初三上册英语知识点归纳

被动语态

被动语态英语翻译是Passive voice。一、词性Passive voice是一个短语，由形容词passive和名词voice组成，其中passive表示被动的，voice表示语态。二、释义Passive voice是句子的一种语态，表明主语是动作的承受者，而不是动作的执行者。因此，Passive voice通常使用“被动语态”称呼，强调动作的接受者，而不是执行者。在被动语态中，动词的过去分词形式用作主语，而动作的执行者则在介词by后跟随。三、用法Passive voice，中文是可以翻译成为“被动语态”，是一种英语里的语法结构，用于来表达动作的接受者而不是执行者。它主要是用于英语中的口语及书面语的表达，可以使文章更加严谨、语气更加婉转。Passive voice的应用范围：1、”be+V-ed“：这是被动语态最基本的形式，V代表主动态的动词，ed代表其过去分词形式。例如：The book was written by Tom.（这本书是由汤姆写的。）2、”be+ V-ed+ by +主语“：在这种形式中，by后面跟的是动作执行的主体，即动作的施动者，通常是由一个人，一件物品或者一种行为代表。例如：The song was sung by Matt.（这首歌是由马特唱的。）3、”get/be+ V-ed“：这种形式通常表示某种强制性的影响或结果，强调的是动作被从外部施加。例如：I got fired last week.（上周我被解雇了。）4、”have + been + V-ed + by + 主语“：表示某个时间点之前已经完成的被动动作，同时强调的是这个动作的执行人。例如：The cookies have already been eaten by the children.（饼干已经被孩子们吃光了。）

英文 passive voice中文 被动语态

once后面为如果加be动词的话，还要加主语，才能构成含被动语态的从句：once they(things) are considered as acceptble.

voice; sound

the passive voice ： 被动语态

更新1: to: STEVIE-G 但系我个答案系had been stolen 唔系had stolen 系passive voice唔系past perfect tenseu359e... 其实呢个问题唔系咁复杂。 先澄清左楼上一点：「steal 是一个短暂性动词 不是可以持续一段时间的动词 不可以接在has/have/had 后」 试下用 google 揾 "has stolen"，可以揾到超过 1.4 million 个例子。我再作一个： How can you make any excuse for him? He has stolen my money! present perfect 讲已经发生o既事，影响至今，有乜唔得？上例o既影响就系「我冇左d钱！」（now the money is gone!） = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 睇返问题本身，两句都系 passive，你唔清楚之处系 1． passive voice 2．而系 tenses。 先讲 passive voice 结构，其实只系原句主要动词（即讲系乜野动作o个个，如 walk，dance）之前，多左个 be 或佢o既不同变化，即系：be is am are was were been being 例子： John kicked him. => He was kicked by John. 只要主要动词前加上 be，将主要动词本来o既形态（呢句系 past tense）套用于 be 度（咁 be 就变成 was），再将主要动词变成 past participle，同埋 subject object 换位，咁就成句变成 passive。多个例子，留意动词 tense 变化： The dog is barking at Simon. => Simon is being barked at (by the dog).（is 不变，只系加左 be，佢继承左 barking o既 ing，而 barking 则变成过去分词 barked） 所以，had been stolen 同埋 had stolen，其实都系 past perfect tense，只系前者系 passive，后者 active。 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 依家可以讲 tenses。就以你o既答案讲： I think Tom"s watch had been stolen by his neighbour. past perfect tense 用于有两件事一先一后发生，咁较早o既一件用 past perfect 讲，而较近o既一件用 simple past。如： I had already cleaned the room before he came. 但呢句中你可以话冇一件较近o既往事，所以用 past perfect 就不恰当。平日我地想讲一件往事，只要用 simple past 即可。所以答案先会系： I think Tom"s watch was stolen by his neighbour. 即系话，如果呢句系想讲只表系o系某事发生之前已经失窃，咁就应该用 past perfect，如： I think Tom"s watch had been stolen by his neighbour before he left home. 1. has/have/had .....是现在完成时/过去完成时 强调已经发生的事完成了. 通常has/have/had 可以持续一段时间的动词的现在/过 去完成式 for example: I had travel to USA. (travel:旅行 可以持续一段时间) 2. has/have/had been ...是完成时/过去完成时的被动式 通常has/have/had been 可以持续一段时间的动词过去完成式 The pen had been used for 3 months. (use: 用 可以持续一段时间) 3. is/am/are/was/were ________是现在/过去时 指正发生/ 发生了的事 表明事件发生的时间是现在/过去. I am a student. 我现在是一个学生. I was a student. 我过去是一个学生.(现在不是) 4. was /were 过去完成式 是现在/过去时的被动式 I kicked him. = He was kick by me. Tom's neighbour stole Tom's watch.= Tom's watch was stolen by his neighour. @@*** steal 是一个短暂性动词 不是可以持续一段时间的动词 不可以接在has/have/had 后 @@*** had been stolen 系用左past perfect tense 呢种tense会系以下2种情况使用: 1.这句子有2个动作 这动作先发生 e.g. The patient had died before the doctor came. 2.作用reported speech Directed:I has been to China. Reported:I had been to China. 所以因为tom"s watch被人偷系发左左 属于过去 所以系用past tense. 三身单数(he she it)用has is was(I系用was) 若用we I则用have were(I除外) am(I) are(We) they you个d用are were

We enjoyed the holiday last month.The holiday was enjoyed by us last month.I have asked Brown the question.Brown has been asked the question by me.Women ofhen talk about food and clothes.Food and clothes are often talked about by women.

Passive Voice被动语态 1）pay the expenses The expenses were paid yesterday. 2)sign the lease The lease is signed by these two parties. 3)send the dishes to These dishes have been sent to his family. 4)take sb"s order His order was taken quickly. 5)cross A off B A is crossed off from B.

这个差距那么大，active是指活跃的，passive是积极的，正面的。比如一个很活跃的人不一定很正能量，对吧。正能量的人也不一定很叽叽喳喳

被动语态一般用于被……的语境，结构是be动词+动词的完成时。比如You are forgiven by the Lord.需要注意be动词的时态

解决办法，试试一、替换格式法就是把损坏的Word文档存为另一种格式。1、打开被损坏的文档单击“文件/另存为”菜单，在“保存类型”列表中，选择“RTF格式”，然后单击“保存”按钮，并关闭Word。2、打开刚才保存的RTF格式文件，再次使用“另存为”将文件重新保存为“Word文档”，现在打开这个Word文件就可以发现文件已经被恢复过来了。如果在转换成rtf格式后文件仍然不能被恢复，可以将文件再次转换为纯文本格式(*.txt)，再转换回Word格式。当然在转换为txt文件的时候其图片等信息会丢失掉。二、删除格式信息法Word文档的最后一个段落符号记录着全篇文档的格式信息，有时删除这些格式信息就可以恢复变成乱码的文件。1、在打开损坏的文档后，单击“工具/选项”菜单，选择“编辑”标签，取消对“使用智能段落选择范围”复选框的勾选，然后单击按钮。这样就可以修复文件了。2、选定最后一个段落符之外的全部内容，然后将这些内容粘贴复制到新的Word文件中即可。

将以下句子从主动语态变成被动语态或从被动语态变成主动语态

更新1: 定系会唔会inversion唔可以套用晌passive voice上面?_? 更新2: 最好比多D Example啦 拜托拜托>_ 如果我理解正确的话，一般句子排列是subject-verb-adverb-object...，inversion(倒置句)是改为adverb-verb(a)-subject-verb(a")-object。并不是把verb放在头，那就会变成「问句」。verb(a)是tense的时性(例：have will sha is e) verb(a")是动词的主体。当然如果句子是复杂再要细拆主句和副句的编排。 至于如这句的conditional句，我想是把verb改为写在前面，反转来讲吧，当中连if也不用了。但是单单如你的改法好像不太妥，因为can i remend...便变成问句了。所以要按verb的性质作出改写，can是present tense，意思是可能/可以/有能力，而最初型的present-可以的verb是be，而 I 的be verb是am，因此我会改写为(从写作阅读理解角度)： Am I to remend this book to others I will. 但是文法规则上你的写法可能是正确的inversion.不过我仍有一个写法是 Can this book I remed to others I will. 希望是正确。 下列一些几难的例子给你参考，是city university的小测验。

2) Someone turns off the puters at 5 o"clock. 7) Someone called the police. 10) Miss Chan sent me to the principal. 13) A car knocked down Sam. [past simple tense] 19) When there is an accident call an ambulance. [present simple tense] 21) His servant washed John"s car. [past simple tense] Comment: John"s servant washed his car. [The car of his servant? John"s car?] (A) Passive & Active Sentences (Present Simple) 2) The puters are turned off at 5 o"clock = Passive - present tense Somebody turns off the puters at 5 o"clock = active (B) Passive & Active Sentences (Simple Past) 7) The police was called.= passive - past tense Somebody called the police = active 10) I was sent to the Principal by Miss Chan.= passive- past tense Miss Chan sent me to the Principal = active (C) Passive & Active Sentences (Simple past or simple present tense) Decide which kind of tense the sentences are and rewrite them using the correct voices. 13) Sam was knocked down by a car. A car knocked Sam down = active - past tense 19) An ambulance is called when there is an accident. Somebody calls an ambulance when there is an accident. = active - present tense 21) John"s car was washed by his servant. John"s servant washed his car.= active - past tense Following is hint to tell whether it is present tense or past tense Passive voice - present tense is / am / are washed Passive voice - past tense was/were washed 由passive voice转为active voice时可能要自己创作一个主角做这动作，要留意处境这个主角要如何创造出来。 2) Everyone turns off the puters at 5 o"clock. 7) Someone called the police. 10) Miss Chan sent me to the Principal. 13) A car knocked down Sam. 19) Someone called an ambulance when there is an accident. 21) John"s servant washed his car. 2)i turn off the puters at 5 o"clock. 7)someone called the police 10)miss chan sent me to the principal. 13)a car knocked down sam[past] 19)when there is an accident call an ambulance.[present] 21)john"s servant washed his car[past] 10)Miss Chan sent me to the Principal. 13)A car knocked down Sam. 21)John"s servant washed his car. Although I just know how to do a few quesion hope I can help you. 参考: ME

