请问dust 是什麼意思？

《灰烬FromDust》特色缺点简评特色：非常出色的物理引擎，和同样注重控制平衡的《特技人点燃》的物理有的一拼，重点乐趣在水和岩浆的流向控制上，是一款和大自然规律赛跑的即时战略游戏。除了神技外，和《上帝也疯狂》没有任何类似之处。缺点：主线流程较短，熟练的话，5～6个小时就能通关。当然，因为是模拟地球这样的游戏，所以一关玩上24小时，在地图上弄个iLOVEu那还是很耗时间的，看你想怎么蹂躏大自然了。任务模式比主线流程好玩，也难N倍。评分：9分/（满10分），创意绝佳，画面很有意境，物理引擎非常抢眼，地球环保主题有爱心。适合玩家人群：《模拟城市》、《光环战争》、《上帝也疯狂》、《创造RPG》类玩家。不适合玩家人群：喜欢火爆刺激对抗性强的重口味玩家，RTS或经营模拟类不适者。

FromDust:FulllistofAllAchievementsforXbox360andPCSanctuary-20G:Createasanctuaryforthetribe避难所—20G：为部落创建一个避难所Safejourney-10G:Finishthestorymodewithoutlosingmorethan5villages安全之旅—10G：不多于5个村民死亡的情况下完成故事模式Memoriesfound-20G:CompletetheMemoryofthetribe追忆—20G：收集部落所有记忆Exhaling-10G:CreatetheBreathoftheelements呼吸—10G：创造出元素之息Hell—10G:CompletetheWildfireterritory地狱—110G：完成野火关卡Theendofourjourney-10G:CompletetheMovementsterritory旅途终焉—10G：完成迁徙关卡Krakatau———10G:Absorbamassiveamountoflavaduringthegame喀拉喀托火山—10G：游戏期间吸收极大量的熔岩Powermonger-10G:UsethepowersoftheBreath100times权利贩子—10G：利用力量之息100次Amazon-10G:Uprootandreplant100treesduringthegame亚马逊—10G：游戏期间砍伐、种植100棵树GreenThumb-20G:Covereachterritorywithvegetation绿巨人—20G:每个关卡区域都被植物覆盖Gauntlet-20G:Completeeverychallenge铁手套—20G：完成每个挑战关卡LastBreath-50G:Completeallchallenges,allterritories,theMemoryofthetribeandcovereachmapwithvegetation收官—50G：完成所有的挑战，所有关卡，收集所有部落记忆和每个地图都被植物覆盖

上下文是什么？可能是“向上层叠展开”的意思。

罕见的物体被漂亮地放在玻璃柜里，使其远离灰尘。“使其远离灰尘”是一个事实而不强调是一个正在发生的动作，不作持续动词讲

dust的意思是：作名词时意为“灰尘；尘埃；粉尘；人名”，作动词时意为“撒；拂去灰尘；拂去灰尘；化为粉末”。dust的发音为【du028cst】，拥有名词和动词两种词性，作动词时又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。一、dust的变化形式（1）第三人称单数：dusts。（2）过去式：dusted。（3）过去分词：dusted。（4）现在分词：dusting。二、短语搭配（1）dust storm：沙尘暴；尘暴；沙暴；细含沙良多的乡俗暴。（2）cosmic dust：宇宙尘；宇宙尘埃；字宙尘。（3）coal dust[：煤尘；煤粉；煤灰；煤屑。（4）Comet Dust：彗星尘；慧星拂。三、例句1、Do this outdoors or in your garage unless you love to dust。这样在室外或你的车库，除非你爱到灰尘。2、All the good memories with you turned into dust，far away from my world。所有美好的记忆随着你一起化成尘埃，远离了我的世界。

As a child you would wait ,and watch from far away .当你还是懵懂小孩，常在远处观看比赛。But you always knew that you"d be the one work while they all play 但你早已心怀期待，立志登上荆棘舞台。In youth ,you"d lay---awake at night and scheme当你年少独自入睡，总在半夜突然醒来。Of all the things that you would change决心尽力改变一切，But it just a dream……梦想却总被现实主宰……（但那只是虚梦……）Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town !我们建立这座城池，身披战铠！Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town from dust……我们建立这座城池，身披战铠，满身尘埃……The time will come when you will have to rise 当你已有实力问鼎，你的时代就会到来Above the best and prove yourself 击败最强证明自己Your spirit never dies你的斗志永盛不衰Farewell , I" ve gone to take my throne above对着大众挥手作别，我已让出我的华盖But don"t weep for me ,cause this will be the labor of my love不要为我落寞徘徊，因我内心依旧澎湃。Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town !我们建立这座城池，身披战铠！Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town from dust……我们建立这座城池，身披战铠，满身尘埃……Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town !我们建立这座城池，身披战铠！Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town from dust我们建立这座城池，身披战铠，满身尘埃……

Warriors - Imagine Dragons As a child, you would wait and watch from far away. But you always knew that you"ll be the one that work while they all play. And you, you lay, awake at night and scheme of all the things you that would change, but it was just a dream! Here we are, don"t turn away now, we are the warriors that built this town. Here we are, don"t turn away now, we are the warriors that built this town. The time will come, when you"ll have to rise above the best, improve yourself, your spirit never dies! Farewell, I"ve gone, to take my throne above, don"t weep for me because this will be the labor of my love Here we are, don"t turn away now, we are the warriors that built this town. Here we are, don"t turn away now, we are the warriors that built this town. Here we are, don"t turn away now, we are the warriors that built this town. Here we are, don"t turn away now, we are the warriors that built this town. 最后当然少不了采纳哈

As a child you would wait ,and watch from far away .当你还是懵懂小孩，常在远处观看比赛。But you always knew that you"d be the one work while they all play 但你早已心怀期待，立志登上经济舞台。In youth ,you"d lay---awake at night and scheme当你年少独自入睡，总在半夜突然醒来。Of all the things that you would change决心尽力改变一切，But it just a dream……梦想却总被现实主宰……（但那只是虚梦……）Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town !我们建立这座城池，身披战铠！Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town from dust……我们建立这座城池，身披战铠，满身尘埃……The time will come when you will have to rise 当你已有实力问鼎，你的时代就会到来Above the best and prove yourself 击败最强证明自己Your spirit never dies你的斗志永盛不衰Farewell , I" ve gone to take my throne above对着大众挥手作别，我已让出我的华盖But don"t weep for me ,cause this will be the labor of my love不要为我落寞徘徊，因我内心依旧澎湃。Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town !我们建立这座城池，身披战铠！Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town from dust……我们建立这座城池，身披战铠，满身尘埃……Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town !我们建立这座城池，身披战铠！Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town from dust我们建立这座城池，身披战铠，满身尘埃……（翻译的没有原文有感觉，因为单词对应的中文意思有好多……个人单曲循环了好久了，也玩儿LOL。歌词的含义我是对应MV理解的，第一段大意就是从小对LOL大赛的崇敬，然后苦练终于登上最强宝座。第二段是从被打败的前任王者的角度来写的，战败退役后的些许落寞以及内心永不停息的战斗热情。全文手打，还玩采纳~）

歌曲名:Made From Dust歌手:Ivoryline专辑:VesselsIvoryline - Made From DustAll the wretched things have done are now submerged inBlood, who is responsible for all of this love?It"s true, we cannot live without forgiveness.I try so hard to live above the world,Selfish lies give me more and more grief?We still store our treasures here, so easily destroyed.The final time, I close my eyes.I will open them in paradise.Now I realise I am nothing but aClone, made from dust by someone learning to love,Like you do eternally, always true.I want to be nothing more than a man,Only yours, I"ll be the big son, one who you hold closeTo your heart eternally, never apart.Dear ties??http://music.baidu.com/song/2584914

s4主题曲 Warriors As a child you would wait ,and watch from far away .当你还是懵懂小孩，常在远处观看比赛。But you always knew that you"d be the one work while they all play 但你早已心怀期待，立志登上荆棘舞台。In youth ,you"d lay---awake at night and scheme当你年少独自入睡，总在半夜突然醒来。Of all the things that you would change决心尽力改变一切，But it just a dream……梦想却总被现实主宰……（但那只是虚梦……）Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town !我们建立这座城池，身披战铠！Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town from dust……我们建立这座城池，身披战铠，满身尘埃……The time will come when you will have to rise 当你已有实力问鼎，你的时代就会到来Above the best and prove yourself 击败最强证明自己Your spirit never dies你的斗志永盛不衰Farewell , I" ve gone to take my throne above对着大众挥手作别，我已让出我的华盖But don"t weep for me ,cause this will be the labor of my love不要为我落寞徘徊，因我内心依旧澎湃。Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town !我们建立这座城池，身披战铠！Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town from dust……我们建立这座城池，身披战铠，满身尘埃……Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town !我们建立这座城池，身披战铠！Here we are don"t turn away ,now~我们现在就在这里，不要走开~We are the Warriors that built this town from dust我们建立这座城池，身披战铠，满身尘埃……

这句话源自圣经 ashes to ashes and dust to dust Meaning :We come from dust; we return to dust. Origin :From the English Burial Service.Adapted from the Biblical text,Genesis 3:19 (King James Version): "In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread,till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken:for dust thou art,and unto dust shalt thou return."

