博士研究生,地址:(065007)河北廊坊44信箱。摘要 宁武盆地是山西省西北部一个小型构造残余盆地,石炭-二叠系煤层发育,煤阶主要为中煤阶气、肥、焦煤,是煤层气勘探最有利的煤阶,盆地两端和翼部煤层埋深适中,具备煤层气成藏条件,但受复杂构造和水动力条件影响,煤层含气性、产气能力变化规律复杂。本文在分析总结勘探历程、勘探成果和启示的基础上,重新认识盆地内煤层气控气条件,优选出盆地南北两端和东西两翼深部为煤层气有利成藏范围,确定了下一步煤层气勘探有利区。关键词 宁武盆地 煤层气 富集条件 有利目标Inspiration from the Analysis on CBM Exploration Effect of Ningwu BasinWang Yibing1,2,Sun Ping1,Xian Bao"an2(1.China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083;2.Langfang Branch of PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,Langfang 065007)Abstract:Ningwu basin is a small-sized structural remnant basin in northwest part of Shanxi province.Permian-Carboniferous coal seams the rank of which is middle volatile bituminous coal developed which is in favor of CBM exploration.The depth of coal seams is moderate and accumulation condition of CBM is mature at the ends and flanks of the basin,but the variation of gas content and production potential of CBM is complicated there because of effects of faults and hydrogeology.In this paper,based on the summary of exploration history,exploration results and experience,the control factors of CBMin this basin were discussed and the favourable CBM enrichment areas at the north and south ends as well as the west and east flanks of the basin were recognized and the future prospectioni areas were also selected.Keywords:Ningwu basin;CBM;enrichment condition;target area1 区域地质背景宁武盆地构造位置介于吕梁山隆起与五台山隆起带之间,西侧为芦芽山复背斜,东侧为五台山隆起带,是晚古生代成煤期后受多期构造运动挤压抬升形成的NNE 向狭长带状展布的山间构造盆地,属山西省西北部大同-宁武含煤区南段,南北长约130km,东西宽约20~30km,面积约3120km2(图1)。图1 宁武盆地太原组主煤层埋深图盆地内发育石炭系—二叠系、侏罗系两套含煤地层。石炭系—二叠系含煤地层主要为上石炭统太原组(C3t)、下二叠统山西组(P1s),含煤6~10层,集中分布在80~100m的层段,其中山西组底部4#煤和太原组下部9#煤单层厚度大,全盆地稳定分布,是煤层气勘探的主要目的层。侏罗系含煤性差,分布范围小,为次要勘探目的层。在晚古生代本区太原期为海退背景下滨、浅海三角洲平原亚相的低位沼泽,物源主要来自大同以北古陆。早期植物生长繁盛,泥炭堆积厚度大,在太原组下部沉积了9#煤,厚4.36~24.62m,平均厚11m以上。中、后期海水南退,水体越来越浅,成煤环境变差,在太原组中上部仅发育一些分布不连续的薄煤层和滨-浅海相泥岩-泥灰岩;本区山西期海水退出,初期沉积环境较稳定,处于河流亚相的沼泽沉积微相区,形成了山西组下段较厚的4#煤,厚0.37~13.15m,一般2~4m。中、后期沼泽相带收缩,成煤条件变差,沉积了1~3层横向分布不稳定的薄煤层,单层厚0~1.95m。本区成煤期后主要经历了燕山期和喜马拉雅期构造运动。燕山期(侏罗纪初—白垩纪末)强烈的扭压作用形成了NNE向断裂和褶皱体系,形成了宁武盆地山间盆地的雏形,基本控制了盆地整个构造格局。喜马拉雅期陆内板块运动引起的NW-SE向拉张应力作用,对早期构造形迹具有改造作用,形成一系列NE 向张性断裂为主的构造形迹。现今构造形态为北北东向展布的复向斜构造,两翼陡,地层倾角25°~40°,南北两端构造较平缓,地层倾角6°~12°。煤层埋深主要受构造和地形起伏控制,变化规律较简单,总体上边缘浅、腹部深,局部受断层影响略有变化。南北两端和翼部煤层埋深一般小于1500m,腹部最深约2700m。2 煤层气勘探历程宁武盆地地质勘探工作始于20世纪50年代,早期主要进行了1:10万~1:20万区域地质普查,70~80年代在盆地周边浅部开展了煤田普查,调查深度不超过600m,局部开展了煤田详查工作,初步掌握了盆地周边煤层发育规律和煤岩性质变化规律。煤层气勘探,可划分为两个勘探阶段。2.1 第一阶段:区域勘探阶段根据煤田勘探资料对盆地构造条件、煤岩煤质、演化规律、顶底板封盖条件、水动力条件进行综合分析,认为宁武盆地4#煤、9#煤分别是山西组和太原组主要勘探目的层;平面上宁武县以北以低变质煤为主,宁武县以南以中变质煤为主,主要是气肥、肥、焦煤,内生裂隙总体上较为发育;纵向上,由4#煤至10#煤,随着埋藏加深,煤变质程度增高,煤阶增大;利用矿井瓦斯涌出量折算出煤层甲烷气含量为8.84~25.89m3/t。在盆地南北两端,煤层埋深<1000m、<1500m的地域较开阔,面积大于500km2,构造简单区具备煤层气成藏条件,是煤层气勘探开发的有利区。在盆地南部缓坡部位钻探了盆地内第一口煤层气探井——武试1井。主力煤层深826.2~912.2m,主煤层4#煤厚3m,9#煤厚14m(图2)。煤岩宏观类型为光亮—半亮煤为主,半暗淡煤次之,低灰、中挥发分,显微组分以镜质组为主,平均含量达到60%以上,但纵向上变化大,特别是9#煤,明显为几个连续的成煤作用期叠加而成,反映成煤期沉积环境变化大,成煤沼泽时好时坏,镜质组含量随之产生变化;煤层为中煤阶肥煤,Ro:1.0%;主力9#煤煤层含气量9.76~13.97m3/t,平均12.11m3/t,吸附饱和度86.29%(图3);试井渗透率0.86×10-3μm2,压裂后排采平均日产水150m3,日产气1120~2476m3,最高日产气3112m3,地层水矿化度2923mg/L。图2 武试1井综合测井图图3 武试1井9#煤等温吸附曲线武试1井钻探,可得出以下结论和认识:(1)盆地深部煤层分布稳定,煤岩性质与有机组分含量变化不大。(2)煤层演化以压实变质作用为主,演化程度中等,煤阶为气肥煤,随埋深增加演化程度变高,Ro在盆地边缘为0.8%,900m埋深增加到1.0%。煤层已进入生气高峰,气源较充分。(3)煤层气吸附饱和度高,解吸压差小,有利于排采阶段煤层气降压解吸。煤层具有较高的原始压力,达8.7MPa,解吸压力4.7MPa,解吸压差只有4MPa(图3)。(4)煤层物性较差,但处于煤层割理裂缝保存的最佳煤阶。煤岩具有较好的力学稳定性,压裂改造能取得较好的效果。(5)盆地南部斜坡具有良好煤层气成藏条件,存在高矿化度水滞流区,有较大的煤层气勘探前景;推测煤田地质条件相似的盆地北部斜坡带也可能存在高含气区,有望找到“小而肥”的煤层气田,是开展中煤阶煤层气勘探的有利地区。2.2 第二阶段:预探阶段在南部斜坡由浅到深甩开武试2、武试3、武试4井,北部斜坡钻探了武试7井。南部3口井均匀分布在斜坡部位,间距4~8km,主煤层埋深450~1410m。钻探证实主力煤层分布稳定,4#煤厚2.2~4.0m,9#煤厚10.6~11.8m。煤岩类型、灰分、有机组分变化小,演化程度和含气性随构造部位、埋深不同变化大。深部1400m 埋深时Ro达到1.40%,煤阶为焦煤。浅部含气量只有3.4~5.0m3/t,向深部逐渐增加到14~16m3/t,饱和度由50%增加到80%~90%。武试3、武试4井9#煤测试和压后试气表明,各井产水量、产气量、地层水性质都有很大差异(表1)。武试3井地层压力梯度0.81MPa/100m,煤层渗透率0.08×10-3μm2,压裂后抽排日产水量高达416m3,地层水矿化度低,只有985.7mg/L,液面未能降至煤层解吸压力以下,日产气量仅56m3。武试4井地层压力梯度1.0MPa/100m,渗透率1.06×10-3μm2,压裂后抽排日产水15.5m,日产气最高939m3,地层水矿化度为3072.7mg/L;位于北部斜坡西翼的武试7井,主煤层井段905~985m,其中4#煤由3层组成,厚9.1m,9#煤1层厚16.1m。煤阶为肥煤,Ro:1.02%,含气量4.2m3/t,吸附饱和度58.63%。由于含气量、吸附饱和度低,该井未试气。通过对盆地南北两端斜坡部位的勘探,对盆地内煤层气勘探可得出以下认识和结论:(1)含气量大小与煤层变质程度密切相关,随着埋深的增加和变质程度的提高,含气量增大(表1)。表1 宁武盆地9#煤钻探成果统计表(2)随着埋深的增加和煤阶的提高,煤物性变差,武试1井煤层埋深1400m,压裂后产气、产水量都很低。(3)煤层气的富集与断裂的发育密切相关,断层附近煤层含气性明显变差,断层对煤层气成藏和产出的影响主要表现在两个方面:一方面,断层开启导致煤层气藏封闭性差,煤层压力降低,煤层气通过断层直接溢散;另一方面,断层沟通上下含水层,水力交替导致煤层气散失。武试2井、武试7井含气性差的主要原因是斜坡边缘被北东向分布的系列断层切割严重(图4),这些断层的形成与分布和喜马拉雅期拉张应力作用有关,一般不具有封闭性,不利于煤层气保存。(4)武试3井地层水矿化度较低,武试1井、武试4井矿化度较高,证实斜坡不同部位地下水动力条件复杂,既发育有利于煤层气的保存的滞留地下水环境,也存在矿化度低、不利于煤层气保存的地下水交换带。(5)武试1-武试4井区构造稳定,断层不发育,煤层水的矿化度分别达到2923~3072mg/L,说明煤系地层水处于封闭环境的滞留或弱径流区,有利于煤层气保存,同时排采阶段煤层水的大量产出有效地降低了煤层压力,吸附气能够大量解吸,形成较高的产气能力。据此推测盆地南部斜坡的中东部和北部斜坡较深部位、两翼的较深部位构造相对稳定,断层不发育,处于地下水阻滞或弱径流区,煤层气保存条件较好,可作为下一步煤层气勘探有利目标。3 启示和建议3.1 勘探启示(1)以区域煤层地质的研究为导向、煤层气成藏条件和富集规律研究为核心及煤层气勘探有利目标区为重点的研究工作思路是正确的,中煤阶煤层的煤层气勘探有很大潜力。(2)宁武盆地内煤层气控制因素复杂,不同构造部位煤层保存条件、水动力条件复杂,渗透性变化很大,导致煤层含气性、产气能力有很大差别,在下步勘探中必须引起高度重视。(3)在具体勘探技术上,由于宁武盆地煤层渗透性普遍较差,渗透率一般只有(0.08~1.08)×10-3μm2,直井压裂开采方式煤层产气能力偏低。3.2 勘探设想和建议勘探证实,断层不发育的构造稳定区煤层气保存条件好,煤层含气性和产气能力较高,但产量下降快,因此建议开展以下工作:(1)加强盆地构造条件的深入研究,落实目标区构造背景,具体战术动作上,大力开展、强化物探工作,通过低成本非地震手段,如大地电磁测深等方法,落实煤层分布、构造形态和断层,特别是断层的分布与组合关系,研究其对保存条件的影响;(2)加强水文地质研究,准确把握水文条件对煤层气富集的控制作用;(3)针对盆地内煤层渗透率低,直井压裂开发效果差的现状,在充分总结武M1-1煤层气羽状水平井开发技术的基础上,在盆地两翼地层倾角较陡的部位,开展沿高陡煤层钻井,在提高单井产量的同时,扩大煤层气勘探领域。参考文献[1]李文阳等.2003.中国煤层气勘探与开发.徐州:中国矿业大学出版杜[2]钱凯等.1996.煤层甲烷气勘探开发理论与实验测试技术.北京:石油工业出版杜[3]黄景诚等.1990.煤层气译文集.郑州:河南科学技术出版杜[4]韩德馨等.1996.中国煤岩学.徐州:中国矿业大学出版杜[5]中国煤田地质总局.1993.中国煤炭重点开发建设矿区图(内部资料)
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关于岩土工程,水文地质,工程地质方面的正规刊物有哪些