一、概述语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语的关系。英语的动词可分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。主动语态和被动语态可以相互转化。She typed a letter. (主动，主语She是type动作的执行者)A letter was typed by her.（被动，主语A letter是typed动作的承受者）Granny takes care of the girl. (主动，主语Granny是take care of动作的执行者)The girl is taken care of by Granny. （被动，主语The girl是take care of动作的承受者）二、被动语态1、被动语态的概述被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。Farming tools are being sent to the countryside. 农具正运往农村。He had been invited to teach at a university there.他被邀请在那儿的一所大学任教。2、构成其构成为“be+及物动词的过去分词”。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。现以动词see为例列表如下：式时 一般式 进行式 完成式 现在时 amis seenare amis being seenare hasbeen seenhave 过去时 wasseenwere wasbeing seenwere had been seen 将来时 shallseenwill shallhave been seenwill 过去将来时 shouldbe seenwould shouldhave been seenwould 注意：含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由“情态动词（can, may must, have to等）+be +动词的-ed形式。含有“be going to , be to, used to, be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为“be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +动词的-ed形式”构成。巧记：被动特点强调宾（语）， 用be加上过去分（词），行为对象做主语，逻辑主语by引。I need one more stamp before my collection is completed . 我的邮集还需要一张邮票就完成了。（一般现在时被动语态）- I"ve been told the sports meet might be put off.有人告诉我说运动会可能延期举行。(现在完成时的被动态)-Yes, it all depends on the weather. 是，这完全看天气而定。The water will be further polluted unless some measures are taken. 如果不采取措施该地区的水污染会更加严重。（一般将来时的被动语态）I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 给了我五分钟时间来决定是否接受这些馈赠。（一般过去时态的被动语态）If city noises are not kept from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard even at dinner table 20 years from now如果不阻止城市噪音污染扩大，从现在算起20年后，即使人们在餐桌边吃饭时也必须大喊才能听得见。（一般现在时被动语态的否定）He must be prevented from going. 必须阻止他去。（含有情态动词的被动语态）The life of the milu is being studied there. 在那里正进行着对麋鹿生活习惯的研究。(现在进行时的被动语态)He said that the books would be given to the students.他说这些书将发给学生。(过去将来时的被动态)巧记：被动不离“be”“p.p.”，主谓一致莫忘记，句中时态要留意，“进行”易漏一个“be”。3、被动语态的使用范围（1）不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的。English is spoken in Canada. 加拿大讲英语。（2）为了强调动作的承受者时Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.要求参观者不可触摸展品。The store is run by the trade union. 这家店是工会办的。The song was composed by a student. 这首歌是一个学生谱写的。（3）出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者You are said to be active recently. 据说你最近很活跃。The plan was generally considered not practical. 普遍认为这个计划不实用。It"s said that he would come back soon. 据说他很快就会来。常用于如下短语：It"s not known that… ……不得而知 It"s said that… 据说……It"s reported that… 据报道…… It"s not decided that…尚未决定It"s believed that… 据认为…… It"s announced that…据宣布……巧记：动作谁做的不知道，说出谁做的不必要，接受动作者要强调，用被动语态最为妙。4、主动语态变为被动语态主动语态变为被动语态要遵循以下原则：主动句中的宾语变为被动结构的主语（如果是人称代词，宾格变为主格）；把主动句中的谓语变为被动结构；主动句中的主语变为by介词短语（如果是人称代，主格变为宾格），有时介词短语可省去。（1）含有单个宾语的主动句变为被动句 在一般情况下，将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，动词变为被动语态，主动句的主语变为by的宾语，但是短语可以不要。Everyone likes the book. (active voice)大家都喜欢这本书。→The book is liked by everyone. (passive voice)这本书受大家喜欢。He wrote a letter. (active voice)他写了一封信。→A letter was written by him. (passive voice)他写了一封信。（2）含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句有些动词后面可以跟“宾语+补足语”结构，这种结构被称作复合宾语。含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语保留不动，这时它就成了主语补足语。可以充当宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、V-ing和V-ed等。 ①行为动词They advised her to take the medicine. (active voice)他们劝她吃这种药。→She was advised to take the medicine. (passive voice)她被劝告吃这种药。They named the boy John. (active voice)他们给这男孩取名约翰。→The boy was named John. (passive voice)这男孩被取名为约翰。We found him working in the factory. (active voice)我们发现他正在工厂干活。→He was found working in the factory. (passive voice)他被发现正在工厂干活。②感官动词和使役动词跟不定式作宾补时在主动句中，动词不定式做感官动词（see, watch, hear等）和使役动词（make ,have）的宾语补足语，通常省去动词不定式符号to。但改为被动结构后，要把省略了to再加上。They made him go there alone. 他们让他自己去那里。→He was made to go there alone. 他被迫自己去那里。I saw him cross the road and enter the bank. 我看到他穿过马路到银行去了。→He was seen to cross the road and enter the bank. 有人看见他穿过马路到银行去了。注意：动词是let时，其被动结构中不定式仍不带to。They let John go.他们让约翰走。→John was let go. 约翰不得不走。（3）含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句①直接宾语是名词、代词时有些动词（give, tell, buy等）在句中做谓语时可有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），又称双宾语。含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。当直接宾语变为被动结构的主语时，间接宾语前应加介词to（有时可以省去）或for。She gave me the book.(active voice)她给了我这本书。→I was given the book.(passive voice)有人送给我一本书→The book was given to me. (passive voice)。这本书是别人送的。My mother gave me a pencil.妈妈送给了我一支铅笔。→I was given a pencil by my mother.我妈妈给了我一支铅笔。→A pencil was given(to)me by my mother. （介词to可以省略）这支铅笔是妈妈给的。Father bought me a new coat.爸爸给我买了一件新上衣。→I was bought a new coat. 有人给我买了一件新上衣。 →A new coat was bought for me. （介词for不可省略）这件新上衣是别人给我买的。注意：被动句中两个间接宾语对比时，其前的介词to不可省略。This apple is given to me, not to you. 这个苹果是给我的，不是给你的。②直接宾语是从句时如果直接宾语是从句时，一般只能构成以间接宾语为主语的被动句。Someone told me where the accident had happened. （passive voice）有人告诉我事故是在何处发生的。→I was told where the accident had happened. (passive voice)我被告知事故在何处发生。He asked me whether the meeting was to be put off. 他问我会议是否推迟。→I was asked whether the meeting was to be put off. 有人问我是否要推迟会议。（4）带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句①带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，通常用it作为被动结构的形式主语。Nobody knew whether there was gold left in the mine.(active voice)无人知道矿中是否还有黄金。→It was not known whether there was gold left in the mine. ( passive voice)矿中是否还有黄金无人知道。We believed that he was ill.我们相信他病了。→It was believed that he was ill. 都相信他病了。②带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，可以改为不定式结构He said the play was very interesting. 他说这台戏剧很有趣。 →The play was said to be very interesting. 据说这台戏剧很有趣。He reported that they had finished the project. 他报道说，他们已经完成了工程。They were reported to have finished the project. 据报道，他们已经完成了工程。（5）带有情态动词或be going to的主动句换为被动句如果主动句带有情态动词或be going to(be about to, be to, used to, have to )等，在变为被动句时，情态动词或be going to等不变，只是后面的主动词变为被动语态。He is going to give me a book. 他打算给我一本书。→I am going to be given a book. 有人打算给我一本书。We must take measures to stop pollution. 我们必须采取措施制止污染。→Measures must be taken to stop pollution. 必须采取措施制止污染。5、被动结构的时态 被动语态的时态是由be的不同时态+及物动词的-ed形式来构成的（1）一般现在时一般现在时的被动结构是由“be的一般现在时（am/is/are）+及物动词的-ed形式”构成。In some parts of the world, tea is served with milk and sugar. 在世界上有的地方，茶和奶一起喝。Football is played all over the world. 全世界都踢足球。Jack, you are wanted on the phone. 杰克，电话里有人找你。I am asked to do the work. 有人让我干这件工作。（2）一般过去式一般过去式的被动结构是由“be的一般过去式（was/were）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。Shortly after we were seated, a waiter came over to our table with a smile. 我们刚坐下，就一个服务员微笑着来到我们桌旁服务。The building was built in 1559. 这座建筑是1559年建成的。His leg was broken in an accident. 他的腿在一次车祸中骨折了。（3）一般将来时一般将来时的被动结构是由“be的一般将来时（shall/will be）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。More factories will be built in my hometown. 我们家乡会建更多的工厂。He will be taken to the park on Sunday. 星期天有人要带他到公园。（4）现在进行时现在进行时的被动结构是由“be的现在进行时（am/is/are being）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。-Have you moved into the new house?你搬入新居了吗？-Not yet.The rooms are being painted.还没呢，房间正在上油。The life of the milu is being studied at present. 目前人们正在研究麋鹿的生活习惯。A teaching building is being built now. 现在正建造一座教学大楼。（5）过去进行时过去进行时的被动语态是由“be的过去进行时（was/were being）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。When I got there a new road was being built by them. 我到那里时，他们正在建一条新路。Last time I went back to my hometown, a big factory was being built there. 上次我回家乡时，一座大工厂正在建造。（6）现在完成时现在完成时的被动语态是由“be的现在进行时（has/have been）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。–I"ve been told the sports meet might be put off. 有人告诉我说运动会可能推迟。-Yes, it all depends on the weather. 是的，这要看天气情况。No permission has been given for anybody to enter the building. 不允许任何人进入该大楼。All the preparations for the task have been completed and we"re ready to start. 任务的准备工作业已完成，我么们准备开始。（7）过去完成时过去完成时的被动语态是由“be的过去完成时（had been）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。He asked me how many English words had been learned by that year. 他问我到那年我学了多少英语单词。By the end of last year, about 2 million Chinese characters had been translated into English. 到去年末，大约二百万个汉字翻译成了英语。（8）将来完成时将来完成时的被动语态是由“be的将来完成时（will/shall have been）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。 The new book will have been finished by the end of the month.月底新书将会完成。 The buiding will have been completed before he comes.他来之前，大楼将会竣工。（9）过去将来完成时过去将来完成时的被动语态是由“be的过去将来完成时（would/should have been）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。 He said the articles should have been translated by six o"clock.他说代章将在六点钟之前翻译完毕。 He told me that the dam would have been completed by December.他告诉我大坝将在12月前竣工。注意：将来完成时和过去将来完成时很少用于被动结构，完成进行时没有被动结构。6、含有情态动词或be going to 的被动语态含有情态动词的被动结构是由“情态动词或be going to(be about to, used to, be to, have to等)+be+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。This bike can be mended in two hours. 两个小时内可修好该自行车。The trees may be planted in spring. 春天可以种树。The room must be kept clean. 房间必须保持整洁。The flowers should be watered often. 应该经常给花浇水。They have to be given a lot of money. 必须给他们很多钱。7、短语动词的被动语态通常只有及物动词才有被动语态，但有些短语动词相当于及物动词，可以有被动语态，但短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。Have you sent for the doctor?你派人去请医生了吗?→Has the doctor been sent for?派人去请医生了吗?They often made fun of her. 人们常拿她开玩笑。→She was often made fun of. 她常被人取笑。I promise that the matter will be taken care of. 我答应把这事放在心上。The police found that the house had been broken into and a lot of thingsstolen.警察发现该房已被非法闯入，很多东西失窃。Great changes have taken place in the city, and a lot of factories have been set up. 这个城市发生了很大变化，建了很多工厂。-Why does Lingling look so unhappy?玲玲为什么默默不乐？-She has been laughed at by her classmates. 她被同学嘲笑。注意：主动结构的谓语动词为“不及物动词+名词+介词”构成的及物的短语动词时，通常把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语，构成被动语态，尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。Good care must be taken of the babies particularly while they are ill. 必须仔细照料这些孩子，尤其是在他们生病时。详细内容你可以到http://www.ixuela.com/看下，里面内容很丰富，都是免费资源，很方便的。

被动语态passive voice 主动语态active voice 动态助词aspect particle 语气助词modal particle 这句话是被动语态This sentence is a construction in the active voice.