We are very experienced travelers and have tried many different excursions. This is by far the worst excursion I have ever been on. We went with a group of eight. Right when we arrived you had to rent all of your equipment for the entire day. None of it was provided. We also had to rent lockers to put our stuff in. If you are going to go, bring your own gloves, goggles, bandana(for over your mouth to protect from dust) and bug spray. We all had to buy a can of bug spray there because they told us the Mosquitos were awful, not one of us saw a mosquito the entire trip. Every other excursion I"ve been on, the equipment is provided with your activity. Then once we got to the dune buggies a mechanic was working on one of them. I asked him if there was a problem and he said no. So we started the day. After the first half a mile out dune buggy wouldn"t accelerate and kept makin loud clanking noises. I told the guide it wasn"t working and he said, keep going. About half way through the trip I tried to tell him again and again he said it was fine and that they were having a new one driven out to us. The rest of our group was behind us, and not able to enjoy their time because they were stuck behind our cart thy wouldn"t go faster then 5mph. So we let them pass us to enjoy for the money they spent. Throughout the drive to the cavern, we would stop every five minutes for some reason, and every time our dune buggy would die. Finally once we got to the cavern our dune buggy just have out completely. We had wasted the entire drive up to the caverns with a broken cart. So we tried to enjoy the cavern because we knew when we came back our new dune buggy would be there. Once we got back, all we saw was the mechanic working on our cart and no new buggy. I was so upset and asked where the new one was, and he said it was fixed. So we got in, and it was fine for about ten minutes. Then when we hit a rock, a huge noise shot out the engine and the car shut off and we ran into a tree. The guide helped pull us out and said that it should be fine. I told him I wanted a new cart and he said again, that it was still on its way. With about ten minutes left in our ride home the guide behind us goes flying past is to the front, and again our dune buggy dies. So our group is left alone on the path, with no guide to help us fix it. So I got out of the car and walked half a mile to tell the guide our car broke down again. I complained to the manager that our entire day was ruined and was such a waste of our money. I wanted our money back. I explained to him that we booked it through Orbitz and he said that all he could do was get my information and call the cruise ship and they would helpe get my money back. I told him once again that it wasn"t booked through the cruise and I needed something to ensure I would get my money back. He said that is what needed to be done and that I needed to go to the shore excursion desk. So I filled out all the information. Went to the excursion desk that night and they said through contract they could not help me or give me any contact information to try and get ahold of them again. All in all it was a very disappointing day for the 8 of us. They knew that they sent us off with a broken cart, and didn"t seem to care. Will NEVER go back to this place and will NEVER recommend it to anyone!!

　　太好听的话语，一出口就过期。Too good to listen to the words, an export will expire.你还知道哪些吗?下面是我为大家准备的一些，欢迎大家参阅，希望大家喜欢。 　　***精选篇*** 　　1、留不住的人，我送你走。 　　I leave you, I will send you away. 　　2、你何时才能看见身后的我。 　　When will you see me behind me. 　　3、给我个暂停键吧我真的累了。 　　Give me a pause. I"m really tired. 　　4、我的执著，是因为，你值得。 　　My obsession is because you deserve. 　　5、心若无归宿，走到哪里都是流浪。 　　If the heart without a home, go to where are wandering. 　　6、打败我的不是天真，而是天真热! 　　Defeat me is not naive, but naive hot! 　　7、没有爱，你注定挤不进他的生命。 　　No love, you are doomed to squeeze into his life. 　　8、我们要怎么做，爱情才会很快乐。 　　What we want to do, love will be very happy. 　　9、我单身，我骄傲，我为祖国省套套。 　　I am single, I am proud of my motherland, condom. 　　10、本欲起身离红尘，怎奈影子落人间。 　　This is to get up from the dust, but the earth shadow falls. 　　***热门篇*** 　　1、因为不懂什么是一辈子、所以很容易用一辈子来发誓。 　　Because do not understand what is a lifetime, so it is easy to use a lifetime to swear. 　　2、有时候觉得自己像个神经病。既纠结了自己，又打扰了别人。 　　Sometimes I feel like a psycho. Both entangled themselves, and to bother others. 　　3、别说谎，我做不到每次都原谅。 　　Don"t lie, I can"t do it every time. 　　4、就算全天下的男人都死光了，闺蜜的男人也不能碰。 　　Even if all men are dead, bestie man can"t touch. 　　5、隐藏秘密的一个好方法，就是把它当成笑话讲给全世界听。 　　A good way to hide a secret is to tell it to the whole world as a joke. 　　6、承诺就像放屁，当时惊天动地，过后苍白无力。 　　mitment is like farting, then shaking heaven and earth, after the feeble. 　　7、知道系个鞋带，那群人已经走老远的感觉么? 　　Know a shoelace, the people already go all the feeling? 　　8、如果有一天，我变得没心没肺。请记得，我曾经善良过。 　　If one day I bee heartless. Please remember, I was kind. 　　9、谢谢你对我好的曾经，如今让我痛不欲生。 　　Thank you once you are good to me, so I hardly wished to live. now. 　　10、所谓的成熟就是，明明该哭该闹，却不言不语的微笑。 　　The so-called mature is obviously the cry of the trouble, but utter not a single word *** ile. 　　11、想当初俄不成熟、现在才懂。 　　Russia is not mature, now just understand. 　　12、避免失望的最好办法，就是不寄希望于任何人、任何事。 　　The best way to avoid disappointment is not to hope for anyone or anything. 　　13、别说我花心，曾经我比谁都用心。 　　Don"t say I heart, once I was more than anyone else"s heart. 　　14、别说我很好，我那么好，你为什么不要! 　　Don"t say I"m good, I"m so good, why don"t you! 　　15、留不住的人像阵风，刚感受到他存在，就已经不存在。 　　Can not keep the portrait gust, just feel his presence, it does not exist. 　　***最新篇*** 　　1、是什么样的未来，让你义无反顾离开。 　　What is the future, let you proceed without hesitation to leave. 　　2、主动久了会很累，在乎久了会崩溃! 　　Active for a long time will be very tired, care about for a long time will crash! 　　3、我在风雨中行走，孤独也没有归途。 　　I walk in the rain, there is no way back alone. 　　4、可以悲哀，但别秀幸福，可以无言，但别说前路艰苦! 　　Can be sad, but don"t show happiness, can not say, but don"t say the road is hard! 　　5、回忆，有时令你嘴角上扬，有时也能让你潸然泪下。 　　Memories can make you *** ile, sometimes also can let you tears trickling down cheeks. 　　6、人人都说你活该凄凉其实没人懂你情长。 　　Everyone says you deserve and didn"t actually know you love long. 　　7、选择了，便注定了孤独。 　　Choice, will be doomed to loneliness. 　　8、情绪可以控制，但眼泪不会撒谎。 　　Emotions can be controlled, but tears don"t lie. 　　9、习惯你的一切，到头来不习惯没有你的全部。 　　Used to all of you, in the end is not used to all of you. 　　10、其实你不用这么冷淡，我也没有想要纠缠。 　　In fact, you do not have to be so cool, I do not want to struggle. 　　11、把心事写进风里，可风不到你那里，风沉入了海底。 　　The mind to write into the wind, the wind is not to you, the wind beneath the sea. 　　12、男人的谎话排行榜，第一句：我不在乎你的容貌。 　　Man"s lie, the first sentence: I don"t care about your looks. 　　13、祝我早日攒够失望然后重新开始。 　　I wish to save down and start again. 　　14、从朋友走成了前男友，到底爱错了什么步骤。 　　From a friend to bee a former boyfriend, in the end what is the wrong step in love. 　　15、总是有些人，不管过了多久，也还是一想起就疼。 　　There are always some people, no matter how long, it is still a pain.