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[1] Wang Baojun, Shi Bin, Hilary I. Inyang. 2008. GIS-Based Quantitative Analysis of Orientation Anisotropy of Contaminant Barrier Particles Using Standard Deviational Ellipse,Soil and Sediment Contamination, 2008, 17(4) : 437-447.【SCI】【EI】[2] Bao-jun Wang, Ke Li, Bin Shi, Guang-qin Wei. 2008. Test on application of distributed fiber optic sensing technique into soil slope monitoring,Landslides,DOI 10.1007/s10346-008-0139-y.【SCI】[3] 王宝军, 施斌, 宋震. 2008. 基于GIS与虚拟现实的三维地质建模,岩石力学与工程学报, 增2(27):3553-3563.(Method of 3D Geological Model Based on GIS and VRML, Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2008, supp.2(27):3553-3563)【EI】[4] 王宝军, 施斌, 蔡奕, 唐朝生.2008. 基于GIS的黏性土SEM图像三维可视化与孔隙度计算, 岩土力学, 29(1):251-255. (3D visualization and porosity computation of clay soil SEM image by GIS,Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2008, 29(1): 251-255)【EI】[5] C.S Tang, B. Shi, C. Liu, L.Z. Zhao, B.J. Wang. 2008. Influencing factors of geometrical structure of surface shrinkage cracks in clayey soils,Engineering Geology, 2008, 101(3-4):204-217.【SCI】【EI】[6] 刘春, 王宝军, 施斌, 唐朝生.2008. 基于数字图像识别的岩土体裂隙形态参数分析方法, 岩土工程学报,(9): 1384-1388.(The analysis method of Morphological parameters of rock and soil crack based on image processing and recognition, Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2008,(9): 1384-1388)【EI,一级】[7] 施斌, 王宝军, 张巍, 徐洁. 2008. 汶川地震次生地质灾害分析与灾后调查, 高校地质学报, 2008, 14(3):387-394. (Survey and Analysis of Secondary Geological Hazards after Wenchuan Earthquake, Geological Journal China University, 2008,14(3):387-394)【核心】[8] 唐朝生, 施斌, 王宝军. 2008. 基于SEM土体微观结构研究中的影响因素分析,岩土工程学报, 30(4): 560-565. (Factors affecting analysis of soil microstructure using SEM, Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2008, 30(4):560-565) 【EI,一级】[9] 隋海波,施斌,张丹,王宝军,魏广庆,朴春德,基于BOTDR的锚杆拉拔试验研究,岩土工程学报,2008,30(5):755-759(BOTDR-based pull out tests on anchor bolts,Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(5):755-759.)【EI,一级】[10] 隋海波, 施斌, 张丹, 王宝军, 魏广庆, 朴春德.2008. 地质和岩土工程光纤传感监测技术综述, 工程地质学报, 16(1): 135-143.(Review on fiber optic sensor-based monitoring techniques for geological and geotechnical engineering, Journal of Engineering Geology, 2008,16(1):135-143)【核心】[11] 隋海波, 施斌, 张丹, 王宝军, 魏广庆, 朴春德. 2008. 边坡工程分布式光纤监测技术研究, 岩石力学与工程学报, 27(supp.2):3725-3731.(Study on Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor-based Monitoring for Slope Engineering, Chinese Jounal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2008, 27(supp.2):3719-3725)【EI】[12] 朴春德, 施斌, 朱友群, 魏广庆, 王宝军. 2008. 钻孔灌注桩压缩变形BOTDR分布式检测, 水文地质工程地质(4): 80-83(Distributed monitoring of bored pile compression deformation based on BOTDR,Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology,2008(4):80-83) 【核心】[13] 隋海波, 施斌, 张丹, 魏广庆, 朴春德, 王宝军. 2008. 基坑工程BOTDR分布式光纤监测技术研究, 防灾减灾工程学报, 28(2):184-191.(Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor-based Monitoring for Foundation Pit Engineering,Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering, 2008, 28(2):184-191) 【核心】[14] 王宝军; 施斌; 唐朝生;基于GIS实现黏性土颗粒形态的三维分形研究,岩土工程学报, 2007,29(2):309-312.(Study on 3D fractal dimension of clayey soil by use of GIS,Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2007,29(2):309-312.)【EI,一级】[15] 王小明; 王宝军; 施斌; 张大祥; GIS支持下工程勘察信息管理系统设计与实现,工程勘察, 2007(2):1-9.(Design of the Information Management System for Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying Based on GIS and Its Realization ,Geotechnical Investigation & Surveying, 2007(2):1-9.)【核心】[16] 王小明; 王宝军; 施斌;基于GIS的可视化土质边坡稳定性分析系统研究,防灾减灾工程学报, 2007,27(3):363-376.(Research of the Visualization System for Soil Slope Stability Analysis Based on GIS,Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering, 2007,27(3):363-376.)【核心】[17] 唐朝生,施斌,刘春,王宝军,高玮, 黏性土在不同温度下干缩裂缝的发展规律及形态学定量分析,岩土工程学报, 2007, 29(5):743-749.(Developing law and morphological analysis of shrinkage cracks of clayey soil under different temperatures,Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2007,29(5):743-749)【EI,一级】[18] 唐朝生,施斌,刘春,王宝军,影响黏性土表面干缩裂缝结构形态的因素及定量分析, 水利学报, 2007, 38(10): 1185-1193 (Factors affecting the surface cracking in clay due to drying shrinkage, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2007,38(10): 1185-1193.) 【EI,一级】[19] 陈峰军; 施斌; 黄河; 王宝军;生态土壤稳定剂对土质边坡稳定性影响的数值分析,防灾减灾工程学报,2007,27(3):302-306.(Numerical Analysis of Ecotype Soil Stabilizer Effect on Soil Slope Stability,Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2007,27(3):302-306.)【核心】[20] 熊孝波,桂国庆,许建聪,王宝军,童立元,肖泽阳,可拓工程方法在地下工程岩爆预测中的应用, 解放军理工大学学报(自然科学版),2007,8(6):695-701.( Application of extension method to p re diction of rockburst of underground engineering, Journal of PLA University of Science and Technology, 2007,8(6):695-701.) 【EI】[21] 张巍,施斌,索文斌,蔡奕,王宝军,冻土瞬态温度场的分布式光纤监测方法及应用,岩土工程学报,2007,29(5):723-728.(Monitoring and application of distributed optical fiber sensors in transient temperature field of frozen soil,Chinese Jounal of Geotechnical Engineering,2007,29(5):723-728.)【EI,一级】[22] Chao-Sheng Tang, Baojun Wang,Wei Gao,Bin Shi. Analysis of information management for large-scale bridge construction. The 10th IAEG Congress, Nottingham, United Kingdom, September 6-10, 2006. 【国际会议】[23] Yi Cai, Bin Shi, Chaosheng Tang, Baojun Wang. Pilot study on the mechanical behaviour of soil with inclusion of polypropylene fibre and lime. The 10th IAEG Congress, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 6-10 September, 2006. 【国际会议】[24] 索文斌; 王宝军; 施斌; 刘杰;基于GIS的大型工程分布式光纤传感监测系统研究,水文地质工程地质, 2005,32(4):88-92. (Research on large engineering monitoring system using distributed optical fiber sensor based on GIS,Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, 2005,32(4):88-92.)【核心】[25] 姜洪涛; 王宝军;基于GIS的工程地质环境评价系统分析,防灾减灾工程学报,2005,25(4):451-457.(Analysis on the Assessment System of GIS-Based Engineering Geological Environment Journal of Disaster Pnevention and Mitigation Engineering,2005,25(4):451-457.)【核心】[26] 孙伟晔; 王宝军; 施斌; 周汇光. GPS、GIS在公路网规划中的应用, 桂林工学院学报, 2005,25(2):169-172.(Application of GPS and GIS in Highway Network Planning, Journal of Guilin Institute of Technology, 2005,25(2):169-172.)【核心】[27] 赵德君; 王宝军;任意地质图剖面生成的方法探讨,西部探矿工程,2005,106(3):91-92.(Discussion on Resulting Method of Arbitrary Geological Profile,West-china Exploration Engineering,2005,106(3):91-92.)[28] 蔡奕; 施斌; 刘志彬; 唐朝生; 王宝军;团聚体大小对填筑土强度影响的试验研究,岩土工程学报,2005,27(12):1482-1486.(Experimental study on effect of aggregate size on strength of filled soils,Chinese Jounal of Geotechnical Engineering,2005,27(12):1482-1486.)【EI,一级】[29] 王宝军; 施斌; 刘志彬; 蔡奕;基于GIS的黏性土微观结构的分形研究,岩土工程学报,2004,26(2):244-247(Fractal study on microstructure of clayey soil by GIS,Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2004,26(2):244-247)【EI,一级】[30] 王宝军; 施斌; 周汇光; 蔡奕,GIS在边坡有限元数值分析前处理中的应用,高校地质学报,2004,10(1):128-133. (GIS and Pre-Process of Finite Element Method for Slope Stability Analysis ,Geological Journal of China Universities,2004,10(1):128-133.)【核心】[31] 刘义怀; 王宝军; 吉林; 施斌; 蔡奕, 大型桥梁工程勘察信息管理剖析, 南京大学学报(自然科学版),2004,40(6),:769-776.(Analysis of Information Management for Engineering Investigation and Surveying of the Large-scale Bridges,Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Sciences), 2004,40(6):769-776.)【核心】[32] 周汇光; 王宝军; 施斌; 基于GIS的大型桥梁工程勘察信息管理系统设计,桂林工学院学报, 2004,Vol24(2),pp:172-176.(GIS based design of information management system investigation for large bridge engineering,Journal of Guilin Institute of Technology,2004,24(2):172-176.)【核心】[33] 刘志彬, 施斌, 王宝军, 2004. 改性膨胀土微观孔隙定量研究, 岩土工程学报, 26(4):526-530.(Quantitative research on micropores of modified expansive soils,Chinese Jounal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2004, 26(4):526-530)【EI,一级】[34] 邵莉, 施斌, 王宝军, 祁长青,周汇光. 2004. 基于GIS确定性模型的土体边坡稳定性评估研究, 工程勘察,(2):1-7. (Study on Stability Evaluation of Soil Slope by Using GIS-based Deterministic Model, Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying, 2004(2):1-7)【核心】[35] Cai Yi, Shi Bin, Jiang Hongtao, Wang Baojun, Zhou Huiguang, and Sun Weiyi,A study on information management and aided decision making system for large-scale engineering geological survey (in Italia 2004; 32nd international geological congress; abstract, Anonymous,),International Geological Congress, Abstracts = Congres Geologique International, Resumes (August 2004), 32, Part 1 482【国际会议】[36] Liu Zhibin, ShiBin, Wang Baojun, Determination of the optimum magnification about soil SEM images for morphological fractal research, IS-Osaka 2004, Japan. 【国际会议】[37] 王宝军,周汇光,孙伟晔,蔡奕,邵莉,滞洪区安全滞洪GIS管理剖析,水文地质工程地质,2003,Vol(4):46-49. (Application of GIS in safe flood detention zone, Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, 2003, Vol(4): 46-49)【核心】[38] 王波, 施斌, 王宝军, 贾学天. 2003. 利用WEB GIS建立城市地下管线管理系统, 水文地质工程地质,(5):71-74. (Establishing urban underground pipeline management, Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, 2003, (5):71-74)【核心】[39] 蔡奕, 王宝军, 施斌, 方海东. 2002. GIS环境下膨胀土胀缩等级的模糊数学判别, 工程勘察, 2:1-4.(Determination of Expansive Soil Grades Using Fuzzy method in GIS Environment, Geotechnical Investigation & Surveying, 2002, 2:1-4)【核心】[40] 方海东, 刘义怀, 施斌, 吴振君, 王宝军. 2002. 三维地质建模及其工程应用,水文地质工程地质, 3:52-55. (3D geoscience modeling and its engineering application, Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, 2002, 3:52-55)【核心】[41] Shi Bin, Hua Jianwei, Wang Baojun, Jiang Hongtao, Wu Zhishen Environmental Geotechnical Problems of Municipal Sanitary Landfills in the East-South of China, the 6th International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology and Global Sustainable Development, Seoul, Korea, July 2-5, 2002. 【国际会议】[42] Bin Shi, Yi Cai, Baojun Wang, Hongtao Jiang and Li Shao, Determination of Expansive Soil Grades Using Fuzzy method in GIS Environment, Proc. Of 9th IAEG, South Africa, Sept, 2002【国际会议】[43] 方海东, 施斌, 王宝军. 2001.GIS在环境岩土工程中应用的回顾与展望, 桂林工学院学报, (21)4:371-375.(Review and prospect of GIS application in environmental geotechnology, Journal of Guilin Institute of Technology, 2001,(21)4: 371-375) 【核心】[44] Baojun Wang, Bin shi, Ling Zhang. 2001. Liquefaction Analysis by GIS Method, Proceedings of the third international conference on soft soil engineering, 6-8 Dec. Hong Kong: 165-168. 【ISTP】[45] 张凌, 施斌, 王宝军. 2000. GIS环境中砂土液化评价方法, 水文地质工程地质, 5:15-16.(Evolution method of liquefaction in GIS environment, Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, 2000, 5:15-16) 【核心】[46] 施斌, 姜洪涛, 王宝军, 张凌. 2000. 工程粘性土微观结构分析技术, 工程地质学报,增刊: 379-381. (Analysis technique of engineering clayey soil micrestructure, Journal of engineering geology, 2000, supp:379-381)【核心】[47] Wang Baojun, Shi Bin, and Zhang Ling, The Fractal Dimensions of the Expansive Mudstone in the Process of Swelling and shrinking, Proceedings of the International Symposium on High Altitude & Sensitive Ecological Environmental Geotechnology,, Nanjing University Press, 2000,pp228-235. 【国际会议】[48] 王宝军, 陈征宙, 李清波, 王勇强. 1999. 黄河小浪底斜坡变形的“反叠瓦”式构造机制研究, 高校地质学报, 5(1): 100-104. (Study of mechanisms of the “over-covered titles” structure in slope deformation of Xiao Langdi of Yellow river, Geological Journal China University, 1999, 5(1):100-104)【核心】[49] B.Shi,Z.Wu,H.Inyang,J.Chen,B.Wang.1999. Preparation of soil specimens for SEM analysis using freeze-cut-drying, Bulletin of engineering geology and environment,58:1-7. 【核心】[50] 张凌, 王宝军, 施斌. 1999. 土粒度分维的确定方法探讨,水文地质工程地质, (26)5:43-45. (Discussion of methods for soil grain size fractal, Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, 1999, (26)5:43-45)【核心】[51] Shi B.,Jiang H.T., Zhang L. And Wang B.J., Microstructural Analysis Techniques for Engineering Clayey Soils, Proceedings of Second China-Japan Joint Symposium on recent Development of Theory and Practice in Geotechnology, Dec. 9-10,1999, pp361-372. 【国际会议】[52] 王宝军,施斌,名胜古迹破坏的环境岩土工程研究,环境保护科学,沈阳,1997,23(5):33-35.[53] 施斌,王宝军,宁文务.各向异性粘性土蠕变的微观力学模型,岩土工程学报,1997,(19)3:7-13. 【EI,一级】[54] Shi Bin, Wang Baojun,Li Qi and Jiang Hongtao, Quantification of microstructure of fine grained soil, Proceedings of the 30th IGC, Vol.23-Engineering Geology,1997,pp277-284. 【国际会议】[55] Li Shenglin, Shi Bin, Du Yanjun, Li Qi and Wang Baojun, On the internal factors for controlling the swelling-shrinkage of expansive soil, Proceedings of the 30th IGC, Vol.23-Engineering Geology,1997. 【国际会议】[56] 施斌,李立,姜洪涛,王宝军,DIPIX 图像处理系统在土体微结构定量研究中的应用,南京大学学报(自然版),1996,(32)2:275-280. 【核心】[57] Shi Bin, Wang Baojun, Jiang Hongtao. “Quantitative Appraisal on the Microstructure of Compacted Clayey Soils,” Chinese Science Bulletin, 1996,(41)11:925-929. 【SCI】[58] 施斌,王宝军,姜洪涛. 击实粘性土微观结构特性的定量评价,科学通报,1996,(41)5:438-441. 【SCI】[59] Shi Bin, Wang Baojun, and Jiang Hongtao,Quantitative analyses on the microstructures of compacted expansive soil (in 30th international geological congress; abstracts, Anonymous,),International Geological Congress, Abstracts--Congres Geologique Internationale, Resumes (1996), 30, Vol. 3 381【国际会议】[60] Shi Bin, Li Qi, Salah Bishir, Wang Baojun, and Wang Youcheng,Environmental-geotechnical properties of soils contaminated by waste alkaline liquor from paper mills (in Environmental geotechnology; proceedings of the 3rd international symposium),Environmental Geotechnology. Proceedings of the ... International Symposium (1996), 3, Vol. 1 239-245【国际会议】[61] Shi Bin et al, Treatment of Soft Foundation of Expressway to New Nanjing Airport, Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Soft Soil Engineering, Nanjing, May 27-30, 1996. 【国际会议】[62] ShiBin, Wang Baojun, Progress in Studies on the Engineering Geology of Expansive Soils in China, Proc. Of 30th International Geological Congress. Beijing, China, Aug.4-14,1996【国际会议】[63] Shi Bin, LiQi, WangBaojun,On the International Factors for Controlling the Swelling-shrinkage soil, Proc. Of 30th International Geological Congress, Beijing, China, Aug.4-14,1996; 【国际会议】
2023-07-15 14:58:381

中国不同煤阶煤的煤层气成藏特征对比

王红岩 李景明 李剑 赵群 刘洪林 李贵中 王勃 刘飞(中国石油勘探开发研究院廊坊分院 河北廊坊 065007)作者简介:王红岩,1971年生,男,江苏徐州人,高级工程师,博士,长期从事煤层气等新能源综合地质研究。地址:河北省廊坊市万庄44号信箱石油分院,邮编:065007。国家973计划项目资助(编号:2002CB211705)。摘要 高低煤阶煤的煤层气在储层物性、地层水矿化度、煤的吸附性和成藏过程方面具有较大差别。国内学者普遍认为高煤阶煤层由于其演化程度较高,割理不发育,煤层的渗透率极低而低估了勘探前景,以至于形成了煤层气勘探的“禁区”。我国地质条件和含煤盆地的构造活动要比美国复杂得多,煤层气的生成和富集有着自身的特点,而且多数煤层在其沉积后经历了多个期次、多个方向的应力场改造,而且大部分高煤阶煤的形成与岩浆热变质事件有关。我国西北地区低煤阶煤的煤层气资源丰富,资源量占全国资源总量的50%。高低煤阶煤的气体成因、物性特征、水文地质条件、含气性和成藏过程与低煤阶煤和国外高煤阶煤明显不同,高低煤阶煤的成藏差异性非常明显,二者在匹配的条件下有可能形成煤层气高产富集区,形成煤层气勘探的有利地区。关键词 煤层气 高煤阶 低煤阶ComParison on Accumulation Performance of CBM in Different Rank Coal Seams of ChinaWang Hongyan,Li Jingming,Li Jian,Zhao QunLiu Honglin,Li Guizhong,Wang Bo,Liu Fei(Langfang Branch of PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum ExPloration&Development Langfang 065007)Abstract:Accumulation performances of CBM are quite different in different rank coal seams such as reservoir physical features,salinity of formation water,absorption of coal and accumulation history of coal.It is generally understood that high rank coal seams are so called forbidden area for CBM exploration because of high metamorphic grade,undeveloped cleats and low permeability.In fact,the exploration prospects of CBM are underestimated.CBM accumulation performance of China has its own features which are much more complicated than that of the U.S.and the main reasons are that most of coal seams of China suffered from historical multiphase and multidirectional transformation of stress after sedimentation,moreover,formation of these coal seams were related to the thermal events of magmatism.There are rich CBMresources in low rank coal seams of northwest parts of China which accounts for 50 percent of total CBM resources of China.The cause of formation of CBM,physical features,hydrogeology conditions,gas contents and accumulation process are quite different between high rank and low rank coals as well as between domestic and overseas.Either high rank coal or low rank coal may form favorable CBM accumulation and prospection area under matching geological conditions.Keywords:CBM;high rank coal;low rank coal我国高煤阶煤的煤炭资源量巨大,其中煤层气资源量占中国煤层气总资源量的30%〔1〕。由于美国煤层气勘探成功的含煤盆地的煤阶都为中低煤阶,国内学者普遍认为高煤阶煤层由于其演化程度较高,割理不发育,煤层的渗透率极低而低估了勘探前景,所以研究高煤阶煤层气成藏条件,开展高低煤阶煤层气成藏机理对比研究,具有重要科学意义。为了更好地对高煤阶成藏特征进行研究,这里着重通过高低煤阶对比,来探讨高煤阶成藏的特殊性。为了便于对比,将Ro<0.7%定义为低煤阶煤层气藏,Ro>2%视为高煤阶煤层气藏,Ro>0.7%~2%视为中煤阶煤层气藏。1 高低煤阶煤层气藏的成因不同,高煤阶以原生和次生热成因煤层气为主,低煤阶煤以原生生物成因煤层气为主煤层气存在生物成因和热成因两种。原生生物成因气是指煤化作用的早期阶段(成岩作用阶段),有机质在微生物作用下降解形成的煤层气;次生生物成因气是指经历了变质作用的中低煤阶煤(Ro<1.5+%)抬升后在微生物作用下形成的煤层气;原生热成因气是指有机质在变质作用过程中形成的煤层气;如果原生热成因气经过解吸—扩散—运移—再聚集,则为次生热成因煤层气。高煤阶煤层气藏主要为原生与次生热成因煤层气。以沁水盆地南部煤层气藏为代表。沁南地区煤层主要为高煤阶无烟煤,Ro=2.2%~4.0%之间,煤层气主要为热成因。煤层气甲烷δ13C总体偏小,在-26.6‰~-36.7‰之间,且随着埋深的增加而变大。这是由于煤层气的解吸—扩散—运移引起同位素的分馏导致。这种次生热成因的煤层气在国内外非常常见。滞流区受解吸—扩散—运移分馏作用的影响小,基本保持了原始状态。可见沁南煤层气藏煤层气的成因在空间上存在分带现象:次生热成因煤层气存在于浅部径流带,原生热成因气存在于深部滞流区。未熟低煤阶煤层气藏以原生生物成因煤层气为主,代表性煤层气藏位于美国粉河盆地。粉河盆地第三系Fort Union组的煤在大部分地区为褐煤(Ro=0.3%~0.4%),深部存在高挥发分烟煤,没有达到可以大量产生热成因甲烷的成熟度。其甲烷δ13C值为-60.0‰~-56.7‰,δD值为-307‰~-315‰。表明以生物成因气为主,且主要是通过微生物发酵代谢途径形成的〔2〕。低煤阶成熟煤层气藏煤层气的成因非常复杂,既有次生生物成因的,也有原生与次生热成因的。美国的圣胡安和犹因他盆地都存在这三种成因的煤层气。我国阜新盆地白垩系阜新组煤的Ro=0.6%~0.72%之间,据同位素和煤层气组分分析,该区煤层气主要为次生热成因,其次为次生生物成因。2 高低煤阶煤吸附能力的差异性很大,高煤阶区域煤层吸附量大,含气量高煤的变质程度决定着煤层气生成量和煤的吸附能力,因而对煤层气含气量起着决定性影响。煤阶越高,煤层气生成量越大。吸附能力随煤阶增高经历了低—高—低三个阶段,在Ro=3.5%左右时达到极大值[3]。高煤阶煤层气藏含气量最高。沁南煤层气藏含气量一般在10~20m3/t,最高可达37m3/t。除了煤阶影响外,保存条件也起到了一定作用。低煤阶未熟煤层气藏含气量普遍较低。如粉河盆地煤层气含量一般为0.78~1.6m3/t,最高不超过4m3/t。低煤阶成熟煤层气藏含气量相对较高,犹他州中部上白垩统Ferron砂岩段Ferron煤层气藏含气量为0.37~14.3m3/t,一般在5~10m3/t。阜新盆地煤层气含量一般为8~10m3/t。低煤阶煤层气藏煤层的顶底板因成岩作用微弱而使其封闭能力低于高煤阶煤层气藏。因此对于低煤阶煤层气藏而言,地下水动力封闭显得尤为重要。低煤阶煤层气藏因含气量非常低,因此就必须发育巨厚煤层使得煤层气资源丰度大,高渗透率使得单井排采半径大,这样才可具备商业开发价值。3 高低煤阶在物性方面差异的实质是物性变化二元论,变质程度高,基质致密,煤层物性渗透率偏低高煤阶的沁南煤层气藏,储层渗透率为(0.1~5.7)×10-3μm2,一般不超过2×10-3μm2。煤层孔隙主要为微孔和过渡孔,中孔和大孔罕见,孔隙度在1.15%~7.69%之间,一般均<5%,对渗透率几乎没有贡献[4]。割理严重闭合或被充填,对渗透性的贡献微弱。构造裂隙是渗透性的主要贡献者。这种孔裂隙发育特征决定了煤层气由基质孔隙解吸向裂隙扩散困难,吸附时间长,达到产量高峰时间短,稳定低产时间长[5]。低煤阶未熟煤层气储层的基质孔隙度较高,且以大孔所占比例较高,对储层渗透率有一定贡献,因割理密度低而控制储层渗透率的主要因素是构造裂隙;低煤阶成熟煤层气储层渗透性的主要贡献者是割理和构造裂隙;高煤阶煤层气藏因基质孔隙度低且多为微孔,割理严重闭合或被矿物质充填,因此渗透率的主要贡献者是构造裂隙。低煤阶煤层气藏的渗透率一般大于高煤阶煤层气藏。为了便于对比,这里采用吐哈盆地的褐煤和沁水盆地的无烟煤开展模拟工作。褐煤由于演化程度低,裂隙不发育,主要表现为孔隙型。随着煤阶的增加,煤层裂隙发育,基质变得致密,主要表现为裂隙型[6]。图1 高低煤阶运聚压差与系统压力关系图无烟煤高压情况下0.14MPa的压差就可以突破;低压情况下0.50MPa的压差可以突破;随着压力的降低,运聚压差增大。表明无烟煤降压基质膨胀物性降低,加压基质收缩物性增高。对于吐哈盆地褐煤,模拟结果相反,高压情况下0.08MPa的压差就可以突破,低压情况下0.03MPa的压差就可以突破,褐煤降压基质膨胀物性增大,加压基质收缩物性降低。储层物性变化二元论反映了煤储层随着煤层气不断开采,地层压力不断下降,煤储层特征变化的实质(图1)。4 构造热事件和构造应力场对煤层物性起到决定作用由岩浆侵入引起储层结构和构造改变,增大煤层气储藏空间的作用,称岩浆侵入活动的储藏作用。岩浆的热力烘烤,使煤中有机质挥发,留下很多密集成群的浑圆状或管状气孔,提高了储层的孔隙度;煤基质收缩,产生收缩裂隙;岩浆侵入的动力挤压,产生的外生裂隙与内生裂隙(割理)叠加,使煤层裂隙性质、规模发生变化,裂隙度提高,渗透性增强。煤储层中天然裂隙的壁距对原始渗透率起着关键性的控制作用。天然裂隙壁距是地应力大小和方向的函数,构造应力场主应力差对岩层裂隙壁距和渗透率的影响存在两类效果截然相反的情况。当构造应力场最大主应力方向与岩层优势裂隙组发育方向一致时,裂隙面实质上受到相对拉张作用,主应力差越大,相对拉张效应越强,越有利于裂隙壁距的增大和渗透率的增高。而在最大主应力方向与岩层优势裂隙组发育方向垂直时,裂隙面受到挤压作用,主应力差越大,挤压效应越强,裂隙壁距则减小甚至密闭,渗透率降低。也就是说,构造应力实质上是通过对天然裂隙开合程度的控制而对储层原始渗透率施加影响。5 水文地质条件对高低煤阶煤层气成藏控制的差异性,高煤阶滞流水区域为富气区地层总矿化度高值区的形成反映为闭塞的沉积环境,古气候为半干旱,水体外泄条件差,封闭条件极好,地层水不断浓缩的结果。同时由于断裂活动,导致高矿化度地层水通过断层向上运移,造成矿化度纵向上的分布和高值区的出现。因而,地层水的矿化度是反映煤层气运聚、保存和富集成藏的一个重要指标。沁水盆地东部边界晋获断裂带的北段对中奥陶统含水层组起到明显的横向阻水作用,中段导水性及水动力条件强烈,南段地下水迳流条件极差,是不导水的。南部边界由东部导水段、中部阻水段以及西部导水段组成,特别是中段的阻水性质,对晋城一带煤层气的保存与富集起到了重要作用。西部边界以安泽为界,北段为一阻水边界,南段则由导水性断层组成。内部存在着4条重要的水文地质边界。其中寺头断裂是一条封闭性的断裂,导水、导气能力极差;在沁水盆地中、南部寺头断裂和晋获断裂南段之间的大宁-潘庄-樊庄地区,山西组和太原组含水层的等势面明显地要高于断裂东、西两侧地区,地下水显然以静水压力形式将煤层中的煤层气封闭起来。在寺头断裂西侧的郑庄及其附近地区,地下水迳流强度可能较弱,较有利于煤层气保存[7]。高煤阶地下水滞流区是煤层气聚集的最佳场所,但最近的勘探和研究表明,对于低煤阶煤层气藏,尤其是未熟低煤阶煤层气藏存在例外。吐哈盆地沙尔湖地区煤层气藏古生界地层水总矿化度为20000~160000mg/L,平均矿化度达109300mg/L,平均值较海水(35000mg/L)浓缩了3倍多,具有高矿化度的特点。吐哈盆地低煤阶褐煤含气量测试小于2m3/t,在深度>300m,煤层厚度大于50m,水矿化度如此之高,含气量如此低,大大低于入们的想像。以往勘探工作证明,高煤阶勘探表明高矿化度对应着好的保存条件。实验利用不同矿化度的水型饱和盐水和蒸馏水进行模拟,来研究褐煤在不同矿化度水的条件下对煤层气的吸附能力。饱和盐水模拟显示当地层压力达到1.7MPa时含气量达到2m3/t,蒸馏水模拟显示当地层压力达到2.5MPa时含气量达到2m3/t。矿化度越高,随着压力降低量越小,地层压力梯度降低越快,储层压力越低,造成吸附能力降低,含气饱和度增大,气体大量解吸散失。低煤阶褐煤吸附量低,压力变化不明显,矿化度越高,吸附量越低,含气量越小;地质历史时期,矿化度不断增大。矿化度高造成吸附能力降低,造成地层压力梯度降低,储层压力低,含气饱和度增大,气体大量解吸散失。高变质倾向于高矿化度,预示着良好的保存条件,代表着水力交替作用弱,煤层气保存条件好。6 高低煤阶煤层气藏的差异性主要体现在成藏过程的差异性,高煤阶煤层气成藏过程复杂未熟低煤阶煤层气藏成藏历史简单〔8〕。煤层形成后一般只经历了一次抬升。但现今地下水的补给、运移、排泄和滞流对煤层气藏的调整和改造起决定作用。从煤层的形成直至现今都有气的生成,都对煤层气的成分和同位素特征有影响。但现今的构造格局和地下水赋存状态是影响煤层气生成的关键,也是控制成藏的关键。可见煤层气的生成具有持续性。成熟低煤阶煤层气藏成藏过程相对简单,以深成变质作用为主,即便是存在岩浆活动影响,也仅为接触变质,影响范围有限。现今的构造格局和地下水赋存状态是煤层气藏调整改造的控制因素。煤层气的生成阶段性和持续性并存。埋深最大、热演化程度的时期决定了热成因煤层气的特征。因此,热成因煤层气的形成具有阶段性〔9〕。从煤层抬升到微生物能够活动的深度,次生生物气就开始生成,并一直持续至今。可见次生生物气的生成具有持续性。现今地下水的赋存状态不仅影响次生生物气的生成而且影响热成因气的运移。高煤阶煤层气藏成藏过程复杂。无论存不存在二次生烃,区域岩浆热变质作用都是高煤阶煤层气藏形成的必要条件。煤层气的形成具有明显的阶段性。在达到最高演化程度后就不再有煤层气的生成,进入煤层气藏的调整改造阶段。7 结论中国高煤阶煤层气藏成藏特征主要集中在八个方面:①煤层气成因以原生和次生热成因煤层气为主;②高煤阶煤层吸附量大,含气量高;③滞流水区域为富气区;④煤层基质致密,渗透率低,割理裂隙应力敏感;⑤构造热事件对煤层物性影响较大;⑥要求持续排水降压开采,大型压裂;⑦分支井技术,大幅度提高单井产量;⑧成藏过程复杂。中国低煤阶煤层气藏成藏特征主要集中在六个方面:①煤层气成因以生物降解气(原生、次生)为主;②煤演化程度低,含气量小,含气饱和度高;③低煤阶盆缘缓流晚期生物气成藏;④煤层割理裂隙不发育,基质疏松,渗透率高,应力不敏感;⑤以深成热变质为主,构造热事件影响小;⑥低煤阶自卸压开采机制;⑦竖井开采技术,小型压裂;⑧成藏过程简单,多一次沉降,一次调整。由此可见高煤阶煤层气藏具有三条显著的优点:(1)煤变质程度高,生气量大,煤吸附能力强,含气量大;(2)构造热事件和构造应力场对煤层物性影响较大,构造热事件促进煤层气大量生成,同时改善了储层物性,构造应力通过对天然裂隙开合程度的控制而对储层原始渗透率施加影响;(3)滞流水和高矿化度区域煤层气保存条件好,利用煤层气保存和排水降压开采。参考文献[1]赵庆波等.2001.中国煤层气研究与勘探进展勘探,徐州:中国矿业大学出版杜[2]Scott A R.1993.Composition and orgin of coalbed gases from selected basin in the United States.Proceeding of the 1993 International CoalbedMethane Symposium,209~222[3]桑树勋,范炳恒,秦勇等.1999.煤层气的封存与富集条件.石油与天然气地质,20(2):104~107[4]傅雪海,秦勇,姜波等.2001a.煤割理压缩实验及渗透率数值模拟.煤炭学报,26(6):573~577[5]刘洪林,王红岩,张建博.2000.煤层气吸附时间计算及其影响因素分析.石油实验地质,22(4)[6]王红岩,刘洪林,赵庆波等.2005.煤层气富集成藏规律.北京:石油工业出版杜[7]王红岩等.2001.沁水盆地南部煤层气藏水文地质特征.煤田地质与勘探[8]苏现波,陈江峰,孙俊民.2001.煤层气地质学与勘探开发.北京:科学出版杜[9]Scott A.R.2002.Hydrogeologic factors affecting gas content distribution in coal beds.International Journal of Coal Geology,50:363~387
2023-07-15 14:58:541

