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<实验>的英语单词怎么写?

2023-07-22 12:58:33
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陶小凡

你好!

实验

experiment 英[ɪkˈsperɪmənt] 美[ɪkˈspɛrəmənt]

n. 尝试; 实验,试验;

vi. 尝试; 做实验,进行试验;

[例句]The astronauts are conducting a series of experiments to learn more about how the body adapts to weightlessness

那些宇航员正在进行一系列实验,以更多地了解身体如何适应失重状态。

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experiment

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2023-07-22 12:30:401

类实验名词解释

实验的解释(1) [experiment;experimentation]∶ 设计 来检验一个理论或证实一种假设而进行的一系列操作或活动 经实验证明,这一理论是不 正确 的 (2) [test]∶指实验的工作 生物实验 详细解释 (1). 实际 的效验。 汉 王充 《论衡·遭虎》 :“等类众多,行事比肩,略举较著,以定实验也。” 《扫迷帚》 第二一回:“自今以往,事事悉凭实验,一切纸糊的老虎,都尽被人戳破,不值一文。” 鲁迅 《且介亭杂文二集·“题未定”草一》 :“极 平常 的豫想,也往往会给实验打破。” (2).实际的 经验 。 北齐 颜之推 《颜氏 家训 · 归心 》 :“昔在 江 南,不信有千人氊帐;及来 河 北,不信有二万斛船:皆实验也。” (3).为了检验 某种 科学理论或假设而进行某种操作或从事某种活动。 梁启超 《泰西学术 思想 变迁之大势》 第一章:“甲派主实验,乙派主推理,丙派执其中庸,所以有异同者在於此。” 胡适 《实验主义》 六:“ 有时候 ,一种假设的意思,不容易证明,因为这种假设的证明所需要的情形平常不容易遇着, 必须 特地造出这种情形,方才可以试验那种假设的是非。凡科学上的证明,大概都是这一种,我们叫做‘实验"。” 郭沫若 《苏联纪行·八月二日》 :“他耐心地作着种种的交配实验, 结果 是 成功 了。” (4).引申指实验的工作。如:做实验;化学实验。 词语分解 实的解释 实 (实) í 充满:实心。 充实 。虚实。 符合 客观 情况,真,真诚:实话。实惠。实际(真实情况)。实践(实行;履行)。实体。实情。实施。实数。 实事求是 。名实相符。 植物结的果:果实。开花 结实 。 富足 :殷 验的解释 验 (验) à 检查,察看:验核。验血。验尸。验光。验证。 效果 ,有效果:验方。灵验。应验。效验。屡试屡验。 证信,凭据:何以为验? 部首 :马。
2023-07-22 12:30:471

实验法名词解释

题库内容:实验的解释(1) [experiment;experimentation]∶ 设计 来检验一个理论或证实一种假设而进行的一系列操作或活动 经实验证明,这一理论是不 正确 的 (2) [test]∶指实验的工作 生物实验 详细解释 (1). 实际 的效验。 汉 王充 《论衡·遭虎》 :“等类众多,行事比肩,略举较著,以定实验也。” 《扫迷帚》 第二一回:“自今以往,事事悉凭实验,一切纸糊的老虎,都尽被人戳破,不值一文。” 鲁迅 《且介亭杂文二集·“题未定”草一》 :“极 平常 的豫想,也往往会给实验打破。” (2).实际的 经验 。 北齐 颜之推 《颜氏 家训 · 归心 》 :“昔在 江 南,不信有千人氊帐;及来 河 北,不信有二万斛船:皆实验也。” (3).为了检验 某种 科学理论或假设而进行某种操作或从事某种活动。 梁启超 《泰西学术 思想 变迁之大势》 第一章:“甲派主实验,乙派主推理,丙派执其中庸,所以有异同者在於此。” 胡适 《实验主义》 六:“ 有时候 ,一种假设的意思,不容易证明,因为这种假设的证明所需要的情形平常不容易遇着, 必须 特地造出这种情形,方才可以试验那种假设的是非。凡科学上的证明,大概都是这一种,我们叫做‘实验"。” 郭沫若 《苏联纪行·八月二日》 :“他耐心地作着种种的交配实验, 结果 是 成功 了。” (4).引申指实验的工作。如:做实验;化学实验。 词语分解 实的解释 实 (实) í 充满:实心。 充实 。虚实。 符合 客观 情况,真,真诚:实话。实惠。实际(真实情况)。实践(实行;履行)。实体。实情。实施。实数。 实事求是 。名实相符。 植物结的果:果实。开花 结实 。 富足 :殷 验的解释 验 (验) à 检查,察看:验核。验血。验尸。验光。验证。 效果 ,有效果:验方。灵验。应验。效验。屡试屡验。 证信,凭据:何以为验? 部首 :马。
2023-07-22 12:30:551

做实验的英文读音

实验的英语单词读法 英文读音释义:   experimentalize 英音 [ eksperi"mentlaiz ]; 美音 [ eksperi"mentlaiz ]动词 实验   网 络Do an experiment;experiment;experiments;doing experiments   英文例句:   尽管遇到很多挫折,他仍坚持做实验。   He persisted in carrying on the experiment in spite of all kinds of setbacks.   我们将对他带来的矿石做实验鉴定。   We will make an assay of the ore that he brought.   许多人反对用动物做实验。   Many people object to experimentation on animals.   1. In 1857 Mendel started experimenting with peas in his monastery garden. 1857年,孟德尔开始在修道院的菜园里用豌豆做实验。   2. a petition against experiments on animals 反对用动物做实验的 *** 书   3. They make experiments with ants. 他们用蚂蚁做实验.   4. She taught us how to conduct experiments. 她教我们做实验.   5. She assisted him in his experiments. 她协助他做实验.
2023-07-22 12:31:011

类实验名词解释

实验的解释 (1) [experiment;experimentation]∶ 设计 来检验一个理论或证实一种假设而进行的一系列操作或活动 经实验证明,这一理论是不 正确 的 (2) [test]∶指实验的工作 生物实验 详细解释 (1). 实际 的效验。 汉 王充 《论衡·遭虎》 :“等类众多,行事比肩,略举较著,以定实验也。” 《扫迷帚》 第二一回:“自今以往,事事悉凭实验,一切纸糊的老虎,都尽被人戳破,不值一文。” 鲁迅 《且介亭杂文二集·“题未定”草一》 :“极 平常 的豫想,也往往会给实验打破。” (2).实际的 经验 。 北齐 颜之推 《颜氏 家训 · 归心 》 :“昔在 江 南,不信有千人氊帐;及来 河 北,不信有二万斛船:皆实验也。” (3).为了检验 某种 科学理论或假设而进行某种操作或从事某种活动。 梁启超 《泰西学术 思想 变迁之大势》 第一章:“甲派主实验,乙派主推理,丙派执其中庸,所以有异同者在於此。” 胡适 《实验主义》 六:“ 有时候 ,一种假设的意思,不容易证明,因为这种假设的证明所需要的情形平常不容易遇着, 必须 特地造出这种情形,方才可以试验那种假设的是非。凡科学上的证明,大概都是这一种,我们叫做‘实验"。” 郭沫若 《苏联纪行·八月二日》 :“他耐心地作着种种的交配实验, 结果 是 成功 了。” (4).引申指实验的工作。如:做实验;化学实验。 词语分解 实的解释 实 (实) í 充满:实心。 充实 。虚实。 符合 客观 情况,真,真诚:实话。实惠。实际(真实情况)。实践(实行;履行)。实体。实情。实施。实数。 实事求是 。名实相符。 植物结的果:果实。开花 结实 。 富足 :殷 验的解释 验 (验) à 检查,察看:验核。验血。验尸。验光。验证。 效果 ,有效果:验方。灵验。应验。效验。屡试屡验。 证信,凭据:何以为验? 部首 :马。
2023-07-22 12:31:081

动词的固定搭配做什么成分

第一个问题:discharge.into.这个into是补充说明discharge后面的宾语的,所以做宾语补足语 第二个问题:像动词continue和其他动词后面接to do/doing/(to)do 这3种情况,都是做这个动词的宾语.也就是to do/doing/(to) do在动词后面是作动词的宾语.
2023-07-22 12:31:161

It was through experimentation _____ which people found out

that引导的从句不能省略
2023-07-22 12:31:263

关于是否应拿动物做实验至少250字的英语作文

Nowadaysuff0c experimental usage of animal has become a widely concerned issue around the worldu3002 People hold diverse views towards itu3002Adversaries claim that it is an extremely crude behavioru3002 Animalsuff0c especially mammalsuff0c like dogsuff0c catsuff0c rabbitsuff0c ratsuff0c which are the major victims in the experimentationuff0c are usually humanu2018s petsu3002 Pets owner are strongly against it for they firmly believe that animals suffer physically and mentally as we dou3002 When equality is advocated in the modern worlduff0c it is inhuman to disrespect creatures that are not human beingsu3002 Furthermoreuff0c a number of experts pointed out that it would be at high stake of depend on the results of animal experimentuff1b since they differ from us in many waysuff0c take the body structure for exampleuff0c we cant imagine humans try to jump from the height of nine stories without any protection because cats survive out of the same testu3002Those in favor of the idea about usage of animal declare that using animal is an advisable choiceu3002 On one hand because their bodies function similar to oursuff0c for instanceuff0c they catch coldsuff0c suffer from stomachs and heart diseasesuff0c which more importantly influenced by diet and habitsu3002 The consequences of the test may not be applied to humansuff0c although they are highly connected to the human situationsu3002 On the other handuff0c those creatures yell and act abnormally when they feel uncomfortableuff0c which is what exactly researchers expectu3002 In additionuff0c there is an easyuff0dtouff0danswer questionuff1a isnu2018t it crueler to test directly on people with little knowledge on the objects effectsuff1f In a worduff0c there is nothing better than animal that resemble human the best for experimentu3002Personallyuff0c I am not a supporter of animal experimentsuff0c yet there is anything more suitable that can replace themuff0c I accept using animals for testsuff0c but take good care of them when they are not in the laboratoryu3002
2023-07-22 12:32:071