Are the sick been taken care of?The old patient is being operated on by him.The matter will be taken good care of.(the matter will be looked into)This kind of trees can be found everywhere.

我觉得“多元光宇”的答案是对的，英语中有这个用法：ask a question of sb. 我在英语文章中经常看到，就等于ask sb a question

nobody sold the car. cameron made birthday cakes. c)Dad bought the new car. d)We washed our clothes every day. l bought the book l did not bought the meat Thar car is_well done_____________. b)The pasta was__nice__________.

高中英语教资面试语法知识点如下。1、attributive clause（定语从句）。2、appositive clause（同位语从句）。3、subject clause（主语从句）。4、object clause（宾语从句）。5、verb voices(动词语态)： active voice（主动语态），passive voice（被动语态）。6、verb tenses(动词时态)。一共有3*4=12种组合，如present perfect就是现在完成时。专用术语：1、subject（主语）。2、predicate（谓语）。3、object（宾语）。4、comma（逗号）。5、colon（冒号）。6、infinitive(不定式)。7、subject agrees with the verb（主谓一致）。因为语法就是，讲解和练习，不设置产出（production）环节影响不大，在practice时设计重难点纠错环节，强调重难点。

动词优先，就是在选择用词的时候，同等条件下，可以先选择动词。1、用一个动词来替代句子中的其中一个重要的名词或形容词例：Verb to be: The quarterback"s wretched performance was a disgrace to his team.Action verb: The quarterback"s wretched performance humiliated his team.2、在文章中把一个主要的名词换成动词例Verb to be: the use of leaf blowers before 8 am is a violation of local noise abatement laws.Action verb: the use of leaf blowers before 8 am violates local noise abatement laws.3、如果你不知道该如何更改动词，可以重新整理语句形式例Verb to be: Jamie was happy to be part of the all-star soccer team.Action verb: Being a part of the all-star soccer team thrilled Jamie.以上的例子已经解析了，运用动词可以是句子更具生动性，也更能吸引读者的眼球。4、主动语态 Passive Voice:例the main idea for my essay was stated as the first sentence in the first paragraph.Active Voice: I stated the main idea of my essay in the first sentence in the first paragraph.Passive voice: money for the new recreation building was raised quicklyActive voice: the recreation committee quickly raised money for the new building.推荐免费提分神器 ceceSAT，手机各大应用市场均可下载或登录cecesat官网。

被动语态完成时

The note can"t be changed by them.含有情态动词的被动语态

defining clause/ non-defining clause－A defining relative clause gives essential information about the noun or noun phrase it modifies, without which the sentence wouldn"t make sense as the listener or reader would not be able to identify the noun in the sentence:The hotel that we stayed in wasn"t bad. ("that we stayed in" tells the listener which hotel we are talking about; it defines the hotel)"Who", "whose" and "that" can be used for people. "Which" "whose" and "that" can be used for things.－A non-defining relative clause gives extra information about a noun or noun phrase and has commas at both ends:My sister, who lives in France, is coming to stay with me next week. ("who lives in France" is not essential, which means that I only have one sister and she does not need to be defined by the relative clause)"Who" and "whose" are used for people. "Which" and "whose" are used for things. "That" cannot be used in a non-defining relative clause.全面的中文讲解请参考：http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/15916615.html===========================Passive VoiceA passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is not the grammatical subject of the sentence.Once you know what to look for, passive constructions are easy to spot. Look for a form of "to be" (is, are, am , was, were, has been, have been, had been, will be, will have been, being) followed by a past participle. (The past participle is a form of the verb that typically, but not always, ends in "-ed." Some exceptions to the "-ed" rule are words like "paid" (not "payed") and "driven." (not "drived"). Here"s a sure-fire formula for identifying the passive voice:form of "to be" + past participle = passive voice全面的中文讲解请参考：http://www.7139.com/enyf/yf/200707/13804.html希望资料对你有帮助。

更新1: 第8-12同14-15句有d补充 8.I think they should have offered Tom the job. I think Tom_____________________________. 9.How much will they pay you for your work? How much will you _________________________. 10.It is expected that the strike will end soon. The strike ________________________. 更新2: 11.It is expected that the weather will be good tomorrow. The weather is ______________________________. 12.It is believedthat the pany lost a lot of money last year. The pany ______________________________. 更新3: 14.How do people learn languages? How ____________________________. 15.I didn"t realize that somebody was recording our conversation. I didn"t realize that ________________________. 1. My grandfather"s house was built by him. 2. Many accidents were caused by careless drivers. 3. Three hundred people were employed by the pany. 4. The school hall is being cleaned by Abby at the moment. 5. A new ring road is being built round the city. 6. The information I needed was not given to me. 7. I was asked some difficult questions at the interview. 8. I think the job should have been offered to Tom. 9. How much will you be paid for your work? 10. The strike is expected to end soon. The sentence cannot be converted to passive voice because “strike” is an intritive verb. We have to change the main verb. 11. The weather will be expected to be good tomorrow. The sentence cannot be converted to passive voice because “will be” is a linking verb. We have to change the main verb. . 12. It is believed that a lot of money was lost by the pany last year. 13. I was accused of stealing money. 14. How are languages learned by people? 15. I didn"t realize that our conversation was being recorded. 2011-01-02 06:19:14 补充： Correction: 11. The weather is expected to be good tomorrow. 我推荐您一个非常不错的英语学习网站，里面有很多非常不错的学习资源： englishstudy.info 希望可以帮到你! 1. My grandfather"s house was built by my grandfather. 2. Many accidents were caused by careless drivers. 3. Three hundred people were employed by the pany. 4. The school hall is being cleaned by Abby at the moment. 5. A new ring road round the city is being built by them. 6. The information I needed was not given by them. 7. I was asked some difficult questions at the interview. 8. They should have offered Tom the job is thought by me. 9. (cannot turn to passive voice because it is a question) 10. (cannot turn to passive voice because there is no agent) 11. (cannot turn to passive voice because there is no agent) 12. (cannot turn to passive voice because there is no agent) 13. I was accused of stealing money by somebody. 14. (cannot turn to passive voice because it is a question) 15. Somebody was recording our conversation was not realized by me. 第八、第十五句很少会用被动式表达。 参考: 本人的英文知识

时态1. Imagine 2. drops, will break3. leaves, will be被动语态1. A long time ago fire was used for cooking food by man.2. Letters aren"t written by us in English.3. I am always made to cry by him.4. A complaint was rarely received by him.5. The captain was seized and dragged away by them.6. She was heard singing a beautiful song by us yesterday.

Reference is made to your email ..... "Reference is made" = With reference to = Referring 系 passive voice﹔ 系比较旧式的书信句式。 The reference........subject is made................verb / passive voice 被动式= be + past participle.=被制造 to your email.........prep phrase..... to介词领导作短语修饰 is made做了此什么 去到你的电邮. 全句解 : 那参考书(被)造妥 到了你的电邮内. 意思是指 有关 或 关于 某事物 通常用于信件或电邮的开端.

先把词翻译过来，在根据语法进行连词组句

题主一定是一时糊涂了。In passive voice, an auxiliary be has to be used. So in order to get the right version, you"ve got to change the word did by was.Was my package sent by EMS？is the correct answer.

1) My name is Mandy. I am Twelve. I am a clean and dilligent girl. I like to make handicrafts. 2) I have been study at Kei Faat Primary school for six years. I like going to handicrafts at school. I will miss all my friends from my primary school becasue the teachers and clas *** ates are very nice to me. 3)My happiest time was when i became my school prefect. My most anxoius time was when i was waiting for the result of my interview. My Most enjoyable time was when i went to camping with my friends. 4) I am so glad that i have got a warm family. There are my dad mum and me. I have to thank my mum and dad becasue i can have anything i want. I hope that will be happy all the time. Hope can help you la. 参考: myself. i live in Australia so i think my English is alright. I have been study in Kei Faat Primary School for six years. "have been study" is wrong. Have studied -- present perfect tense Have been studying -- present perfect continuous tense Have been studied -- present perfect tense (passive voice) Have been study -- WRONG You should say "I have studied in Kei Faat Primary School for six years". 1)My name is Mandy . I am a elve-year-old girl. I am intelligent and diligent.I enjoy making handicrafts so much that I have joined the school"s handicrafts Club for the past couple of years. 2)I have been studying in Kei Faat Primary School for six years. I will miss everything from my mother school as the teachers and clas *** ates are friendly and helpful. 3)My most unfettable moment was the time when I became a school prefect . My most anxious moment was the time when I was waiting for the result from my interview. My most enjoyable experience was going camping with my clas *** ates. 4) I am grateful to have a warm family with my Dad and Mum. Thanks to my parents I am able to have everything I need for my everyday life. I do hope our lives will remain satisng and fulfilling in the years ahead. 参考: I am an English Teacher and hope my information helps.

Many trees have been cut down by the farmers in the past years.A train station will be built by us in the future.My new house is being painted by me so I haven"t moved in,When you check in at a hotel, you will be asked to fill in a form by them.