求一篇英语4000字左右,汉语翻译5000字左右的土木工程英语期刊以及翻译,那种有摘要,关键字,参考文献的

求一篇英语4000字原作? 文献?在很多大学发表一篇英语期刊奖金上万元。
2023-07-15 14:59:072

曹建华的发表论文

(1) 曹建华、王福星,初探藻类、地衣生物喀斯特微形态与内陆环境间相关性,地质论评 ,1998,44(6):656-660;(2) Cao Jianhua & Wang Fuxing, Reform on the subsurface of carbonate rock by crustose lichens and their environmental significance, Acta Geologica Sinica, 1998,72(1):94-99;(3) 曹建华 潘根兴 袁道先 林玉石,桂林岩溶洼地生态系统中大气 CO 2 动态及环境意义,地质论评 ,1999, 45(1):105-112;(4) 曹建华 袁道先,石生藻类、地衣、苔藓与碳酸盐岩持水及生态意义,地球化学, 1999 , 28(3):243-256;(5) 曹建华 潘根兴 袁道先,不同植物凋落物对土壤有机碳淋失的影响及岩溶意义,第四纪研究 , 2000,20(4):359-366;(6)Cao Jianhua Yuan Daoxian and Pan Genxing, Preliminary Study on Biological Action in Karst Dynamics System, ISCA, 2000;(7) 曹建华 潘根兴 袁道先, 柠檬酸对石灰岩溶蚀动力模拟及岩溶意义,中国岩溶, 2001 , 20(1):1-4 ;(8) 曹建华 袁道先 潘根兴,岩溶动力系统中生物作用机制,地学前缘, 2001 , 8(1):203-209 ;(9) 曹建华 袁道先 姜光辉:土壤环境中温室气体 CO 2 动态对降雨响应的模拟,西南师范大学学报, 2001 , 26( 专辑 ) : 13-19 ;(10) Cao Jianhua, The effect of low-grade plants on weathering rates of carbonate rocks ,21 st Speleological School , Poland , 2002(11) 曹建华 袁道先 潘根兴,岩溶生态系统中的土壤,地球科学进展, 2003 , 18(1):37-44.(12) Cao Jianhua, Ecological Features Influenced by Geology and Hydrogeology in Baojing Karst Area, Post Graduate Training Course on Groundwater Tracing Techniques,Graz / Austria, 2003;(13) 曹建华 袁道先 章程 蒋忠诚,中国西南岩溶生态系统若干特征,生态环境地质调查论文集,中国地质调查局, 2003 , 289-303;(14) 曹建华 袁道先 章程 蒋忠诚,受地质条件制约的中国西南岩溶生态系统,地球与环境, 2004 , 32(1):1-8;(15) 曹建华 袁道先 潘根兴 姜光辉,不同植被条件下土壤碳转移对岩溶动力系统中碳循环的影响,地球与环境, 2004 , 32(1):90-96;(16) 曹建华 李先琨,中国西南岩溶生态系统的特征、演变与生态恢复,生态科学进展 ( 段昌群主编 ) ,高等教育出版社, 2004 ;(17) 曹建华 袁道先 姜光辉 游省易,路南石林 地区土壤呼吸及稳定碳同位素日动态特征,中国岩溶, 2005 , 24(1):23-27 ;(18) 曹建华 袁道先等,受地质条件制约的中国西南岩溶生态系统,地质出版社, 2005 ;(19) 曹建华 潘根兴 袁道先, 岩溶地区土壤溶解有机碳的季节动态及环境效应,生态环境, 2005 , 14(2): 224-229;(20) 曹建华 袁道先 章程 蒋忠诚 , 脆弱的广西岩溶生态系统:地质地貌对资源、环境和社会经济的制约 , 中国人口,资源与环境, 2006( 待刊 ) ;(21) Cao Jinhua, Yuan Daoxian, Pan Genxing, Seasonal changes of soil dissolved organic carbon and its environmental implication in Gui lin Karst Experimental Site, 科学研究月刊 , 2006 ( 待刊 );
2023-07-15 14:59:141

马致远的学术论文

(英文题目论文略)1 马致远,王心刚等,陕西关中盆地中部地下热水H、O同位素交换及其影响因素。地质通报。2008. 6 Vol.27, No.6 :888-8942马致远 环境同位素方法在西北岩溶地下水研究中的应用,《地质论评》,2004.(3)78-83:3马致远,牛光亮,刘方, 侯光才,党学亚,苏艳,隐伏岩溶水循环模式及可更新性的环境同位素研究,《地质通报》,2006(6);756-7614 苏艳,马致远,西安咸阳地下热水氘过量研究 《煤田地质与勘探》2007 (3)39-425马致远 范基娇 牛光亮, 关中地区地下热水的分类,《煤田地质与勘探》,2005(5)57-576马致远,高文义,郭建青,应用环境氚计算隐伏岩溶含水层的滞留时间及储水系数《煤田地质与勘探》1997年(3)34-41 EI检索7马致远,范基姣,.陕西渭北东部岩溶地下水中硫酸盐的形成,《煤田地质与勘探》,2005.(3) 45-52 ;8 马致远 应用氚示踪剂有限态混合模型计算含水层参数及地下水滞留时间,《西安工程学院院报》,1999(1)(CA检索);9马致远 Outlook Of Environmental Tritium Technique Application on Study of Kaster Water in Northwestern China ,《PROCEEDING OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROGEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT》,2000 .10. (ISTP检索);10 马致远 地压型热储流体环境同位素时空演化及其指示意义 国家自然基金高层论坛 2009.1011胡阳 马致远 西安凹陷的补给温度及热储温度 地球科学环境学报 2009.6 vol 31: 173-17912马致远 关中盆地地下热水环境同位素分布特征及其水文地质意义地球科学环境学报 2008.6 vol 31: 73-79
2023-07-15 14:59:291

艾萍的科研成果

水文水资源系统集成理论与方法;软件与理论及信息组织和数据中心;水信息学理论与技术及水信息工程;水文物理规律分析模拟及预报;软件工程环境及领域软件演化;智慧水利及水利信息化宏观策略; 水文信息资源统一组织平台技术研究与应用(获大禹奖三等奖、长江委科技一等奖);基于3S的多源水环境监测数据融合关键技术及专题应用软件新产品(中国仪器仪表学会科技成果奖);江苏省水文数据计算机网络应用研究获水利部科技进步三等奖及江苏省水利科技进步一等奖,排名第二(1991-1994);太湖水文遥测数据查询系统获江苏省科技进步三等奖及江苏省水利科技进步一等奖,排名第五(1993-1994);水文数据库水文年鉴数据录校管理系统获江苏省水利科技进一等奖,排名第一(1997-1998);基于构件的开放式领域应用框架研究被评为江苏省基金优秀项目,排名第三(2001-2003);被中国水利学会授予全国“先进青年科技工作者”荣誉称号(2004) ;水文数据库信息源的选择(获中国水利学会计算机专委会优秀论文奖);水利部全国水文数据库建设先进个人奖;甘肃省水利科技进步奖二等奖(2014) 水文数据在线分析与知识发现系统模型水文行业信息化研究智能数据处理系统与工程智能关于数字黄河的思考 Constructing information service platform for the digital basin using the web service中间件技术在水文遥测系统集成中的应用水利信息化与水文数据库数据挖掘、数据仓库技术在水文数据库中的应用国家水文数据库表结构方案和测站编码方案修订探讨江苏省国家防汛指挥系统实时水情信息系统的实现基于Client/Server体系结构的水文数据库系统设计与开发信息化与水利信息化概论基于构件的水利领域软件标准化基础研究我国水文数据挖掘技术研究的回顾与展望软件构件组装基础研究进展一种面向服务的水文遥测软件模型领域软件构件柔性组装基础研究 计算机软件构件认知基于软件复用的水利领域业务应用特征分析Architecture of Hydrological Telemetering Software Based on Web Services水利领域软件体系结构研究A Trust Management Framework Suitable for Web Services Security Ping Ai,Peng Feng,Ping Mu ,Research on Hydrological Information Organization Based on Virtualization, 11th International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications to Business, Engineering and Science,IEEE Computer Society,2012,86-90(EI:20130415936691)艾萍,中国水利信息化评估研究与实践,ISBN 978-7-5492-0687-2,长江出版社,2011.11Ping Ai,Ping Mu,Ya-Li Chen ,A Definition of the Water Information, 10th International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications to Business, Engineering and Science,2011,364-367 (EI:20120414717271)Shi Zhan, Ai Ping, Guo Yuyan, Method of business Modelling based on UML extension ,Advances in Information Sciences and Service Sciences ,2012,vol(4)13,387-396(EI 20123815452734)艾萍,水信息工程引论,ISBN 978-7-5492-0270-6,武汉:长江出版社,2010.11Ping Ai,Ya-Li Chen, Extracting software component from hydrological information service system,Hydroinformatics in Hydrology, Hydrogeology and Water Resources,2009,IAHS Publication 331:333-341(EI:20110413622302)Zhang Ke,Ai Ping,A hierarchical modeling approach of business process,Proceedings of 2009 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Software Engineering(CiSE 2009),IEEE Computer Society Publication(EI:20101212799413)Ping Ai, Ya-Li Chen, A Survey of Applied Research of Soft Computing for Hydrology in China, International Conference on Information Technology & Environmental Systems Sciences 2008,PROCEEDINGS:741-746 (ISIP:000257018600165)Ping Ai ,Ya-Li Chen ,The Principle of Flexible Composition of Software Component in Domain, DCABES(2007 International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications to Business, Engineering and Science), PROCEEDINGS : 425-429,2007.8(ISTP:BGW74)艾萍,关于“十一五”水利信息化技术及装备需求的探讨,中国水利,(23):63-64,2006Ai P,Wang ZJ,Mao YC, Service-Oriented Architecture of Specific Domain Data Center, GRID AND COOPERATIVE COMPUTING GCC 2004, PROCEEDINGS LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 3251: 855-858 2004,(SCI/ISTP :BBE85)Ping AI,Mao YC,A Trust Management Framework Suitable for Web Services Security, DCABES(2004 International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications to Business, Engineering and Science),2004,(ISTP:BBZ82)Zhou XF, Wang ZJ, Ai P, Research of information resources integration and shared in digital basin, GRID AND COOPERATIVE COMPUTING, PT 2 LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 3033: 191-194 2004,(SCI/ISTP: BAC97)艾萍,关于制定水利信息化评价指标体系的探讨,中国水利,(17):46-47,2004Ai P, Wang ZJ, Zhou XF, Lou YS, Architecture of hydrological telemetering software based on web services, 2003 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER NETWORKS AND MOBILE COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS : 432-437, 2003,(ISTP: BX87X)艾萍,倪伟新,基于构件的水利领域软件标准化基础研究,水利学报,(12):104-108,2003艾萍,软件构件组装基础研究进展,计算机工程与设计,Vol. 24(12):6-12, 27,2003艾萍,倪伟新,我国水文数据挖掘技术研究的回顾与展望 ,计算机工程与应用,Vol.39(28):13-16,2003艾萍,倪伟新,水利领域软件体系结构研究,计算机工程与应用,Vol. 39(34):213-217,232,2003艾萍,王志坚,中间件技术在水文遥测系统集成中的应用,水文,Vol.22(6):33-35, 2002艾萍,王志坚,索丽生,倪伟新,水文数据在线分析与知识发现系统模型, 水利学报,(11):15-19,2001,(EI:02126894008)艾萍,索丽生,王志坚,倪伟新,水文行业信息化研究,水文,Vol.21(3):8-10 , 2001 负责国家社会科学基金重大项目:保障经济、生态和国家安全的最严格水资源管理制度体系研究专项:最严格水资源管理制度的能力建设(2012&ZD214)、江苏省普通高校研究生科研创新计划项目:大数据技术在水利决策分析中的应用及关键技术研究(CXZZ13_0261)、国家地下水监测工程项目:信息服务系统规划及可行性研究、国家防汛抗旱指挥系统二期工程项目:可行性与系统设计研究、水利部年度中国水利信息化发展评估研究、支持大数据的水利数据中心理论与关键技术研究、直辖市水务信息化发展战略研究、基于水场景的信息组织与应用的理论和技术等项目的研究 ;参加国家自然科学基金重大项目:变化环境下工程水文计算的理论与方法(51190090)、国家自然科学基金重点项目:分布式新安江模型研究(41030636)(参加)、国家自然科学基金重大研究计划培育项目:非常规突发水灾害事件应急合作机制与建模仿真(90924027)等项目的研究 。国家防汛抗旱指挥系统相关技术研究;国家水利电子地图产品模式标准研究;国家电子政务工程 - “金水”工程体系结构及实现技术研究;国家科技基础条件平台工作重点项目课题 - 水文水资源信息共享服务技术平台相关技术研究。
2023-07-15 14:59:431