歌曲名:Dust (The Golden Compass)歌手:Alexandre Desplat专辑:Golden Compass / OstRoyworld - DustAll that will remain of us,Are a thousand voices floating in the atmosphere,Shadows falling in the dust,And I hear your voice singled out and I want to say,You and I will never die,So don"t think about all the space in-between us,Get that rubbish off your mind,And how many times can I tell you I love you?You never believed in yourself,You"re living life upon a shelf,And now that the city"s burning,You"re radioing in,I"m radioing out,Come-in anyone,Is there anyone around?All I want to say,What"s it all about?Radioing in,I"m radioing out......Walking down a corridor,And I hear the sound of conversations through these walls,Feeling like a lonely soul,As the ghosts in the shadows sing-along with the radio,You and I will never die,And as the sun"s streaming in through the windows from the streets outside,Come on baby its alright,And how many times can I tell you I love you?You never believed in yourself,You"re living life upon a shelf,And now that the city"s burning,You"re radioing in,I"m radioing out,Come-in anyone,Is there anyone around?All I want to say,What"s it all about?Radioing in,I"m radioing out......I"m radioing out......I"m radioing out......I"m radioing out......I"m radioing out......All that will remain of us,Are a thousand voices floating in the atmosphere,Shadows falling in the dust,And how many times can I tell you I love you?Kevin Boul & Larry Cheng, share with you!http://music.baidu.com/song/9881775

歌曲名:Dark Side歌手:Kelly Clarkson专辑:StrongerDark SideKelly Clarksonthere"s a place that i knowit"s not pretty there and few have ever goneif i show it to you nowwill it make you run awayor will you stayeven if it hurtseven if i try to push you outwill you returnand remind me who i really amplease remind me who i really ameverybody"s got a dark sidedo you love mecan you love minenobody"s a picture perfectbut we"re worth ityou know that we"re worth itwill you love meeven with my dark sidelike a diamondfrom black dustit"s hard to knowit can becomea few give upso don"t give up on meplease remind me who i really ameverybody"s got a dark sidedo you love mecan you love minenobody"s a picture perfectbut we"re worth ityou know that we"re worth itwill you love meeven with my dark sidedon"t run awaydon"t run awayjust tell me that you will staypromise me you will staydon"t run awaydon"t run awayjust promise me you will staypromise me you will staywill you love me ohheverybody"s got a dark sidedo you love mecan you love minenobody"s a picture perfectbut we"re worth ityou know that we"re worth itwill you love meeven with my dark sidedon"t run awaydon"t run awaydon"t run awaypromise me you will stayhttp://music.baidu.com/song/11281306

Jesus was an only sonAs he walked up Calvary HillHis mother Mary walking beside himIn the path where his blood spilledJesus was an only sonIn the hills of NazarethAs he lay reading the Psalms of DavidAt his mother"s feetA mother prays, "Sleep tight, my child, sleep wellFor I"ll be at your sideThat no shadow, no darkness, no tolling bell,Shall pierce your dreams this night"In the garden at GethsemaneHe prayed for the life he"d never live,He beseeched his Heavenly Father to removeThe cup of death from his lipsNow there"s a loss that can never be replaced,A destination that can never be reachedA light you"ll never find in another"s face,A sea whose distance cannot be breachedWell Jesus kissed his mother"s handsWhispered, "Mother, still your tears,For remember the soul of the universeWilled a world and it appeared

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小题1:D小题2:A小题3:D小题4:D小题5:C 试题分析：这篇文章讲述的是环境的好坏直接影响我们的生活，环境太差的话，我们就会不舒服，就会生病，我们应该让我们的环境更干净整洁，使我们保持健康。小题1:细节题，根据文章地一段If the envionment(环境) is bad, it will affect（影响）our bodies, and make us not feel well.如果环境太糟糕的恶化，就会影响我们的身体，使我们不舒服。可知，当环境好的话，我们就会感觉很好。故选D小题2:细节题。根据文章They are very small and you can"t find them with your own eyes可知，细菌非常小，肉眼是看不到的。细菌能够使人们不舒服。故选A小题3:细节题。根据文章There are germs everywhere到处都有细菌。故选D小题4:细节题。根据文章If you cut your finger, some of the dust from the floor may go into it, and you will have much pain in it.如果你的手指被切了，一些灰尘会进入伤口，你就会感到很疼。故选D小题5:细节题。根据文章可知，环境的好坏直接影响我们的生活，我们需要提高我们的环境质量，环境好的话，细菌就会更少。细菌能够使我们生病。故选C 点评：本文结构非常明了，文意也很好理解，学生在答题中一定要认真细致的作答以求全对。对于文短题多的文章一定要将文章仔细的阅读完并理解，结合题目通过题目的关键词进行定位，分析好句子的意思，即可得出答案。

英语谚语: Music washes away from the soul the dust of everyday life 中文意思: 音乐可洗去灵魂中日常生活所沾染的污垢。 随机推荐10条英文谚语： It is harder to marry a daughter well than to bring her up well 养女容易嫁女难。 It is hard to please all parties 取悦各方，谈何容易。 It is impossible that a man who is false to his friends should be true to his country 对朋友不义，不可能对国家效忠。 It is more blessed to give than to receive 施恩比受惠更有福。 It is more pain to do nothing than something 什么都不做要比做一点更不好受。 It is my own fault if I am deceived by the same man twice 在同一个人那里上两次当只能怪自己。 It is no honour for an eagle to vanquish a dove 老鹰胜鸽，不足为荣。 It is not every couple that is a pair 成双并非皆配偶。 It is not good to make a sleeping lion 弄醒睡狮不是好事。 It is not helps but obstaceles not facilities but difficulties that make men 造就人的，不是帮助，而是磨难，不是方便，而是困难。 英语谚语: Music washes away from the soul the dust of everyday life 中文意思: 音乐可洗去灵魂中日常生活所沾染的污垢。

was hes from the soul the dustof every day life是他从灵魂变得每一天的生活

2. Impact on the environment: A health hazard Health hazard Invasive way to Route of entry: inhalation Inhalation, ingestion Eaten. Health hazards Health hazard: can cause nickel dermatitis, also known as nickel, "Prurigo prurigo". Opera skin itch, after papules, erythema and herpes, who re-festering, fester. Long-term inhalation of nickel powder can be addressed to stimulate the respiratory tract, chronic rhinitis, or even perforation of the nasal septum, can cause allergic pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma. Second, information on toxicology and environmental toxicology data acts environment action Nickel metal almost no acute toxicity, the general toxicity nickel salt also lower, but the nickel carbonyl can have a very toxic. Nickel carbonyl in the form of steam quickly absorbed by the respiratory tract, but also by the small amount of skin absorption, which is the operating environment, poison the main way into the human body. Nickel carbonyl in the concentration of 3.5u03bcg/m3 when people feel like the smell of smoke light, low-concentration does not have the feeling. Absorption of nickel carbonyl can cause acute poisoning, about 10 minutes there will be early symptoms, such as: dizziness, headaches, gait instability, and sometimes nausea, vomiting, chest tightness; late in contact with the symptoms 12-36 hours after Nausea, vomiting, high fever, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and so on. When exposure to high concentrations of acute chemical pneumonia, culminating in pulmonary edema and respiratory failure due to circulating died lethal dose exposure, the accident occurred after 4-11 died. Nickel"s specific symptoms of poisoning are dermatitis, respiratory tract cancer and obstacles. Mutagenicity: neoplastic transformation: hamster embryo 5u03bcmol / L. Reproductive toxicity: rat poisoning lowest oral dose (TDL0): 158mg/kg (multi-drug-generation) fetal rat poisoning death of embryos. Carcinogenicity: LARC carcinogenicity: positive for the animals. Migration and transformation: natural water often nickel halide, nitrate, sulphate, as well as some inorganic and organic complexes in the form of dissolved in water. The water soluble ions combine with water to form hydrated ions [Ni (H2O) 6] 2 +, and the amino acid, cystine, fulvic acid soluble form, such as ion Organic network, they can move with the flow. Nickel in water movement, mainly the formation of precipitation and precipitation, as well as in crystal form in the sediment to the mass migration at the end of this migration of nickel of the total volume of 80% of the migration; dissolved solids and patterns of absorption patterns of migration accounted for only 5% . To this end, the waters are rich in nickel most of the sediment deposits, nickel deposits with an output of about 18 ~ 47ppm, for nickel in the water volume of 38,000 to 92,000 times. Soil nickel mainly from weathering of rocks, dust in the atmosphere, irrigation water (including waste water containing nickel), agricultural fertilizer, plants and animals, such as decay of the body. Plant growth and farmland drainage and soil away from nickel. In general, with the irrigation of nickel ions into the soil by soil organic and inorganic training complex by adsorption, mainly accumulated in the surface. The risk characteristics: its powder chemical activity of high exposure to the air oxidation reactions occur, or even spontaneous combustion. Strong response to the event, to release hydrogen. Combustible dust, can form an explosive mixture with air.

free from 英[friː frəm] 美[friː frəm] [词典] （把……） 从……释放出来；使……摆脱; [例句]He is free from prejudice to everybody.他对所有的人都不带有任何成见。