【典型例句】 1. We"re being killed for the wool beneath our stomachs.2. So many things are being done here to save local wildlife.3. What is being done for the milu deer?4. New nature parks are not being started in China.5. Are milu deer being sent to China from Britain?6. Another bridge is being built over the Yangtze River. 【热点归纳】1. 现在进行时的被动语态表示此时此刻某事正在被做。2. 现在进行时的被动语态的构成： be + being + 过去分词。（1） “be being done” 中的动词be应随主语作相应的变化。（2） 将现在进行时的主动语态变为现在进行时的被动语态的关键是把be doing变为be being done。【特别提示】1. 注意不可遗漏being。现在进行时的被动语态表示说话时正在进行的一个被动的动作，强调主语是动作的承受者，其构成为“am / is / are + being + 动词的过去分词”。如果我们把being漏掉，就成为一般现在时的被动语态或系表结构。如：Look! The children are being taken care of by their aunt.2. 注意不可忽视“现阶段”。现在进行时的被动语态也可表示目前这一阶段正在进行的一个被动的动作。如:Many interesting experiments are being carried out these days. 3. 注意现在进行时的被动语态有时也可以表示将来。现在进行时的被动语态有时可表示按计划或安排将要进行的一个被动的动作（此种用法仅限于少数及物动词）。如：A party is being held tonight.4. 注意没有现在进行时的被动语态的动词。一些表示“状态、心理活动、拥有、存在”等的动词，一般不用现在进行时的被动语态，而常用一般现在时的被动语态。如: Xiao Wang, come here. You are wanted on the phone.5. 注意“be + under / in等介词 + 名词”结构可表示现在进行时的被动语态的含义。如：The problem is under discussion （is being discussed） at the meeting.

ThePassiveVoice教学设计河北省卢龙县双望镇中学张洁清教材依据：人民教育出版社九年义务教育三年制初级中学教科书九年级第九单元。TeachingDesignsAimsofbasicknowledge：1.UnderstandtherearetheActiveVoiceandthePassiveVoiceinEnglishverb.2.MasterthestructureofthePassiveVoice.Aimofability:ChangetheActiveVoiceintothePassiveVoiceorchangethePassiveVoiceintotheActivevoice.Aimsofemotion:1.Trainthestudents"spritandabilityofuniteandcooperation.2.Arousethestudents"interestoflearningEnglish.TeachingKeyPoint:ThestructureofthePassiveVoice.TeachingDifficultPoint:HowtochangetheActiveVoiceintothePassiveVoiceorchangethePassiveVoiceintotheActiveVoice.TaskActivities:TaskOne:WhataretheActiveVoiceandthePassiveVoice?TaskTwo:WhatisthestructureofthePassiveVoice?TaskThree;HowtochangetheActiveVoiceintothePassiveVoice.TaskFour:PracticeandConsolidation1.TaskFive:PracticeandConsolidation2.TeachingProcedures:Step1:Warming-up.ShowTeachingAims(slide).刺激学生的视觉感官，激发学生的学习积极性，让学生在轻松愉快的氛围中进入本节的目标学习。Step2:TaskOne.Ⅰ.Lead-in1(slide):WespeakChinese.我们说汉语。Chineseisspokenbyus.汉语被我们说。1．Theteacherandthestudentsanalysetherelationof“we”,“Chinese”and“speak”together.Thenpointoutwe是speak（动作）的执行者，Chinese是speak(动作)的承受者。2．TheteacherandthestudentsanalyseinSentence“WespeakChinese”,we是主语而且是动作的执行者,soleadtoTheActivePassive;Insentence“Chineseisspokenbyus”,Chinese是主语而且是动作的承受者,soleadtoThePassiveVoice.3.Askastudentsay“WhataretheActiveVoiceandthePassiveVoice?”4.Theteachersumup.Ⅱ.Presentation1(slide):主动语态：主语是动作的执行者。英语动词:被动语态：主语是动作的承受者。Step3:TaskTwo.Ⅰ.Lead-in2(slide):WespeakChinese.(主动)Chineseisspokenbyus.(被动)1.TheteacherandthestudentsanalysethestructureofThePassiveVoiceaccordingto“isspoken”.2.Askthestudentstodiscuss.3.AskastudentsumupthestructureofThePassiveVoice.4.Theteachercheck.Ⅱ.Presentation2(slide):被动语态的构成：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词AskthestudentstodiscussthestructureofThePassiveVoicewehavelearneddifferentkindsoftenses.(教师先提示：在被动语态中，动词过去分词永远不变，所有的变化都体现在助动词be的变化上,be相当于各种时态中的动词)Show(多媒体)各种时态的被动语态构成:Student1:一般现在时am/is/are+动词过去分词Student2:一般过去时was/were+动词过去分词Student3:现在进行时am/is/arebeing+动词过去分词Student4:过去进行时was/werebeing+动词过去分词Student5:一般将来时willbe+动词过去分词Student6:现在完成时have/hasbeen+动词过去分词Student7:含有情态动词情情态动词+be+动词过去分词Step4:TaskThree.Ⅰ.Lead-in3(slide):WespeakChinese.主语谓语动词宾语Chineseisspokenbyus主语谓语动词过去分词(被)宾语1.HelpthestudentsanalysehowtochangeTheActiveVoiceintothePassiveVoice.(用三种颜色标出对应部分,学生能一目了然地说出主动变被动分三步走)2.Askthestudentstodiscussandthenaskastudenttosumup.3.Theteachercheck.Ⅱ.Presentation3(slide):主动语态变被动语态的步骤：1.原主动句中的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2.谓语动词变成被动语态结构“be+动词过去分词”，注意be要随新主语的人称和数进行变化，时态要与原主动句的时态保持一致。3.原主动句中的主语变成被动语态的宾语，人称代词用宾格，其前用介词by(被),其他成分(定语,状语)不变。Step5:TaskFour(PracticeandConsolidation1)：给出汉语“我每周写一封信”让学生给出英语，并用所给时间状语（yesterday,now,atthistimeyesterday,tomorrow,already,can）将该句翻译成对应时态的英语，再把各句变成对应的被动语态，这样学生既复习了所学的各钟时态的结构，又练习巩固了被动语态结构，达到了突出本节重点，突破难点的效果。Askthestudentstodiscussandthensaytheanswers.Show（多媒体）Student1:Iwritealettereveryweek.Aletteriswrittenbymeeveryweek.Student2:Iwrotealetteryesterday.Aletterwaswrittenbymeyesterday.Student3:Iamwritingaletternow.Aletterisbeingwrittenbymenow.Student4:Iwaswritingaletteratthistimeyesterday.Aletterwasbeingwrittenbymeatthistimeyesterday.Student5:Iwillwritealettertomorrow.Aletterwillbewrittenbymetomorrow.-Student6:Ihavealreadywrittenaletter.Aletterhasbeenalreadywrittenbyme.Student7:Icanwritealetter.Alettercanbewrittenbyme.Step6:TaskFive(PracticeandConsolidation2):ChangethePassiveVoiceintotheActiveVoice.Step7:Sum-up:themaincontentsinthislessonStep8:Homework:MakesentenceswithallkindsoftenseswehavelearnedandthenchangethemintothePassivevoice.BlackboardDesign:Unit9Whenwasitinvented?Grammar:ThePassiveVoice.被动语态的构成：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词各种时态被动语态的构成：一般现在时am/is/are+动词过去分词一般过去时was/were+动词过去分词现在进行时am/is/arebeing+动词过去分词过去进行时was/werebeing+动词过去分词一般将来时willbe+动词过去分词现在完成时have/hasbeen+动词过去分词含有情态动词情情态动词+be+动词过去分词教学流程教学反思教材依据：人民教育出版社九年义务教育三年制初级中学教科书九年级第九单元。教学内容：被动语态ThePassiveVoice。贯穿本节课的主线是被动语态,我围绕这条主线本着以学生为主体的角度来设计教学内容,活动的设计前后相连,层层深入，使教学呈阶梯式层层推进,并积极采用现代化的教学手段——运用多媒体辅助教学,提高教学效率。在各项活动中，学生的大脑始终处于一种激活状态，整个学习过程都是积极主动的，学生获得的不仅仅是现成的知识，还有语言运用的能力，并在完成任务过程中体验成功的喜悦，获得成就感，实现自我价值。学生在本节课中不但明白了英语动词有主动语态和被动语态两种语态，而且掌握了被动语态的结构，并做到了主动与被动的互相转换，这正是教学目的的所在。课前让同学们在愉快柔和的歌曲声中轻松进入了本节学习，上课后首先展示了教学目标，同学们明白了本节的学习任务。整节课我精神饱满，情绪高涨，自然激励了学生们浓厚的学习兴趣。授课过程中始终贯穿一个主线——被动语态，层次清晰，脉络清楚且层层深入，学生活动量大，思维敏捷，充分体现了学生为主体，教师为主导的教学原则。尤其是练习与巩固任务中体现了以点带面，使得同学们即复习了学过的知识，又巩固了本节的新知识。总之，整节课气氛活跃，师生情绪激昂，重点突出，实实在在，非常适合农村孩子的口味。本节课是一堂语法课，本来枯燥无味，但我利用多媒体教学手段使得本节课生动有趣，圆满完成了教学任务，达到了预期效果，是非常成功的一节语法新授课。但也有不足之处，学生活动范围小；课堂上使用的语言文字较多。今后，我要不断的提高自身素质，多和同学们沟通,发挥学生的聪明和智慧,总结出通俗易懂的规则运用到自己的教学当中,课堂上让学生全员参与，尽量使用课堂用语，不断反思自己教学中的不足,更新观念,与新课程共同成长。

动词"be"的用法 “Be”除了原形的“be”之外,还有另外七种形式：am, is, are, been, being, was, were. 在句子中,“be”可以是主动词(The Principal Verb)或助动词(The Auxiliary Verb). 当主动词时,“be”在性质上属于接系动词(The Linking Verb), 后面要有名词、形容词、地方副词或短语作补足语(The Complement).例如： 1. The man is a science teacher. 2. Mary"s new dresses are colourful. 3. I have been there before. 4. Mother is in the kitchen now. 这四个都是陈述句,可以变成疑问句,方法简单,把主语和“be”或助动词对换位置即可： 5. Is the man a science teacher? 6. Are Mary"s new dresses colourful?7. Have I been there before? 8. Is mother in the kitchen now? 当“be”要在祈使句中出现时,它必须借重助动词“do”或“don"t”之助,如： 9. Don"t be silly! 10. Do be obedient! 11. Don"t be a fool! “Be”有两种缩写法,如下： 12. He"s not./He isn"t. 13. You"re not./You aren"t... 但“am + not”的缩写法只有一个： 14. I"m not. 有人用“ain"t”(ain"t等价于is not,are not,am not), 但这并不是标准英语,只是一种比较口语化的说法. 谈过了“be”作主动词的功能,现在看看“be”作助动词时,有些什么用法： 1.“Be + 现在分词”以组成进行式时态(Continuous Tenses),如： 15. Tony"s maid is washing his new car. 16. The children are playing in the field. 17. Samuel was eating when I came in. 18. We have been living here since 1959. 2.“Be + 过去分词”以组成被动语态(The Passive Voice),如： 19. Her money in the drawer was stolen. 20. A lot of good jobs are taken up by foreigners. 21. David studied in Taiwan but has been trained as a language lecturer in America. 22. Can all the wonderful birds be found in our Bird Park? 23. The disobedient boy was told to stand outside the classroom. 24. Steps are being taken to reduce traffic congestion during rush hours. 25. Dishonest

Water is called liquid gold because it is precious.Football is played by people all over the world.