河南石炭二叠纪含煤岩系煤热变质作用下的变化

———地下水热液对煤变质作用影响的初步探讨河南石炭二叠纪含煤岩系在热液活动影响下,煤及其围岩都发生了变化。笔者研究了围岩变化特征及热液的性质,认为热液是大气降水来源的地下水热液;并以地下水热液系统形成机制为核心,把水文地质学中的有关观点应用于煤变质问题研究,指出地下水热液是煤热变质作用过程中的对流传热媒介。此外,用围岩黏土矿物变化特征划分了围岩变化阶段,使之与煤变质阶段对应了起来。河南石炭二叠纪煤田位于华北石炭二叠纪聚煤坳陷南部,以其含煤层数多和以济源、焦作、偃龙、荥巩诸无烟煤矿区为中心的煤变质分带性明显而著称(图1)。促成该区大面积无烟煤和高变质烟煤形成的煤变质作用一直是许多煤田地质工作者致力研究的课题。近年来,尽管一些研究者 在发现河南煤的热变质特征,进而确认异常地热因素对变质带形成有重要意义等方面,殊途同归,取得了一致的认识。但对于导致煤热变质作用的热源和热的作用方式等问题还有不同的看法。本文通过研究煤热变质作用条件下围岩的变化特征,从地热异常形成机制方面考虑,尝试把水文地质学中关于地下水热液的认识应用于煤的热变质作用研究。一、区域地质简况研究区地质发展史与华北大部分地区相似。石炭二叠纪地层是区内最重要的含煤沉积,最大厚度约1500m,与下伏奥陶系或寒武系假整合接触。上覆连续沉积盖层的最大厚度约3500m。二叠系山西组的二1煤层是全区普遍的主要可采煤层,因而,讨论煤变质的水平分带主要针对二1煤层。各种不同的大地构造观点都认为,河南中北部是不同构造单元的交接处。大致沿郑州—宿县一线延伸的河淮断裂横贯全区,一些中生代的近南北向深大断裂与之相交[1]。全区褶曲构造不发育,以断裂构造为主,比较重要的区域性断裂有五指岭断层、嵩山断层和襄郏断层等北西向断裂。图 1 河南石炭二叠纪煤田山西组二1煤反射率等值线图二、含煤岩系岩石的蚀变矿化野外和矿井地质观察发现,区内无烟煤带的含煤岩系岩石普遍有蚀变和矿化现象。蚀变的主要类型有硅化、方解石化、绿泥石化和叶蜡石化。硅化和方解石化使含煤岩系中发育许多石英脉和方解石脉,个别地区还有石英被膜包裹碎屑颗粒的现象。这些脉石的宽度大多在1cm左右,最宽的可达20cm以上;长度几厘米至几米,甚至几十米。它们沿岩、煤层张开的裂隙充填,脉体边缘的围岩常常还有窄窄的蚀变边,矿物成分和颜色有不同程度的改变。脉石的出现与围岩的成分有某些一致性,石英脉一般只见于富含SiO2的山西组及其以上地层,很少出现在太原组灰岩中;而方解石脉则多见于富含CaCO3的太原组地层中。一些菱铁矿脉、黄铁矿脉、绿泥石脉和叶蜡石脉与方解石脉,石英脉相比,规模更小,往往与后者共生。绿泥石化和叶蜡石化主要发生在富含黏土矿物的岩石中。肉眼观察所见,在泥质岩中它们常呈薄膜状和细脉状,在砂岩中常产于石英脉的边缘,形成1至几毫米的蚀变边。薄膜状者成分较纯,脉状者常混有微晶石英和星点浸染状的金属矿物。经粉晶X射线衍射分析,绿泥石具有特征的衍射峰d(001)=14.2×10-10m,d(002)=7.1×10-10m,d(003)=4.7×10-10m,d(004)=3.53×10-10m;叶蜡石的衍射峰特征是d(002)=9.15×10-10m,d(004)=4.6×10-10m,d(006)=3.07×10-10m。偃龙、荥巩等矿区的岩矿鉴定资料表明,绿泥石化、叶蜡石化同样见于显微镜下砂岩的泥质填隙物和泥岩中。此外,济源、焦作等地块状无烟煤的外生裂隙也有充填绿泥石和叶蜡石薄膜的,其顶板岩石的绿泥石化和叶蜡石化更是强烈。与岩石蚀变作用伴生的矿化作用一直未为大家注意。作者观察所见,偃龙、济源、荥巩、焦作等地的石英脉和方解石脉中,有呈斑点浸染状和脉状构造的金属矿物。经矿物粉晶X射线衍射鉴定有黄铁矿、菱铁矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿等,以黄铁矿和菱铁矿多见,并且晶形较佳,有的形成斑晶。一般地说,蚀变矿化现象主要见于高变质煤区,如济源,焦作、偃龙、荥巩等矿区,以此为中心向外,蚀变矿化现象逐渐消失。三、脉石矿物包裹体的研究采用两面抛光的薄片观察包裹体。石英和方解石中的包裹体较多,主要见两相的流体包裹体,外形较规则,椭圆形,在样品中均匀分布,气液比一般为15%~20%;个体较大,通常8~12μm,最大可达30μm以上,一般液相为浅灰色,气相呈灰色,偶尔可见呈淡桃红色的液相。个别样品见少数零星分布的气体包裹体和CO2包裹体。菱铁矿中的包裹体个体小,一般2~5μm左右,外形与菱铁矿晶形一致,液相呈现淡绿色,气液比为10%~15%。所有气液两相的流体包裹体达到其均一温度时,均化为液相。包裹体测温和包裹体化学成分、水的氢氧稳定同位素分析结果分别列于表1、表2。表 1 流体包裹体的均化温度和爆裂温度续表注: 包裹体测温由核工业部北京铀矿地质研究所完成。表 2 包裹体的化学成分及包裹体水的稳定同位素组成注: * 样品由中科院贵阳地化所分析; **样品由北京铀矿地质研究所分析; /表示未检出该项成分。四、黏土矿物的变化各矿区泥岩和砂岩泥质填隙物的X射线衍射分析表明,各矿区的黏土矿物组合有较大的差别,济源、焦作、偃龙和荥巩的样品为叶蜡石、绿泥石、伊利石和高岭石组合,而平顶山的样品则为不规则混层黏土矿物、伊利石和高岭石为主的组合。虽然各地的样品均含伊利石,但衍射曲线反映出它们的结晶度是有差别的。采用We-ber(1972)[3]提出的方法,以伊利石特征衍射峰d(001)峰的相对半高宽Hbrel来表示伊利石的结晶度,在特定的X射线衍射条件下,取伊利石d(001)=10×10-10衍射峰和石英外标d(100)=4.27×10-10m衍射峰半高宽的比值。即任德贻煤岩学和煤地球化学论文选辑通常,伊利石结晶度是直接以d(001)=10×10-10m峰的半高宽表示的,因为峰宽易受仪器分析条件的影响,所以不同研究者提出的结晶度没有可比性。采用Hbrel表示的结晶度取得了可与国外一些典型实例比较的数据。样品分析结果见表3,表现出从南部的平顶山矿区向北,随煤化程度的增高,伊利石结晶度增强的趋势。此外,平顶山29-15孔样品和该孔煤化程度受控于埋藏深度一样,表现出随埋藏深度增加,结晶度增强的趋势。表 3 若干矿区的伊利石结晶度值 Hbrel注: 样品由石油勘探开发科学研究院实验中心分析。* 黏土矿物颗粒小于 2μm。五、讨论( 一) 含煤岩系岩石蚀变矿化与煤变质作用的关系硅化、方解石化和绿泥石化、叶蜡石化是比较常见的中温蚀变现象。黄铁矿、菱铁矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿等是常见的中温热液矿物共生组合。通过对矿物包裹体测温,证实了形成石英脉和方解石脉的溶液具有中-高温热液性质,最高温度达 200 ~350℃。以区内含煤岩系及其上覆盖层厚度累计,在正常地温梯度下不可能达到如此高的古地温。热液的形成肯定有异常地热场为背景,这种有热液参与的异常古地温对含煤岩系的改造( 包括促成煤的变质) 是明显的。上石炭统太原组灰岩中黄铁矿重结晶形成的粗大立方晶体经常可见。有时,黄铁矿脉甚至穿插到煤层中。图 2 是沁阳水峪寺煤矿太原组底部煤层被黄铁矿交代的情形。镜下可见大量黄铁矿细晶溶解,重结晶连成片状,原来单个小立方晶的晶形尚依稀可辨,该煤层顶板灰岩中的方解石脉爆裂法测温为 365℃,方解石脉中还有少量黄铜矿共生。图 2 沁阳水峪寺煤矿太原组煤层黄铁矿化示意图焦作、偃龙等矿区太原组煤在镜下常见黄铁矿、方解石和石英的网状脉,在这些网脉中,黄铁矿往往作为方解石或石英的嵌晶出现,这些黄铁矿嵌晶又可包含方解石或石英晶体。这和图 2 的实例一样,反映了在异常古地温和热液作用下,沉积的 FeS2活化迁移,沉凝、重结晶。从石炭系以外的岩层、煤层中很少出现黄铁矿脉和含黄铁矿的网状方解石脉、石英脉,可以判断 FeS2迁移的范围有限。对焦作矿区李封矿的两个样品测温,一个样品是石英脉含黄铁矿立方晶体,另一个样品是有石英脉穿插的块状黄铁矿; 前者石英的爆裂温度为135℃ ,黄铁矿的爆裂温度为 110℃ ; 后者黄铁矿的爆裂温度为 130℃ 。证明了黄铁矿是在比较高的温度下沉凝、重结晶的。作为有机岩的煤,对高温的敏感更胜于围岩。200 ~350℃的最高古地温足以使煤发生强烈变质,形成无烟煤。高变质带分布与蚀变强烈地带的吻合也说明了这一点。从蚀变现象范围的广泛和较高的古地温来看,异常古地热场是区域性的。因此,我们把河南石炭二叠纪煤那样大面积的变质分带的成因归之于这一异常古地热场。关于煤在热液作用下的变化特征,已有专文讨论[4]。( 二) 热液成因与异常地热场形成的关系近年来,一些研究者在指出异常古地温对河南煤变质分带形成的重要影响的同时,都囿于区域岩浆热变质作用的地质模式,致力寻找隐伏岩体,忽略了对异常地热形成机制的进一步讨论。事实上,区内除少数几个小型喜山期和燕山期岩体外,至今未发现煤田内有其他火成岩体出露,而且已发现的岩体主要分布在高变质带以外的矿区,也没有被确认是隐伏岩体造成的地球物理异常,区内的航磁异常一般为前寒武系结晶基底顶面起伏变化的反映。即使是认为存在一些较高异常值圈出的隐伏岩体,其规模也不足以产生影响全区的岩浆热液,使区域发生热活化。因此,煤的区域岩浆热变质作用模式的应用遇到了困难。我们注意到,野外发现的各种矿脉的规模都很小,但却普遍出现。小而分散是脉石的分布特点,并且脉石成分与围岩的化学成分有明显的一致性,表明矿质主要并非热液原先所具有的,而是在热液渗流过程中从围岩转移出来的,也表明热液的成因、演化与地质特征有一定的联系。在这里,热液的成因实际上涉及地热异常形成机制问题。水是热液的主要组成,因而研究水的来源和成因是研究热液成因的关键。水的最终来源只有通过研究水分子本身的某些地球化学参数才能识别,而氢氧稳定同位素提供的正是这样一种参数。矿物包裹体研究的理论告诉我们,原生的包裹体实际上就是矿物形成时所保存的一部分原始的热液,因此,热液中水的来源及演化特征,可以通过测定包裹体水的氢氧稳定同位素的组成来判断。笔者参考Sheppard(1977)的各种不同成因水的同位素组成综合图[5]编成了图3。可以看到,研究区石英包裹体水的δD和δ18O值落在了图中雨水线的附近,δD值变化幅度很小,但δ18O却显示出偏离雨水线向更高的δ18O方向迁移的特点,一般认为这是热水与硅酸盐和碳酸盐围岩进行同位素交换的结果[6]。也就是说,区内形成石英脉、方解石脉的热液中的水主要来源于雨水(大气降水)。以水的来源划分,这种热液被称为地下水热液,它是大陆地壳最上部2~4英里(约3~6.5km)最常见的热液系统,日益受到矿床学家的重视[7,8]。当然,单一来源的热液水是难以想象的,我们也不排除少量的深部变质作用或岩浆作用产生的水加入到这一热液系统的可能性。表2列出的包裹体化学成分没有岩浆热液通常所具有的复杂成分。包体水中的阴离子有SO42-、HCO-3和Cl-,济源的样品中还有微量F-,阳离子有K+,Na+,Ca++,Mg++,以阴阳离子总和表示的总矿化度也是较低的,为26.6~53.1mg/g,属HCO3-SO4-NaCa和Cl-Na型水,表现出砂页岩及煤系分布区受深大断裂控制的深循环型地下热水的某些性质[8]。这种富含氧、二氧化碳和硫酸根离子的地下水溶液具有较强的侵蚀能力,在其渗滤过程中能逐渐溶取围岩中富含的各种元素,成为含矿溶液,沉淀出各种脉石和金属矿物。图3 包裹体水的稳定同位素组成图|Fig.3 Stable isotope composition of the inclusion liquid|虚线表示热水-岩石间同位素交换引起的δ18O迁移 Broken linedenotestheδ18O migration cause by isotopic exchange between thermal waters and rocks很显然,大气降水是进入地下渗流过程中被加热,演变成热液的。地热学和水文地质学的研究都证明,地下水的运动是影响岩石圈上部温度场分布的最活跃的因素,循环于地壳的地下水具有较大的热容量和很好的对流传热性能,是地壳中理想的载热流体,是将地下热能从深部传递到地表的重要媒介[8,9]。由地下水深循环加热作用形成的地热异常,无论是板块内部的地壳隆起区,还是沉降区都有广泛分布。理所当然,这种地下水的升温主要依赖于地下的供热系统。我们注意到,地下水热液活动范围的广泛,是由于区域发生热活化,热流和地温梯度普遍提高,而象这种活化现象不可能是由一个个侵入体释放的热造成的。区内缺乏岩浆活动的实际情况,也使得把区域热活化归因于岩浆侵入的依据不足。初步分析认为,使地下水升温的“供热站”可能和华北地区南部晚中生代大地构造格局变化及莫霍面起伏变化在深部形成的热源有关。图1煤变质带的走向和分布明显受一些深大断裂的控制,同时,在重要的区域性断裂近侧,反射率等值线发生畸变。其他煤级参数,如挥发分、H/C原子比等都从两侧向断裂方向规律变化,表明了断裂有可能作为深部热流上涌以及地下水活动的宏观通道。地下水热液实质上是深部热源和含煤岩系之间的传热媒介,它与围岩的相互作用,包括了在渗流过程中的蚀变作用及与围岩的热交换,对含煤系加温,促成煤的热变质。这样,河南石炭二叠纪煤的热变质作用时期,也就是地下水热液形成和活动时期,相当于晚中生代华北地区南部的大地构造格局及上地幔顶界面起伏态势的变化时期。采用多种手段研究区内煤的显微变质特征,岩层、煤层孔隙作为地下水热液渗流的微观通道的可能性得到了证实[4,10]。(三)围岩后生变化阶段与煤变质阶段的关系黏土矿物的变化是地下水热液影响的异常古地温作用的一种效应。与区内无烟煤带岩石相似的后生变化,国外也有报道[11,12]。如法国洛林附近Belledonne的上石炭统、美国宾夕法尼亚无烟煤矿区和联邦德国下萨克森盆地Bramche地区的中石炭统和下白垩统。它们都与异常古地温有关。在岩石浅层变质作用(anchimetamorphism)阶段存在下列平衡[11]:任德贻煤岩学和煤地球化学论文选辑在水分压为0.1GPa的条件下,叶蜡石的生成温度约350℃,这一平衡中Si的活性增加,水的逸度减小,平衡温度会更低些。自生伊利石结晶度的增加主要取决于温度,而与岩石的变形程度无关。区内岩石的伊利石结晶度Hbrel值反映出从平顶山矿区向热液活动强烈的济源、偃龙等矿区结晶度增高的趋势。根据上述分析,初步划分了围岩后生变化阶段(表4)。区内无烟煤带含煤地层岩石已经进入浅层变质作用阶段。叶蜡石发育,蒙脱石、伊利石-蒙脱石不规则混层的消失以及在碎屑沉积岩中伊利石、绿泥石等矿物占优势,都是浅层变质作用的标志。浅层变质作用阶段的温度范围200~350℃,是与热液矿物包体测温确定的最高古地温范围一致的,说明有可能利用伊利石结晶度Hbrel划分岩石后生变化阶段和判断古地温。区内Hbrel<250与浅层变质作用阶段和200~350℃的最高古地温对应。表 4 围岩后生变化阶段与煤变质阶段的关系*R°max为油浸介质中镜质组最大反射率;R°min为油浸介质中镜质组最小反射率;**波浪线表示界线不是整齐划一的。此表据Teichmüller等(1979)的表改编。表中的伊利石结晶度Hbrel均采用小于2μm黏土矿物的X射线衍射数据。六、几点认识(1)河南石炭二叠纪含煤岩系在较大范围发生了热液蚀变矿化,它是曾经存在过异常古地温作用的直接证据。热液矿物包裹体测温确定,热液作用的最高温度达200~350℃。这一温度范围对于区内无烟煤的形成是合适的,从热液强烈活动地区与高变质带分布的吻合可以得到证实。(2)应用氢氧稳定同位素分析方法研究热液矿物包裹体水,包裹体水的δD和δ18O值组成特征表明,热液中的水主要来源于大气降水。大气降水无疑是进入地下深处之后被加热而演变成地下水热液的。(3)在河南石炭二叠纪煤的热变质作用中,地下水热液作为载热流体,是联系深部热源与含煤岩系的媒介,它在沿岩层、煤层孔隙渗流过程中与围岩发生热交换,通过对流方式把异常地热传递到岩层、煤层,促成煤的变质。受深大断裂格局控制的地下水热液变质作用决定了河南煤变质带的取向和分布。( 4) 粘上矿物组合的变化、伊利石结晶度的增加,同样是热液作用下异常古地温的效应。利用黏土矿物变化和伊利石结晶度划分岩石后生变化阶段,进而确定煤化作用的古温度是可能的。以往煤的热变质作用研究,比较强调岩浆热直接烘烤的传导传热方式,忽视了传热效率更高的载热流体介质以对流方式的影响。以河南为实例,从地热异常形成机制方面考虑,我们提出了一种以地下水热液为传热媒介的煤热变质作用方式,为求进一步讨论和研究。本文的研究工作得到了韩德馨教授的热情指导和河南省煤田地质勘探公司以及河南省许多煤矿的大力协助。承蒙石油勘探开发科学研究院实验中心、河南地矿局实验室、核工业部北京铀矿地质研究所和中科院贵阳地球化学研究所的有关实验室帮助进行了样品的测试,对此,作者表示诚挚的谢意。参 考 文 献[1] 张文佑、张抗、赵永贵、王信和、徐贵忠、吴海威、韩贝传、曾湘山,1983,华北断块区中新生代地质构造特征及岩石圈动力学模型。地质学报,第 57 卷,第 l 期,第 33 页[2] 周兴熙、袁容,1984,华北盆地南部三叠系分布探讨。石油实脸地质,第 6 卷,第 2 期,第 87 页[3] Weper,K,1972,Notes on determination of illtle crystallity,—N. Jb. Mineral,Mh,2,PP. 267 ~ 276[4] 任德贻 . 钟宁宁、肖贤明,1987,区域热变质煤的显微煤岩特征及其地质意义。中国石炭二叠纪含煤地层及地质学术讨论会论文集,第 359 页。科学出版社[5] Sheppard,S. M. F. ,1977,Identification of the origin of ore - forming solutions by the use of stable isotopes,Volcanic Process in ore genesis( Special publication No. 7 of the Geological Society of London)[6] 刘云从主编,1985,矿床学参考书( 上册) 。第 206 页。地质出版社[7] Taylor,H. P. ,1974,The application of Oxygen and Hydrogen isotope studies to problerns of hydrothermal alteration and ore depesition,Economic Geology,Vol. 69,pp. 843 ~ 883[8] 沈照理主编 . 1985,水文地质学。第 723 ~ 778 页。科学出版社[9] 黄尚瑶、郑克棪,1982,地热基础理论研究。第 1 ~ 30 页。地质出版社。[10] 钟宁宁、秦勇,1989,电子探针方法在煤岩学研究中的初步应用。煤田地质与勘探,第 2 期,第 17 页[11] Kasch,I. J. ,1983,Mincralogy and Petrology of Burial Diagenssis ( Burial Metamorphism) and Incipient Metamorphism in Clastic Rocks. Development in Sedimentology. Vol. 25B[12] Teichmüller,M. ,Teichmüller,R. ,Weber,K. ,1979,Inkohlung and illit kristallitat,Veraleichende Untersuchungen im Mesozoikum and Palaozoikum von Westfalen. Portschr. Geol. Rheinld. u. Westf. 27,pp. 201 ~ 276The alteration of the Permo-Carboniferous coal-bearing series in Henan resulting from the coal thermal metamorphism—A Preliminary Approach to the Influences of Thermal Groundwater on Coal M etamorphismZhong Ningning( Jianghan Petroleum Institute,Shashi,Hubei)Ren Deyi( Beijing Gradute School,China University of Mining and Technology,Beijing)Abstract: Some changes have taken place in the coal and its surrounding rocks of the Per- mo-Carboniferous coal-bearing series in Henan affected by hydrothermal activity. Having inves- tigated the characteristics of the alteration of the surrounding rocks and the properies of the hy- drothermal solutions,the authors considered that the hydrothermal solutions may be thermal groundw ater derived from meteoric w aters. With the formation mechanism of the thermal groundw ater system as the focus and by applying the relevant view -points in hydrogeology to the study of coal metamorphism,the authors point out that thermal grondw ater acts as a heat transfer ( convection) medium in the process of coal thermal metamorphism. Furthermore,the alteration characteristics of the clay minerals in the surrourding rocks are used to distinguish the alteration stages of the surrounding rocks,w hich are made to correspond w ith the stages of coal metamorphism.( 本文由钟宁宁、任德贻合著,原载《地质论评》,1990 年第 36 卷第 2 期)
2023-07-15 14:59:571