加快非公有剪头发兼顾运动体验

英语谚语: From short pleasure long repentance 中文意思: 痛快一时，悔恨终身。 随机推荐10条英文谚语： Mountains look beautiful from a distance 远处看山山更美。 Much cry and little wool 雷声大，雨点小。 Much water runs by the mill that the miller knows not of 当前发生诸种事，大多为人所不知。 Much will have more 贪得无厌。 Murder will out 杀人终必败露。 Music hath charms to soothe the savage beast 音乐有抚凶暴心灵的魅力。 Music is the eye of the ear 音乐是耳朵的眼睛。 Music is the medicine of the breaking heart 音乐是医治心灵创伤的妙药。 Music washes away from the soul the dust of everyday life 音乐可洗去灵魂中日常生活所沾染的污垢。 My son is my son till he hath got him a wife; but my daughter"s my daughter all the days of her life 儿子只有在娶妻前是儿子，女儿则终生是女儿。 英语谚语: From short pleasure long repentance 中文意思: 痛快一时，悔恨终身。

city城市

　　时光匆匆，我们将迎来又一 母亲节 ，一起感谢亲爱的母亲吧!下面是我给大家带来的关于母亲节的 英语 作文 ，我们一起来看看吧，希望大家能喜欢! 　　关于母亲节的英语作文(一) 　　Mother"s day is a holiday for all mothers. In this holiday, my mother is very happy, but mother is going to work. I thought, what gift should I give my mother? 　　My mother is an angel of white. She is very busy at work, but I have to take time to take care of me and help me with my studies. I"ve always wanted to send a gift to my mom. It"s mother"s day and dad is at work, so I"ll give them a surprise. 　　I thought to my left and came up with a good idea to make a card for my mother. The idea must be, I"ll get to it. I took out my pen, my card, my marker. I drew a smiley face on the left side of the card, a heart on the right, and a color on the right. I wrote a sentence below the heart: mom, I love you! On the top of the picture: happy mother"s day! Finally finished! 　　Just at this moment, mom and dad came back from work, I hurriedly to the mother, mother smiled happily, gave me a sweet kiss, my father saw also smiled. 　　母亲节是所有妈妈的节日。在这个节日里，我的妈妈非常高兴，可是妈妈要上班。我想，该送什么礼物给妈妈呢? 　　妈妈是一位白衣天使，平时工作很忙，但是还要抽空来照顾我，辅导我的学习。我一直都想送一份礼物给妈妈，正好今天是母亲节，爸爸也在上班，不如我就给他们一个惊喜吧。 　　我左想右想，想出了个好主意，就是做一张卡片给妈妈。主意一定，我赶快行动起来。我拿出笔、卡纸、彩笔。我在卡纸的左边画了一个笑脸，右边画了一颗心，再涂上颜色。我在“心”的下面写了一句话：妈妈，我爱你!又在画的上面写上：祝母亲节快乐!终于完工了! 　　正好在这时侯，爸爸妈妈下班回来了，我连忙给妈妈送上，妈妈开心地笑了，还给我一个甜甜的吻，爸爸看了也笑了。 　　 关于母亲节的英语作文(二) 　　Today is Mother"s Day. I know some of my classmates are going to help their mothers with the housework, others are going to buy some flowers for their mothers. I want to say to her that I love her very much. But as a boy, it is a bit difficult for me to show my heart. I think only girls can do that. 　　My mother is very kind. She takes care of me day and night. She spends little money, but buys anything for me that I need. 　　This time I must show my love. I am going to give her a card and write like this, "I love you, mother!" I am going to put it under her pillow. 　　今天是母亲节。我知道一些同学打算帮妈妈做些家务，还有一些同学打算给妈妈买些花。我只是想对妈妈说一声，我非常爱她。但是对我来说这样表达我的情感有点儿难，因为我是个男孩。我觉得只有女生才这样做。 　　我妈妈是个非常善良的人。她对我照顾得无微不至。她自己很少花钱，但能给我买我需要的任何东西。 　　这次我一定要表示我对她的爱。我打算送她一张写有“我爱你，妈妈”的卡片，我还打算把它放在她的枕头下面。 　　关于母亲节的英语作文(三) 　　Mother"s Day is a happy and unforgettable holiday. How I long for it to come! 　　In order to make me grow up well, every weekend and summer vacation was running for my cram class, even today, I was still working for my study and life. As a result, the feet were all blister and even a thick cocoon. 　　Today, mother"s Day is coming. I decided to do something for my mother - I need to wash my feet for my mother, wash my mother"s fatigue and wash away the dust from my mother"s feet. First, I want to buy some carnations, and then cook a pot of water, until the water is boiled, smoke, and then pour it into the pot, then, put the petals in the pot, and let the water ripple the fragrance of carnations. 　　All right, everything is ready now. I called my mother and let her put her feet into the rich and fragrant pot. I washed my feet with my own hands, and my hands would wash my mother"s tiredness all day. No! It was so hard for years! I felt my mother growing the bottom of the cocoon. My heart was very uncomfortable. My mother loved my head. She was happy and said, "my son grows up, understands, mother is very relieved." And I told mom that I had to study hard and learn to do housework as well as help my mother share the burden of the family. 　　Mother"s day today, I and my mother have been very happy, mother"s Day is built, it is the best festival in the world, it let the world mother have a day to accept blessing and return, even if only a word, even if only tiny things, but also let the mothers really warm! 　　关于母亲节的英语作文(四) 　　What a beautiful day for mother"s day. On this day, people in all countries of the world offer their mothers the most sincere blessing. This day is a holiday for all mothers on earth. On this day, we bless our great mother together. 　　It"s a fleeting moment, and it"s more than a dozen years of life. In those years, there are always one pair who are no longer young but always silently watching your eyes behind them. 　　However, I sometimes do not understand my mother and leave her alone. In high school, I had to run three times every day in school and at home. The time for dinner every afternoon seems to be very tight. Several times I hurried home, but the meal was not done well. When I wait for job, I keep mumbling, never thinking about my mother"s feelings. So selfish all the time, I never felt a trace of guilt. 　　Until that Saturday, I saw my mother"s hard work. After lunch, she was busy, her face was dripping with sweat, and she had almost no time to sit on the bench. In the afternoon, she was in a hurry to cook. Her anxious eyes showed concern and concern respectively. She was cooking for her daughter. For so many years, a fixed rope seemed to have kept her at home. For decades, she has been guarding this family and serving her loved ones. 　　My heart is not shocked. How can I feel so sorry for my mother? That night, I could not sleep, and on the second day, I made cards myself. All my regrets were expressed, and my hands were sent to my mother. After mother finished reading, we embraced together for a long time. 　　Thank God, we are not great, but we also have great mothers. Today, we have a blessing for our mother. 　　However, it is not only mother"s day that this genius wants to "care for the mother" in particular, but on the 365 day, it is mother"s day every day. 　 　关于母亲节的英语作文(五) 　　My mother is sixty-three years old, and for the last forty year she has been the village doctor. She has a small clinic that she prepares medicine and treats small injuries,and also sells canned powder milk. 　　Our house has people in and out at all hours of the day and night. 　　The villagers always like to come to her clinic to see the doctor and to meet their neighbors, too. 　　Almost all the villagers come to my mother when their baby is due. My mother is very good at predicting the day the baby will come. 　　Sometimes my mother will not get enough sleep if the babies come late at night or early in the morning. 　　There are special rooms for the mother and baby, and usually they stay at the doctor"s house about twenty-four hours. 　　We always like to see the new babies get their first bath because they look so red and small. 　　All the village people know and trust my mother because she is such a quiet, kind,and experienced friend of theirs. u200b相关 文章 ： 1. 关于母亲节的英语作文优秀5篇 2. 关于母亲节的英语作文5篇 3. 关于母亲节的英语作文【5篇】 4. 母亲节英语作文优秀范文 5. 有关母亲节的英语满分作文5篇

坦率地，我高兴。 你知道，我决定给它十年前。 我在顶楼所有五十或六十他们对聚集尘土中投入了他们全部，并且忘掉了他们。 然后我在酒吧偶然，整个地偶然，遇见他一天，并且我们得到了谈论此，并且那，和，很好对投入了短他去看一看他们的一个长的故事，并且这是结果。 它是二个星期。 并且它整个地致力了于我的工作。 做很好，同样，作为您在大约半能从小的票看他们。 您知道，即然他们在象这样的墙壁，以所有聪明的照明设备和光滑的编目上垂悬，并且聪明的人民，他们真正地不似乎任何做与我。 它是象看见老朋友在新的情况，他们适合，并且您不。 现在，您看见她？ 她已经被买三。 听见她的说法一天她‘急切遇见人"。 如果她，害怕她会是非常失望的。 感兴趣，虽然，您偷听的某些事。 一些知道某事对此。 其他无知者和承认它。 其他无知者和不。 顺便说一句，我听见某人最近说妇女的‘画像"提醒了她您，您知道。 如此您看见，您是不仅非常著名的，但和我继续进行告诉你你未改变位。大概意思应该是这样吧！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！