一、被动语态的基本用法 当谓语表示一个动作时，主语和它可以有两种不同 关系；主动关系或被动关系。 在表示主动关系时（即主语为动作的执行者时），谓语的形式称为主动语态（the Active Voice）。在表示被动 关系时（即主语为动作的承受者时），谓语要用另一种形 式，称为被动语态（the Passive Voice）。在被动结构的句 子中，动作执行者可以由介词by引起的短语表示。 1．被动语态的构成 被动语态由助动词be加过去分词构成，时态通过 be表现出来。 1）一般现在时 You"re wanted on the phone.有人给你打电话。 2）一般过去时 The book was finished last week. 这书是上周写完 的。 3）一般将来时 You"ll be allowed to go out tomorrow. 明天让你出去。 4）现在进行时和过去进行时 ① The building is being built. 这幢楼正在建设之中。 ②The bikes were being repaired. 那时正在修自行车。 5）现在完成时和过去完成时 ①This book has been translated into English. 这本 书已被译成英语。 ②The car had been repaired. 这时汽车已修完了。 2．被动语态主要的用法 1）我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁（这时 都不带由by引起的短语）。 The book is written for teachers. 这种书是为教师写的。 2）动作的承受者是谈话的中心（这时可带有by引起的短语）。 The shop is run by a young man.这家商店是由一个年轻人经营的。 3）出于礼貌措辞等方面的考虑不愿说出动作的执行者 是谁。 It is generally considered not advisable to smoke here.一般认为在这儿吸烟是不妥当的。 4）被动结构能使句子得到更好的安排。 Liu Dehua appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.刘德华在台上出现，观众给予了热烈的掌声。 5）在汉语中被动结构的句子是很多的，有些带有“被”、 “受”、“由”等词，译成英语时较易想到用被动结构。 ①他被选为我班班长。He was elected monitor of our class. 但在更多情况下却不带这类标记，这种情况值得特别注意。 ②运动会什么时候开？ When will the sports meet be held? 二、被动语态的特殊结构 1．带情态动词的被动结构 Water can be turned into vapour.水可转化成蒸汽。 2．带不定式的被动结构 The plan has to be revised. 必须修改计划。 除了单一的及物动词可用于被动结构外，一些相当于及物动词的成语动词也可用于被动结构。常可这样用 的成语动词有： 1）动词+介词 No conclusion has been arrived at so far.到目前为止还没得出结论。 2）动词+副词 The boy was brought up by his aunt. 这个小男孩是由他姑姑带大的。 3）其他成语动词 She was often made fun of. 人们常取笑她。 4）有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然 保留在谓语后面。 The manager was asked a number of questions at the press conference. 在记者招待会上，人们问了经理很多问题。 被动语态的用法： 1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year. 5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them. 7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted. 二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态? 把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤： 1. 先找出谓语动词； 2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语； 3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语； 4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。 例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave. 三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题： 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。

分类: 教育/科学 >> 外语学习 问题描述: Although the senses of taste and *** ell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than pensated for by cetaceans" well-developed acoustic sense. 剑桥4里面的一篇阅读里看到的一个句子，红色部分不是很懂，请大家帮忙看一下。 为句子里有by，那红色部分看着应该是个是被动语态吧，那恢复成主动语态是 Cetaceans" well-developed acoustic sense more than pensates for such weaknesses. 但如果是这样的话，这个句子的谓语动词就是pensate for，既然是非及物动词，为什么可以用被动语态? 但pensate也有直接跟宾语的用法，形成：pensate sth for sth, 如果是这样的话，恢复主动语态就是：Cetaceans" well-developed acoustic sense more than pensates such weaknesses for, 那for后又要跟什么呢？for what呢？总不能多出一个for吧？ 怎么看都觉得有问题，高人快教教我。难道不是被动语态？糊涂中糊涂中~解析: 被动语态： 1：英语中语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。 语态的作用：语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语之间的关系。 语态的选用：如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语用主动语态。 例如：We clean the room every day. 如果主语是动作的承受者，或者说是动作的对象，谓语则是要用被动语态。 例如：The room is cleaned every day. 被动语态由“助动词be + 急务动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有人称、数和事态的变化，其变化规则与be 作为连系动词时完全一样。 2：被动语态的各种形式 1) am/is/are +done eg1：I"m asked to take care of myself. Football is played all over the world. eg2：Football is not played all over the world. eg3: Is football played all over the world? 这些玩具是中国制造的。 这个小偷是在那家超级市场被抓住的。 2）has /have been done eg1：This book has been translated (翻译) into many foreign languages. eg2：This book has not been translated into many foreign languages. eg3: Has this book been translated into many foreign languages? 那两把伞已经送给了我父母。 今天这首歌已经被唱了几次了？ 3）am/is /are being done eg1：A road is being built around the mountain. eg2：A road is not being built around the mountain. eg3: Is a road being built around the mountain? 我们不能搬进新房间因为它正在油漆。 4） was/were done eg1：This house was built in 1958. eg2：This house was not built in 1958. eg3: Was this house built in 1958? 昨天上午这条裙子被卖走了。 我的书在哪里？刚才它被放在桌子上得。 5) was/were being done eg1：Meeting was being held when I was there. eg2：Meeting was not being held when I was there. eg3: Was meeting being held when you were there? 6) shall/will be done eg1：He will be taken to hospital tomorrow. eg2：He will not be taken to hospital tomorrow. eg3: Will he be taken to hospital tomorrow? 动物园的动物马上要喂养了。 3：练习 1). Put the following sentences into the passive voice (by phrase may be omitted) 1. People speak English in many countries. 2. We built this bridge last year. 3. The tiger in the zoo frightened the little girl. 4. Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party. 5. You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room. 6. We shall discuss the problem at tomorrow"s meeting. 7. Has anybody fed the birds? 8. People will never fet the accident. 9. You may write this letter in pencil. 10.They are repairing the car in the garage. 11.Someone must have turned on the light without your notice. 12.They have found ways to make waste water clean. 13.Someone must take care of the children when we go out. 14.They won"t hold the meeting until next Friday. 15.They gave him a medal for his wonderful work. 16.The doctor will ask the patient some questions before he gives her medicine. 17.They made (选举) the young man head of the volleyball team. 18.Someone will tell you how to prepare for the examination (考试). 19.They criticized me for something wrong that I had done. 20.Someone has taken the stranger (陌生人) to another hospital. 21.It surprised me to hear that they wouldn"t give him a holiday after his hard work. 22.People will laugh at (嘲笑) you if you wear that dress. 23.I have told him that he didn"t finish his homework yesterday.. 24.We must finish the work by six o"clock this afternoon. 25.Do you often clean your room? 26.They are making this type of radios in shanghai. 27.Could you carry out (执行) the plan on time? 28.We must pay attention to (注意) such problems. 29.Someone is showing them how to operate (操作) the puters. 30.You should put forward (提出) the questions at the meeting. 31.He is sure to finish the job by then. 32.She is going to play the match today. 33.People are talking about the things all over the town. 34.We saw a bus running towards us at that time 35.They made her leader (领袖) of the group. 36.They had to put off (推迟) the sports meet because of the rain. 37.We don"t have to write it in such a hurry. 2). Make the best choice: 38.Our house_____, A. is getting paint B. is getting painted C. is got painted D. has got to paint 39.He arrived in Beijing, and he _____his friend there.. A. was met by B. was met C. was meeting D. met by 40.The mistakes (错误) in the exercises will _____the teacher. A. cross B. be crossing C. be crossed by D. cross by 41.My brother and I have __________her birthday party. A. been invited B. been invited for C. invited to D. been invited to 42.It_______this way A. is had to do B. is had to be done C. had to be done D. has to do 43. _____Chaplin. A. The child"s name was called B. The child"s name calls C. The child calls D. The child is named 44.The sports meeting____ . A. is put off B. is to put off C. is to be put off D. puts off 45.The story ______in China. A. was taken place B. has been taken place C. took place D. was happened 46.Great changes _____in our province (省). Many tall buildings. A. have been taken place, have been set up B. have taken place, have been set up C. have been taken place, have been set up D. were taken place, were set up 47. Some of the hotels in my hometown_________. A. have now been rebuilding B. are now rebuilding C. are now being rebuilt D. are rebuilt now 48. The flowers should ____ every morning. A. water B. watered C. be watering D. be watered 49. Do you know what ____ in a hundred years? A. happens B. is happened C. will happen D. will be happened 50. Where ___ the machines ___? A. is; made B. are; made C. have; made D. do; make 51. The bridge ___ in three weeks. A. will build B. is built C. will be built D. is being built 52. This kind of machine _____ well. A. is sold B. sell C. sells D. are sold 53. Mrs. Green____ to work last week. A. has been B. has gone C. went. 54. The maths problems are too hard _____ A. be done B. to do them C. to work out D. be worked out 55. The children ____ games under the tree . A. were seen play B. saw playing C. were seen playing D. were seen to play 56. Many of the stars cannot ___ because they are too far away ____ us . A. see , to B. be seen , from C. seen, for D. being seen, for 57. Where ___ your keys ____? A. did find B. were founded C. were founded D. did founded 58. The umbrellas have _____ because of the heavy rain these days. A. sold out B. sold over C. been sold off D. been sold out 59. They told us that the car _____ at that moment. A. was repairing B. was being repaired C. being repaired D. was to repairing 60. Some advice _____ the pupils by the professor. A. was given B. was gave to C. was being given D. was given to 被动语态二焦点 一、带双宾语的两种被动语态形式 1）用直接宾语作主语时在间接宾语前加介词“to”： 1．I"ll give her a present for her birthday． （直接宾语） (give sth to *** ) A present will be given to her for her birthday by me． 2．She told me the news． （直接宾语） (tell sth to *** ) The news was told to me by her． 2）另一种一般用直接宾语作被动语态的主语，且须在间接宾语前加上介词“for”： 1．I"ve bought my little sister a sweater． （直接宾语） (buy sth for *** ) A sweater has been bought for my little sister by me． 2．Mother cooks some delicious food for me． （直接宾语） (cook sth for *** ) Some delicious food is cooked for me by Mother． 类似的动词有：read，draw，make，get等。 有时用间接宾语作主语讲不通，或不习惯，也须转用直接宾语作主语。如： My girl friend writes me a letter every week． I am written a letter by my girl friend every week．（错句） A letter is written to me by my girl friend every week． 类似的动词有：return，send，pass，hand，sell，teach等。 二、许多不及物动词加上介词或副词而变为及物短语动词，这时同样可以有被动语态。但应注意短语的整体性，在变为被动语态时不应丢掉后边的介词或副词。 1ue010动词＋介词 a．The doctor has already been sent for． b．The news has never been heard of before． 类似的短语动词有：call on，look after，talk about，look at，ask for，wait for．．． 2．动词＋副词 a．A new play will be put on (上演) next week． b．The problem has been worked out． 类似的短语动词有：put off (推迟)，think over，take off (脱、取消)，look up (查询)，sell out，use up (用光)．．． 3．动词＋副词＋介词 a．The poor were looked down upon before liberation．解放前穷人被人瞧不起。 b．He was looked up to by everyone．他被人们所敬仰。 类似的短语动词有：get out of，look out of，get on with，get along with (与。。。相处)，catch up with (赶上)，keep up with (跟上)．．． 4．动词＋名词＋介词 a．Lin Fen can take good care of your children． 1）Your children can be taken good care of by Lin Feng． 2）Good care can be taken of your children by Lin Feng． b．They never paid attention to (注意、关注) the matter． 1）The matter was never paid attention to． 2）Attention was never paid to the matter． 类似的短语动词有：make fun of，make use of，make friends with，take part in (参加)．．． 将下列句子改成被动语态 1. Lin Fen gives her little brother some orange juice. 2. He always asks the teachers some strange questions. 3. She has told the police what had happened. 4. What did your father buy for you? 5. The students are making that sick boy some paper cranes. 6. That artist drew the King a horse. 7. A postman sent you this letter just now. 8. I will get you this necklace as your birthday present. 9. They returned their teacher that book yesterday evening. 10. This term Mr Li is going to teach us physics. 11. Now some students are looking after that old lady. 12. Last week he called on his uncle. 13. As it is raining heavily, we have to out off the football match. 14. They have taken off the 5 a.m. train. 15. You can look up these words in your dictionary. 16. They have used up all their money. 17. Everyone in the class got on well with the ins. 18. The policeman soon caught up with the thief. 19. Now we can make use of the money we have. 20. He sometimes made fun of his clas *** ates. 21. The teacher divided (分开) the class into four groups.