2008年美国研究生院学术排名和mis/cs专业的排名情况

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2023-07-15 15:00:051

衢州水资源调查报告

龙游大型古地下洞室群工程地质条件及病害研究Engineering geological conditions and diseases of longyou large ancient underground caverns李丽慧 牟会宠 杨志法 陆民 徐建宏 郑舰 摘 要:龙游大型古地下洞室群虽然已保持了长达两千年之久的完整,但是现场调查发现,这些洞室存在着许多病害现象.为了更进一步保护这一人类文化瑰宝,作者从工程地质调查入手,对龙游石窟区的工程地质条件、水文地质条件以及洞室群的病害类型等进行了分析.并在此基础上,提出了以支顶为主的观赏式保护措施.图7,参14.关键词:大型古地下洞室群;工程地质条件;力学破坏;水害;保护措施分类号:P642 文献标识码:A文章编号:1672-9102(2004)03-0018-05基金项目:国家自然科学基金的资助(编号:40272112) 作者简介:李丽慧(1976-),女,河北省行唐人,中国科学院博士生,主要从事工程地质学、岩石力学和土力学研究. 作者单位:李丽慧(中国科学院,地质与地球物理研究所工程地质力学重点实验室,北京,100029) 牟会宠(中国科学院,地质与地球物理研究所工程地质力学重点实验室,北京,100029) 杨志法(中国科学院,地质与地球物理研究所工程地质力学重点实验室,北京,100029) 陆民(浙江省龙游县文化旅游局,浙江,龙游,324400) 徐建宏(浙江省龙游县文化旅游局,浙江,龙游,324400) 郑舰(浙江省龙游县文化旅游局,浙江,龙游,324400) 参考文献:〔1〕杨志法,王思敬,许兵,等.龙游石窟工程地质条件分析及保护对策初步研究[J],工程地质学报,2000,8(3),292-295.Yang Zhi-fa,WANG Si-jing,XU Bing,et al.Analysis of the engineering geological conditions of Longyou stone caverns and primary study on the protection strategies [J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2000,8(3),292-295.〔2〕杨志法,李丽慧,潘炜.关于大型古地下工程若干问题的讨论[J].科学技术与工程,2003,3(5):23-27.YANG Zhi-fa,LI Li-hui,PAN Wei,et al.Discussions about large-scale ancient underground engineering[J].Science and Technology engineering,2003.3(5):23-27.〔3〕王思敬.巧夺天工的龙游石窟[J].岩石力学与工程动态,2001,20(3):8-9.WANG Si-jing.The wonderful artical excelling nature,Longyou Grottoes[J].Rock Mechanics and Engineering Trends,2001,(53):8-9.〔4〕李丽慧,杨志法,张路青,等.关于龙游石窟斜顶"设计"中工程科学问题的探讨[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,23(4):25-29.LI Li-hui,YANG Zhi-fa,ZHANG Lu-qing, et al.On the engineering scientific problems about the inclined roof design of LongYou Grottoes[J].Chinese Journal of rock mechanics and engineering,2002,23(4):25-29.〔5〕HATZOR Y H,TALESNICK M,TSESARSKY M.Continuous and discontinuous stability of the bell-shaped caverns at Bet Gurvrin,Israel[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,2002,(39):867-886.〔6〕TALESNICK M L,HATZOR Y H ,TSESARSKY M.The elastic deformability and strength of a high porosity,anisotropic chalk[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,2001,(38):543-555.〔7〕孙钧,凌建明.从工程科学角度看浙西大地的龙游石窟[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001,22(1):131-133.SUN Jun,LING Jian-ming.Examining the Long-you Grottoes in the western land of Zhejiang Province from the view point of engineering science[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2001,22(1):131-133.〔8〕SUN Jun-Lin,JIANG ming,JIA Gang.China"s Longyou grottoes,Zhejiang province[J].News Journal International Society for Rock Mechanics,2001,6(3):44-46.〔9〕浙江省地质矿产厅区调大队五分队.衢州市幅地质图说明书[R].1995.The 5th Unit,Regional Survey Team,Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Zhejiang Province,Instruction of geologic map,Quzhou city breadth[R].1995.〔10〕浙江省水文地质工程地质大队,区域水文地质普查报告(衢县幅,金华幅)[R].1982.Team of Zhejiang hydrogeology and engineering geology,Areal hydrogeology census report (Qu xian breadth Jinhua B) 1:200 000[R].1982.〔11〕谷德振.岩体工程地质力学基础[M].北京:科学出版社,1979.GU De-Zhen.Basement of Rock Engineering Geomechanics[M].Beijing:Sciences Press,1979.〔12〕冶金工业部第一地质勘查局二队.衢州市水利水电局,浙江省衢州市城市规划区,地下水资源调查报告[R].1997.The 2nd Team,Bureau of Geology Investigation,Ministry of Metallurgical Industry,Bureau of Water Conservancy and Hydropower of Quzhou City,Survey report of ground water sources[R].1997.〔13〕叶仲魁.龙游县水利志[M].北京:团结出版社,1990.YE Zhong-kui.Water conservancy annals of Longyou county[M].Beijing:The Union Press,1990.〔14〕李丽慧,杨志法,潘炜,等.龙游大型古地下洞室群加固方法的探讨[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,25(6):98-101.LI Li-hui, Yang Zhifa, Pan Wei,et al.Deformation and failure modes and reinforcement methods of the large ancient underground cavern group found in Longyou[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,25(6):98-101.收稿日期:2003年12月26日出版日期:2004年9月25日
2023-07-15 15:00:361