雪尘 铁杉树上 一只乌鸦 抖落雪花 撒我一身 我的心情 因此变化 一天的懊丧 已不再留下

我来自偶然像一颗尘土 有谁看出我的脆弱 我来自何方我情归何处 我认为，用《感恩的心》里面的这段歌词代表最好了。

雪尘？

我告诉你意思，你就明白了。艺术洗去灵魂上的dust of everyday life。大概意思是生活中的种种杂事

DUST OF SNOW (是 Robert Frost 做的那首吧？一直以来不少人为这首诗歌的表达意境争论不休。。。较为乐观的，还有阴暗悲观的，我宁愿相信作者想表达“柳暗花明又一村”的乐观意境，所以采用“乐观版本”呵呵）The way a crowShook down on me道上的一只乌鸦（洋人跟咱们一样看见乌鸦就开始胡思乱想。。。）向我俯冲而下The dust of snowFrom a hemlock tree一尘落雪从铁杉树上飘下（铁杉树因为常见于坟场，常代表死亡）Has given my heartA change of mood我原本沮丧的心房因这落雪而豁然And saved some partOf a day I had rued. 并且赶走了一部分我今日的颓废阴暗

Lady StardustArtist(Band):David BowieBY:拉登快跑People stared at the makeup on his faceLaughed at his long black hair, his animal graceThe boy in the bright blue jeansJumped up on the stageAnd lady stardust sang his songsOf darkness and disgraceAnd he was alright, the band was all togetherYes he was alright, the song went on foreverYes he was awful niceReally quite out of sightAnd he sang all night longFemme fatales emerged from shadowsTo watch this creature fairBoys stood upon their chairsTo make their point of viewI smiled sadly for a love I could not obeyLady stardust sang his songsOf darkness and dismayAnd he was alright, the band was all togetherYes he was alright, the song went on foreverAnd he was awful niceReally quite out of sightAnd he sang all night longOh how I sighed when they asked if I knew his nameOoh they was alright, the band was all togetherYes he was alright, and the song went on foreverHe was awful niceReally quite paradiseHe sang all night long

last stardust 全部释义和例句>> 最后的星尘stardust 英[u02c8stɑ:du028cst]美[u02c8stɑ:rdu028cst]n. 星尘; 星团，幻觉;[网络] 幻觉; 星团;[例句]Yet this was the problem facing him when a capsule returned to earth in2006 from a probe called stardust.然而，当2006年一个太空舱从一个叫做“星尘”的探测器回到地球时，他又一次面对了这个问题。

歌曲名：《Lady Stardust》歌手：David Bowie发行时间：2012-06-01 流派：摇滚 发行公司：EMI专辑：《The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (40th Anniversary Edition) [Remastered]》歌词：People stared at the makeup on his faceLaughed at his long black hair, his animal graceThe boy in the bright blue jeansJumped up on the stageAnd lady stardust sang his songsOf darkness and disgraceAnd he was alright, the band was all togetherYes he was alright, the song went on foreverYes he was awful niceReally quite out of sightAnd he sang all night longFemme fatales emerged from shadowsTo watch this creature fairBoys stood upon their chairsTo make their point of viewI smiled sadly for a love I could not obeyLady stardust sang his songsOf darkness and dismayAnd he was alright, the band was all togetherYes he was alright, the song went on foreverAnd he was awful niceReally quite out of sightAnd he sang all night longOh how I sighed when they asked if I knew his nameOoh they was alright, the band was all togetherYes he was alright, and the song went on foreverHe was awful niceReally quite paradiseHe sang all night long试听：http://music.baidu.com/song/14735903

我来试试,呵呵.我也喜欢Bruce Springsteen,献丑了我将手指扣上扳机不知道还有谁可以信任当我凝视你的眼睛那里却只有邪恶和灰尘Bobbie，我们离家已经很远很远家离我们也很远很远我感到有肮脏的风吹过带着邪恶与灰尘上帝在我身边我只是试图挣脱逃离如果是你，你又会怎样逃离？杀掉你所爱的一切亲爱的恐惧会给你力量它使你的心变得黑暗变得可以信任它会将你充满信仰的灵魂带走换以邪恶和灰尘我昨夜梦到了你在一片充满血液和残骸的田地里血液凝聚，味道弥散Bobbie，我昨夜梦到了你在一片充满血液和残骸的田地里你的血液开始凝聚变干，味道弥散上帝在我们身边我们只是试图挣脱逃离如果是你，你又会怎样逃离？杀掉你所爱的一切亲爱的恐惧会给你力量它使你的心变得黑暗变得可以信任它会将你充满信仰的灵魂带走换以邪恶和灰尘现在，每个女人，每个男人他们都想要站在正派的一边感知上帝赐予的爱和信念而我的手指扣在扳机上这样的夜晚，我的信念不够了当我凝视我内心深处那里却只有邪恶和灰尘上帝在我身边我只是试图挣脱逃离如果是你，你又会怎样逃离？杀掉你所爱的一切恐惧是危险（重音强调）的东西它使你的心变得黑暗变得可以信任它会将你充满信仰的灵魂带走换以邪恶和灰尘是的，它会将你充满信仰的灵魂带走换以邪恶和灰尘I got my finger on the triggerBut I don"t know who to trustWhen I look into your eyesThere"s just devils and dustWe"re a long, long way from home, BobbieHome"s a long, long way from usI feel a dirty wind blowingDevils and dustI got God on my sideAnd I"m just trying to surviveWhat if what you do to surviveKills the things you loveFear"s a powerful thing, babyIt can turn your heart black you can trustIt"ll take your God filled soulAnd fill it with devils and dustWell I dreamed of you last nightIn a field of blood and stoneThe blood began to dryThe smell began to riseWell I dreamed of you last night, BobbieIn a field of mud and boneYour blood began to dryAnd the smell began to riseWe"ve got God on our sideWe"re just trying to surviveWhat if what you do to surviveKills the things you loveFear"s a powerful thingIt"ll turn your heart black you can trustIt"ll take your God filled soulFill it with devils and dustIt"ll take your God filled soulFill it with devils and dust[ harmonica ]Now every woman and every manThey wanna take a righteous standFind the love that God willsAnd the faith that He commandsI"ve got my finger on the triggerAnd tonight faith just ain"t enoughWhen I look inside my heartThere"s just devils and dustWell I"ve got God on my sideAnd I"m just trying to surviveWhat if what you do to surviveKills the things you loveFear"s a DANGEROUS (should be POWERFUL) thingIt can turn your heart black you can trustIt"ll take your God filled soulFill it with devils and dustYeah it"ll take your God filled soulFill it with devils and dust

我告诉你意思，你就明白了。艺术洗去灵魂上的dust of everyday life。大概意思是生活中的种种杂事

问老师

At the nighttime, the grass,wood,piece of stone of the ground etc. object because of radiating calories outwardly, their temperature wants to declineLow, be temperature to decline to a dewdrop, the ground object steam within nearby air attains saturation then.If the dewdrop is high in0 Celsius degrees, the steam can become small drop of water in the superficial coagulation of the object of the ground, this be the dew.If the dewdrop is low in0 Celsius degrees, the steam then wants in the object of the ground to condense the water ice grain superficially and directly, this is frost. If in nighttime not only the temperature of top object in ground declined to the dewdrop the following, and the ground is a distant place above and slightlyThe air temperature also declined to a dewdrop, so the steam in the air will take dust as core to condense small drop of water,This woulds be fog. When the temperature of the high and air air declines to the dewdrop the following, if the dewdrop is high in 0 degrees, the steam in the air condenses small drop of water to would be cloud on the dust, but condense bigger drop of water is rain.If the dewdrop is low in 0 degrees,The steam in the air then will condense snow directly on the dust. Can know from here, the dew,frost and fog all not from the day but decline of, but the steam in nearby air in ground reachArrive saturation direct condense but become of.Only snow and rain just from the day but decline of, is the water in the high and air airThe fume attain saturation hour condense but become.