亲 你没语法书吗 这个要解释实在是太长了 也不知道可以按照你现在的英语等级大多少级 建议你在什么等级查看那种语法书 或者百度百科一下 也有

高中英语教资面试语法知识点如下。1、attributive clause（定语从句）。2、appositive clause（同位语从句）。3、subject clause（主语从句）。4、object clause（宾语从句）。5、verb voices(动词语态)： active voice（主动语态），passive voice（被动语态）。6、verb tenses(动词时态)。一共有3*4=12种组合，如present perfect就是现在完成时。专用术语：1、subject（主语）。2、predicate（谓语）。3、object（宾语）。4、comma（逗号）。5、colon（冒号）。6、infinitive(不定式)。7、subject agrees with the verb（主谓一致）。因为语法就是，讲解和练习，不设置产出（production）环节影响不大，在practice时设计重难点纠错环节，强调重难点。

主动语态和被动语态1 ．在英语中，动词有两种语态，即主动语态（ The Active Voice ）和被动语态。（ The Passive Voice ）。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。实际上被动语态的主语是由主动语态的谓语动词的宾语转变而来的，因此这个谓语动词必须是及物动词。被动语态是由助动词 be + 过去分词构成，当然，被动语态也有多种时态，它的时态变化都体现在助动词 be 上，后面的过去分词不变。被动语态的谓语动词的执行者可由 by 引出，往往放在句末。如不强调动作的执行者时，可省略不用。例如：Many people speak English. （主动语态）English is spoken by many people. （被动语态）2 ．一般现在时被动语态的构成：当谓语是一般现在时的时候，被动语态由“ be (am, is, are) + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词“ be ”随人称、数的变化而改变。例如：This knife is made of wood and metal.Bananas are produced in Hainan.I am taken care of by my uncle.3 ．被动语态的用法：当说话者不知道动作的执行者或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，只需要强调动作的承受者，要求使用被动语态。如果需要在被动语态中指出动作的执行者时由介词 by 引导。Chinese is spoken by the largest number of people in the world.　　中文是全世界被最多人口所讲的语言。4 ．主动语态改写成被动语态的方法：将主动语态的宾语变成主语，将主动语态的谓语变成被动式 be + 过去分词，主动语态的主语变成被动语态句中 by 的宾语（或省略）。如果主动语态中有两个宾语（直接宾语或间接宾语），可以把其中任意一个变成被动语态的主语。例如：Most middle school students play football.　　　　主语　　　　　　　　　　谓语　宾语Football is played by most middle school students.My teacher gives me a lot of book. （主动语态）　　主语　　　谓语　间宾　　直宾　　被动语态： I am given a lost of books by my teacher.　　被动语态： A lot of books are given to me by my teacher.5 ．被动语态的疑问形式：　　被动语态的疑问句形式是在肯定句的基础上，把 be 动词提到句首，句末加问号构成的。如：Is the kite made by Xiao Ming?　　这个风筝是小明做的吗？　　其肯定回答和否定回答分别为：Yes, it is. 是的，它是。No, it isn " t. 不，不是。6 ．被动语态的否定形式：　　被动语态的否定形式是在肯定句中的系动词后加 not 构成的。例如：The cake isn " t made by his mother.　　蛋糕不是他妈妈做的。

d at the same time save the st

1. 【文】过去分词past participle不是一个时态, 而是一个动词变化型, 就是过去分词, 如go--> gone, cut--> cut want--> wanted 这些past participle主要用於三个情况, ~第一, 是用於perfect tense, 在have, has, had之后的动词就用past participle~第二个是在被动句(passive voice)里, 在be (即am, is, are, was, were)之后的动词要用past participle~第三个是将past participle作形容词用, 例如: The burnt house is gonig to be rebuilt

ruined eaten cleared made a dentist"s yellow round mirror a big green plastic hat a short slim italian lady a new carving steel knife a large beautiful Japanese bowl last are conducted are offered is based fancy had organized had sent has cooked feeds

DBBABB第二was builtare cleanedHas, been collectedwill not be cookedsellswill be builtmust not be putwill be remembered第三Ice-wine doesn"t made by people in Canada.Is English spoken in many countries?The meeting shall not be put off until next Friday.Many chairs have been prepared by them today.

语法

现在完成时的被动语态与The passive voice and the现在完成时的被动语态与The passive voice and the

big和larger的区别：意思不同、用法不同、侧重点不同一、意思不同1.big意思：大的；重要的；有雄心的；受欢迎的2.larger意思：更大的；较大的二、用法不同1.big用法：作“大”解时,形容物时指体积、面积、范围、容量和重量等“大”；形容人时侧重指身大体胖或辈分大，用于儿童则含“长大成熟”之义，有时也指大人物。例句：His business yields big profits.他的生意带来巨大的利润。2.larger用法：修饰后面的形容词，引导限制性定语从句或非限制性定语从句。例句：Instead, you"ll want a larger system font.代替的，你将想要更大的系统字体。三、侧重点不同1.big侧重点：用于一般现在时。2.larger侧重点：用于一般现在时或一般将来时。