谁能帮我写关于动物做实验的英语作文

Nowadays, experimental usage of animal has become a widely concerned issue around the world. People hold diverse views towards it.Adversaries claim that it is an extremely crude behavior. Animals, especially mammals, like dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, which are the major victims in the experimentation, are usually human"s pets. Pet owners are strongly against it for they firmly believe that animals suffer physically and mentally as we do. When equality is advocated in the modern world, it is inhuman to disrespect creatures that are not human beings. Furthermore, a number of experts pointed out that it would be at high stake of depending on the results of animal experiment; since they differ from us in many ways. Take the body structure for example, we can"t imagine humans try to jump from the height of nine stories without any protection because cats survive out of the same test.Those in favor of the idea about usage of animal declare that using animal is an advisable choice. On one hand because their bodies are similar in function to ours. For instance, they catch colds, suffer from stomachs and heart diseases, which more importantly influenced by diet and habits. The consequences of the test may not be applied to humans, although they are highly connected to the human situations. On the other hand, those creatures yell and act abnormally when they feel uncomfortable, which is what exactly researchers expect. In addition, there is an easy-to-answer question: isn"t it crueler to test directly on people with little knowledge on the objects" effects? In a word, there is nothing better than animal that resemble human the best for experiment.Personally, I am not a supporter of animal experiments, yet there is anything more suitable can replace them, I accept using animals for tests, but take good care of them when they are not in the laboratory.
2023-07-22 12:32:171

关于是否应拿动物做实验至少250字的英语作文

Nowadays,experimental usage of animal has become a widely concerned issue around the world.People hold diverse views towards it. Adversaries claim that it is an extremely crude behavior.Animals,especially mammals,like dogs,cats,rabbits,rats,which are the major victims in the experimentation,are usually human‘s pets.Pets owner are strongly against it for they firmly believe that animals suffer physically and mentally as we do.When equality is advocated in the modern world,it is inhuman to disrespect creatures that are not human beings.Furthermore,a number of experts pointed out that it would be at high stake of depend on the results of animal experiment; since they differ from us in many ways,take the body structure for example,we cant imagine humans try to jump from the height of nine stories without any protection because cats survive out of the same test. Those in favor of the idea about usage of animal declare that using animal is an advisable choice.On one hand because their bodies function similar to ours,for instance,they catch colds,suffer from stomachs and heart diseases,which more importantly influenced by diet and habits.The consequences of the test may not be applied to humans,although they are highly connected to the human situations.On the other hand,those creatures yell and act abnormally when they feel uncomfortable,which is what exactly researchers expect.In addition,there is an easy-to-answer question:isn‘t it crueler to test directly on people with little knowledge on the objects effects?In a word,there is nothing better than animal that resemble human the best for experiment. Personally,I am not a supporter of animal experiments,yet there is anything more suitable that can replace them,I accept using animals for tests,but take good care of them when they are not in the laboratory.
2023-07-22 12:32:271

英语专八经典范文:Book Knowledge vs. Experience

  【题目】   It has been said, "Not everything that is learned is contained in books." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?   【范文】   Book Knowledge vs. Experience   Knowledge can be acquired from many sources. These include books, teachers and practical experience, and each has its own advantages. The knowledge we gain from books and formal education enables us to learn about things that we have no opportunity to experience in daily life. We can study all the places in the world and learn from people we will never meet in our lifetime, just by reading about them in books. We can also develop our analytical skills and learn how to view and interpret the world around us in different ways. Furthermore, we can learn from the past by reading books. In this way, we wonu2019t repeat the mistakes of others and can build on their achievements.   Practical experience, on the other hand, can give us more useful knowledge. It is said that one learns best by doing, and I believe that this is true, whether one is successful or not. In fact, I think making mistakes is the best way to learn. Moreover, if one wants to make new advances, it is necessary to act. Innovations do not come about through reading but through experimentation. Finally, one can apply the skills and insights gained through the study of books to practical experience, making an already meaningful experience more meaningful. However, unless it is applied to real experiences, book knowledge remains theoretical and, in the end, is useless. That is why I believe that knowledge gained from practical experience is more important than that acquired from books.
2023-07-22 12:32:411

谁知道old college try 的典故?

分类: 教育/科学 >> 出国/留学 解析: 首先这个词的意思是:Give something your best shot 例如:"Well I"ve never made my own KD, but I"ll give it the old college try" 或者说:Do one"s utmost, though success is uncertain.尽管成功是没有可能的,也要try one"s best,发挥到自己的极限。 : : Where does this expression e from, and what exactly does it mean? Does it refer to effort put for by students, college as a time of experimentation, or something else entirely?: Effort, not experimentation. : From Eric Partridge, "A Dictionary of Catch Phrases": : "give it the old college try" . . . : Do one"s utmost, though success is uncertain. Gen. US from c. 1960. [Older than that, I think -- R.B.] Paraphrased, if not actually quoted, from one or more of the innumerable "rah rah" college football films of the 1930s and 40s, the burden of which was that you can win if you try, no matter what the odds. Hence often with a certain ironic ist, sometimes being equivalent to "Go through the motions, even if little or nothing is acplished." old college try A wild and desperate attempt to make a play. Sometimes the term carries a hint of showboating. Babe Ruth (_Babe Ruth"s Own Book of Baseball_, 1928) defined "giving it the old college try" as "playing to the grandstand or making strenuous effort to field a ball that obviously cannot be handled." In a column that appeared in the _Columbus_ (Ohio) _Citizen_ (Nov. 26, 1927) and was quoted in _American Speech_ (Apr. 1930), Billy Evans wrote that "I gave it the old college try" is a term "often used in big league baseball, when some player keeps on going after a fly ball, usually in foul territory, with the odds about ten to one he would never reach it. Teammates of such a player often beat him to it by shouting in unison with the thought of humor uppermost: "Well, kid, you certainly gave it the old college try," as he falls short of making the catch." Evans continued: "When some player does something that a professional player might not ordinarily attempt, such as colliding with a fielder who had the ball ready to touch him out, in the hope that he might make him drop the ball, regardless of the danger he was courting, someone is sure to say, often ironically, if the speaker happens to be one of the players in the field: "That"s the old college spirit."" Extended Use. The term was quickly applied to any effort with limited chances of success. From _The New Dickson Baseball Dictionary_ (1999) by Paul Dickson. Everyone was gunning for the Packers, giving it the old college try. (_Time_, Dec 21, 1962)
2023-07-22 12:32:481

什么是EAI

EAI是将基于各种不同平台、用不同方案建立的异构应用集成的一种方法和技术。EAI通过建立底层结构,来联系横贯整个企业的异构系统、应用、数据源等,完成在企业内部的 ERP、CRM、SCM、数据库、数据仓库,以及其他重要的内部系统之间无缝地共享和交换数据的需要。有了 EAI,企业就可以将企业核心应用和新的Internet解决方案结合在一起。EAI(企业应用集成)将进程、软件、标准和硬件联合起来,在两个或更多的企业系统之间实现无缝集成,使它们就像一个整体一样。尽管EAI常常表现为对一个商业实体(例如一家公司)的信息系统进行业务应用集成,但当在多个企业系统之间进行商务交易的时候,EAI也表现为不同公司实体之间的企业系统集成,例如B2B的电子商务。EAI的简要历史在20世纪60年代到70年代期间,企业应用大多是用来替代重复性劳动的一些简单设计。当时并没有考虑到企业数据的集成,惟一的目标就是用计算机代替一些孤立的、体力性质的工作环节。到了20世纪80年代,有些公司开始意识到应用集成的价值和必要性。这是一 种挑战,很多公司的技术人员都试图在企业系统整体概念的指导下对已经存在的应用进行重新设计,以便让它们集成在一起。然而这种努力收效甚微。20世纪90年代,ERP应用开始流行的时候,同时也要求它们能够支持已经存在的应用和数据,这就必须引入EAI。所以说,EAI的发展是合乎逻辑的,企 业利用客户机/服务器技术实现了分布应用,但后来认识到连接多样业务处理的好处。其他推动EAI市场的因素还有应用软件包的发展、针对Y2K问题的应用、供应链管理(B2B集成)、流式业务处理以及Web应用集成。EAI的内容EAI包括的内容很复杂,涉及到结构、硬件、软件以及流程等企业系统的各个层面。● 业务过程集成 当对业务过程进行集成的时候,企业必须在各种业务系统中定义、授权和管理各种业务信息的交换,以便改进操作、减少成本、提高响应速度。业务过程集成包括业务管理、进程模拟以及综合任务、流程、组 织和进出信息的工作流,还包括业务处理中每一步都需要的工具。● 应用集成 为两个应用中的数据和函数提供接近实时的集成。在一些B2B 集成中用来实现CRM系统与企业后端应用和Web的集成,构建能够充分利用多个业务系统资源的电子商务网站。● 数据集成 为了完成应用集成和业务过程集成,必须首先解决数据和数据库的集成问题。在集成之前,必须首先对数据进行标识并编成目录,另外还要确定元数据模型。这三步完成以后,数据才能在数据库系统中分布和共享。● 集成的标准 要实现完全的数据集成,必须首先选择数据的标准格式。集 成的标准化促成了信息和业务数据的共享和分布,构成了企业应用集成的核心,包括COM+/DCOM、CORBA、EDI、JavaRMI和XML。● 平台集成 要实现系统的集成,底层的结构、软件、硬件以及异构网络的特殊需求都必须得到集成。平台集成处理一些过程和工具,以保证这些系统进行快速安全的通信。EAI实施10条准则准则1:Align Plans to Strategy制定短期计划和长期策略准则2:Consolidate First, Integrate Second联合为先,整合在后准则3:Use a process-driven approach to develop end-to-end solutions.采用流程驱动方式来开发端到端解决方案准则4:Establish clear lines of ownership and accountability.确定明晰的属主和责任准则5:Enforce EAI architecture明确EAI体系结构准则6:Mandate integration requirements for new applications在新应用中考虑整合需求准则7:Develop a common representation of data and process.建立数据和过程的通用表示准则8:Test early and often早测试,常测试准则9:Re-factor interfaces constantly so they never become legacy经常重构系统接口,防止过时准则10:Evolve business practices through experimentation.通过实践演化业务流程
2023-07-22 12:33:091

帮忙写一篇[科学知识的一种播方式]的英语作文,最好是用网络来传播这一种!!

Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on observable, empirical, measurable evidence, and subject to laws of reasoning. All such evidence is collectively called scientific evidenceScientific method is a body of techniques for investigatingphenomena, acquiring newknowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on gatheringobservable,empiricalandmeasurableevidencesubject to specific principles ofreasoning, the collection of data throughobservationandexperimentation, and the formulation and testing ofhypotheses.The philosophy of science has among its topics of interest the question of how far the actual practice of scientific researchers conforms to the espoused methods or the ostensible norms, to which the majority of them expressly or tacitly assent. In the process of subjecting the conventional assumptions to critically reflective examination, writers in these fields periodically generate controversies as to whether scientific knowledge is actually produced by a defined, describable, or determinate methodology (see, for instance, the writings of Feyerabend and Kuhn).
2023-07-22 12:33:201

论文中的一段英文,请高手帮助翻译200分求助!

四学习工具虽然研究,开发和制造应用的光刻仿真介绍了上述提供足够的好处建模基于时间,成本和能力,他们背后的力量模拟是它有能力作为学习的工具。正确运用建模,使用户可以学习效率和更有效的。固然有很多原因,这是事实。第一,速度模拟银两实验,使信息反馈更加及时。由于学习是一个周期(一个想法,一个试验,测量,然后比较回到了原来的想法) ,快反馈,让更多的学习循环。 由于模拟是非常低廉,有少禁忌,并有更多机会开拓思路。 此外,由于研究应用向我们表明,有更少的物理限制,对什么是"实验" 可演出。所有这些因素都允许使用模拟,以了解光刻技术。 是否学习基本概念或探索微妙的细微差别,其价值提高了知识怎么强调也不过分。在各款跟进,利用光刻仿真技术在制造业,将在探索更为详细。 2 。利用光刻仿真技术在制造业答:电影栈优化电影栈优化,是最经常使用的光刻仿真技术在制造环境中,为有多种原因。首先,电影栈频繁变动,在晶圆厂,除了底部抗反射涂层( barc )和抵制,这是一部栈是不是由光刻组。因此,光刻技术组必须回应这些电影栈的变化与调整,使光刻工艺。从光刻技术的角度来说,最重要的电影栈财产是反射衬底。不幸的,是没有办法衡量的反射基材涂布时与抗拒(衬底反射在空气中,没有意义,为此项申请) 。因此,所有barc优化努力都需要使用模拟。反过来,这种模拟需要精确测量barc光学参数(厚度,氮, & k )款
2023-07-22 12:33:316

钱颖一的学术成就

学术荣誉包括计量经济学会(The Econometric Society)会士(Fellow) 、2009年度孙冶方经济科学奖获得者。研究领域包括比较经济学、制度经济学、转轨经济学、中国经济。在《美国经济评论》(American Economic Review)、《政治经济学期刊》(Journalof Political Econom y)、《经济学季刊》(Quarterly Journalof Economics)、《经济研究评论》(Review of EconomicStudies)、《经济研究》等国际国内学术期刊上发表论文多篇。Articles in Journals“The Return to Capital in China” (with Chong-En Bai and Chang-Tai Hsieh). Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,2:2006,forthcoming.“Who Are China"s Entrepreneurs?” (with Simeon Djankov,Gérard Roland,and EkaterinaZhuravskaya).American Economic Review,Papers and Proceedings,May 2006,96⑵,pp. 348-352.“Entrepreneurship in China and Russia Compared” (with Simeon Djankov,Gérard Roland,and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya).Journal of European Economic Association,Papers and Proceedings,April-May 2006,4(2-3),pp. 352-365.“Coordination and Experimentation in M-form and U-form Organizations” (with Gérard Roland and Chenggang Xu).Journal of Political Economy,April 2006,114⑵,pp.336-402.“Regional Decentralization and Fiscal Incentives: Federalism,Chinese Style” (with Hehui Jin and Barry R. Weingast).Journal of Public Economics,September 2005,89(9-10),pp. 1719-1742.“Who Are Russia"s Entrepreneurs?” (with Simeon Djankov,Edward Miguel,Gérard Roland,and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya).Journal of European Economic Association,Papers and Proceedings,April-May 2005,3(2-3),pp. 587-597.“Attribute Coordination in Organizations” (with Gérard Roland and Chenggang Xu).Annals of Economics and Finance,November 2001,2⑵,pp. 487-518."Financial Repression and Optimal Taxation" (with Chong-En Bai,David D. Li and Yijiang Wang). Economics Letters,February 2001,70⑵,pp. 245-251."Incentives,Information,and Organizational Form" (with Eric Maskin and Chenggang Xu).Review of Economic Studies,April 2000,67⑵,pp. 359-378.."The Process of China"s Market Transition (1978-1998): The Evolutionary,Historical,and Comparative Perspectives." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics,March 2000,156⑴,pp. 151-171."Reform without Losers: An Interpretation of China"s Dual-Track Approach to Transition" (with Lawrence Lau and Gérard Roland). Journal of Political Economy,February 2000,108⑴,pp. 120-143."The Dynamics of Reform and Development in China: A Political Economy Perspective" (with Jean-Jacques Laffont). European Economic Review,Papers and Proceedings,April 1999,43,pp. 1105-1114."Why Is China Different from Eastern Europe? Perspectives from Organization Theory" (with Gérard Roland and Chenggang Xu). European Economic Review,Papers and Proceedings,April 1999,43,pp. 1085-1094."From Federalism,Chinese Style,to Privatization,Chinese Style" (with Yuanzheng Cao and Barry Weingast). Economics of Transition,March 1999,7⑴,pp. 103-131."Federalism and the Soft Budget Constraint" (with Gérard Roland). American Economic Review,December 1998,88⑸,pp. 1143-1162."Public vs. Private Ownership of Firms: Evidence from Rural China" (with Hehui Jin). Quarterly Journal of Economics,August 1998,113⑶,pp. 773-808."Insecure Property Rights and Government Ownership of Firms" (with Jiahua Che). Quarterly Journal of Economics,May 1998,113⑵,pp. 467-496."Institutional Environment,Community Government,and Corporate Governance: Understanding China"s Township-Village Enterprises" (with Jiahua Che). Journal of Law,Economics,and Organization,April 1998,14⑴,pp. 1-23."Balanced or Unbalanced Development: Special Economic Zones As Catalysts for Transition" (with John Litwack). Journal of Comparative Economics,March 1998,26⑴,pp. 1-25."Innovation and Bureaucracy under Soft and Hard Budget Constraints" (with Chenggang Xu). Review of Economic Studies,January 1998,65⑴,pp. 151-164."Federalism As a Commitment to Preserving Market Incentives" (with Barry Weingast). Journal of Economic Perspectives,Fall 1997,11⑷,pp. 83-92."Pareto-Improving Economic Reforms Through Dual-Track Liberalization" (with Lawrence Lau and Gérard Roland). Economics Letters,1997,55⑵,pp. 285-292."Enterprise Reform in China: Agency Problems and Political Control." Economics of Transition,October 1996,4⑵,pp. 427-447."The Soft Budget Constraint in China" (with Gérard Roland). Japan and the World Economy,1996,8,pp. 207-223."China"s Transition to Markets: Market-Preserving Federalism,Chinese Style" (with Barry Weingast). Journal of Policy Reform,1996,1,pp. 149-185."Vicarious Liability Under a Negligence Rule" (with Cyrus Chu). International Review of Law and Economics,October 1995,15,pp. 305-322."Federalism,Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success in China" (with Gabriella Montinola and Barry Weingast). World Politics,October 1995,48⑴,pp. 50-81."Incentives and Loss of Control in an Optimal Hierarchy." Review of Economic Studies,July 1994,61⑶,pp. 527-544."A Theory of Shortage in Socialist Economies Based on the "Soft Budget Constraint"." American Economic Review,March 1994,84⑴,pp. 145-156."Why China"s Economic Reforms Differ: The M-Form Hierarchy and Entry/Expansion of the Non-State Sector" (with Chenggang Xu). Economics of Transition,June 1993,1⑵,pp. 135-170."M-Form Hierarchy and China"s Economic Reform" (with Chenggang Xu). European Economic Review,Papers and Proceedings,April 1993,37,pp. 541-548."Equity,Efficiency,and Incentives in A Large Economy." Journal of Comparative Economics,March 1992,16,pp. 27-46."Complementarities,Momentum,and the Evolution of Modern Manufacturing" (with Paul Milgrom and John Roberts). American Economic Review,Papers and Proceedings,May 1991,81⑵,pp. 84-88."Urban and Rural Household Saving in China." International Monetary Fund Staff Papers,December 1988,35⑷,pp. 592-627.Articles in Books"How Reform Worked in China?" in Dani Rodrik,editor,In Search of Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on Economic Growth,Princeton University Press,2003,pp. 297-333."China"s Transition to a Market Economy: How Far across the River?" (with Jinglian Wu),in Nicholas C. Hope,Dennis Tao Yang,and Mu Yang Li,editors,How Far Across the River: Chinese Policy Reform at the Millennium,Stanford University Press,2003,pp. 31-63."Government Control in Corporate Governance as a Transitional Institution: Lessons from China." inJoseph Stiglitz and Shahid Yusuf,eds.,Rethinking the East Asian Miracle.Oxford University Press and the World Bank,2001,pp. 295-321."Coordination in Organizations: A Comparative Analysis,” in Mathias Dewatripont,Francoise Thys-Clement and Luc Wilkin,eds.,The Strategic Analysis of Universities: Microeconomic and Management Perspectives,Editions de l"Universite de Bruxelles,2001,pp. 9-29."The Institutional Foundations of China"s Market Transition," in Boris Pleskovic and Joseph Stiglitz,eds.,Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1999. The World Bank,2000,pp. 289-310."Coordinating Activities under Alternative Organizational Forms" (with Gérard Roland and Chenggang Xu),in Eric Maskin and Andras Simonovits,eds.,Planning,Shortage and Transformation: Essays in Honor of Jonas Kornai. Cambridge,MA: The MIT Press,2000,pp. 57-80."Institutions,State Activism,and Economic Development: A Comparison of State-Owned vs. Township-Village Enterprises in China" (with Barry Weingast),in Masahiko Aoki,Hyung-Ki Kim and Masahiro Okuno-Fujiwara,eds.,The Role of Government in East Asian Economic Development: Comparative Institutional Analysis. Oxford University Press,1996,pp. 254-275."Institutional Innovations and the Role of Local Government in Transition Economies: The Case of Guangdong Province of China" (with Joseph Stiglitz),in John McMillan and Barry Naughton,eds.,Reforming Asian Socialism: The Growth of Market Institutions. The University of Michigan Press,1996,pp. 175-193."Reforming Corporate Governance and Finance in China," in Masahiko Aoki and Hyung-Ki Kim,eds.,Corporate Governance in Transition Economies: Insider Control and the Role of Banks. The World Bank,1995,pp. 215-252."Financial System Reform in China: Lessons from Japan"s Main Bank System," in Masahiko Aoki and Hugh Patrick,eds.,The Japanese Main-Bank System: Its Relevancy for Developing and Transforming Economies. Oxford University Press,1994,pp. 552-591."Commitment,Financial Constraints and Innovation: Market Socialism Reconsidered" (with Chenggang Xu),in Pranab Bardhan and John Roemer,eds.,Market Socialism: The Current Debate. Oxford University Press,1993,pp. 175-189.Reviews& CommentsThe Market Mechanism and Economic Reforms in China(by William A. Byrd,M.E. Sharpe,Inc.),Journal of Comparative Economics,December 1992,16,pp. 778-780."Credible Regulatory Policy: Options and Evaluations" (by Brian Levy),in Robert Picciotto and Eduardo Wiesner,eds.,Evaluation and Development: The Institutional Dimension. The World Bank,1998,pp. 196-198.《转轨经济中的公司治理结构》(与青木昌彦共同主编,1995年中国经济出版社出版)《走出误区:经济学家论说硅谷模式》(与肖梦共同主编,2000年中国经济出版社出版)《现代经济学与中国经济改革》(Modern Economics and China"s Reform),中国人民大学出版社,北京,2003年。“理解现代经济学”(“Understanding Modern Economics”),《经济社会体制比较》,北京,2002年第2期。“经济学科在美国”(“Economics in the U.S.”),《经济社会体制比较》,北京,2001年第6期。“经济学家市场在美国”(“Economists Job Markets in the U.S.”) ,《经济学家茶座》,济南,第九辑(2002年7月)。“政府与法治”(“Government and the Rule of Law”),《比较》,北京,第五辑(2003年3月)。“市场与法治”(“Market and the Rule of Law”),《经济社会体制比较》,北京,2000年第3期。“激励与约束”(“Incentives and Constraints”),《经济社会体制比较》,北京,1999年第5期。“目标与过程” (“Goals and Processes” ,《经济社会体制比较》,北京,1999年第2期。“加入世贸组织后中国金融的稳定与发展”(与黄海洲合著)(“Financial Stability and Development in China After WTO Accession,” with Haizhou Huang),《经济社会体制比较》,北京,2001年第5期。“硅谷的故事”(“A Story of Silicon Valley”),《经济社会体制比较》,北京,2000年第1期。“第三种视角看企业政府所有制:一种过渡性制度安排” (“Government Ownership as a Transitional Institution”),《经济导刊》,北京,2002年第5期。“信息经济学的奠基人”(“2001 Nobel Laureates in Economics”),《财经》,北京,2001年10月20日刊。
2023-07-22 12:33:491