歌曲名:One Night Only歌手:Deena Jones And The Dreams&Dreamgirls (Motion Picture Soundtrack)&Performed By Jennifer Hudson.专辑:Dreamgirls Music From The Motion PictureHaaaa (Come on baby)Haaaa (One night)Haaaa (One night only)You want all my love and my devotionYou want my loving soul right on the lineI had no doubt that I could love you foreverThe only trouble is I really don"t have the timeI"ve got one night onlyOne night onlyThat"s all I have to spareOne night onlyLet"s not pretend you careI"ve got one night onlyOne night onlyCome on, we better come onOne night onlyWe only have "til dawn(We only have "til dawn)We only have "til dawn(We only have "til dawn!)One night onlyOne night onlyOne night only (Oh)One night only (Yeah-yeah)One night only (Come on, come on)One night only (Come on, come on)You and I will be running out of time!Whoo yeah (Come on, come on)Whoo, come on (Come on, come on)Come on (Come on, come on)Come on, yeah (Come on, come on)One night only (Come on, come on)One night only (Come on, come on)Come on, come onCome on, come onCome on, come onCome on, come onCome on!http://music.baidu.com/song/7516350

你好，根据您的问题考虑，是一种迷幻药，会引起身体的不良反应，此时可以带着孩子看看医生，可以使用促醒的药物治疗，考虑如果经常性的使用，肯定会引起不良后果，会引起后遗症的，包括影响智力的发育。

hard，英语单词，主要用作为形容词、副词、名词。作形容词时意为“努力的；硬的；困难的；辛苦的；确实的；严厉的；猛烈的；冷酷无情的”，作副词时意为“ 努力地；困难地；辛苦地；接近地；猛烈地；牢固地”，作名词时意为“人名；(英、芬、瑞典)哈德”。例句：1.Why do they have to work so hard?他们为什么工作必须那么努力。2.Every one of us should work hard for the prosperity of our country.我们每一个人都应该为我们国家的繁荣而努力工作。3.I find it hard to trust not only me, but everyone around me, Because of.因为你，我发现很难再相信我自己以及周围的每一个人。

夏虫不可以语冰 [xià chóng bù kě yǐ yǔ bīng] 基本释义不能和生长在夏天的虫谈论冰。比喻时间局限人的见识。也比喻人的见识短浅。出 处《庄子·秋水》:“夏虫不可以语于冰者，笃于时也。”

每年全世界自行车需求量巨大，日本CYCLEPRESS的数据统计显示，全世界自行车需求规模保持在1.06亿台的水平，自行车年交易额约为50亿美元。建议别买SPECIALIZED闪电和捷安特自行车的，其实崔克自行车主要由中国大陆昆山捷安特自行车工厂贴牌代工生产的，其实没有什么卑鄙不卑鄙，殊不知捷安特自行车公司才卑鄙无耻，崔克自行车由于是捷安特自行车代工，但是很多设计都被捷安特自行车给抄袭仿冒多得去了，捷安特自行车公司才是真正的卑鄙无耻，捷安特自行车就是从山寨崔克自行车起家的自行车品牌。而且捷安特自行车质量不是一般的渣，不久之前中央电视台等各大媒体早爆料了，捷安特自行车公司之前代工生产的崔克自行车品牌自行车产品由于质量严重题导致骑车人瘫痪，后来捷安特自行车公司又召回近百万台捷安特自行车品牌质量严重缺陷山地自行车。美利达是一家具有良知的中国自行车企业，而且产品比捷安特自行车更好一些。作为一个有良知的中国人，建议大家选择支持一个中国的良心企业美利达，如今，捷安特自行车专卖店最近倒闭的实在太多了，光一个城市都有倒闭好多家的，很正常啊

歌曲名:单身香水瓶歌手:邝美云专辑:疼我爱我精选窈窕的香水瓶子化作她身影幽幽地迷魂着千千双眼睛酒醉几多心灵 然而却未明身边的样子 自卑感早战胜SHNORITA 笑亦媚而动听SENORITA 每夜自怜望晚星SENORITA 凭谁燃亮爱情每天听尽是公式的对应SHNORITA 笑亦媚而动听SENORITA 每夜自怜望晚星SENORITA 凭谁燃亮爱情唤叫身边男士睁开眼睛每天听尽是公式的对应唤叫身边男士睁开眼睛夜半身边(像块冰冷)唯有身影(独对晚星)微笑等你奉上真爱热诚Music...窈窕的香水瓶子化作她身影幽幽地迷魂着千千双眼睛酒醉几多心灵 然而却未明身边的样子 自卑感早战胜SHNORITA 笑亦媚而动听SENORITA 每夜自怜望晚星SENORITA 凭谁燃亮爱情SENORITA 有梦话谁共听SENORITA 深宵一个影SENORITA 凭谁燃亮爱情笑声背后 是忧郁的个性每天听尽是公式的对应SENORITA 有梦话谁共听SENORITA 深宵一个影SENORITA 凭谁燃亮爱情笑声背后 是忧郁的个性http://music.baidu.com/song/56207378

是荷兰的，荷兰ASML公司(全称：AdvancedSemiconductorMaterialLithography，目前该全称已经不作为公司标识使用，公司的注册标识为ASMLHoldingN.V)，中文名称为阿斯麦尔（中国大陆）、艾司摩尔（中国台湾）。规模和荣誉：这是一家总部设在荷兰艾恩德霍芬（Veldhoven）的全球最大的半导体设备制造商之一，向全球复杂集成电路生产企业提供领先的综合性关键设备。ASML的股票分别在阿姆斯特丹及纽约上市。2019年10月，位列2019福布斯全球数字经济100强榜第50名。