船员面试英文问题 　　1. Could you introduce yourself? 　　您做一下自我介绍好吗? 　　My name is x.x.x. I am x.x years old. I hold a xxx certificate. I have experienced of xx. Xxx. Xxx. I can use a computer system for management(maintenance)。 I suppose that my English is good enough for work. I am married(single)。 There are 3 people in my family， my daughter and my son.我的名字叫XXX.我XX岁了。我有XXX证书。我经历过XX，XXX，XXXX.我可以使用电脑做维护保养工作。我想我的英语水平足以完成工作。我结婚了(单身)。我家有三口人，我女儿，儿子。 　　2.Where did you graduate from? 　　您是那里毕业的? 　　I graduated from XXX university(college， school)。 　　我毕业于某大学(某学院，某学校) 　　3.How long have you worked on board? 　　您在船上做多久了? 　　I have worked on board ten years. 　　我在船上工作十年了。 　　4.Which company have you served (worked for)? 　　您在那个公司做过? 　　I have served xxx.xxxx. 　　我在某某公司做过。 　　5.What certificate (license) do you hold now? 　　您现在持有什么证书? 　　I have xxx certificate， or I hold xxx certificate， or I am the holder of xxx certificate. 我持有某某证书。 　　6.How long do you have the certificate of C/E(2/E，3/E…。)? 　　您持有轮机长证书多久了? 　　I hold the xx certificate(xx years) in xxxx. 　　我持有轮机长证书有某某年了，或在某某年我持有轮机长证书。 　　7. What kinds of ship have you worked on? 　　您都做过那些类型的船? 　　I have worked on many ships， like xxx ships， xxx ship and so on. 　　我在许多船上工作过，像某某船，某某船，等等。 　　8.Which classification society is your ship registered with? 　　您的船是在那个船级社注册的? 　　DNV， OR NK， BV， LR， CCS……… 　　9. Where was your last vessel‘s trading area? Which ports have you called? 　　你上一条船的航行区域?都到过那个港口? 　　Ocean-going， world widely， globally，fixed route. 　　远洋， 全世界，全球，固定航线。 　　10.Have you served UMS?(UMS=Unmanned Machinery Space) 　　您做过无人机舱船吗? 　　Yes， I have served UMS， or No， I am sorry， I have not. 　　时的，我作过无人机舱。或不，抱歉，我没作过。 　　11.(How long) have you served as C/E， 2/E……? 　　您轮机长有多长了? 　　Yes， I have served as C/E several years(times) 　　是的，我做轮机长有若干年了(若干次了) 　　12.What kinds of main engine and generator engine have you worked on? 　　您都做过那种类型的主机和发电机? 　　Oh， several models， for instance， main engine： SUZER RND68， 6700KW; B&W5L45GA 3200KW; MAN KZ70/1200 5300KW; B&W6L68GFCA 7570KW. Generator engine; YANMAR 6ML-HTS270KW………… 　　13. Could you tell the power of (M/E) generator/engine which you have ever worked on? 　　您能告诉我所做过的主机(发电柴油机)的功率吗? 　　Ok， 6UEC52LS6500KW; (YANMAR 6ML-HTS270KW)， on board ship M/V xxx. 　　14. What type of engine did you have on your last ship? 　　您上一次做的船是什么型号的柴油机? 　　The vessel I worked on last time is a bulk carrier with SUZER RND68 engine. 　　我上一次做的船是…… 　　15.Have you worked any ship that caused damage in critical equipments? 　　您做过的船发生过重大机损吗? 　　No， I served my job cautiously， and my colleagues were also diligent. We kept the vessel in safe operation. If I were employed by your company. I were also serve my duty with diligence. 　　没有，我工作是非常谨慎的，并且我的同事也是非常勤勉的。我们保持船舶安全操作。如果你们公司雇佣我，我同样会勤奋地工作的。 　　16.Did you have a planned maintenance system(PMS) for your last ship? 　　您上次做的船有计划维护体系吗? 　　Yes， I observed instructions from the shipowner and the system was controlled and managed by computers. 　　是的，我遵守船东的指示并且系统是由电脑控制和管理的。 　　17.The ISM Code required preventive maintenance schedules. How do you make your maintenance schedules? 　　安全管理规则要求做到预防性维护。你如何作出预防性维护计划? 　　According to the ISM Code， the preventive maintenance plan is made based on the ship‘s “Planned Maintenance System” and the machinery running hours records. This plan should be made on an annual basis(or a five-year basis)。 Usually， the monthly maintenance schedules are made based on the annual preventive maintenance plan and the basic occasional maintenance work.根据ISM规则，预防维护计划是基于船舶的“PMS”和机械运转时间记录来制定的。这个计划应该是在年度或五年基础上来制定的。通常月度维护计划是基于年度预防维护计划和非经常性发生的工作来制定的。 　　18.What is the purpose of the ISM Code? What is DPA in ISM Code? 　　ISM 规则的目的是什么?ISM规则中DPA是什么意思? 　　The purpose of this Code is to provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ship‘s of ships and for pollution prevention. DPA stands for Designated person(s) Ashore. His responsibility includes monitoring safety， pollution prevention aspects on behalf of the shipowner. ISM 规则的目的是提供针对船舶安全管理和操作以及防污染的`一个国际标准。 　　DPA的意思是;岸上的指定人员。他的职责是代表船东负责防污染，安全操作方面的事务。 　　19.What does DOC imply? 　　DOC 表示什么? 　　DOC stands for “Document of Compliance”。 The marine shipping company should establish and maintain procedures to control all documents and data which are relevant to the SMS. Each ship should carry on board all documentation relevant to that ship. DOC 表示符合文件。船舶公司应该建立和维护程序去控制所有与SMS有关的文件和数据。每条船都应该携带与本船相关的所有文件。 　　20.What is SMC? 　　SMC 表示什么? 　　SMC means Safety management Certificate. It should be issued to a ship by the administration or an authorized organization. SMC是指安全管理证书。他是由船旗国指定的机构和组织对船舶签署的证书。 　　21.What is the purpose of ISM Audit? What is the Critical Equipment and System? 　　ISM审核的目的是什么?系统中的关键设备指什么? 　　Audit is the systematic and independent verification to determine whether ISM activities and results conform to planned arrangements and whether these arrangements are effectively preformed to achieve the objectives of the company and relevant maritime laws. These are those where sudden loss of functional capability or where failure to respond when activated manually or automatically may create high-risk situations or major accidents. For example， main engine， steering gear and so on.审核是系统地并且不受约束地去检验是否ISM活动和结果符合计划的安排，是否这些安排是预先有效地达到公司和海事法规的目标。 　　指的是突然失去性能或者当手动或自动地作用时会造成高的危险情形或大的事故。例如，主机，舵机等等。 　　22.What are the critical Operations and conditions? 　　什么是关键操作和临界状态? 　　Critical Operations and Conditions are those which have a significant risk of causing major injuries or illness to people， or damage to ship， cargo， other property and/or the environment.关键操作和临界状态是指能够引起对人员所造成重大伤害，造成船舶损坏，货物或其它的财产和环境的损坏的重大危险的操作。 　　23. What does Non-Conformity mean? What is Major Non-Conformity? 　　什么叫不符合?什么是重大不符合? 　　Non-Conformity means an observed situation where the objective evidence indicates the Non-Fulfillment of a specified requirement. Major Non-Conformity is an identifiable deviation which poses a serious threat to personnel or ship safety or serious risk to environment. Which requires immediate correction the action. Lack of effective and systematic implementation of the ISM Code is also a Major Non-Conformity.不符合指的是观测到的情形而有客观的证据显示此情形没有执行规定的要求。 　　重大不符合是指一个确定的违背，其对人员或船舶的安全/环境造成了严重的威胁。此种违背要求立即去改正。对ISM规则缺乏有效的和系统的执行同样也是一个重大不符合。 　　24.What is a near accident? Please give an example to show your understanding. 什么叫险情?请举例说明。 　　The near accident is a kind of potential danger. If it is worse， it will become an accident. For example， two ships are in close quarters situation. 险情是一种潜在的危险。如果恶化的话，他会变成一个事故。例如，两条船非常靠近地航行。 　　25.What should be paid attention to in the overhaul of cylinder? 　　在气缸大修过程中应该注意什么? 　　Every operation must be complied with the preparation measures regulated in the safety meeting or in the SMS. All safety measures must be observed， such as persons should not stand under the engine room crane. The operator， who operated the E/R crane， must operate carefully and smoothly.每一个操作者都要遵守安全会议或SMS所要求的预防措施。切实遵守各项安全措施，像人员不能站立在机舱的天车下。操作天车的人员必须小心，平稳的操作。 　　26.Before entering an enclosed space such as ballast tank， what action will you take? 在进入封闭空间前，(如压载水舱)应作什么准备工作? 　　Prepare tools. Check all items in the checklist， such as test of content of oxygen， test of explosion point， exploded-proof lamp， good ventilation. Communication means should be available between operators inside and watchman outside and so on. Operators should wear protective clothing a breathing apparatus， a helmet， working boots， lifeline. Also a mark plate “Dangerous Operation in Progress” should be established at the entrance.准备工具。核对检查单并检查所有项目，如测量氧气含量，检验爆炸点，防爆灯和通风。进入里面的人和外面值守的人要建立可靠的通讯。操作者应该穿防护衣和携带呼吸器，戴安全帽，穿工作鞋，携带安全绳。同样在进入口要放一个告示牌：“在进行危险操作”。 　　27.Please tell me the minimum safe oxygen percentage for the safety of the workers in an enclosed space.请说出进入封闭舱室需要的安全氧气含量More than 18% and no more than 23% of oxygen in an enclosed space will be ok for the safety of the workers.大于18%，小于23% 的氧气含量是安全的。 ;