gb/t14158-93是否还有效

2023-07-15 15:00:524

恩洪矿区煤储层特征、含气特征及勘探开发建议

张金波1,2 吴财芳1,2项目资助:国家“973”煤层气项目(2009CB219605)、国家科技重大专项项目(2011ZX05034)、国家自然科学基金重点项目(40730422)及青年科学基金项目(40802032)资助。作者简介:张金波,1987年生,男,河北南宫人,中国矿业大学资源与地球科学学院在读硕士研究生,研究方向煤层气与瓦斯地质。Tel:18795426212,Email:xiaopo688@126.com(1.中国矿业大学资源与地球科学学院,江苏徐州 221008;2.煤层气资源与成藏过程教育部重点实验室,江苏徐州 221008)摘要:通过对恩洪矿区地质背景、煤储层特征、煤层气赋存特征及控气地质因素的研究,发现该区500~1000m深度煤层煤体结构、孔隙类型、顶底板岩性等条件均有助于煤层气的吸附和保存,但同时也存在渗透率低、储层压力低、煤层非均质性强烈等不利因素。主要煤层平均含气量均大于8m3/t,含气量受埋深和构造控制最为明显,盖层、煤阶、煤厚、水文地质等其他条件对煤层气富集也较为有利。综合考虑,认为该区煤层气开发前景良好,但渗透性差、构造条件复杂是最主要的不利因素。应探索以套管压裂完井和极短半径水平井为主的开发方式,配合高能气体压裂、“虚拟产层”等其他增产措施进行煤层气开发试验。关键词:恩洪矿区 煤层气 控气因素 含气量 勘探开发Characteristics of Coal Reserviors and Gas-bearing Property in the Enhong Mining District and Suggestions for Exploration and DevelopmentZHANG Jinbo1, 2 WU Caifang1,2(1.The school of Resources and Earth science China University of mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu. China 2.Key Laboratory of Coalbed Methene Resources and Reservoir for- mation, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu, China)Abstract: After studying the geological background, characteristics of coal reservoirs, accumulation of CBM and controlling factors of geology in Enhong Mining District, we found that in the depth range of 500-1000 m, some conditions such as coal structure, pore types, roof and floor lithologies and so on, are helpful for the ad- sorption and preservation of CBM.But there are also low permeability, low reservoir pressure, strong heterogeneity of coal and other negative factors.Average gas content of the main coal seams is greater than 8 m3/t.Depth and tectonic are the most obvious controlling factors for CBM.Other conditions, such as cap rock, coal rank, coal thickness and hydrogeology and so on, are also favorable for CBM"s enrichment.Generally speaking, there is a good prospect for developing CBM in this area.But the poor permeability and complex tectonic conditions may be the most important negative factors.We should explore sleeve fracturing completion wells and short-radius horizon- tal wells as the main development method and combine with other stimulation measures, such as high-energy gas fracturing,"virtual zones concept and so on, to do our development test for CBM.Keywords: Enhong Mining District, CBM, gas controlling factors, gas content, exploration and development.恩洪矿区位于云南省东部曲靖市境内,全区呈北东-南西向带状展布,长53km,宽9~20km,面积620km2,其中含煤面积485km2。含煤地层为晚古生界上二叠统宣威组(P2x),2000m以浅煤层气资源量为612.9亿m3,其中82%以上的煤层气资源埋深浅于1000m,具有较好的煤层气开发前景(邓明国等,2004)。前人已对该区盆地构造特征、煤层气成藏条件、有利区块筛选等方面进行了研究(邓明国等,2004;王朝栋等,2004;桂宝林,2004),认为恩洪矿区是滇东黔西地区煤层气勘探开发的有利区块之一(桂宝林,2004)。本文在对恩洪矿区煤层气赋存特征研究的基础上,进一步探讨了适合该区的煤层气勘探开发方式,以期为该区煤层气开发提供思路。1 地质背景1.1 构造及应力特点恩洪矿区位于扬子板块康滇古陆东缘,主体为一轴向北北东—近南北向的大型复向斜构造,其间密集展布次级向、背斜褶皱构造,自西向东依次为恩洪复向斜、牛头山复背斜、平关-大坪复向斜。轴向近南北向,皆向北倾伏,向南跷起,延长15~30km,展布面积数十至数百km2。向斜核部出露最新地层为中三叠统关岭组(T2g)或下三叠统永宁镇组(T1y),背斜轴部最老地层为上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩组(P2/β)或下二叠统茅口组(P1m),两翼地层倾角一般10°~30°。压扭性、张扭性和走向断层非常发育,主干断裂为:富源—弥勒大断裂、平关—阿岗大断裂、弥勒—师宗断裂。主干断裂周围呈“入”字型派生一系列小断层或共轭次级断裂,全区应力场表现为明显的拉张性和张扭性(桂宝林,2004),如图1所示。1.2 煤层沉积特征晚二叠世成煤期,古特提斯洋壳持续向东俯冲,康滇古陆持续上升为剥蚀区,滇东地区位于板块内川、黔、滇断坳沉积区西缘。以甘洛-小江南北向古断裂线为西缘沉积边界,在“西隆东降”的跷板式机制控制下,东盘持续下沉,形成了现今以一套河流三角洲沉积体系为主的含煤岩系,该地层总厚205~335m,平均厚250m;含煤18~73层,总厚15.99~67.68m,平均32m;可采煤层8~20层,一般11~13层,可采厚度10~31m,平均18m(杨松等,2010)。1.3 水文地质特征该区处于高原山区,以中低山为主,是典型的喀斯特地貌区。地形切割较强烈,沟谷发育,排泄条件较好。煤系及上覆地层下三叠统卡以头组(T1k)、下三叠统飞仙关组(T1f)和下伏地层上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩组(P2β)富水性弱;下三叠统永宁镇组(T1y)及中三叠统关岭组(T2g)以灰岩为主,岩熔裂隙较发育,富水性较强,但与煤系地层之间有数百米的隔水层或弱含水层相隔,对煤系地层影响较小。受岩性控制,断层带富水性和导水性均较弱。浅部风化带单位涌水量(q)0.0104~0.0899l/s·m,一般低于0.05l/s·m,对煤层气保存较为有利。总体看,各水文地质单元地下水力联系不强,水文地质条件属简单类型。煤系地层等多为裂隙弱含水层,地下水的补、径、排局限于浅部(垂深50m)。图1 恩洪矿区构造纲要图(邓明国,2000)1.4 煤岩及煤质特征该区宏观煤岩类型以半亮和半暗型煤为主,暗淡型煤次之。煤岩显微组分在75%~89%之间。其中以镜质组为主,占58%~82%,惰质组次之,占10%~35%,半镜质组较少,占4%~11%,壳质组含量极微。煤体结构以原生结构为主,一般为均一、似均一状、条带状,以中、细条带状为主,次为线理状。各煤层原煤平均灰分16%~29%,垂向上以下部(恩21煤以下)及上部(恩7-1煤以上)煤层灰分较高,而中部煤层灰分较低。平面上由南东向北西方向灰分增高。各煤层原煤全硫含量一般0.50%~6.80%,平均0.16%~5.30%,属特低硫-高硫煤。垂向上为煤系中部较低,上部、特别下部煤层偏高。平面上总体自东南(海)向西北(陆)方向降低,与灰分呈正或负相关关系,如图2所示。图2 恩洪矿区煤的灰分、全硫含量变化曲线图镜质组反射率平均在1.278%~1.699%之间,以焦煤一瘦煤为主。受深成变质作用和岩浆热变质作用控制,垂向随煤层层位变老煤级升高,平面上各煤层有由矿区西北向东南方向变质程度增高的分带规律,但在矿区东侧靠近主干断裂的扒弓、宽塘一带有变化幅度增大的趋势。2 煤储层特征2.1 孔裂隙特征煤层孔裂隙发育直接影响煤层渗透率,是决定煤层气运移和产出的主要因素之一。煤层裂隙可以分为:微裂隙、内生裂隙(割理)、外生裂隙三种类型。其中割理对煤层渗透率贡献最大,割理又可分为面割理和端割理两种,前者较后者延伸更远,连续性更强。对恩洪矿区矿井煤层观察发现,面割理宽度0.1~1.0mm,长度20~85mm,端割理宽度0.05~0.45mm,长度1.5~5.4mm,表明该区煤层内生裂隙发育,割理的开启性较好(聂俊丽等,2007)。煤层孔隙是吸附气的储集场所,既是决定煤层含气性的关键因素,又是煤层气渗流的通道。依据对该区部分煤矿的实测数据,该区孔隙度介于0.7%~4.4%之间,平均为2.8%,孔隙度较低。以微孔和过渡孔为主,占总孔容的63.8%,占总比表面积的98%以上。表明煤体吸附能力较强,有利于煤层气的储集,但不利于煤层气的扩散和渗流(杨松等,2010)。2.2 储层压力目前还没有关于该矿区煤层气参数井的试井压力资料,根据水头高度资料换算,矿区内煤储层压力在0.255~2.002MPa之间,压力梯度在4.412~8.920kPa/m之间,属于低压—超低压储层状态。但从实测资料来看该区浅部实际含气量往往大于理论含气量,甚至在部分富气带中存在超压储层,表明该地区储层非均质性强烈,储层压力的分布情况和控制因素还有待于进一步研究。2.3 渗透性2004年,云南煤田地质局与中联煤层气公司合作曾在恩洪矿区南部施工了两口煤层气参数井。从所得试井数据来看,EH-01井9#和16#煤层渗透率分别为0.016mD和0.0045mD,EH-02井9#,16#,21#煤层渗透率分别为0.011mD,0.013mD,0.056mD(赵有洲等,2004)。煤层渗透性较差,16#煤层两井所得渗透率相差一个数量级,表现出强烈的非均质性。随埋深增加,渗透率反而增大,根据取芯资料推测可能是煤体结构变化所致。9#,16#煤层受构造破坏严重,多出现糜棱煤结构;下部煤层煤体结构较上部完整,以原生结构、碎裂结构为主,故渗透性较好。3 含气性及控气因素3.1 含气性该区煤层气含量较高,且随埋深增加而增加。9#煤层甲烷含量3.72~14.54m3/t(干燥无灰基,即可燃基;下同);平均为8.68m3/t。16#煤层甲烷含量为3.92~21.98m3/t,平均为10.20m3/t。21#煤层甲烷含量为4.50~16.36m3/t,平均为10.69m3/t。除甲烷外还含有少量的CO2,N2以及重烃气(表1)。表1 恩洪矿区部分煤层含气量及气体成分统计表从平面上看,该区煤层气分布明显受向斜、背斜褶皱构造控制,一般自向斜两翼向轴部随埋深增加,甲烷含量增高,两者呈“对数型”相关关系。含气量等值线的分布与煤层底板等高线走向基本一致(图3)。图3 恩洪矿区9号煤层含气量等值线图从垂向上看,自上而下按其成分不同,可分为三个带(聂俊丽等,2007):(1)氮气带:N2≥70%,CO2≤20%,CH4≤10%,煤层埋深一般约0~100m。(2)氮气-甲烷带:N2<70%,CH4<70%,(重烃含量一般小于2cm3/g),埋深100~140m。(3)甲烷带:CH4≥70%,一般埋深>140m。3.2 控气因素3.2.1 埋藏深度埋深可对煤层气富集起到两方面的影响:一是随着煤层埋深加大储层压力增大,煤对甲烷的吸附能力增强,但两者并非简单的线性关系,在浅部煤层,甲烷含量随埋深而变化的梯度较大,越往深部埋深对煤层气含量的影响程度越小。二是随埋深增大煤层气的保存条件逐渐变好。浅部煤层往往由于遭受风化剥蚀,而使煤层气一般在140m以浅,甲烷含量随深度变浅而减少。不同地质背景下瓦斯风化带的深度也不一样,如与恩洪矿区毗邻的老厂矿区,风化带最大深度可达600m以上,而恩洪矿区清水沟井田,由于其上倾方有断层隔挡,风化带深度仅为50~80m。仅从埋深因素考虑,恩洪矿区开发煤层气的深度一般以250~1000m为宜,小于250m难以完全避开风氧化带影响,1000m以下的深部煤层由于渗透率极低,煤层气开采难度很大。3.2.2 构造地质条件构造地质条件对含气性的影响是很复杂的问题,该区在喜山运动后,前形成的含煤盆地遭到破坏,形成一些以向斜或复向斜构造为主的不连续褶皱和部分断块,背斜较少,对煤层气的保存有利。资料研究表明,该区煤层气含量在随埋深变大而增高总趋势背景下,富气构造部位一般在次级褶曲及断裂带的高点部位,即煤层气含量有自向斜轴部向翼部增高的趋势;富集带出现在封闭型断裂交汇处及背斜核部、或地垒断块上,如老书桌井田、清水沟井田东部的9号煤层含气量>11m3/t的几个高值区。此外,在一些小型背斜和张裂带,特别在煤层受挤压、构造裂隙发育、煤层突然增厚地段,瓦斯涌出量成倍增高,形成“瓦斯包”,而在较大规模张性断裂带附近,因开启性裂缝发育,使气散失,含气量异常降低。总之,构造的渗透性和封闭性决定了煤层气是富集还是逸散。无论是向斜、背斜、或是单斜、断层,渗透性较差者,煤层气的逸失或运移程度差,富气部位受埋深控制较明显,富气区易集中在向斜轴部和单斜向下转弯处;渗透性较好时,有利于煤层气运移,在封闭性好构造高点处,形成局部富集区,如顶部无开启性断裂的次级背斜轴部、封闭型的断块高处等特定构造部位。3.2.3 煤变质程度煤层含气量随煤阶增加呈急剧增高→缓慢增高→急剧增高→急剧降低的阶段性演化特征(傅雪海等,2007)。该区煤阶以中煤级的焦煤、瘦煤为主,正处于煤化作用出现第二次跃变的阶段,含气性随煤阶缓慢增加。煤体孔隙率和孔比表面积进一步增大,生气作用和吸附能力较强,有利于煤层气的富集。煤级分布有明显的规律性,自西北向东南煤级升高,垂向上各煤层层位越老变质程度越高(易同生,2007)。3.2.4 煤层厚度恩洪矿区具有典型的多煤层特征,且以薄煤层一中厚煤层为主,单层厚度一般不超过5m。煤层之间的夹层岩性以泥岩、砂质泥岩为主。开采时可将距离较近的煤层看作一个煤层组(易同生,2007),这样做有两个优点:一是累计厚度变大,增加了煤层气的可开采量。二是煤层之间以砂、泥岩为主的夹层可以对各开采层起到很好的支撑作用,也便于保持煤层压力和增加封闭性。对储层进行强化时可对一个煤层组进行统一处理,也可根据“虚拟产层”概念直接对煤层组中间的夹层进行压裂,可能会收到更好的效果。3.2.5 煤层顶底板和盖层煤层顶底板岩性和裂隙发育情况对煤层含气量影响很大。与砂岩和灰岩相比,泥岩、砂质泥岩对煤层封闭作用强,有利于煤层气的保存;断层或顶底板裂缝发育的煤层含气量远低于断层或顶底板裂缝不发育的煤层。据该区的统计,同一煤层和岩性相似的顶底板,有张性断裂切割和无断层切割两种情况,后者煤层含气量为前者的3~12倍。该区上二叠统含煤地层主要依靠泥质岩和泥质粉砂岩类作盖层,下伏地层为厚近几百米的峨眉山玄武岩,煤层气保存条件良好。3.2.6 水文地质条件按岩性、岩溶裂隙发育程度及富水性,该矿所处地区自下而上可划分出6套含水层,但各层之间水力联系不大。浅部露头区为裂隙潜水,地下水交替强烈,但受地层岩性影响,垂深一般在50m以内,在向向斜深部径流过程中逐渐过渡为弱裂隙承压水。水文地质资料显示,该区中段南部的老书桌井田、清水沟井田、中部南端勘查区地下水条件良好,地下水由两翼向向斜核部运移,对煤层气形成了水力封堵作用,含气量较高。此外,7井田和9井田的承压水区也有利于煤层气的保存。4 勘探开发建议4.1 勘探方向作为滇东黔西煤层气富集区的重要组成部分,前人已对恩洪矿区的煤层气资源评价及勘探方向做了大量工作。桂宝林等曾从煤层气系统的角度对滇东黔西含煤盆地进行了深入研究,认为恩洪矿区是滇东地区煤层气勘探开发的重点试验区。综合考虑该区地质条件、资源赋存状况、储层物性条件、交通及市场条件等诸多因素,认为老书桌井田、中段南部普查区、7井田、清水沟井田(东部)、9井田、10井田及大坪普查区是恩洪矿区煤层气勘探开发的最优区块(聂俊丽等,2007)。4.2 开发建议该区目前还处于勘探及试验阶段,只有为数不多的参数井和生产试验井,尚未实现大规模的商业开发。根据已掌握的矿区资料,结合我国其他地区的成功经验,可为今后该区煤层气开发提出以下建议:(1)该区煤层含气量高,资源丰度大,但煤层众多,单层厚度不大,因此需考虑采用适合多煤层开采的钻完井方式,配合适当的储层强化措施和增产改造措施。根据国内外的生产实践经验,套管压裂完井方法和极短半径水平井均适合在多煤层环境下开采煤层气,应作为该区煤层气的主要开发方式。在局部地应力较小、煤体强度高、渗透性好的地区也可以探索裸眼完井开发方式,但需特别注意风险性。多分支水平井技术适合在单一厚煤层中应用,且有一定钻井难度,不建议在该区煤层气开发中大规模应用。(2)该区地质构造条件复杂,拉张性、张扭性小断层极为发育,浅部煤层所受构造运动改造强烈,构造煤较发育,渗透性差,且位于瓦斯风化带之上,含气量低,因此不适合开采煤层气;而较深部煤层(500~1000m)煤体结构以原生或碎裂结构为主,渗透性相对较好,含气量高,地应力小,适合煤层气的开采。(3)与晋城相比,该区煤级较低,煤体强度小,吸水性强且吸水后容易变软。因此,其他地区应用较多的水力加砂压裂完井技术在该区的适用性还有待于进一步研究。根据中联煤层气公司此前的气井压裂结果显示(王建中,2010),产气效果不佳,应考虑采用高能气体压裂、“虚拟储层”等其他增产措施来提高煤层气开发的成功率。5 结论(1)总体来看,恩洪矿区煤层顶底板封盖能力好,煤层孔隙吸附能力强,水文地质条件简单,地下水沿两翼向向斜核部运移,对煤层甲烷有水力封堵作用。虽然受构造条件复杂所限,煤层非均质性强烈,渗透性差,但含气量、渗透率、煤体结构均与埋深呈正相关关系,因此适合在500~1000m的煤层中开采煤层气。(2)埋深和构造条件是控制该区含气量的两个主要因素。煤层气含量在随埋深增大而增高总趋势背景下,受构造条件的控制作用明显,在封闭条件好的地区富集,在封闭条件差的地区逸散。水文地质条件、顶底板岩性、煤体吸附能力也是影响该区含气量的重要因素。(3)该区煤储层非均质性强、渗透性差、煤体强度小,煤层厚度小且层数众多。从开发风险和投资成本方面考虑,不宜采用裸眼完井方式和多分支水平井方式开采煤层气。套管压裂完井和极短半径水平井对煤储层适应能力较强,适合作为该区开采煤层气的主要开发方式。参考文献邓明国,桂宝林,普传杰等.2004.云南恩洪矿区煤层气勘探开发前景及其对策建议[J].中国煤炭,(1):48~50傅雪海,秦勇,韦重韬.2007.煤层气地质学[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,98~99桂宝林.2004.滇东黔西煤层气选区及勘探目标评价[J].云南地质,(4):51桂宝林.2004.恩洪-老厂地区煤层气成藏条件研究[J].云南地质,(4):421~433聂俊丽,邓明国.2007.恩洪矿区煤层气资源评价及开发利用前景[J].贵州科学,(S1):124~127王朝栋,桂宝林,郭秀钦等.2004.恩洪煤层气盆地构造特征[J].云南地质,(4):471~478王建中.2010.高能气体压裂技术在云南恩洪盆地煤层气开发中的试验应用[J].中国煤层气,(5):14~15.杨松,秦勇,申建等.2010.恩洪向斜煤储层特性及其地质影响因素[J].中国煤层气,(5):19~20易同生.2007.恩洪矿区煤层气富集的控制因素[J].矿物学报,(Z1):495~497赵有洲,桂宝林,罗启亮等.2004.恩洪煤田南部煤层气勘探项目总结[J].云南地质,(4):454
2023-07-15 15:01:121

Water Protection Zones

Klaus-Dieter BalkeInstitute for Geosciences,University of Tuebingen,Sigwartstr.10,D-72076 Tuebingen,Germany1 IntroductionThe growth in population,improved hygiene,changing habits of consumption,as well as the extreme extension of the industrial production and the increasing application of irrigation in agriculture resulted in an enormous need for water during the last decades.Right from the beginning of the industrial era-about 150 years ago-surface water in particular was used and also polluted,almost exclusively by natural organic substances.Nowadays inorganic substances,e.g.salts,chemicals and heavy metals as well as artificially produced organic compounds such as hydrocarbons,chlorofluorocarbons,medicine,hormones,etc.contaminate increasingly surface-and groundwater.Measures which can be applied to reduce water pollution are those followed.(1)operation of sewage treatment plants,(2)construction of spillway basins for rain water,where suspensions can precipitate,(3)special treatment of dangerous waste,(4)reduction of applications of very toxic substances,(5)reduction of applications of fertilizers and plant protective agents,(6)delineation of water protection zones.Within water protection zones the protection of water resources takes priority over all other competing interests of land use.The protection does not only cover the direct surroundings of a spring,well or reservoir,it includes the hydrological and hydrogeological recharge area.Only in this way it is possible to prevent the endangerment by substances which are harmful and noxious to the environment,and to conserve the water resources in their complete extent in the long run.(in the state of Baden-Wurttemberg,Germany,more than 25% of the land surface is delineated as water protection zones.)2 Groundwater protection zonesThe structure of the subsurface varies widely.But very often,especially in recent or for-mer river valleys,the strata can be subdivided in the soil cover,the unsaturated(vadose)zone and the saturated(phreatic)zone or aquifer containing soil water,vadose water and groundwater,respectively,see Fig.1.The main groups of substances which can contaminate groundwater are salts,heavy metals,and chlorofluorocarbons.The different kinds of compounds behave differently in the subsurface.Salts and heavy metals are water soluble(the latter only at low pH values)and are transported in the subsurface by percolating water and groundwater.Hydrocarbons(gasoline,diesel,kerosene)float on the groundwater surface because of their low specific gravity.A small portion is dissolved and moves with the ground-water flow.Above contaminated groundwater bodies gaseous hydrocarbons are contained in the interspaces of the unsaturated zone,escaping slowly into the atmosphere.Soil,vadose zone and aquifer may be contaminated by mineral oil products,especially as a result of traffic accidents if oil carrying trucks are involved,by leakage out of tanks and pipelines,but also by careless handling of oil products.Hydrocarbons are also often released from gasoline stations,airports,military bases and car parks often.Fig.1 Kinds of subsurface water(after Davies & DeWiest,1966)Chlorofluorocarbons percolate through the unsaturated zone as well as through aquifers more or less vertically,because of their high specific gravity.Finally,lenses of chlorofluorocarbons in phase accumulate on the bottom of the aquifer.The unsaturated zone above a contaminated site contains these substances as gases which rise towards the earth"s surface.From a site of contamination a plume of contaminated groundwater is formed in the aquifer which may have a length of many kilometres.Corresponding to the kind and locality of a pollution as well as depending on the conditions of the subsurface in the catchment area,pollutants need different periods of time to reach a well or spring.Because of this fact an area wherea well or spring shall be protected against contamination is subdivided in three sectors:protection zone Ⅰ:remedial action zone,protection zone Ⅱ:attenuation zone,protection zone Ⅲ:well field management zone.These are protection sectors of different significance and function concerning a possible pollution and various kinds of endangering.2.1 Protection zone Ⅰ(remedial action zone)The threat to pump polluted groundwater increases with decreasing distance between a well and a site of contamination.Therefore,the protection of the direct surroundings of a well is of greatest importance.In Germany,the protection zone I has to surround the well at all sides at a distance of at least 10m.2.2 Protection zone Ⅱ(attenuation zone)The protection zone Ⅱ shall guarantee the protection of a well from pollution,with special regard to micro-organisms such as bacteria,germs,virion,etc.which are noxious to human beings.According to former investigations and experiences micro-organisms which are introduced into the subsurface are eliminated after 50 days by dying off,decay,adsorption,etc.The“50-days-line”-the borderline of the protection zone Ⅱ-is the connection of all sites within an aquifer from which the groundwater needs 50 days until its arrival at the well or spring.But be-cause of scientific uncertainties,in various countries different elimination periods(20,50,100 days etc.)are chosen as the basis for the delineation of protection zone Ⅱ.2.3 Protection zone Ⅲ(well field management zone)The protection zone Ⅲ shall protect a well from far-reaching endangering,above all from hardly degradable chemicals and radioactive substances.To meet this protection function,executed by decay and adsorption of the contaminants and dilution by recharging rain water,the protection zone Ⅲ extends over the whole recharge area of a well as far as it is not covered by the protection zones Ⅰ and Ⅱ.On the base of geological,hydrogeological and meteorological data as well as by considering the planned pumping rate of the well the protection zones can be designed,see Fig.2.Fig.2 Water protection zones for a well exploiting an unconsolidated aquifer(after Geologisches Landesamt Baden-Wuerttemberg,1991)G=groundwater recharge;F=recharge area;Qa=mean dischargeGroundwater protection zones are also delineated in recharge areas with outcropping consolidated rocks such as sandstone and limestone.Because the main groundwater flow in such rocks takes place along joints and fault zones,protection zones are often much larger than in unconsolidated areas.3 Restrictions in water protection zonesTo achieve a safe level of protection,the delineation of groundwater protection zones is connected with certain restrictions in land use.As the different protection zones reflect different requirements for the protection,these restrictions are applied in a gradational form.Agricultural and industrial activities and infra-structural buildings such as streets,railways and canals are particularly affected by the use restrictions.3.1 Use restrictions in zone ⅢThe protection zone Ⅲ shall guarantee the protection against serious endangering,particularly from non-degradable or slowly degraded chemical and radioactive pollutants.It can be subdivided into protection zones Ⅲ A and Ⅲ B,if the longitudinal extent of the recharge area amounts to more than 2km.If the protection zone Ⅲ is not subdivided,the restrictions of zone Ⅲ A are valid.Within the water protection zone Ⅲ Bendangering is to be expected by:(1)industrial plants and manufactories,(2)factories removing radioactive fluids or waste water(oil refineries,metal plants,chemical plants,etc.)if they do not treat and remove these substances carefully;nuclear power plants,(3)seepage of waste water including that flowing off the roads and paved places;seepage or infiltration of radioactive substances,(4)storage or disposal of radioactive or water endangering sub stances(e.g.chemicals,oil,tar,phenols,plant protective agents,fertilizers,residue of oil drillings);(5)long-distance pipelines for water endangering substances,(6)waste deposits,dumping of wrecked cars and sludge,(7)airports,(8)military bases,(9)mining,extraction of crude oil and natural gas,(10)application of sludge and plant protective agents.Within the water protection zone Ⅲ A additionally to the regulations for protection zone Ⅲ B endangering is to be expected by:(1)sewage pipes,except those with special sealing measures,(2)recycling of rubble,(3)single crop farming,(4)allotment gardens,(5)laying-out of building land,(6)laying-out of cemeteries,(7)motor sport events,(8)gasoline stations,(9)extraction of soils and rocks,(10)penetration of protecting layers of clay or loam,(11)borings,(12)laying-out of fish ponds.3.2 Use restrictions in zone ⅡThe protection zone Ⅱ shall guarantee especially the protection against pollutions,caused by noxious micro-organisms.Within the water protection zone Ⅱ additionally to the regulations for protection zone Ⅲ it is not allowed:(1)buildings,above all for commercial and agricultural use,(2)roads,railway lines and other traffic installations,(3)transport of radioactive or water endangering substances,(4)storage of fuel oil and diesel,(5)spraying of manure,(6)storage and improper use of mineral fertilizers and plant protective agents,(7)intensive grazing;crowds of cattle,(8)transport of waste water,(9)excavation of drain ditches,(10)camping places,(11)sports grounds,(12)blasting.3.3 Use restrictions in zone ⅠThe protection sector Ⅰ shall guarantee the protection of the direct vicinity of the well or spring against pollution and destruction.Within the protection zone I additionally to the regulations for protection zones Ⅱ and Ⅲ it is not allowed:(1)unauthorized entry,(2)any kind of agricultural activity,(3)use of plant protective agents and fertilizers.4 Water protection zones for surface waterThere are also regulations for the delineation of water protection zones around drinking water reservoirs regarding the higher endangering potential for surface water.5 The problem of the“50-days-line”Nowadays,it is known that there are pathogenic organisms which can survive in aquifers for periods longer than 50 days,some of them more than 100 days.Regarding this problem it is necessary to get to know more details of the behaviour of such micro-organisms.What is the in.fluence of the hydrochemical properties and the temperature of the groundwater on micro-organisms?What may be the influence of the global warming?Is it necessary to lay down different values for the delineation of protection zone Ⅱ for wells situated in e.g.quartz sand or lime-stone sand,in cold,temperate and warm regions?What is the difference in the behaviour and subsurface lifespan in various landscapes and climatic zones?ReferencesDavies N.S.and DeWiest R.J.M.Hydrogeology.1966.,New York(Wiley)463p.
2023-07-15 15:01:201