300字英文作文带翻译

Knowledge can be acquired from many sources.These include books,teachers and practical experience,and each has its own advantages.The knowledge we gain from books and formal education enables us to learn about things that we have no opportunity to experience in daily life.We can study all the places in the world and learn from people we will never meet in our lifetime,just by reading about them in books.We can also develop our analytical skills and learn how to view and interpret the world around us in different ways.Furthermore,we can learn from the past by reading books.In this way,we won"t repeat the mistakes of others and can build on their achievements.  Practical experience,on the other hand,can give us more useful knowledge.It is said that one learns best by doing,and I believe that this is true,whether one is successful or not.In fact,I think making mistakes is the best way to learn.Moreover,if one wants to make new advances,it is necessary to act.Innovations do not come about through reading but through experimentation.Finally,one can apply the skills and insights gained through the study of books to practical experience,making an already meaningful experience more meaningful.However,unless it is applied to real experiences,book knowledge remains theoretical and,in the end,is useless.That is why I believe that knowledge gained from practical experience is more important than that acquired from books.书本知识与实际经验   获得知识的来源有很多,其中包括书本、老师,以及实际经验,而每一种都有其优点.从书本上及正规教育中所获得的知识使我们知道在日常生活中没有机会亲身去体验的事.通过读书,我们可以研究世界各地的资料,还可以向不曾谋面的人学习.我们也可以培养分析的技巧,并学习如何以不同的方式去观察并理解周围的世界.此外,我们可以通过读书,从历史中获取教训.如此一来,就不会再重复别人的错误,并且能够以他人的成就作为我们行动的基础.  另一方面,实际经验能够给我们更多有用的知识.大家都说从做中学的效果最好,我也认为的确如此,无论一个人成功与否.事实上,我认为犯错是最好的学习方式.此外,如果想要有新的进展,就必须要付诸行动.想要创新,只靠阅读是不够的,必须要去实践.最后,我们可以将通过读书所获得的技巧和见解应用于实际经验中,使得原本有意义的经验变得更有意义.不过,除非我们能将书本知识运用于实际经验中,否则书本知识终究仍只是理论,毫无用处.那就是为什么我会认为从实际经验中获得的知识比从书本中所得到的知识更为重要.
2023-07-22 12:34:171

animal testing有什么优点或好处 最好是英文的 有资料作解释最好

(It is true that medicines and other products are routinely tested on animals before they are cleared for human use. While I tend towards the viewpoint that animal testing is morally wrong, I would have to support a limited amount of animal experimentation for the development of medicines.)这段可以用在文章的开头。观点:1.Supporters of the use of animals in medical research believe that a certain amount of suffering on the part of mice or rats can be justified if human lives are saved.2.Animal testing has helped to develop vaccines against diseases like rabies, polio, measles and TB Antibiotics, HIV drugs, insulin and cancer treatments rely on animal tests. Other testing methods aren"t advanced enough. 3.Operations on animals helped to develop organ transplant and open-heart surgery techniques. Human life has greater value than animal itself. 4.Legislation protects all lab animals from cruelty or mistreatment. 5.Millions of animals are killed for food every year— if anything, medical research is a more worthy death. 6.Few animals feel any pain as they are killed before they have the chance to suffer. 总结:1.The major pro for animal testing is that it aids researchers in finding drugs and treatments to improve health and medicine. Many medical treatments have been made possible by animal testing. It is for this reason that animal testing is considered vital for improving human health and it is also why the scientific community and many members of the public support its use. In fact, there are also individuals who are against animal testing for cosmetics but still support animal testing for medicine and the development of new drugs for diseases. 2.Another important aspect to note is that animal testing helps to ensure the safety of drugs and many other substances humans use or are exposed to regularly. Drugs in particular can carry significant dangers with their use but animal testing allows researchers to initially gauge the safety of drugs prior to commencing trials on humans. This means that human harm is reduced and human lives are saved— not simply from avoidance of the dangers of drugs but because the drugs themselves save lives as well as improve the quality of human life. 3.Scientists typically use animals for testing purposes because they are considered similar to humans. Researchers do recognize the limitation sand differences but the testing is done on animals because they are thought to be the closest match and best one with regards to applying this data to humans.
2023-07-22 12:34:251

my favorite sandwich英语作文和翻译80词

我最喜欢的三明治 My Favorite Grilled Cheese Sandwich .Believe it or not,this recipe took some experimentation before it achieved perfection. I tried spreading butter on the inside,different types of cheese,and different ways to grill it. This is the best. You have to use the presliced American cheese wrapped in plastic wrap,and whole wheat sandwich bread,along with real butter.This isn"t gourmet,but it"s fabulous.
2023-07-22 12:34:341