中高档ddk化妆品是很出名的一个品牌，它是国内的一个牌子，隶属于玖曦国际旗下，有着很高的人气。

情况似乎好得难以置信。 现在，美国有个难得的机会以非常低廉的利率借款，即便总债务负担迅速上升，总利息支出却在持续下降。美国可以为有价值的项目大手笔投钱，而不必承担通常会重创联邦预算的利息支出激增风险。 但拉里·萨默斯明确指出，只有一个问题仍然需要保持警惕。萨默斯曾经在美国前总统比尔·克林顿政府担任财政部部长，他毫不掩饰地表达了自己对利用当今超低利率扩大联邦借贷，向基础设施、绿色能源和 社会 项目进行投资的支持。他认为，债务规模和赤字规模的重要程度远不如债务成本。 萨默斯在他的蓝图上提出了关键的警告。美国财政部只有将战略重点放在以当前长期利率借款(目前利率处于 历史 最低水平)，并且锁定遥远未来可承受的支出，才能够规避巨大风险。让萨默斯震惊的是，美国政府恰恰采取与之相反的危险策略，即用隔夜债务为长期债券融资。 “实际上，政府现在拥有的是用浮动利率短期负债，而不是长期固定利率负债。”8月13日萨默斯接受彭博电视（Bloomberg Television）的《华尔街周报》（Wall Street Week）采访时表示。“在极度不确定的时刻，在很多人认为利率非常低的时刻，增加短债的决定似乎很奇怪。” 萨默斯特别谈到了美联储的“量化宽松”（QE）政策，即利用日常借款工具购买当前发行的大量长期国债。购买规模高达每月800亿美元。美国每年可以省下数百亿美元，因为这些国债利息会以闭环方式直接返还给美国财政部。但该计划很容易适得其反。美国支付的隔夜利率极低，目的是防止新产生的、用于购买美国国债的资金流入新增贷款从而加剧通胀。 具体而言，美联储正在吸引金融机构将“超额准备金”纳入其资产负债表。现在，美联储只需要支付0.15%的超低利息就能够增加货币供应量，同时还可以遏制通胀。 然而这条路的前方有很大可能存在危险。经济从封锁中持续复苏，导致当今强大的通胀压力持续，甚至还可能恶化。美联储被迫为4.2万亿美元的银行准备金支付更高利率，才能够阻止大量资金流入 汽车 、住房和消费贷款从而推高物价。额外费用将大大增加联邦预算的利息支出。 由于美联储将减少买入新发行债券，也会减少央行向财政部提供的实际“补贴”，进一步打破脆弱的平衡。到目前为止，史上最低的债券收益率，加上美联储购买大量新发行国债再将利息返还给财政部的招数，导致债务激增的同时美国国债收益率不断下跌。而且美联储的做法推动困境愈发迫近。只要出现一阵通货膨胀，就可能导致这一特别平衡举措的崩溃。 历史 上最大的 可调整利率贷款（ARM） 萨默斯所指的美联储“古怪”道路，只是造成高压状况极端危险的部分原因。美国财政部也在为应对新冠疫情承担的巨额刺激支出提供大量资金，短期国债到期时间短则四周，长则一年。总体来说，2019年年底以来美国联邦债务增长了30%，达到22.2万亿美元，其中约一半的支持基础为美联储隔夜借款、12个月或更短时间到期的债券或浮动利率证券。 正如胡佛研究所（Hoover Institution）的经济学家约翰·科克伦所说： “美国当前面临的危险，与2006年房地产泡沫期间用可调利率抵押贷款买房的美国人一样。” 现在，全球最大的经济体正在操作史上最大的可调整利率贷款。简言之，美国正在冒着巨大风险人为压低当前利息支出，使财政状况看起来比实际情况稳定些。萨默斯呼吁美联储“结束量化宽松”，主要因为该计划与快速滚动的信用支持多年期债券并不匹配。 7月底的美联储会议上，联邦公开市场委员会（Open Market Committee）的大多数成员都主张从今年晚些时候开始逐渐退出量化宽松。嘉信理财（Charles Schwab）的经济学家预测，美联储将在11月开始逐渐退出，每月将买入的美元金额减少85亿美元。 众所周知，美联储可以继续通过巧妙手段让美国保持当前的轨道。但前提是通货膨胀只是短期现象。7月，消费者价格指数（CPI）上涨5.4%，涨幅为2008年8月以来最大。美联储预测2021年全年CPI将增长3%，远高于2%的平均目标。除了促进充分就业，美联储的首要任务是确保物价稳定。 如果通胀继续，要维持物价稳定可能会对美国的可调整利率贷款融资进行大规模利率调整。如此调整可能导致债务年度利息支出出现美国 历史 上最大规模的激增，从表面上合算变成惊人昂贵。拉里·萨默斯的警告便会成真。 美国财政部短期内为大部分 由新冠病毒推动的支出提供资金 美国为抗击新冠疫情承担的新债务加大了未来的财政风险。尽管现在美国财政部正转向长期借款，但一两年后到期债务将增加数万亿美元，使得美国更容易受利率突然上浮影响。 2019年12月底，联邦政府欠的“公众债务”达17.2万亿美元。此类债务包括个人、公司、外国政府和12家联邦储备银行持有的美国国债。其中，2.4万亿美元是期限为四周到一年的短期国债，占比14%。9.3万亿美元是至少两年期最长到基准10年期的中期国债，占比58%。20年期和30年期国债为2.4万亿美元，占债务总额14%。总的来说，美国超过72%的借款是中长期国债。 美国为新冠疫情承担巨额突发开支和借款时，相对谨慎的形象发生了根本性转变。从2019年年底到2020年8月，美国财政部大幅亏空，发行了惊人的2.7万亿美元短期国债，平均每两个月滚动一次。其每4美元新借款中就有3美元为短期国债。 相比之下，美国财政部只卖出了1.4万亿美元的中长期国债，收益只有风险更高的短期国债一半。（债券发行数据均为同期到期的美国国债净值。） 截至2020年8月，短期国债借款总额所占份额跃升超过10个百分点，达到23.4%。加上浮动利率债券，一年期以内的国债和与短期利率挂钩的国债比例从四分之一跃升到未偿债务的三分之一以上。 2020年前三个季度，联邦债券平均到期日从69个月降至62个月，为史上最大突然降幅之一。 此后，美国财政部调整了方向，大幅减少发行一年内短期国债，并扩大期限较长的中长期国债发行规模，逐步恢复“未偿还债券”平衡。美国财政部的债务管理办公室（Office of Debt Management）在截至6月30日的联邦政府三季度更新报告中详细介绍了相关趋势。 报告中包括了截至本财年9月底的新债务发行预测。据其预测，截至9月30日的12个月内，美国财政部将回收7420亿美元的短期国债，金额超过新发行短债。 2021财年近2万亿美元的新增借款总额中，有1.45万亿美元将由到期时间为五年或五年以上的中期国债以及到期时间为20年和30年的长期国债提供。美国正在重新走上更保守也更传统的道路，依靠较长期债券筹集近四分之三新借款。 弹指间，美国债务平均到期期限就已经回升至新冠疫情爆发前的69个月。 虽然美国财政部将债券期限恢复到危机前水平是一件好事情。但问题是：即使比例保持在过去的水平，现在美国短期未偿债务还是比2019年年底多得多。看实际金额比看占比更重要。 截至7月，美国欠下的短期国债金额达6.6万亿美元，还要加上浮动利率债务，比2019年12月持有的各类短债多出2万亿美元。由于短期国债比例已经恢复正常，四季度美国财政部将再次发行短期国债。 从现在起，美国财政部可能继续出售短期国债和浮动利率债券，以维持公众持有总债务30%的份额。未来几年，财政部每年要借入约2万亿美元，为庞大赤字提供资金。 因此，两个月至一年期美元债务和浮动利率债券将继续快速增长，原因都是新冠疫情应急资金大幅提升了整体负债水平。与18个月前相比，6.6万亿美元且不断增长的债务需要不断展期或重设利率，使得预算更容易受到通货膨胀爆发和利率上升影响。 美联储可能面临银行准备金成本大幅提升，所以必须遏制通胀。 新增万亿短期借款给美国的财政路径造成了新风险。美联储为防止银行将新供应资金注入信贷体系而引发经济过热所采取的政策，可能导致利息负担急剧上升。如今，美联储以快速增加货币供应闻名，其挑战是阻止货币超级宽松时代万亿资金通常会产生的作用，即加剧通货膨胀。 美国财政部通过向金融机构出售中长期债券筹集资金。与此同时，美联储将发行美元存入自己的账户，从而产生新资金，然后再用新资金从银行购买国债和抵押贷款支持证券，增加货币供应量，增加家庭和企业的信贷供应。 如此一来，贷款人就有更多的流动性为信用卡余额和住房贷款融资。客户将美元存入支票账户，银行将新存款的一部分出借以获得更多的存款，从自身和竞争对手银行获得更多的贷款继而形成循环，扩大整个经济体内的消费者和商业支出。 过去，如果金融机构刚从财政部买入国债再迅速发行，美联储不会买入。之前美联储购买的金额刚好够在经济复苏时提供额外信贷。通货膨胀迫在眉睫时，美联储以诱人的利率向银行出售国债，以收回争相竞购商品和服务的过剩美元。 银行资产负债表上持有大量美国国债作为储备，贷款需求增加时将其中一部分出售给美联储。但2008年10月金融危机最严重时启动的量化宽松计划改变了这一模式。某种程度上，量化宽松的目标是将长期利率维持在极低水平，提振房屋、股票和其他资产价格，增加家庭和企业的财富。 在量化宽松政策下，美国财政部发行了更大规模的中期国债（两年期至10年期）和长期国债（20年期至30年期）,而美联储则吞下了其中绝大部分份额。 截至2021年8月中旬的12个月内，美联储买入了9780亿美元的中长期国债。据我估计，在到期时间不低于五年的约1.2万亿美元国债中，美联储购买的份额超过了80%。总而言之，2016年年中以来，美联储持有的两类较长期债券金额已经翻了一番，达到4.7万亿美元。 美联储买入的中长期国债都计在其规模庞大的资产负债表资产端。请记住，美联储从银行手中购入的国债就是银行刚刚从美国财政部买入的。 实际上，银行只是将债券转售给美联储。金融机构很清楚，美联储将对刚刚收购的中长期国债进行清理，还提供中介佣金。“这是利率如此低廉的原因之一。”佛罗里达大西洋大学（Florida Atlantic University）的经济学和货币政策教授威廉·路德说。“银行都知道，美联储会立刻按当前高价买下银行想出售的美国国债。” 美联储正在动用数以万亿计的新增资金从银行购买创纪录的美国国债。如果过去一年银行将美联储近1万亿美元的资金转化为新贷款，物价就会飙升。“美联储需要杠杆确保货币供应量大幅增加，且不会转化为新增银行信贷。”路德指出。“美联储的目标是钳制资金，避免资金流入信贷体系导致通货膨胀。”美联储强大的工具就是：支付存款利息。 多年来，受准备金余额利率（IORB）波动影响，美联储为隔离资金而支付的费用差异巨大。金融危机之后六年里，该利率仅为0.07%到0.15%。但随着2018年经济好转，准备金余额利率跃升至2%，2019年1月至8月徘徊在2.4%之上。 就在去年2月，该利率仍然为1.58%。去年将联邦基金利率削减至接近零，将准备金余额利率拉回到现在的0.15%左右。 为什么银行愿意存入数万亿准备金只获得如此微薄的利息？路德指出，原因之一是银行别无选择。巴塞尔规则要求银行资本与风险加权资产比率非常高，风险加权资产也包括根据违约风险调整的贷款。 第二个原因是，尽管准备金余额利率听起来很低，但美联储通常会做一些安排，使其略高于银行间借贷的联邦基金利率。此外，银行向美联储收取数万亿美元利息时，不用承担通常的风险。路德说：“银行放在美联储的准备金完全安全，这笔钱不存在违约风险也不需要提供服务。尽管其收益很低，但仍然具有竞争力。” “合并资产负债表”的魔力 当前的财政故事，是美联储前所未有地出手援助美国财政部的传奇。美联储创造数以万亿计的新资金，在量化宽松政策下购买财政部出售给银行的创纪录的长期债务。如今，美联储持有4.7万亿美元的中长期国债。如此一来，美国财政部不用欠外人，而是欠美联储。 两个部门都并入政府的综合资产负债表，也就是说美国欠自己的钱。美联储从财政部收取的利息，都会直接返还给财政部。这一安排将可能是巨额利息的账单最后变成了虚拟的洗牌。 以下是我对美联储流向财政部资金流的估计。2020年，美国财政部向美联储支付了其持有4.7万亿长期国债的约2%收益，即940亿美元。对美联储来说，购买美国国债确实要付出代价，但就目前而言代价很小。 美联储只有支付利息，防止其交给银行用于购买中期国债和短期国债的资金流入刺激通胀的信贷，才能够安全地产生用于积累债券的“免费”资金。现在，美联储只为4.2万亿美元的准备金支付了0.15%利息。实际上，美联储全额支持着通过新发货币购买的美国国债，每年仅耗资60亿美元（4.2万亿美元的0.15%）。 2020年，美联储向财政部上缴了880亿美元的利润，其中包括从财政部收取的940亿美元利息，再减去支付的60亿美元准备金利息。对财政部来说，这笔交易太合算！财政部不用向银行、对冲基金和其他外部方面支付940亿美元利息，而是在美联储的帮助下将这笔钱转给自己。 美联储协助财政部将美国的利息支出控制在940亿美元以下。但在向财政部提供巨大帮助的过程中，美联储要承担巨大的风险，因为美联储实际上是动用准备金支付隔夜债务从而为长期债融资。综合资产负债表的负面影响为，美联储坐上了易爆的飞船，一旦爆炸，损失将转嫁到财政部，最终影响联邦预算。 通胀引发的危险 如果短期利率飙升会怎样？最大的威胁是通货膨胀已经到来，而且将长期持续。为了控制物价，美联储需要提高准备金率。央行陷入困境。记住，美联储绝对不能让准备金流入新信贷，否则将加剧已经开始沸腾的通胀压力。 比如说，通货膨胀率保持在当前的5%。美联储可能需要支付相当于两年前2.4%的费用。如果今年晚些时候像预期的一样开始退出量化宽松，美联储买入新发行债券将越来越少。 但这将引发另一个不利于美联储底线的大变化。 美联储不用再向财政部返还债券的利息。届时债券将由外部投资者持有，收取本应流回财政部的利息。因此，量化宽松将导致账面成本更高。但是也要考虑一下，由于美联储银行准备金利率大幅上升，每年近1000 亿美元的利息支出波动会如何影响联邦预算。 2019年，美国为平均17.5万亿美元债务支付了3760亿美元的利息。从那时起，整个经济体利率大幅下降，新借债成本大幅降低。不过准备金利息大幅下降也起到了很大作用。令人惊讶的是，美国国会预算办公室（Congressional Budget Office）预测，尽管债务将从2019年水平增长近40%，到2022年达到24.3万亿美元，美国支付的利息却奇迹般地大幅降低，仅为3040亿美元。 想象一下，如果准备金利息增加1000亿美元会怎样。各项利息成本将增加33%。这还不仅仅是准备金利息问题。通胀率升高还将极大提高6.6万亿美元一年期内短期国债和浮动利率债务的成本。一夜之间，美国预算预测将陷入混乱。这就是萨默斯所说的危险。他说得没有错,我们不知道最强大融资武器何时调整，但能够想象它的破坏力有多大。（财富中文网） 译者：冯丰 审校：夏林 END