Occurrence of Groundwater in Metropolitan Detroit,Michigan,USA

IntroductionDevelopment in metropolitan Detroit has transformed the area into an industrial region w ith several million residents. As a result,pollution and quality of life have become issues of high priority. In the past 10 years,several thousand sites of environmental contamination have been identified w ithin the region. In addition,the dominant river in metropolitan Detroit,the Rouge River,has been identified as an area of concern by the International Joint Commission ( IJC ) and as a significant source of pollution to the Great Lakes.The study of near-surface aquifers has become increasingly important in evaluating the impact of sites of environmental contamination,especially in urban areas such as metropolitan Detroit. Near-surface aquifers tend to act as pathw ays for contaminants in groundw ater to migrate to sensitive habitats or areas w here humans could be exposed to the contaminants.Historically,near-surface aquifers in the region w ere not studied because ① abundant w ater supplies w ere available from surface w ater sources ( i. e. ,Detroit River) ,② near-surface groundw ater w as not considered potable,③ reliable sources of groundw ater w ere lacking,and ④ environmental contamination was not a concern. Only recently have near-surface aquifers become the focus of studies to evaluate their significance w ith respect to contaminant migration and overall environmental impact. This study used geologic and hydrogeologic information obtained from hundreds of sites of environmental contamination in metropolitan Detroit to evaluate urban groundw ater in the region.Geology and HydrogeologyUnconsolidated glacial deposits more than 10000 years old cover nearly all of Michigan. In metropolitan Detroit,they range from 20 m to 50 m thick. Bedrock consisting of limestones, shales and sandstones of Paleozoic age underlies the unconsolidated glacial deposits.These unconsolidated sediments in metropolitan Detroit w ere historically mapped for identifying potential natural and agricultural resources for future development and exploitation. Historical geologic maps w ere based primarily on surface observation and did not address near- surface groundw ater. Thus, historical geologic maps are not adequate for environmental purposes. Therefore,an updated geologic map w as compiled that not only used historical information,but also included geologic and hydrogeologic data gathered from over 2500 investigations conducted at sites of environmental contamination. The updated geologic map has revealed eight distinct geologic units:1) Moraine Unit ( glacial origin) ;2) Sandy Clay Unit ( glacial-lacustrine origin) ;3) Sand Unit ( glacial-lacustrine origin) ;4) Sandy and Silty Clay Unit ( glacial-lacustrine origin) ;5) Upper Clay Unit ( glacial-lacustrine origin) ;6) Recent River Sediments ( fluvial origin) ;7) Low er Clay Unit ( glacial origin) ;8) Sand,Gravel and Cobble Unit ( fluvial origin) .Figures 4. 2. 1 and 4. 2. 2 show the horizontal and vertical distribution of the geologic units.Figure 4. 2. 1 Surficial geologic map of metropolitan Detroit,USAFigure 4. 2. 2 Geologic cross section of metropolitan Detroit,USAMoraine UnitThe Moraine Unit consists of deposits associated with the Defiance Moraine ( Inner Ridge) . This unit is located along the western edge of metropolitan Detroit where rapid development is occurring. The Moraine Unit consists of sands,silts,gravels,and clays of varying thickness. Glacial erratics are also present within the unit. Subunits identified within the Moraine Unit include kames,eskers,and historical glacial outwash zones. The Moraine Unit is stratigraphically the most complex and the least understood geologic unit within metropolitan Detroit because of the nature of the units" deposition.Groundw ater w ithin the Moraine Unit is confined and unconfined. Multiple saturated zones are present w ithin the unit; these zones range in thickness from less than 1 m to more than 10 m. Groundw ater is present in layers of sediment that range from fine-grained sand to large cobbles. At some locations,near-surface groundw ater ( w ithin 7 m of the ground surface) is present and can be pumped in large volumes at a sustained rate ( greater than 100 L / min) . Groundw ater w ithin the Moraine Unit is a significant source of public and domestic potable w ater.Recharge of groundw ater to aquifers w ithin the Moraine Unit is believed to be from lakes and surface infiltration through kames and historical glacial outw ash zones. Sandy Clay UnitThe Sandy Clay Unit is located east of the Moraine unit. The unit is generally described as a light-brow n to gray sandy clay w ith occasional pebbles. The Sandy Clay Unit ranges from 1 km to 5 km w ide and is generally less than 2 m thick. Groundw ater w ithin the unit is unconfined,discontinuous,and not present in large volumes that could be pumped at a sustained rate. Groundw ater w ithin the Sandy Clay Unit may be hydraulically connected to groundw ater w ithin the Sand Unit,especially along the contact betw een these units. Generally, groundw ater w ithin the Sandy Clay Unit flow s tow ard surface w ater. The Sandy Clay Unit has not been used as a source of potable w ater because of insufficient yield.Sand UnitThe Sand Unit is located east of the Sandy Clay Unit and,like the Moraine Unit,it is located in an area of rapid development. The unit is characterized as a moderate yellow ish- brow n to light-olive-gray,fine-to coarse-grained quartz sand that becomes less coarse w ith depth. At many locations,the Sand Unit is stratified and has w ell developed cross-bedding, ripple marks,and scour and fill features. In addition,localized evidence of rew orking and eolian deposition is present w ithin the upper portion of the unit. The Sand Unit ranges from 3 km to 10 km w ide and from 1 m to more than 10 m thick.Groundw ater w ithin the Sand Unit is unconfined. The direction of groundw ater flow is generally tow ard the Rouge River. Groundw ater has been observed seeping from the ground and discharging into the river at hundreds of locations. Groundw ater w ithin the Sand Unit accounts for as much as 80% of the base flow in the Rouge River. The saturated thickness of groundw ater w ithin the unit ranges from 1 m to more than 7 m.The degree and nature of urbanization w ithin metropolitan Detroit have affected the rate and direction of groundw ater flow w ithin the Sand Unit. Roads,storm sew ers,retention basins and ditches constructed w ithin the Sand Unit act as additional points for groundw ater to discharge to surface w ater ( e. g. ,Rouge River) . Therefore,the residence time of groundw ater w ithin the aquifer has most likely decreased as a result of urbanization.Groundw ater w ithin the Sand Unit is recharged by surface infiltration because the unit is encountered at or near the surface of the ground at most locations. Extraction w ells in the unit pump groundw ater at rates ranging from 2 L / min to 200 L / min. The average yield from the unit ranges from 20 L / min to 40 L / min. The Sand Unit has been used as a source of potable w ater.Sandy and Silty Clay Unit and Upper Clay UnitThe Sandy and Silty Clay Unit and Upper Clay Unit are located adjacent to and east of the Sand Unit. They are characterized as a medium to light olive gray,mottled,pebble-bearing, sandy to silty clay or clay. Discontinuous fine-grained sand lenses may also be present w ithin the units especially along their w estern margin. The w idth of each unit ranges from 5 km to 10 km. The thickness of each unit ranges from 3 m to 10 m.The presence of groundw ater in the Clay Units is relatively rare. When groundw ater is present,it is not present in large quantities,flow s tow ard surface w ater,and is not used as a source of potable w ater. Groundw ater w ithin these tw o units most often occurs w ithin sand and silt lenses and / or at the contact w ith the Low er Clay Unit.Hairline fractures are present in these units. These fractures are caused by stress changes from w etting and drying cycles and / or freezing and thaw ing. The occurrence of the fractures decreases w ith depth. These fractures and discontinuous sand lenses are the most likely causes of hydraulic conductivities in these units being slightly higher than w hat w ould normally be expected ( refer to Table 4. 2. 1) .Recent River SedimentsSediments composed of interbedded fine-grained sands, silts, and clays are located immediately along the Rouge River. These sediments may be as thick as 20 m and may extend as far as 200 m from the banks of the river. Groundw ater has been encountered in these sediments at many locations along the river. Groundw ater w ithin these re-w orked fluvial sediments is almost certainly hydraulically connected to the Rouge River.As the population of Detroit grew during the 19thand early 20thcentury,open dumps and heavy manufacturing facilities w ere located along the Rouge River. Groundw ater migrates through and beneath these sites to the Rouge River,making many of these sites significant sources of metal and other types of pollution to the river.Subsurface G eologyBeneath the near-surface units,a thick clay unit of glacial origin ( ground moraine ) underlies the entire region. This clay unit,called the Low er Clay Unit,ranges in thickness from 16 m to 60 m and is characterized as a medium bluish-gray clay w ith pebbles and cobbles,and rarely a boulder. The Low er Clay Unit can be differentiated from the Upper Clay Unit by lithology and color.Groundw ater is not present in the Low er Clay Unit at sufficient quantities to be pumped. The hydraulic conductivity of the unit ( refer to Table 4. 2. 1) is nearly uniform horizontally and vertically. The unit is an effective aquiclude because of its thickness,distribution,and low hydraulic conductivity. With the exception of the contact w ith the near-surface units,fractures have not been observed. This is likely due to the unit being at a sufficient depth beneath the surface to be unaffected by freezing and thaw ing or w etting and drying cycles.The Low er Clay Unit has influenced near-surface groundw ater discharge on a regional basis. The presence of this unit has essentially prevented groundw ater from migrating to low er aquifers. Therefore,groundw ater in near-surface aquifers discharges to surface w ater.A discontinuous Sand,Gravel,and Cobble Unit is beneath the Low er Clay Unit and overlies bedrock. This unit ranges from 1. 5 m to 16 m thick. Groundw ater in this unit is confined. Wells installed in this unit have pumped w ater as much as 2000 L / min. Groundw ater recharge from the Low er Clay Unit is most likely insignificant. Primary sources of recharge are more likely to occur from the Great Lakes or from bedrock aquifers.DiscussionThe geologic units that are most sensitive to urbanization and contamination in metropolitan Detroit are the Moraine Unit and the Sand Unit. These units are sensitive because ① they are composed of highly permeable sediments,② they contain large amounts of groundw ater,w hich flow s tow ard and discharges into the Rouge River,③ they account for the majority of the base flow of the Rouge River,and ④ they are areas of groundw ater recharge. The Moraine Unit is especially significant because it is a source of potable w ater.This sensitivity has been documented from numerous sites of environmental contamination located w ithin the Sand Unit w here volatile organic compound ( VOC ) and heavy metal contamination has been detected in groundw ater ① near springs located immediately along the river w hich then enter the river,② at locations immediately upgradient of the river,and ③ within the river or river sediment. Data quantifying total contaminant loading from groundw ater for VOCs,heavy metals and other types of contaminants to the Rouge River are lacking. How ever,the results of this study suggest that the Sand Unit most likely accounts for the majority of contaminant loading to the Rouge River.The Moraine Unit and Sand Unit are both located in area of rapid urban development and occupy approximately 50% of the land surface of metropolitan Detroit.Because of the Low er Clay Unit,near-surface groundw ater in metropolitan Detroit has no migratory outlet other than surface w ater. This is environmentally significant because ① contaminated groundwater will eventually discharge into the Rouge River and other surface w ater bodies if it is not controlled,captured,or biodegraded,and ② groundw ater is a source of pollution in the Rouge River and subsequently the Great Lakes.The likelihood of encountering groundw ater w ithin 3 m of the ground surface is summarized in Table 4. 2. 1.Table 4. 2. 1 Occurrence of groundwater within 3 m of the ground surfaceConclusionThis study documents the environmental significance of near-surface groundw ater in an urban environment. Furthermore, it demonstrates that a comprehensive and thorough understanding of geologic and hydrogeologic processes in urban regions profoundly influences the preservation of natural resources by identifying areas that are geologically sensitive to contamination and urbanization. Words地下水科学专业英语
2023-07-15 15:01:271

水文地质学的招生要求

水文地质学的招生要求可以去想报考的学校官网咨询。每个学校招生要求都不一样。水文地质学(hydrogeology)是研究地下水的数量和质量随空间和时间变化的规律,以及合理利用地下水或防治其危害的学科。它研究在与岩石圈、水圈、大气圈、生物圈以及人类活动相互作用下地下水水量和水质的时空变化规律以及如何运用这些规律兴利除害。
2023-07-15 15:01:461

成都水文地质与工程地质中心 英文翻译

Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology Center of Chengdu
2023-07-15 15:01:531

亚利桑那大学怎么样?美国的那家

不错
2023-07-15 15:02:032

吴剑锋的成就及荣誉

已经主持完成1项国家自然科学基金(遗传算法的改进及其在淄博地下水污染控制和管理中的应用,2001-2003)、参加完成3项国家自然科学基金(地下水中石油污染治理的水质模型,1994-1996;淄博市裂隙岩溶水中石油化工污染物的运移机制和污染控制,1998-2000;非平稳分布非均质介质中溶质运移随机模型,2003-2005)、1项博士点基金(淄博市裂隙岩溶水的石油污染机制和数值模拟,2000-2002)以及多项横向课题的研究。目前主要主持在研的纵向项目有:国家自然科学基金面上项目(40472130)“不确定条件下地下水污染监测网设计研究”,2005-2007;教育部回国人员科研启动基金项目“地下水污染监测网模型设计研究”,2005-2006;中国科学院知识创新项目子项目(KZCX3-SW-428)“大埋深条件下地下水污染物运移和水资源可持续管理研究”,2004-2006;目前主要参加的项目有:国家自然科学基金重点项目“区域地面沉降模型研究(薛禹群院士主持,2004-2007)”;近年来在国内外各类重要期刊上发表论文近50篇。担任美国多个SCI刊物(Water Resources Research, Ground Water, Journal of American Water Resources Association和Hydrogeology Journal)的审稿人。“北方裂隙岩溶水污染物运移机制与治理研究”获2003年江苏省科技进步三等奖(本人排名第二)。 指导硕士研究生4名。
2023-07-15 15:02:111

英语达人帮我翻译一下。谢谢你们了。在线翻译和软件翻译的就不要回答了。翻译好的连追三天分,谢谢!

我爱你一万年
2023-07-15 15:02:375

张永祥的科研成果

获部省级科技进步奖5项。研究成果国内外学术刊物上发表论文60余篇,SCI、EI、ISTP收录7篇。出版专著5部。1,双重介质中水质和水量运移理论模型及方法研究,1994年,国土资源部科技进步三等奖,第一获奖人2,化学动力学法在地下水资源评价中的理论和方法研究,1996年,国家教委科技进步三等奖,第三获奖人3,沿海地区地下水环境系统动力学方法研究,2000年,北京市科技进步三等奖,第二获奖人4,多孔介质溶质运移动力学,地震出版社,张永祥,2000年5,全国勘察设计注册公用设备工程师专业考试复习题集(给水排水专业),2004年,北京工业大学,参编排水工程部分,建筑出版社6,Sea-salt water intrusion in the Lower Reaches of Weihe River,Hydrogeology Journal,ChenHonghan、ZhangYongxiang、WangXinmin、RenZhongyu,1997,vol.5,No.37,微生物净化过程中污染质运移数学模型及数值方法,长春科技大学学报,张永祥、薛禹群、黄继国、陈洪汉,1997年,增刊8,中国北方地区岩溶作用与碳循环研究,中国岩溶,张永祥、董英、陈鸿汉等,1998年,第4期9,Modeling on the high-concentration water intrusion in Hanting-Changyi area,China,12th Int. Conf. Comput. methods Water Res.,Wujichun、ZhangYongxiang、Xueyuqun,March,199810,含硫酸废水处理利用的实验研究,黄继国、刘星娟、张永祥等,长春科技大学学报,1999年,第2期11,Hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical studies for salt water intrusion in the south coast of Laizhou Bay,China,Journal of Ground Water,Xueyuqun、ZhangYongxiang、Wujichun,2000,Vol.38,No.112,GT—铁氧体法处理含铬废水实验研究,黄继国、张永祥,长春科技大学学报,2000年,第1期,65-6613,中国北方岩溶区地下岩溶水库—地表水联合调度,陈鸿汉,张永祥,地学前缘,2001年,第1期,185-191
2023-07-15 15:02:521

Limit Equilibrium Methods of Slope Stability Analysis

Consider the stress conditions in a homogeneous soil w ith no preexisting failure planes. Near the surface in flat-lying terrain ( Figure 16. 3 a) ,the direction of maximum principal stress σ1( due to the weight of overlying material) is vertical,and the direction of minimum principal stress σ3is horizontal. In the vicinity of a slope,on the other hand,the stress distribution becomes skew ed,in the manner show n in Figure 16. 3 b. As show n there,one consequence of this stress pattern is that the planes of incipient failure,oriented at α = 45° - φ /2 from the σ3 direction,are curved. In soil mechanics these possible planes of failure are called slip circles or slip surfaces. The limit-equilibrium analysis is carried out using the Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria, and a factor of safety,Fs,defined as the ratio of shearing strength on the slip surface to shearing stress on the slip surface,is calculated. If Fs> 1,the slope is considered to be stable with respect to that slip surface. The slip surface with the lowest value of Fsis regarded as the incipient failure plane. If Fs≤1 on the critical surface,failure is imminent.Figure 16. 3 Orientation of principal stressesConsider a homogeneous,isotropic clay soil for which the angle of internal friction approaches zero. In such cases,the shear strength of the soil is derived solely from its cohesion c,and the Mohr- Coulomb failure law [Equation ( 16. 7) ]becomes simply Sr= c. For such soils,the slip surface can be closely approximated by a circle ( Figure 16. 4 a) . The factor of safety will be given by the ratio of the resisting moment to the disturbing moment about the point O. The disturbing force is simply the weight W of the potential slide,and the resisting force is that of the cohesive strength c acting along the length l between points A and B. For this simple case,Figure 16. 4 Slope stability analysis by ( a) circular arc andFor more complex situations a more sophisticated method of analysis is needed and this is provided by the conventional method of slices. It can be applied to slip surfaces of irregular geometry and to cases where c and φ ( or c" and φ ") vary along the slip surface. This method also invokes the effective stress principle by considering the reduction in soil strength along the slip surface due to the fluid pressures ( or pore pressures,as they are commonly called in the slope stability literature) that exist there on saturated slopes. For the conventional method,the slide is divided into a series of vertical slices. Figure 16. 4 b shows the geometry of an individual slice, and Figure 16. 4 c indicates the conditions of force equilibrium and stress equilibrium that exist at point C on the slip surface at the base of the slice. At C,the shearing stress is ( W sin θ) / l and the shearing strength Sris given,as before,byFor σ = ( W cos θ) / l ,Equation ( 16. 10) becomes@2and the factor of safety is given byThe conventional method of slices was improved by Bishop in 1955,who recognized the need to take into account the horizontal and vertical stresses produced along the slice boundaries due to the interactions between one slice and another. The resulting equation for Fsis somewhat more complicated than Equation ( 16. 12) ,but it is of the same from. Bishop and Morgenstern in 1960 produced sets of charts and graphs that simplify the application of the Bishop method of slices. Morgenstern and Price in 1965 generalized the Bishop approach even further,and their technique for irregular slopes and general slip surfaces in nonhomogeneous media has been widely computerized. Computer packages for the routine analysis of complex slope stability problems are now in wide use.To apply the limit equilibrium method to a given slope,whether by computer or by hand,the basic approach is to measure c" and φ " for the slope material,calculate W,l,θ and p for the various slices,and calculate Fsfor the various slip surface under analysis.Of all the required data,probably the most sensitive is the pore pressure p along the potential sliding planes. If economics permit,it may be possible to install piezometers in the slope at the depth of the anticipated failure plane. The measured hydraulic heads,h,can then be converted to pore pressures by means of the usual relationship:p = ρg ( h - z) ( 16. 13) where z is the elevation of the piezometer intake. In many cases,however,field instrumentation is not feasible,and it behooves us to reexamine the hydrogeology of slopes in light of the needs of slope stability analysis.( Sources: Freeze et al. ,1979)水文地质专业英语
2023-07-15 15:03:071

qinghuandao institute of mine hydrogeology and engineering geology 是什么单

秦皇岛矿物工程学院
2023-07-15 15:03:282

研究生复试英语自我介绍,肯请帮忙修改!