不管的英文短语

  不管发生什么事情,都有人愿意待在自己的身边时,会很开心和感动。下面是我给大家整理的不管的英文短语,供大家参阅!   不管的英文短语篇1   1. No matter where you go in life or how old you get, there"s always something new to learn about. After all, life is full of surprises.   不管你生活在哪里,你有多少岁,总有新东西要学习,毕竟,生活总是充满惊喜。   2. Wherever they went they were closely followed by security men.   不管上哪儿,保安人员都紧跟在他们身后。   3. He has said he will fire editorial employees without regard to seniority.   他说过不管资历如何,任何编辑人员他都有可能解雇。   4. Whatever you want to chat about, we"ll do it tonight.   不管你想聊些什么,我们今晚聊个够。   5. No matter how often they turn up, their welcome never wears out.   不管他们多久露面一次,都永远那么受欢迎。   6. The chase is always much more exciting than the conquest anyway.   不管怎么说,追求的过程总比得手更为刺激。   7. An A-level pass in Biology is preferred for all courses.   不管读什么课程,生物学高级证书考试最好都要及格。   8. Whatever the outcome, it"s going to be one hell of a fight.   不管结果如何,这都会是场艰苦的战斗。   9. Any dog bite, no matter how small, needs immediate medical attention.   被狗咬后,不管伤口多小,都必须立即就医。   10. Wherever he goes, a carload of soldiers goes with him.   不管他去哪里,总有一车士兵跟着。   11. Whatever regimen has been prescribed should be rigorously followed.   不管制订的是什么样的养生计划,都要严格遵守。   12. You"ve just got to crack on, whatever the problems are.   不管有什么问题,你都得抓紧时间努力干。   13. Civil disobedience, violent or non-violent, is intentional law breaking.   公民抗命,不管是暴力还是非暴力的,都是故意犯法。   14. Whether by design or accident his timing was perfect.   不管是计划好的还是巧合,他对时机的把握堪称完美。   15. Don"t be overawed by people in authority, however important they are.   不管当官儿的职权有多大,都不要被他们吓倒。   不管的英文短语篇2   不管穷还是富,他都快活。   He is always happy whether rich or not.   不管他愿意与否,他非得去参加讲座。   Whether he wanted it or not, he had to attend the lecture.   不管他来不来,我们仍按原计划进行。   Whether he will come (or not), we will go on with our plan.   她不管天气如何,每天总是不间断地步行十英里。   Day in, day out, no matter what the weather is like, she walks ten miles.   不管他工作多努力,他就是得不到提升。   No matter how hard he works, he can not get a promotion.   我们所有的建议都遭到拒绝,不管这些建议的价值如何。   All our proposals were rejected, regardless of their merits.   不管你在做什么,不管你跟谁相处,都要送出你的注意力这份礼物 。   Give whatever you are doing and whoever you are with the gift of your attention.   不管你的意向如何,我们下定决心去了。   We are determined to go regardless of your intentions.   应该笑着面对人生,不管一切如何。   Face up life with smiles no matter what happens.   不管的英文短语篇3   不管你喜欢与否,这个世界照样存在。   The world exists, whether you like it or not.   不管多大困难,我们都能克服。   We can overcome any difficulty, however great.   不管你怎么夸耀那部影片,可我觉得它不过尔尔。   However you praise the film, I just feel it so-so.   dict.cn   在我们周围总是有能量在做功,不管我们是否察觉到它。   There is energy working around us all the time whether we are aware of it or not.   《新英汉大辞典》   不管他坐车来还是坐飞机来,他都将准时到达。   Whether he drives or (whether he) flies, he"ll be on time.   不管天气多么冷,他都坚持户外锻炼。   However cold it was, he never stopped taking outdoor exercise.   不管大家怎么劝说,他高低不听。   No matter how hard everyone tried to persuade him, he just wouldn"t listen.   不管他跟我说的是什么,我非常喜欢他这一点。   Whatever he told me about, And I love him about it.   不管我们身在何处、在做什么,我们都想要访问到我们的数据。   Regardless of where we are and what we are doing, we want access to our data.   不管他们能不能理解我,我都会继续走我自己的路。   Iu2019ll go my own way, whether they understand me or not.   不管你想过没有你的生活对这些都回产生影响。   Your life has an impact, whether you think about it or not.   不管你喜欢不喜欢,悲伤、压力、痛苦或愤怒都在那儿。   The sadness, stress, pain, or anger is there whether you like it or not.   不管我们喜欢与否,从一天到另一天,几个星期一下子就过去了。   Whether we like it or not, days bleed into one another and weeks slip by quickly.   不管发生什么,他们都将完成这个实验。   They will carry out this experimentation, regardless of what happen.   每一种死亡都是悲剧——不管死因是什么——但是我们并没有比与我们共存于地球上的其它生物更大的权利来利用地球上的一切。   Every death is a tragedy u2013 regardless of the cause u2013 but we have no greater claim to use of thisearth than any of the other creatures [we] share it with.   不管你喜不喜欢广告,它已经成为我们生活的一部分。   But whether you like it or not, advertisements have become a part of our life.   不管他是有意的还是无意的,他的声音都太诱人了。   His voice was alluring, whether he was aiming for that or not.   不管谁能认出他们,真实的人物出现在里面。   It shows real people, regardless of who can recognize them.   但不管怎样你都需要先做起来,因为这是前行的唯一方法。   But you need to do it anyway because itu2019s the only way towards progress.   不管原因为何,你都应该和朋友说清楚。   Whatever the reason, you should speak to them.   但只有一个方法能够克服这个问题,那就是不管自己的看法,更多有意地开放自己。   There is only one method to overcome this, and that is to deliberately disclose yourself more,despite the aversion you have.   不管你的意图如何,名声真实与否,你的名声关系到别人对你的感觉如何。   Regardless of your intentions, your reputation is how others perceive you, whether it is realisticor not.   不管你在哪里工作或者在做些什么,你的老板必须为你设立一套安全系统和安全守则—这样你可以遵循它们来工作。   No matter where you work or what you do, your employer should have a safety program andsafety guidelines for you to follow -- follow them.   大脑持续发展,不管你的年龄,它反映的是你用它来做什么。   The brain keepsdeveloping, no matter your age, and it reflects what you do with it.   大脑持续发展,不管你的年龄,它反映的是你用它来做什么。   The brain keepsdeveloping, no matter your age, and it reflects what you do with it.
2023-07-22 12:34:421

TED英语演讲稿:无所畏惧 学无止境(2)

TED英语演讲稿:无所畏惧 学无止境  Last thing, breathing. A problem a lot of us have, certainly, when you"re swimming. In freestyle, easiest way to remedy this is to turn with body roll, and just to look at your recovery hand as it enters the water. And that will get you very far. That"s it. That"s really all you need to know.   Languages. Material versus method. I, like many people, came to the conclusion that I was terrible at languages. I suffered through Spanish for junior high, first year of high school, and the sum total of my knowledge was pretty much, "Donde esta el bano?" And I wouldn"t even catch the response. A sad state of affairs. Then I transferred to a different school sophomore year, and I had a choice of other languages. Most of my friends were taking Japanese. So I thought why not punish myself? I"ll do Japanese. Six months later I had the chance to go to Japan. My teachers assured me, they said, "Don"t worry. You"ll have Japanese language classes every day to help you cope. It will be an amazing experience." My first overseas experience in fact. So my parents encouraged me to do it. I left.   I arrived in Tokyo. Amazing. I couldn"t believe I was on the other side of the world. I met my host family. Things went quite well I think, all things considered. My first evening, before my first day of school, I said to my mother, very politely, "Please wake me up at eight a.m." So, (Japanese) But I didn"t say (Japanese). I said, (Japanese). Pretty close. But I said, "Please rape me at eight a.m." (Laughter) You"ve never seen a more confused Japanese woman. (Laughter)   I walked in to school. And a teacher came up to me and handed me a piece of paper. I couldn"t read any of it -- hieroglyphics, it could have been -- because it was Kanji, Chinese characters adapted into the Japanese language. Asked him what this said. And he goes, "Ahh, okay okay, eehto, World History, ehh, Calculus, Traditional Japanese." And so on. And so it came to me in waves. There had been something lost in translation. The Japanese classes were not Japanese instruction classes, per se. They were the normal high school curriculum for Japanese students -- the other 4,999 students in the school, who were Japanese, besides the American. And that"s pretty much my response. (Laughter)   And that set me on this panic driven search for the perfect language method. I tried everything. I went to Kinokuniya. I tried every possible book, every possible CD. Nothing worked until I found this. This is the Joyo Kanji. This is a Tablet rather, or a poster of the 1,945 common-use characters as determined by the Ministry of Education in 1981. Many of the publications in Japan limit themselves to these characters, to facilitate literacy -- some are required to. And this became my Holy Grail, my Rosetta Stone.   As soon as I focused on this material, I took off. I ended up being able to read Asahi Shinbu, Asahi newspaper, about six months later -- so a total of 11 months later -- and went from Japanese I to Japanese VI. Ended up doing translation work at age 16 when I returned to the U.S., and have continued to apply this material over method approach to close to a dozen languages now. Someone who was terrible at languages, and at any given time, speak, read and write five or six. This brings us to the point, which is, it"s oftentimes what you do, not how you do it, that is the determining factor. This is the difference between being effective -- doing the right things -- and being efficient -- doing things well whether or not they"re important.   You can also do this with grammar. I came up with these six sentences after much experimentation. Having a native speaker allow you to deconstruct their grammar, by translating these sentences into past, present, future, will show you subject, object, verb, placement of indirect, direct objects, gender and so forth. From that point, you can then, if you want to, acquire multiple languages, alternate them so there is no interference. We can talk about that if anyone in interested. And now I love languages.   So ballroom dancing, implicit versus explicit -- very important. You might look at me and say, "That guy must be a ballroom dancer." But no, you"d be wrong because my body is very poorly designed for most things -- pretty well designed for lifting heavy rocks perhaps. I used to be much bigger, much more muscular. And so I ended up walking like this. I looked a lot like an orangutan, our close cousins, or the Incredible Hulk. Not very good for ballroom dancing.   I found myself in Argentina in 2005, decided to watch a tango class -- had no intention of participating. Went in, paid my ten pesos, walked up -- 10 women two guys, usually a good ratio. The instructor says, "You are participating." Immediately: death sweat. (Laughter) Fight-or-flight fear sweat, because I tried ballroom dancing in college -- stepped on the girl"s foot with my heel. She screamed. I was so concerned with her perception of what I was doing, that it exploded in my face, never to return to the ballroom dancing club. She comes up, and this was her approach, the teacher. "Okay, come on, grab me." Gorgeous assistant instructor. She was very pissed off that I had pulled her from her advanced practice. So I did my best. I didn"t know where to put my hands. And she pulled back, threw down her arms, put them on her hips, turned around and yelled across the room, "This guy is built like a god-damned mountain of muscle, and he"s grabbing me like a fucking Frenchman," (Laughter) which I found encouraging. (Laughter) Everyone burst into laughter. I was humiliated. She came back. She goes, "Come on. I don"t have all day." As someone who wrestled since age eight, I proceeded to crush her, "Of Mice and Men" style. And she looked up and said, "Now that"s better." So I bought a month"s worth of classes. (Laughter)
2023-07-22 12:34:491