的电源在“子电路模式”中，有一个power的事实上只要你把“Proteus元件名称对照”百度一下就全出来了Proteus元件名称对照1元件名称中文名说明7407驱动门1N914二极管74Ls00与非门74LS04非门74LS08与门74LS390TTL双十进制计数器7SEG4针BCD-LED输出从0-9对应于4根线的BCD码7SEG3-8译码器电路BCD-7SEG[size=+0]转换电路ALTERNATOR交流发电机AMMETER-MILLImA安培计AND与门BATTERY电池/电池组BUS总线CAP电容CAPACITOR电容器CLOCK时钟信号源CRYSTAL晶振D-FLIPFLOPD触发器FUSE保险丝GROUND地LAMP灯LED-RED红色发光二极管LM016L2行16列液晶可显示2行16列英文字符，有8位数据总线D0-D7，RS，R/W，EN三个控制端口（共14线），工作电压为5V。没背光，和常用的1602B功能和引脚一样（除了调背光的二个线脚）LOGICANALYSER逻辑分析器LOGICPROBE逻辑探针LOGICPROBE[BIG]逻辑探针用来显示连接位置的逻辑状态LOGICSTATE逻辑状态用鼠标点击,可改变该方框连接位置的逻辑状态LOGICTOGGLE逻辑触发MASTERSWITCH按钮手动闭合,立即自动打开MOTOR马达OR或门POT-LIN三引线可变电阻器POWER电源RES电阻RESISTOR电阻器SWITCH按钮手动按一下一个状态SWITCH-SPDT二选通一按钮VOLTMETER伏特计VOLTMETER-MILLImV伏特计VTERM串行口终端Electromechanical电机Inductors变压器LaplacePrimitives拉普拉斯变换MemoryIcsMicroprocessorIcsMiscellaneous各种器件AERIAL-天线；ATAHDD；ATMEGA64；BATTERY；CELL；CRYSTAL-晶振；FUSE；METER-仪表；ModellingPrimitives各种仿真器件是典型的基本元器模拟，不表示具体型号，只用于仿真，没有PCBOptoelectronics各种发光器件发光二极管，LED，液晶等等PLDs&FPGAsResistors各种电阻SimulatorPrimitives常用的器件Speakers&SoundersSwitches&Relays开关，继电器，键盘SwitchingDevices晶阊管Transistors晶体管（三极管，场效应管）TTL74seriesTTL74ALSseriesTTL74ASseriesTTL74FseriesTTL74HCseriesTTL74HCTseriesTTL74LSseriesTTL74SseriesAnalogIcs模拟电路集成芯片Capacitors电容集合CMOS4000seriesConnectors排座，排插DataConvertersADC,DACDebuggingTools调试工具ECL10000Series------------------------------------------------------------PROTEUS元件库元件名称及中英对照AND与门ANTENNA天线BATTERY直流电源BELL铃,钟BVC同轴电缆接插件BRIDEG1整流桥(二极管)BRIDEG2整流桥(集成块)BUFFER缓冲器BUZZER蜂鸣器CAP电容CAPACITOR电容CAPACITORPOL有极性电容CAPVAR可调电容CIRCUITBREAKER熔断丝COAX同轴电缆CON插口CRYSTAL晶体整荡器DB并行插口DIODE二极管DIODESCHOTTKY稳压二极管DIODEVARACTOR变容二极管DPY_3-SEG3段LEDDPY_7-SEG7段LEDDPY_7-SEG_DP7段LED(带小数点)ELECTRO电解电容FUSE熔断器INDUCTOR电感INDUCTORIRON带铁芯电感INDUCTOR3可调电感JFETNN沟道场效应管JFETPP沟道场效应管LAMP灯泡LAMPNEDN起辉器LED发光二极管METER仪表MICROPHONE麦克风MOSFETMOS管MOTORAC交流电机MOTORSERVO伺服电机NAND与非门NOR或非门NOT非门NPNNPN三极管NPN-PHOTO感光三极管OPAMP运放OR或门PHOTO感光二极管PNP三极管NPNDARNPN三极管PNPDARPNP三极管POT滑线变阻器PELAY-DPDT双刀双掷继电器RES1.2电阻RES3.4可变电阻RESISTORBRIDGE?桥式电阻RESPACK?电阻SCR晶闸管PLUG?插头PLUGACFEMALE三相交流插头SOCKET?插座SOURCECURRENT电流源SOURCEVOLTAGE电压源SPEAKER扬声器SW?开关SW-DPDY?双刀双掷开关SW-SPST?单刀单掷开关SW-PB按钮THERMISTOR电热调节器TRANS1变压器TRANS2可调变压器TRIAC?三端双向可控硅TRIODE?三极真空管VARISTOR变阻器ZENER?齐纳二极管DPY_7-SEG_DP数码管SW-PB开关----------------------------------------------------------------------PROTEUS原理图元器件库详细说明Device.lib包括电阻、电容、二极管、三极管和PCB的连接器符号ACTIVE.LIB包括虚拟仪器和有源器件DIODE.LIB包括二极管和整流桥DISPLAY.LIB包括LCD、LEDBIPOLAR.LIB包括三极管FET.LIB包括场效应管ASIMMDLS.LIB包括模拟元器件VALVES.LIB包括电子管ANALOG.LIB包括电源调节器、运放和数据采样ICCAPACITORS.LIB包括电容COMS.LIB包括4000系列ECL.LIB包括ECL10000系列MICRO.LIB包括通用微处理器OPAMP.LIB包括运算放大器RESISTORS.LIB包括电阻FAIRCHLD.LIB包括FAIRCHLD半导体公司的分立器件LINTEC.LIB包括LINTEC公司的运算放大器NATDAC.LIB包括国家半导体公司的数字采样器件NATOA.LIB包括国家半导体公司的运算放大器TECOOR.LIB包括TECOOR公司的SCR和TRIACTEXOAC.LIB包括德州仪器公司的运算放大器和比较器ZETEX.LIB包括ZETEX公司的分立器件

花西子。ddk和花西子两者相比而言花西子更好，价格和性价比更高。“花西子”品牌于2017年3月8日诞生于中国杭州，是一个以“东方彩妆，以花养妆”为理念的彩妆品牌。