我主要讲述语言文字之间的不同如何造成文化之间的不同，以及语言文字的诱导和暗示作用，并重点分析中国文化和外国文化的差别。首先我想给文化下一个定义。第一，我所说的文化是广义上的文化，是包括人、环境、知识、技术成果等一切别具特色的物质对象。第二，文化由方方面面的因素决定，我个人认为，文化由九大因素决定，即环境、语言文字、科技、物欲原动力、情欲原动力、权欲原动力、审美、阴阳、万物选择。语言文字只是其中之一。 那么语言文字又是怎样作为一种纵向的诱导或者暗示因素对文化产生作用，并且在很多场所表现为制约性因素的呢?要回答这个问题首先面临一个对语言学权威观点的挑战。西方语言学界主流的观点认为，语言(包括文字)的形成是任意的，必然的因素很少，把人叫做人，把天叫做天，把男人叫做男人，把女人叫做女人，这些都是随心所欲的称呼，没有必然性。几乎所有教课书都把“人具有任意性”作为一个公理来看待，西方语言学界也认为这是语言学的基础。而我个人的看法正好与此相反，我认为语言文字的产生昭示了一个规律性，即语言是在特定场合、特定时间、特定因素的较深作用下必然要产生的。当然其中也有任意因素，任意是相对的，非任意也是相对的，但是哪一个是主要的，这其中有一个关系：早期往往是必然性因素占主要，慢慢随着人的主观能动性和主体意识的增强，任意性因素才慢慢增强。越是远古，人类越不可能任意地创造一种文字或者语言，只能是“近取诸身，远取诸物”，不能像现代人一样进行抽象思维。远古人类的创造能力很简单，比如象形字产生于图画文字，而全世界的语言文字如果向前追溯，就会发现它们都产生于图画文字。文字发展的过程，体现了人类智力发展运行的轨迹慢慢地从具体走向抽象。而西方语言文字的很多东西都是从其他文化借鉴过来的，并不是直接发展出来的。例如古希腊的语言不是自己从象形文字发展出来的，而是借鉴腓尼基人的文字系统，按照自己的需要重新排列并加以改进发展的。因此，西方语言界误认为文字的产生是任意的，其实，腓尼基人的文字如果向前追溯，也要追溯到象形文字、图画文字。最初的语言文字不外就是世界的缩影在人类大脑中的表现，西方语言学家往往忽视这一点，从而得出语言是任意的这样一个结论。在我们国家也有些人提出过独特的看法，比如王安石在1076年提出，字形、字音都符合天地万物之理：“其声之抑扬、开塞、合散、出入，其形之横纵、曲直、斜正、上下、内外、左右皆有义，皆本于自然，非人私智所能为也。”人当时的能力只可能产生能力所及的语言和文字，不可能产生非常充分的一整套有内在联系的语言系统。所以王安石的观点应该受到重视，他是第一个在中国语言文字史上提出“语言不是任意的”这一观点的人。 我写过一篇文章叫做《人类语言文化同构现象与人类文化模式》，同时还提出一个语言学的观点，叫做“互构语言学”，即外部世界和人自身世界的互构。明白了这一点，就知道语言文字是如何潜移默化地纵向地影响文化的发展方向。所以，你到了任何一个国家，只要看一下语言，听一下声音，就会发现这种语言的发音和其整体文化状态、精神面貌有一种契合的东西。希腊语、日语、英语、德语，它们的精神风貌和语言声音都差不多。 我们试图来解释语言文字是必然的，并且不同程度地制约文化包括中国文化和西方文化的发展。这些有时候容易在口语当中表现出来，一个简单的字就可以把问题说清楚。例如在英语当中，你(you)、他(he)、她(she)、我们(we)、他们(they)都不大写，只有一个代词大写，就是我(I)，因为“我”是最重要的。英语语言特点充分体现了西方的个人主义。 在中国则刚好相反。同样称呼“我”，中国人不仅不会大写，还用别的方式来表述：在下、鄙人、奴才等，皇帝自称寡人或者孤，都是把自己置于一种不受尊重的位置上，尽量去尊重别人，这是一种克制自己的心态。仅是一个代词的使用，就可以看出中西两种文化是分道扬镳的，很多东西在极性上是相反的。 很多学者，尤其是五四运动以来的一些学者容易走向极端。例如说写信，我先写地址，再写收件人；可是如果要给西方人写信，把这些东西都倒过来，先写收件人，然后是地址。我按照中国式的写法习惯了，所以到了西方就非常不习惯。出国时，西方有关人员还要把你的姓和名颠倒过来，我就跟他争论，中国人在翻译外国人姓名时根本就不改变其位置，而中国人到国外姓名位置却要被迫改变。西方人在做这件事的时候并没有觉得他在侵犯你，他认为是天然的，因为他的价值观就是那样。 当然，这种现象现在已经习以为常，而且在中国大大小小外语专业都持这种特点。我们应该尊重外国，可是外国人尊重过我们的价值观吗?语言文字这种看似非常简单的东西，蕴含的价值观其实是非常重大的。如果外国人通过语言控制我们的命运，改造我们的语言，就能改造我们的性格、改造我们的前途，他们有这个威力。 下面进一步谈谈中西语言文字之间的基本差别。大家学过外语很容易就知道这种差别，但我要把问题说清楚，还是要凸现这种差异，然后看这种差异如何对文化产生一种诱导的作用，继而引起何种文化效应。具体可以从语音、语形、语义、语法四个方面的差别来看。 第一，语音的差别。语言是语言，文字是文字，不应该将二者合在一起说，但我们已经习惯了这种说法，还是尊重习惯。汉语有一个最明显的特征就是单音节，一个音一个字，或者一个字一个音，而且大部分都是开音节。什么叫开音节?例如“kai”就是开音节，如果是“kait”就是闭音节了。如果是闭音节，中国的拼音文字就不可能实现。另外，汉字每个字有韵调，有“一二三四”声，很规则，而且声音很响亮。西方的语言文字主要是单音节，同时还有多音节的，这些多音节词成为与中国语言文字区别的关键特征。此外，西方语言文字还有轻音节或是重音节，用轻重音表示语调。 中西语言文字这种区别看起来很微小，但是它造成一种什么效应呢?这种效应就是它影响了我们看世界的方式。由于我们一天到晚一直在说一种语言，自出生以来就要天天接受它，语言给予我们一套实践的模式和崭新的世界观，我们不知不觉中便受其熏陶，并且不知不觉地以这种方式来看待外部的世界。用这种语音效果来创造诗歌等文学作品时，押韵也跟语音相关。中国的诗歌和外国的诗歌不一样，从语音上来说，西方诗歌在押韵的时候会有很多转韵的地方，即多元韵式，前两行押韵，或者隔行押韵，例如莎士比亚十四行诗的韵式是ababcdcdefefgg。多元韵式并不是西方语言文字(尤其是印欧语系)的优点，而恰恰是它的天生缺陷。因为这种文字多音节多，能够押韵的词的数量就少了，因此诗人便创造了转韵、间行韵等方法。而中国的诗人则不用着急，一个音可以表达很多字。例如“jia”，可以是“家”，也可以是“佳”、“嘉”、“加”，很容易押韵。在英语中不可能找到这么多同音词，这必然造成英语文学中多元韵的形成。而中国语言文字押韵的得心应手使得诗人可以写出一元诗，一韵到底，如四言、五言、七言，以及后来的词、曲等。一元韵的艺术效果很强，而艺术效果要有感染性，就要使得韵脚是单一的，不断变化的韵脚使人的印象不深，诗歌的音乐感也相对减弱。法国文学家萨塞说，艺术作品的感染性取决于它的片面的强调性。 第二，语形的差别。语形就是文字的外形，甲骨文、金文、小篆，形状不一。这些文字有一些什么因素打动了我们呢?我们注意到，汉字的结构是方块型、建筑型，是立体的，笔划上下左右都可以通，象形的味道非常浓，它诱导我们把字本身和外部自然界联系在一起。所以，我们说汉字是自然界存在外貌的浓缩和简化的形式。 而印欧语系的文字则不同。举例来说，希腊字母，包括英语、德语、拉丁语，都符号化了。它不是立体型结构，而是平面的、流线型结构，没有象形的味道。这样一来产生一种什么效应呢?就是当你看到这个文字以后，不可能立刻将之与自然界联系起来，失去了人这个主体和自然界客体之间的联系。但是这种文字也强调了一些因素，它强调了人的智力运行轨迹。符号化的像蚯蚓一样弯弯曲曲的文字，实际上是一种逻辑联系，即事物之间的联系，有很强的人文性，把人的轨迹打在文字上面。汉字的人文性不强，但是汉字的自然性很强。中西两种文字的外形的差异，造成了不同文化的潜在因素。 那么字形给文化带来一种什么效应呢?首先，在中国，汉字带来一种感受力很强的效应，例如书法的产生，诗词中写景的特点非常突出，象形字就是图画，一个汉字就是一幅画，就是一首诗。美国诗人庞德说，汉字一看起来情不自禁就是诗了。“大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆”，这样写景的诗非常美，一念就会进入那种境界。“鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜”，从逻辑上推理是没有逻辑性的。“鸡声”，先从声音上吸引人的注意力，给人一种空间感，由“鸡声”而牵连到“茅店”，然后是“茅店”上的月亮，把空间一下打开，气氛一下子营造出来。接下来是“人迹板桥霜”，但作者不先写“霜”而先写人，就像一个特写镜头，把人的脚印(人迹)放大，然后再镜头放大到“板桥”，最后说“霜”。这种把个人感受的顺序倒过来的表现手段，类似电影中的蒙太奇。蒙太奇技巧大师爱森斯坦说，蒙太奇这种技巧就是从中国诗词借鉴过来的，中国的诗词，就像一幅幅的特写镜头。这样看来，汉字的优越性一下就体现出来了，而印欧语系的文字在这方面则很逊色。 中国的诗词很整齐，像豆腐干，西方的诗词则长长短短不很整齐。整齐暗示着诗本身的哲理性、规则性很强，暗示这首诗不是一般的东西，不是随便发挥的，而是有非常严格制约的诗。另外从排列上来看，汉字排列起来非常容易，印刷也非常容易。 西方很多语言学家认为，汉字或汉语是一种描述性、艺术性的东西。因此，中西两种文字系统的差别表现在诗词上是一目了然的。诗主情，诗应该是真挚的，是一种心地流露的感情，汉字便诱导诗人去写景、写情，情景交融而忘我。莎士比亚的诗是伟大的诗，很美的诗，但是与中国的诗相比，莎士比亚的诗简直不叫诗，且枯燥无味，其中原因就是西方语言文字的先天性缺陷。这也是中西语言文字之间的鸿沟造成的。 第三，语义的差别。中国文字和印欧语系文字语义上的差别，来自于语音和语形的差别。中文汉字可以一音多义，多义词多势必造成表义的模糊，但同时又具有高度的概括性和综合能力。印欧语系的多义字相对少一点，为什么呢?西方人在需要表达一个比较确切的含义时，可以新造一个词，很精确，一个字就是一个含义，但相对说来，词的分类就会多一些。这样一来造成一个什么效应呢?还是以诗词为例，中国文字的多义性造成中国文化的概括性强、综合性强的特点。西方语言文字，定义性的功能相对强一些，由于条分缕析的能力强，就会促使人们走到求真的路上去，尽量模仿自然。因此，西方文字表意精确性比较高，这也造成西方文化的精确性。 第四，语法的差别。语法差别可以分为两个方面，即词法差别和句法差别。在词法方面，汉语言文字没有性、数、格、时态、前缀、后缀等，这既是优点，又是缺点。优点是使得汉字的定位功能相对灵活，甚至可以有“回文诗”，正念、倒念都可以，这也造成汉字的创造性很高。而印欧语系有严格的性、数、格、时态、前缀、后缀，以及主谓宾定补状，虽然看似定位功能很强，但是也意味着比较机械。例如拉丁语，每一个词后面都要跟一个符号来表示这个词的词性和词态。中国的汉字是绝对自由的，爱怎么安排就怎么安排。因此，印欧语系限制性太大。这样一来，中西两种语言文字势必把两种文化引向不同的方向。汉语的缺陷在于其词法结构、语法结构不太发达，介词相对来说少一些，但是汉语靠什么来弥补这方面的不足呢?即靠语形和语音。例如“山”字，看起来像一座山，表达的含义非常生动。任何事物如果在一个方面有缺陷，它就可以找出另外一种因素来弥补；反之亦然。所以，万事万物的发展，都是自协调、自组织、自构序的，中国的文化和西方的文化在最初发展的时候，也一定会受这些规律的制约。 最后把中西语言文字的特点综合一下。汉语言文字是一种立体的建筑型的因素，而西方的文字是单维的流线型的因素多一些；汉语象形性因素比较多，而西方是符号化因素比较重；汉语的自然性比较强，且是多向综合性的，而西方是单向推理性的；同时由于语言文字跟自然界是贯通的，汉语言文字很容易与自然界沟通，是情感性的文化，而西方语言文字所诱导出来的往往是理智性的因素；中国文化的科学性比较弱，而西方比较强，造成西方人思维的轨迹感很强；中国的文化实际上是视觉型的文化，西方的则是精确型的文化；中国的文化以语形为主，西方的文化则以语法为主，因此中国几千年来文字学特别发达，而西方的语法学特别发达；中国文化的灵活性强，西方文化比较死板，容易走到极端；中国的文化是文字导向型文化，西方的文化是语言导向型文化。这就是中西语言文化的基本差异。 从另外一个层面讲，我们对语言文字的功能还能有所阐述。第一，语言文字本身有思维模式的功能。由中国的文字可以摸索出一种阴阳互补的思维模式，不断变化；西方的文字讲究二元对立，二者必居其一。因为西方的语言成分过多强调语法，所以不能像中国一样，将对立的东西联合起来。 结合到具体文化层面上，例如哲学。一个哲学家进行思考的时候，所需第一要素肯定是语言，有什么样的语言文字就会有什么样的写作方式。例如，中国汉字本身是“天人合一”的，因此自然而然就让人感觉到天和人之间的存在；而西方人则一定要分出哪个是第一，哪个是第二，因为他们的思维模式就是这样。 从艺术上加以比较，中国的语言是以“我”为主，西方是以“物”为主，即使一整套词法结构也一定要找到一个中性的因素。如果把这个因素延伸到科学技术上，就会发现，中国没有科学的原因中一个非常关键的因素就是语言文字的影响。中国的技术非常发达，但科学、理论性的东西相对弱一些。理论性的东西逻辑性非常强，而西方语言本身就具备很多的逻辑性