好好写作文的英语意思

1. 怎么样才能写好好英语作文 最基本的就是:多读、多记、多背。句子熟悉了,不管题目怎样的变化,都是会做的来的。还有就是得了解什么词变化时该加什么或不该加什么。最重要的就是把基础的一些打扎实。 1.多记一些单词,积累词汇,写作文的时候用上一些高级词汇。 2.学过的复句,从句要熟练,多练练,不过作文时适当用一下就好了,不宜大部分都是是从句,复句型的。大规模地使用复句从句,会给评卷老师繁而烦的感觉。 3.并列关系用and,转折关系用but,顺接关系用then,列出观点等要用:At first,and then ,last/in clusion等词来增加句子的连贯性。 4.建议背一下一些写得比较好的英语作文,学一学人家的写作方法,同时也可以增加语感。 有不足或者更好的方法,请大家指出和提出。^_^ 望采纳 2. 写一篇有意义的英语作文,带翻译,最好多一点 Knowledge can be acquired from many sources. These include books, teachers and practical experience, and each has its own advantages. The knowledge we gain from books and formal education enables us to learn about things that we have no opportunity to experience in daily life. We can study all the places in the world and learn from people we will never meet in our lifetime, just by reading about them in books. We can also develop our *** ytical skills and learn how to view and interpret the world around us in different ways. Furthermore, we can learn from the past by reading books. In this way, we won"t repeat the mistakes of others and can build on their achievements. Practical experience, on the other hand, can give us more useful knowledge. It is said that one learns best by doing, and I believe that this is true, whether one is successful or not. In fact, I think making mistakes is the best way to learn. Moreover, if one wants to make new advances, it is necessary to act. Innovations do not e about through reading but through experimentation. Finally, one can apply the skills and insights gained through the study of books to practical experience, making an already meaningful experience more meaningful. However, unless it is applied to real experiences, book knowledge remains theoretical and, in the end, is useless. That is why I believe that knowledge gained from practical experience is more important than that acquired from books.书本知识与实际经验 获得知识的来源有很多,其中包括书本、老师,以及实际经验,而每一种都有其优点。 从书本上及正规教育中所获得的知识使我们知道在日常生活中没有机会亲身去体验的事。通过读书,我们可以研究世界各地的资料,还可以向不曾谋面的人学习。 我们也可以培养分析的技巧,并学习如何以不同的方式去观察并理解周围的世界。此外,我们可以通过读书,从历史中获取教训。 如此一来,就不会再重复别人的错误,并且能够以他人的成就作为我们行动的基础。 另一方面,实际经验能够给我们更多有用的知识。 大家都说从做中学的效果最好,我也认为的确如此,无论一个人成功与否。事实上,我认为犯错是最好的学习方式。 此外,如果想要有新的进展,就必须要付诸行动。想要创新,只靠阅读是不够的,必须要去实践。 最后,我们可以将通过读书所获得的技巧和见解应用于实际经验中,使得原本有意义的经验变得更有意义。不过,除非我们能将书本知识运用于实际经验中,否则书本知识终究仍只是理论,毫无用处。 那就是为什么我会认为从实际经验中获得的知识比从书本中所得到的知识更为重要。 3. 写英语作文50个字的要有翻译12篇 Some time I think I am a good student,but some time I did not think so.One day I went to see my friend by bus.When I got to the bus stop,many people were standing in line.I did not want this queue. I went to the front and stood there.One of the people said to me,"You must not jump the queue,girl."With a red face I said sorry and went to the end of the line. I made up my mind to be a good student in the future.I believe myself. 有时我认为我是一个好学生,但有时我不这么认为。 一天 我乘公交车去看朋友。当我到汽车站时,许多人都在排队上车,我不想排队。 于是我走到最前面站在那。一个人对我说:“小女孩,你不能插队。” 我的脸红了,于是我走到了队伍的最后站下来。我下决心做一个好学生,我相信自己。 4. 翻译英语的作文 the school has just started. i have to study harder this time because i messed up the last language test. my grades for biology and earth science are getting better. i still need to try harder on earth science. it is same with my math. my first step is to give up my puter time. my mom tells me everyday to keep up with my studying. i am going to my English teacher"s place tomorrow. his teaching style。 5. 英语作文 Dear Mike, I am so sorry that I have to be away for a while. Please take care of yourself and take medicine on time. The medicine is in the refrigerator. You must make sure the dosages which are respectively over 14/2 teaspoonfuls,8-13/1 teaspoonful and 4-7 1/2 teaspoonful. Be careful with it. I hope you will recover soon! Jack 说实话 我没看懂 你写得那个药量到底是怎么吃法。所以我就直接抄下来了。 除了这个其它应该都没什么问题。 谢谢。 6. 怎么样写好好英语的作文 怎么样写好英语的作文? 如果这是作文题目,我借题发挥一下. 全文的第一句要漂亮.每段的第一句要漂亮,全文最后一句要难忘. 文章题目:how to write a good English position? 全文的第一句: Language is the dress of thought. 每段的第一句: 1.the essence of words is human activity. 2. A position is also a mirror of the soul, as a man speaks, so is he. 具体内容自己展开. 全文最后一句: As long as we observe the world carefully, we can apply our discovery into writing.。 7. 关于英语写作文作文,经典句子 我是英语专业的,平时随手存的,能找到什么就发什么了四、六级作文35个加分句型一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/ heard/ had/ read, etc) 例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。 二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。 三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调。的重要性也不为过。) 例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。 四、There is no denying that + S + V 。 (不可否认的。) 例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否认的,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道。) 例句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的。) 例句:There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 (。的优点是。) 例句:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won"t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (。 的原因是。) 例句:The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此。以致于。) 例句:So precious is time that we can"t afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵,我们经不起浪费它。 十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然。) 例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不} 虽然我们的国家富有,我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。 十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~(愈。 愈。) 例句:The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力,你愈进步。 The more books we read, the more learned we bee. 我们书读愈多,我们愈有学问。 十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借着。 ..能够..) 例句:By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动,我们能够始终保持健康。 十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (..使..能够..) 例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 十四、On no account can we+ V ~~~ (我们绝对不能。) 例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 十五、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是。的时候了) 例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 十六、Those who ~~~ (。的人。) 例句:Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。 十七、There is no one but ~~~ (没有人不。) 例句:There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。 十八、be + forced/pelled/obliged + to + V (不得不。) 例句:Since the examination is around the corner, I am pelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃做运动。 十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的) It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的) It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的) 例句:It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。 二十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是。的原因) 例句:Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don"t like it. 夏天很燠热。 那就是我不喜欢它的原因。 二十一、For the past+ 时间,S + 现在完成式。 (过去。年来,。 一直。) 例句:For the past o years, I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来,我一直忙着准备考试。 二十二、Since + S + 过去式,S + 现在完成式。 例句:Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中,他一直很用功。 二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ (。是值得的。) 例句:It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。 二十四、be based on (以。 为基础) 例句:The progress of thee society is based on 。
2023-07-22 12:34:561

ex vivo和in vivo的区别

ex vivo是vivo外面,in vivo是vivo里面
2023-07-22 12:35:162

谁来帮我把中文翻译成英文

I am a student of XXX school. The teaching building of our school is large and nice to look at. The teaching building is on the south side of our school with six storeys. The library is on the third floor, and students often go there to do some reading. Besides, there are two computer rooms and science lab, where students work on the computer and do experiments. The library is open from Mondy to Friday. We often have English lessons in the language lab on the second floor. Behind the teaching building, there is a huge garden, where we can play for fun and plant some flowers.
2023-07-22 12:35:264

谁能帮我翻译这个

1. You will receive a body. 你将获得一个身体 You may like it or hate it, but it will be yours for the entire period of this time around. 不管你喜欢与否,它将一生都属于你. 2. You will learn lessons. 你将学到经验教训 You are enrolled in a full-time informal school called Life. Each day in this school you will have the opportunity to learn lessons. You may like the lessons or think them irrelevant and stupid. 你已被一所称为生活的非正规全日制学校录取。在这所学校里你每天都有机会学习经验教训。你可以喜欢它们也可以认为它们是乏味而与你不相关的。 3. There are no mistakes, only lessons. 没有过失,只有教训 Growth is a process of trial and error: Experimentation. The "failed" experiments are as much a part of the process as the experiment that ultimately "works". 成长是个反复试验的过程:实验。“失败”的实验和最后“成功”的实验都属于过程的一部分。 4. A lesson is repeated until learned. 在真正学习以前教训会重复 A lesson will be presented to you in various forms until you have learned it. When you have learned it, you can then go on to the next lesson. 一个教训可以不同的方式呈现直到你真正学习它。一旦你学到了一个教训,你就可以接着去学下一个教训了。 5. Learning lessons does not end. 学(习经验教训)无止境 There is no part of life that does not contain its lessons. If you are alive, there are lessons to be learned. 生活中处处包含经验教训。只要你活着,就有经验教训需要学习。 6. "There" is no better than "here". “那里”几乎等于“这里” When your "there" has become a "here", you will simply obtain another "there" that will again look better than "here". 当你的“那里”变成“这里”时,你只是获得了另外一个看上去比“这里”好的“那里”而已。 7. Others are merely mirrors of you. 他人只不过是你的镜子 You cannot love or hate something about another person unless it reflects something you love or hate about yourself. 你不会喜欢或憎恶其他人身上的某些东西,除非它反映了你喜欢或憎恶自己身上的某些东西。 8. What you make of your life is up to you. 你的生活取决于你自己 You have all the tools and resources you need. 你有所有必须的工具和资源。 What you do with them is up to you. The choice is yours. 你怎么利用它们取决于你自己。选择权是你的。 9. Your answers lie inside you. 你的答案藏在你的内心 The answers to Life"s questions lie inside you. 生活问题的答案藏在你的内心 All you need to do is look, listen and trust. 你所需要做的就是注视、聆听和信任自己。 10. You will forget all this. 你将会忘掉所有这一切。
2023-07-22 12:35:431

用英文写反对用动物做实验的理由

Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding,and few people understand the process of health care research.Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals — no meat,no fur,no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.
2023-07-22 12:35:532

教师的专业发展的5个阶段

教师职业的最大特点在于职业角色的多样化。(1)“传道者”角色;(2)“授业解惑者”角色;(3)管理者角色;(4)示范者角色;(5)朋友角色;(6)研究者角色。
2023-07-22 12:36:165

有啥关于京剧的英文介绍?最好有译文,谢谢了!