1.After graduation 2.I participated in two programmes 3.and one programme is about ***. 4.but also make me cultivate a good style of working.5 I left for Shanghai 6,develope other abilities of me7.My job was to sell 8.one year later9 have become tides which can not turn back10. but I felt my knowledge is not enough11. So I decided to have a further study by taking part in the postgraduate examination.12.***.First, it has a close relation to my original specialty 13 plan to focus on my research in this field in the graduate time14.after three years of study here. 15
2023-07-15 15:03:351

亚利桑那大学和亚利桑那州立大学

作为亚利桑那大学的学生,如果你想体验美国生活,请选择位于凤凰城的亚利桑那州立大学如果觉得无所谓,就来亚利桑那大学亚利桑那的图森什么都没有,小地方
2023-07-15 15:03:462

Sources of Water Pollution

Klaus-Dieter BalkeInstitute for Geosciences,University of Tuebingen,Sigwartstr.10,D-72076 Tuebingen,GermanyYan ZhuDept.of Earth Sciences,Zhejiang University,Yuquan Campus,310012 Hangzhou,P.R.China1 Water qualityThe quality of surface water in rivers,lakes or artificial reservoirs,depends nowadays not only on the natural composition of the water but also on the intensity and kind of man-made pollution.Groundwater contained in the subsurface fills pores and joints of rocks,see Fig.1.Fig.1 Kinds of subsurface water(after Davies & DeWiest,1966)Fig.2 Concentration of dissolved salts increases from shallow to deep aquiferRegarding groundwater quality particularly the climatic parameters precipitation and temperature influence the hydrochemical properties.They govern weathering processes which cause a removal of soluble ions and molecules out of rocks.These substances,transported by percolating water,finally reach groundwater bodies.During the groundwater flow through an aquifer,chemical interactions between ground-water and the rocks of the aquifer take place.The main dissolved ions in groundwater are Ca2+,Mg2+,Na+,K+, , and Cl-.Additionally,there are many other compounds of minor concentration such as Fe,Si,Sr,B,NO3,CO3,etc.and trace substances such as Al,Cd,Cr,Co,Cu,Pb,Ra,Se,NO2,NH4,PO4,H2S,etc.Generally,the concentration of dis-solved salts increases from shallow to deep aquifers and the dominant ions change see Fig.2.cations;Ca2+-Ca2++Mg2+-Na+,anions: - + -- - +Cl--Cl-.At a global scale, the amount of dis-solved substances in shallow groundwater in-creases from the arctic areas via the temper-ate zones towards the arid regions and decreases again towards the humid tropics,see Fig.3.In most cases,between surface-and groundwater there exists a hydraulic connection,e.g.along river banks,see Fig.4.Surface-and groundwater influence each other and contamination can be transferred from surface water into groundwater and vice versa.Besides natural components dissolved in water a huge variety of artificially produced chemical substances may contaminate the water resources.Fig.3 Hydrochemical distribution of groundwater types of the European part of the USSR(after Alekin,1962)1.Zone of hydrogencarbonatic-SiO2-groundwater2.Zone of hydrogencarbonatic-Ca-groundwater3.Zone of prevailing sulphatic and chiloridic groundwater4.subzone of continental salt fringe5.Zone of hydrogencarbonatic-Ca-groundwater of montaneous areasFig.4 effluent system(a)and influent system(b)2 Artificial contamination of water2.1 AgricultureThe increase of food production in many areas around the world requires the application of increasing amounts of fertilizers.Among them especially nitrogen N as nitrate NO3,phosphorus P as phosphate PO4 and potassium K are essential elements for phytogenic and animal organisms.Especially high concentrations of nitrate and phosphate are to be found in water of rivers passing farm land and in groundwater below over-fertilized farm land where inorganic nitrate and phosphate are applied excessively.Another important source of contamination is often cattle breeding,respectively the removal of manure.Manure contains a lot of nitrate and is often spread out on farmland,from where it is washed into rivers and downwards into groundwater.In order to avoid harvest losses and to increase the crop yield,pesticides are usually applied to exterminate plant pests,weeds,destructive insects and parasites.The toxic components of these agents are organic compounds,especially chlorinated hydrocarbons,and inorganic chemicals such as heavy metals,hydrogen cyanide,phosphorus,sulphur,etc.Another group of contaminants with yet minor importance are veterinary pharmaceuticals which percolate the subsurface contained in fluid manure.2.2 IndustryIndustry and handicraft use numerous substances for their production:salts,heavy metals,hydrocarbons,chlorinated hydrocarbons,chlorofluorocarbons,radioactive compounds,pharmaceuticals,etc.These compounds are accumulated near the locations of the processing industries,in the working range of their products and in waste and sewage.Mineral oil products such as gasoline,diesel,kerosene,fuel oil,etc.are lighter than water.After having percolated the vadose zone they spread out above the groundwater surface,see Fig.5.There,lenses of oil are formed.The soluble parts of the mineral oil diffuse into the groundwater.If halogenated hydrocarbons seep downwards they infiltrate the vadose zone,percolate the aquifer and accumulate on its bottom,see Fig.5.That is an essentially different behaviour in an aquifer than that of oil.Fig.5 Behaviour of hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbonsThe most important properties of chlorinated hydrocarbons are shown in Table 1:Table 1 Properties of some chlorinated hydrocarbonsThe water solubility of chlorinated hydrocarbons is relatively high,in many cases it exceeds by far the limiting values for drinking water.The boiling point is often below 100℃,i.e.such substances evaporate more easily than water.Their mass density,often above that of water,allows them to percolate through water bodies.Halogenated hydrocarbons are easily volatile and chemically very persistent,they are even able to penetrate clay layers and concrete;moreover,they are lipidophilic i.e.they can penetrate cell membranes and accumulate in organic cells.Therefore,they can be found nowadays in the atmosphere,in rain water,surface water,sea water and shallow groundwater as well as in plants,animals,and even within human beings.The most important users of chlorinated hydrocarbons are:metal industry,chemical industry,pharmaceutical industry,dry cleaners,textile industry,plastics processing industry,paper and pulp industry,car industry and repair shops,production of paints and varnishes,production of feed-stuff,printing shops,production of cooling agents,recycling plants,re-fineries,production of aroma substances and essences,etc.Heavy metals,67 metallic elements with specific weights greater than 5g/cm3,are natural constituents of rocks,enriched in ore deposits.Being involved in many chemical reactions and technical processes they are ultimately incorporated in waste,sewage,sewage sludge from treatment plants,and exhaust fumes.Since most of the heavy metals are toxic to human beings above individually specified concentration levels it is of great importance to control their existence in the environment.Heavy metals are elements and therefore not degradable by natural decay.They can precipitate especially as hydroxides(e.g.Fe(OH)3),oxides(e.g.Fe3O4),and sulphides(e.g.FeS2),and they can be adsorbed by some natural substances(clay,hydroxides,humicmatter,etc.).In case of changing pH-values(into the acid range)and redox potentials(to low values)adsorbed or precipitated heavy metals can be dissolved again.As a result of natural release(volcanic exhalations,weathering processes,burning of forests)and man-made release(traffic,industrial and private exhaust gases,plant protective agents,burning of oil,coal,and wood),rainwater contains heavy metals.2.3 Private householdsIn private households salts,diluting agents,paint remover,cleaning agents,pharmaceuticals,cosmetics,etc.are in use.The waste from households is often deposited in uncontrolled municipal waste deposits which deliver contaminated waste water into the subsurface.Fluid contaminants percolate out of leaky sewage pipe systems into groundwater bodies.In developing countries septic tanks may release inorganic and organic pollutants.2.4 Pharmaceutical contaminantsWith growing population and rising living standard the application and use of pharmaceuticals increases.This group of chemical substances includes compounds such as hormones,vitamins,enzymes,beta-blocker,psycho pharmacological medicine,anti-epileptic drugs,antibiotics,disinfectants,etc.and their metabolites as decay products.In Germany about 45.000 different pharmaceuticals are licensed for sale.Nowadays,pharmaceuticals can be found in surface-and groundwater.Concentrations up to 20μg/L have been measured in water which is released from sewage treatment plants after the treatment process into receiving rivers,and values up to 1μg/L in groundwater.Regarding these results it has to be taken into consideration that only a very limited number of compounds have been measured until now.The endangering potential may be higher than yet estimated.Many pharmaceuticals are very persistent.In some cases 50% of the original dose is excreted from the body chemically unaltered,and they are not decayed by water treatment.Mainly released from sewage treatment plants into receiving rivers,from sewage of pharmaceutical industry,out of leaky sewer pipe systems,and dissolved in leachate from waste deposits,they pollute surface-and groundwater.A special source is cattle breeding with the application of antibiotics and hormones if liquid manure from these animals percolate into the subsurface.In German rivers maximum concentrations have been measured oflipid regulators 3.1μg/L,anti-phlogistics 4.1μg/L,beta-blockers 2.9μg/L,anti-epileptics 1.2μg/L,antibiotics 1.7μg/L,X-ray contrast medium 2.8μg/L,estrogens 0.0016μg/L.The concentrations are mostly higher in small than in big rivers,but they can accumulate to remarkable values,see Fig.6.Generally,the concentrations of pharmaceuticals and the number of substances involved are higher in surface water than in groundwater.At the present time,an endangering of human beings by pharmaceutics in drinking water and acute poisoning is scarcely to be expected.But it is as yet unknown whether a long-term poisoning by a cumulative effect may happen.Chronic effects could include toxicity against genes,nerves,and the immune system.It also has to be considered that enrichment effects in animals and human beings may lead to concentrations exceeding acceptable values.Such enrichment effects happened in fresh water fishes in Germany and in farmed shrimps in the Philip-pines some yearsago.In any case,it can be expected that in the long run germs,bacteria,viri,etc.come into being which are resistant to antibiotics.Also in such a way humans and the ecosystem could be affected.In order to reduce the occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in surface-and groundwater it is necessary to optimise municipal and industrial sewage treatment processes,to repair defect sewage pipe systems,to use only controlled waste deposits,and to inform and train the population not to remove expired pharmaceutics by putting them into sewage.Fig.6 Contamination of the Weschnitz with pharmaceutical residues(after Ternes,2001)Another group of newly apparent substances in surface-and groundwater are cosmetics and perfumes(the production of cosmetics only in Germany amounted in 1993 to about 550.000 tons).It has to be taken into consideration that most of these substances are finally washed off the body and disappear in the sewage system.References[1]Alekin O.A.1962.Grundlagen der Wasserchemie.-61 fig.,Leipzig(Dt.Verlag fur Grundstoffindistrie),260p.[2]Davies N.S.,DeWiest,R.J.M.1966.Hydrogeology.-New York(Wiley),463p.[3]Ternes Th.2001.Vorkommen von Pharmaka in Gew?ssern.-Wasser,Boden.53/4,ISSN 0043-0951,Berlin
2023-07-15 15:03:531

程春田的兼任职务

主要学术及社会兼职:1999.10-现在 国际水科学协会会员(IAHS)2006.10-现在 水电能源科学编委23家国际SCI期刊论文评审人(Peer reviewer for International Journals),主要有:(1)《Water Resources Research》(AGU )(2)《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》(3)《Journal of Hydrology》(Elservier Press)(4)《Advances in Water Resources》(Elservier Press)(5)《Hydrological Processes》(Wiley Press)(6)《Hydrological Sciences Journal》(HSJ Press)(7)《Water International》(8)《Environmental Modelling & Software》(Elservier Press)(9)《Advances in Engineering Software》(Elservier Press)(10)《Journal of Environmental Management》(Elservier Press)(11)《Decision Support Systems》(Elservier Press)(12)《Information Sciences》(Elservier Press)(13)《Pattern Recognition Letters》(Elservier Press)(14)《Journal of Hazardous Materials》(Elservier Press)(15)《Computers & Geosciences》(Elservier Press)(16)《International Journal of Approximate Reasoning》(Elservier Press)(17) 《Applied Soft Computing》Elservier Press)(18)《INT J UNCERTAIN FUZZ》(World Company)(19)《Hydrogeology Journal》(Springer-Verlag Heidelberg)其它学术活动:香港RGC海外同行评议,973同行评议国家自然科学基金同行评议(计算机和水利学科)全国百名优秀博士论文评议人。
2023-07-15 15:04:001

郑春苗的学术兼职(部分)

2007-至今:国际水文科协(IAHS)国际地下水委员会当选主席2007-至今:国际学术刊物《Journal of Hydrology》副主编2005-至今:美国国家科研委员会(National Research Council) 水文科学小组成员2005-2008:美国大学水文科学联合会(CUAHSI)行政负责人之一(Treasurer)2004-2007:国际学术刊物《Hydrogeology Journal》副主编2004-至今:南京大学地球科学系客座教授2004-至今:成都理工大学土木环境学院客座教授2004-2005:国际中国地球科学促进会(IPACES)2004-05届主席1998-至今:国际学术刊物《Ground Water》副主编及软件版主编1998-至今:国际地下水模拟学术会议系列 “MODFLOW and MORE” 组织者之一1996-2005:美国地球物理协会(American Geophysical Union)地下水专业委员会委员
2023-07-15 15:04:241

陈亚宁的代表性论著

[1] 陈亚宁. 新疆塔里木河流域生态水文问题研究. 北京: 科学出版社, 2010.[2] 陈亚宁. 干旱荒漠区生态系统与可持续管理. 北京: 科学出版社, 2009.[3] Chen Yaning, Chen Yapeng, Xu Changchun, Liu Yongbo, Li Weihong. Progress, challenges and prospects of ecohydrological studies in the Tarim River basin of Xinjiang, China. Environmental Management, 2012.[4] Chen YN, Ye ZX, Shen YJ. Desiccation of the Tarim River, Xinjiang, China, and Mitigation Strategy. Quaternary International, 2011, 244:264-271.[5] Chen YN, Chen YP, Xu CC, et al. Effects of ecological water conveyance on groundwater dynamics and riparian vegetation in the lower reaches of Tarim River, China. Hydrological Processes, 2010, 24(2):170-177.[6] Chen YN, Xu CC, Chen YP, Li WH, Liu JS. Response of Glacial-lake outburst floods to climate change in the Yarkant River basin on northern slope of Karakoram Mountains,China. Quaternary International, 2010, 226:75-81.[7] Chen Yaning, Xu Changchun, Hao Xingming, Li Weihong, Chen Yapeng, Zhu Chenggang, Ye Zhaoxia. Fifty-year climate change and its effect on annual runoff in the Tarim River Basin, China. Quaternary International, 2009, 208:53-61.[8] Chen YN, Pang ZH, Hao XM. Periodic changes of stream flow in the last 40 years in Tarim River Basin, Xinjiang, China. Hydrological Processes, 2008, 22(21):4214-4221.[9] Chen YN, Pang ZH, Chen YP. Response of riparian vegetation to water-table changes in the lower reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang, China. Hydrogeology Journal, 2008, 16:1371-1379.[10] Chen YN, Xu CC, Chen YP, et al. Response of snow cover to climate change in the periphery mountains of Tarim river basin over the past four decades. Annals of Glaciology, 2008, 49:1-7.
2023-07-15 15:04:411

四川省冶金地质勘查局水文工程大队 英文怎么翻译啊?

我试了一下: Institute of Hydrogeology Engineering in Sichuan Provincial Bureau of Metallurgical & Geological Prospecting
2023-07-15 15:04:531

我翻译的,老师说让我润色一下,说很多句子缺主语,帮我看看,是哪几个地方缺主语!来大神帮忙啊!谢谢啊

Firstly, on the surface of the earth,made into a shaft shaped structure, and then from the well digging in the borehole wall under continuous, so that the caisson gradually sinking under its own weight, the intended design elevation, and then carried back to build the internal structure . Widely used in basic bridges, chimneys, cooling towers. 一看就是有道翻译的,made前边缺主语,widely前边缺,还有很多地方,建议一句一句的用有道翻译,不要整篇的翻译
2023-07-15 15:05:002

请求用英语翻译几段中文

itis This design content is the Pingnan County river scenery limestone I mining area yearly produces 5,000,000 tons mining. Some material informations which provides according to the Pingnan County China nat"l resources cement, introduced river scenery hollow mining area basic situations in detail and so on strip mine geology and hydrology condition; And determined that this hollow strip mine opencut mining boundary and the open-air stope side help the integrant part finally. In the ore deposit condition as well as under the mine capacity condition, first chooses the development transportation plan the influencing factor; Proposed initially the orebed development transportation plan, these orebed development transportation plan includes: The automobile development transportation, the railroad development transportation, plans and so on conveyer belt development transportation, then carry on the development transportation plan the technology, the economical comparison, finally chooses the determination orebed development transportation plan. This strip mine belongs to the hollow strip mine, the mining methods and the hillside strip mine has the difference. Because considered the mine safety and the mine working efficiency question, this design determination uses the elemental error demolition plan to carry on the stair demolition. This design uses the average to pick compared to is 0.13 exhaustedly, simultaneously designs based on cement industry"s raw material request, then this hollow strip mine mines the ore definitely may use for to make the cement industry raw material, thus this mining area does not need to establish a row of depot. The mine production safety and the environmental protection question are the very important topics, formulates the reasonable production safety system and the environmental protection system in the design according to the mine basic situation, guarantees the mine to be able the regular production. The last count mine economic indicator, carries on the mine technical economy appraisal.
2023-07-15 15:05:095

去亚利桑那大学读研究生 他的土木工程怎么样

应该可以吧!如果你去了,希望能交流交流。1806676293
2023-07-15 15:05:262

请问亚利桑那大学有奖学金吗?是所有人都可以申请吗?

天道教育留学顾问很高兴回答你的问题,美国亚利桑那大学奖学金设置情况:  每年,学生可以收到各种奖学金的资助,包括:Glodwater,Truman,Fubright,Churchill,Rhodes,Ford,Udall,Flinn,Marshall,Gates,Luce,Muskie,AT&T,Hughes,NASA,NSF,NIH,and the U.S.Air Force Word-class Faculty优势专业  在以下Science Program,排名Top10: Analytical Chemistry,Anthropology,Astronomy,Astrophysics,Audiology,Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,Geology,Hydrogeology,Pharmacy,Sedimentology,Stratigraphy,Structural Geology,Tectonics  以下专业排名Top 5: 管理学院管理信息系统MIS program,Applied Mathematics,Plant Genetics and Genomics Program,Population Biology  以下Liberal Arts 专业排名Top10: Linguistics,Philosophy,Creative Writing,Latin American History,Social Psychology,Speech and Language Pathology,Sociology,Dance,Photography  Optics Program,拥有世界上最优秀的光学研究中心在国际上拥有一流的声誉,其中Lunar and Planetary 实验室的规模是世界上所有大学中最大的;  Planetary and Space Program,被NASA授予32.5亿的研究基金,用于2007年火星科研项目;  College of Agriculture and Life science,已经被授予.4亿的科研经费用于提高世界的食品供给。  Biomedical Science,Biotechnology,已经投入.5亿的科研经费。
2023-07-15 15:05:452

versus 手表 停产

versus手表没有停产。范瑟丝versus是意大利著名时尚奢饰品品牌范思哲Versace的副线品牌,其产品设计更加年轻,并透露一种侵略性的热情气质。范瑟丝Versus的产品包括男女成衣、鞋履、太阳镜、香水、腕表等。价格相比主线范思哲更加便宜,更容易被大多数年轻人所接受。
2023-07-15 15:00:491