1、Beijing Opera translation: a great taskIn recent years, more and more foreign dramas and operas are being performed in Chinese theatres. However, it seems that chances for foreign audience to enjoy Chinese traditional operas are relatively fewer, resulting in an unbalanced exchange between China and the other foreign countries in the world. Beijing Opera, the very repress introduced to more audience of Chinese traditional operas, worth being of the entire world. Mrs. Elizabeth Wichmann-Walczak"s version of Mei Lanfang"s representative Beijing Opera work The Phoenix Returns to Its Nest sets a good example.2、A brief introduction to Beijing OperaBeijing Opera (or Peking Opera) has existed for over 200 years.It is widely regarded as the highest expression of Chinese culture. It is known as one of the three main theatrical systems in the world. Artistically, Beijing Opera is perhaps the most refined form of opera in the world. It has deeply influenced the hearts of the Chinese people. Although it is called Beijing Opera, its origins are not in Beijing but in the Chinese provinces of Anhui and Hubei. After absorbing the operatic tunes of regional operas such as Han Opera, Hui Opera, and Kunqu Opera, it became a genre of national significance and popularity during the 1790"s. The charm of Beijing Opera lies in the comprehensive form of stage art. It is an organic combination of script literature, the performing techniques of "singing, reciting, dance-acting and acrobatics", music, painted-face make-ups and costumes, and so on.3、Beijing Opera translationThe early attempts to bring Chinese drama to the West mainly consisted in translation of traditional Chinese opera lyrics, which served as literature for the purpose of reading rather than performance. These include Xi Xiang .Ii and a great number of other Yuan dynasty operas. In 1741, Zhao Shi Gu Er, or as Edward Cave rendered it, Chau Shi Ku Eul: The Little Orphan of the Family of Chau, was translated into English. Three English versions" of this play were published in London, translated respectively by Edward Cave, William Hatchett and John Watts. Among the modern classics in Chinese modern drama translated into English were Cao Yu"s Thundestorm by Wang Tso-Bang and A.C. Barnes and Wildness by James Liu. Since the late 1970s, many new Chinese plays have been collected in anthologies of translations of contemporary Chinese literature.以上资料,引用请注明出处(见“参考资料”)4、In this period, Peking opera became the most popular and economically developed form of urban stage entertainment in China and its actors, playwrights, and patrons were central figures in the popular imagination and cultural politics of the day. As a diverse group these actors and their allies worked within the context of a rapidly changing urban and national culture to overcome social and political discrimination and elevate their art to the level of internationally recognized cultural respectability. In the process, Peking opera was in many ways on the leading edge of modern transformations and experimentations in creating new meanings for popular theater, new dynamics of urban sociability, and new representations of gender, while at the same time serving as a symbol for a traditional culture that many sensed was receding under the pressures of modernization. 参考资料:浙江大学,邵佳,《戏剧翻译与文化——京剧翻译初探》,11-12页。
2023-07-22 12:36:471

convenient的用法

convenient的用法如下:1、无论表示“便利的”“不远的”,还是表示“方便的”“合适的”,均可与介词for,to连用。例如:If it is convenient for [to] you, we"ll come tomorrow.如果你方便的话,我们就明天来吧。Our school is convenient for [to] the station.我们学校离车站很近便。It is very convenient to pay by credit card.用信用卡付款非常方便。2、convenient的实际意思是“使人感到方便的”,而不是“(自己)感觉到方便的”,所以它的主语通常不能是人。例如:Railway is convenient.铁路方便。比较:误:I"ll come if you are convenient.正:I"ll come if it is convenient for [to] you.你若方便,我就来。mutually convenient.对双方都方便的。 very convenient.很方便的。3、其后可接不定式,但句子应带有形式主语或形式宾语it。例如:I think it (is) convenient to leave at once.我认为马上离开较适合。Will it be convenient for you to start work tomorrow?明天就开始工作你觉得方便吗?有时也可能没有形式主语,而用“人”或“物”作主语,但此时句子的主语必须是其后不定式的逻辑宾语。例如:Mary is convenient to see on Sunday. = It"s convenient to see Mary on Sunday.星期天见玛丽较为方便。The furniture is convenient to move. = It is convenient to move the furniture.这家具搬起来很方便。
2023-07-22 12:25:221

请问天文望远镜有什么参数?和观星有什么关系?

天文望远镜是观测天体的重要手段,可以毫不夸大地说,没有望远镜的诞生和发展,就没有现代天文学。随着望远镜在各方面性能的改进和提高,天文学也正经历着巨大的飞跃,迅速推进着人类对宇宙的认识。 从第一架光学望远镜到射电望远镜诞生的三百多年中,光学望远镜一直是天文观测最重要的工具,下面就对光学望远镜的发展作一个简单的介绍。[编辑本段]折射式望远镜 折射式望远镜1608年,荷兰眼镜商人李波尔赛偶然发现用两块镜片可以看清远处的景物,受此启发,他制造了人类历史第一架望远镜。 1609年,伽利略制作了一架口径4.2厘米,长约1.2米的望远镜。他是用平凸透镜作为物镜,凹透镜作为目镜,这种光学系统称为伽利略式望远镜。伽利略用这架望远镜指向天空,得到了一系列的重要发现,天文学从此进入了望远镜时代。 1611年,德国天文学家开普勒用两片双凸透镜分别作为物镜和目镜,使放大倍数有了明显的提高,以后人们将这种光学系统称为开普勒式望远镜。现在人们用的折射式望远镜还是这两种形式,天文望远镜是采用开普勒式。 需要指出的是,由于当时的望远镜采用单个透镜作为物镜,存在严重的色差,为了获得好的观测效果,需要用曲率非常小的透镜,这势必会造成镜身的加长。所以在很长的一段时间内,天文学家一直在梦想制作更长的望远镜,许多尝试均以失败告终。 1757年,杜隆通过研究玻璃和水的折射和色散,建立了消色差透镜的理论基础,并用冕牌玻璃和火石玻璃制造了消色差透镜。从此,消色差折射望远镜完全取代了长镜身望远镜。但是,由于技术方面的限制,很难铸造较大的火石玻璃,在消色差望远镜的初期,最多只能磨制出10厘米的透镜。 十九世纪末,随着制造技术的提高,制造较大口径的折射望远镜成为可能,随之就出现了一个制造大口径折射望远镜的高潮。世界上现有的8架70厘米以上的折射望远镜有7架是在1885年到1897年期间建成的,其中最有代表性的是1897年建成的口径102厘米的叶凯士望远镜和1886年建成的口径91厘米的里克望远镜。 折射望远镜的优点是焦距长,底片比例尺大,对镜筒弯曲不敏感,最适合于做天体测量方面的工作。但是它总是有残余的色差,同时对紫外、红外波段的辐射吸收很厉害。而巨大的光学玻璃浇制也十分困难,到1897年叶凯士望远镜建成,折射望远镜的发展达到了顶点,此后的这一百年中再也没有更大的折射望远镜出现。这主要是因为从技术上无法铸造出大块完美无缺的玻璃做透镜,并且,由于重力使大尺寸透镜的变形会非常明显,因而丧失明锐的焦点。[编辑本段]反射式望远镜 第一架反射式望远镜诞生于1668年。牛顿经过多次磨制非球面的透镜均告失败后,决定采用球面反射镜作为主镜。他用2.5厘米直径的金属,磨制成一块凹面反射镜,并在主镜的焦点前面放置了一个与主镜成45o角的反射镜,使经主镜反射后的会聚光经反射镜以90o角反射出镜筒后到达目镜。这种系统称为牛顿式反射望远镜。它的球面镜虽然会产生一定的象差,但用反射镜代替折射镜却是一个巨大的成功。 詹姆斯·格雷戈里在1663年提出一种方案:利用一面主镜,一面副镜,它们均为凹面镜,副镜置于主镜的焦点之外,并在主镜的中央留有小孔,使光线经主镜和副镜两次反射后从小孔中射出,到达目镜。这种设计的目的是要同时消除球差和色差,这就需要一个抛物面的主镜和一个椭球面的副镜,这在理论上是正确的,但当时的制造水平却无法达到这种要求,所以格雷戈里无法得到对他有用的镜子。 1672年,法国人卡塞格林提出了反射式望远镜的第三种设计方案,结构与格雷戈里望远镜相似,不同的是副镜提前到主镜焦点之前,并为凸面镜,这就是现在最常用的卡赛格林式反射望远镜。这样使经副镜镜反射的光稍有些发散,降低了放大率,但是它消除了球差,这样制作望远镜还可以使焦距很短。 卡塞格林式望远镜的主镜和副镜可以有多种不同的形式,光学性能也有所差异。由于卡塞格林式望远镜焦距长而镜身短,放大倍率也大,所得图象清晰;既有卡塞格林焦点,可用来研究小视场内的天体,又可配置牛顿焦点,用以拍摄大面积的天体。因此,卡塞格林式望远镜得到了非常广泛的应用。 赫歇尔是制作反射式望远镜的大师,他早年为音乐师,因为爱好天文,从1773年开始磨制望远镜,一生中制作的望远镜达数百架。赫歇尔制作的望远镜是把物镜斜放在镜筒中,它使平行光经反射后汇聚于镜筒的一侧。 在反射式望远镜发明后的近200年中,反射材料一直是其发展的障碍:铸镜用的青铜易于腐蚀,不得不定期抛光,需要耗费大量财力和时间,而耐腐蚀性好的金属,比青铜密度高且十分昂贵。1856年德国化学家尤斯图斯·冯·利比希研究出一种方法,能在玻璃上涂一薄层银,经轻轻的抛光后,可以高效率地反射光。这样,就使得制造更好、更大的反射式望远镜成为可能。 1918年末,口径为254厘米的胡克望远镜投入使用,这是由海尔主持建造的。天文学家用这架望远镜第一次揭示了银河系的真实大小和我们在其中所处的位置,更为重要的是,哈勃的宇宙膨胀理论就是用胡克望远镜观测的结果。 二十世纪二、三十年代,胡克望远镜的成功激发了天文学家建造更大反射式望远镜的热情。1948年,美国建造了口径为508厘米望远镜,为了纪念卓越的望远镜制造大师海尔,将它命名为海尔望远镜。从设计到制造完成海尔望远镜经历了二十多年,尽管它比胡克望远镜看得更远,分辨能力更强,但它并没有使人类对宇宙的有更新的认识。正如阿西摩夫所说:"海尔望远镜(1948年)就象半个世纪以前的叶凯士望远镜(1897年)一样,似乎预兆着一种特定类型的望远镜已经快发展到它的尽头了"。在1976 年前苏联建造了一架600厘米的望远镜,但它发挥的作用还不如海尔望远镜,这也印证了阿西摩夫所说的话。 反射式望远镜有许多优点,比如:没有色差,能在广泛的可见光范围内记录天体发出的信息,且相对于折射望远镜比较容易制作。但由于它也存在固有的不足:如口径越大,视场越小,物镜需要定期镀膜等。[编辑本段]折反射式望远镜 折反射式望远镜最早出现于1814年。1931年,德国光学家施密特用一块别具一格的接近于平行板的非球面薄透镜作为改正镜,与球面反射镜配合,制成了可以消除球差和轴外象差的施密特式折反射望远镜,这种望远镜光力强、视场大、象差小,适合于拍摄大面积的天区照片,尤其是对暗弱星云的拍照效果非常突出。施密特望远镜已经成了天文观测的重要工具。 1940年马克苏托夫用一个弯月形状透镜作为改正透镜,制造出另一种类型的折反射望远镜,它的两个表面是两个曲率不同的球面,相差不大,但曲率和厚度都很大。它的所有表面均为球面,比施密特式望远镜的改正板容易磨制,镜筒也比较短,但视场比施密特式望远镜小,对玻璃的要求也高一些。 由于折反射式望远镜能兼顾折射和反射两种望远镜的优点,非常适合业余的天文观测和天文摄影,并且得到了广大天文爱好者的喜爱。 望远镜的集光能力随着口径的增大而增强,望远镜的集光能力越强,就能够看到更暗更远的天体,这其实就是能够看到了更早期的宇宙。天体物理的发展需要更大口径的望远镜。 但是,随着望远镜口径的增大,一系列的技术问题接踵而来。海尔望远镜的镜头自重达14.5吨,可动部分的重量为530吨,而6米镜更是重达800吨。望远镜的自重引起的镜头变形相当可观,温度的不均匀使镜面产生畸变也影响了成象质量。从制造方面看,传统方法制造望远镜的费用几乎与口径的平方或立方成正比,所以制造更大口径的望远镜必须另辟新径。 自七十年代以来,在望远镜的制造方面发展了许多新技术,涉及光学、力学、计算机、自动控制和精密机械等领域。这些技术使望远镜的制造突破了镜面口径的局限,并且降低造价和简化望远镜结构。特别是主动光学技术的出现和应用,使望远镜的设计思想有了一个飞跃。 从八十年代开始,国际上掀起了制造新一代大型望远镜的热潮。其中,欧洲南方天文台的VLT,美、英、加合作的GEMINI,日本的SUBARU的主镜采用了薄镜面;美国的Keck I、Keck II和HET望远镜的主镜采用了拼接技术。 优秀的传统望远镜卡塞格林焦点在最好的工作状态下,可以将80%的几何光能集中在0〃.6范围内,而采用新技术制造的新一代大型望远镜可保持80%的光能集中在0〃.2~0〃.4,甚至更好。 下面对几个有代表性的大型望远镜分别作一些介绍: 凯克望远镜(Keck I,Keck II) Keck I 和Keck II分别在1991年和1996年建成,这是当前世界上已投入工作的最大口径的光学望远镜,因其经费主要由企业家凯克(Keck W M)捐赠(Keck I 为9400万美元,Keck II为7460万美元)而命名。这两台完全相同的望远镜都放置在夏威夷的莫纳克亚,将它们放在一起是为了做干涉观测。 它们的口径都是10米,由36块六角镜面拼接组成,每块镜面口径均为1.8米,而厚度仅为10厘米,通过主动光学支撑系统,使镜面保持极高的精度。焦面设备有三个:近红外照相机、高分辨率CCD探测器和高色散光谱仪。 "象Keck这样的大望远镜,可以让我们沿着时间的长河,探寻宇宙的起源,Keck更是可以让我们看到宇宙最初诞生的时刻"。 欧洲南方天文台甚大望远镜(VLT) 欧洲南方天文台自1986年开始研制由4台8米口径望远镜组成一台等效口径为16米的光学望远镜。这4台8米望远镜排列在一条直线上,它们均为RC光学系统,焦比是F/2,采用地平装置,主镜采用主动光学系统支撑,指向精度为1〃,跟踪精度为0.05〃,镜筒重量为100吨,叉臂重量不到120吨。这4台望远镜可以组成一个干涉阵,做两两干涉观测,也可以单独使用每一台望远镜。 现在已完成了其中的两台,预计于2000年可全部完成。 双子望远镜(GEMINI) 双子望远镜是以美国为主的一项国际设备(其中,美国占50%,英国占25%,加拿大占15%,智利占5%,阿根廷占2.5%,巴西占2.5%),由美国大学天文联盟(AURA)负责实施。它由两个8米望远镜组成,一个放在北半球,一个放在南半球,以进行全天系统观测。其主镜采用主动光学控制,副镜作倾斜镜快速改正,还将通过自适应光学系统使红外区接近衍射极限。 该工程于1993年9月开始启动,第一台在1998年7月在夏威夷开光,第二台于2000年9月在智利赛拉帕琼台址开光,整个系统预计在2001年验收后正式投入使用。 昴星团(日本)8米望远镜(SUBARU) 这是一台8米口径的光学/红外望远镜。它有三个特点:一是镜面薄,通过主动光学和自适应光学获得较高的成象质量;二是可实现0.1〃的高精度跟踪;三是采用圆柱形观测室,自动控制通风和空气过滤器,使热湍流的排除达到最佳条件。此望远镜采用Serrurier桁架,可使主镜框与副镜框在移动中保持平行。 此望远镜将安装在夏威夷的莫纳克亚,从1991年开始,预计9年完成。 大天区多目标光纤光谱望远镜(LAMOST) 这是我国正在兴建中的一架有效通光口径为4米、焦距为20米、视场达20平方度的中星仪式的反射施密特望远镜。它的技术特色是: 1. 把主动光学技术应用在反射施密特系统,在跟踪天体运动中作实时球差改正,实现大口径和大视场兼备的功能。 2. 球面主镜和反射镜均采用拼接技术。 3. 多目标光纤(可达4000根,一般望远镜只有600根)的光谱技术将是一个重要突破。 LAMOST把普测的星系极限星等推到20.5m,比SDSS计划高2等左右,实现107个星系的光谱普测,把观测目标的数量提高1个量级。 1932年央斯基(Jansky. K. G)用无线电天线探测到来自银河系中心(人马座方向)的射电辐射,这标志着人类打开了在传统光学波段之外进行观测的第一个窗口。 第二次世界大战结束后,射电天文学脱颖而出,射电望远镜为射电天文学的发展起了关键的作用,比如:六十年代天文学的四大发现,类星体,脉冲星,星际分子和宇宙微波背景辐射,都是用射电望远镜观测得到的。射电望远镜的每一次长足的进步都会毫无例外地为射电天文学的发展树立一个里程碑。 英国曼彻斯特大学于1946年建造了直径为66.5米的固定式抛物面射电望远镜,1955年又建成了当时世界上最大的可转动抛物面射电望远镜; 六十年代,美国在波多黎各阿雷西博镇建造了直径达305米的抛物面射电望远镜,它是顺着山坡固定在地表面上的,不能转动,这是世界上最大的单孔径射电望远镜。 1962年,Ryle发明了综合孔径射电望远镜,他也因此获得了1974年诺贝尔物理学奖。综合孔径射电望远镜实现了由多个较小天线结构获得相当于大口径单天线所能取得的效果。 1967年Broten等人第一次记录到了VLBI干涉条纹。 七十年代,联邦德国在波恩附近建造了100米直径的全向转动抛物面射电望远镜,这是世界上最大的可转动单天线射电望远镜。 八十年代以来,欧洲的VLBI网(EVN),美国的VLBA阵,日本的空间VLBI(VSOP)相继投入使用,这是新一代射电望远镜的代表,它们在灵敏度、分辨率和观测波段上都大大超过了以往的望远镜。 中国科学院上海天文台和乌鲁木齐天文站的两架25米射电望远镜作为正式成员参加了美国的地球自转连续观测计划(CORE)和欧洲的甚长基线干涉网(EVN),这两个计划分别用于地球自转和高精度天体测量研究(CORE)和天体物理研究(EVN)。这种由各国射电望远镜联合进行长基线干涉观测的方式,起到了任何一个国家单独使用大望远镜都不能达到的效果。 另外,美国国立四大天文台(NARO)研制的100米单天线望远镜(GBT),采用无遮挡(偏馈),主动光学等设计,该天线目前正在安装中,2000年有可能投入使用。 国际上将联合发展接收面积为1平方公里的低频射电望远镜阵(SKA),该计划将使低频射电观测的灵敏度约有两个量级的提高,有关各国正在进行各种预研究。 在增加射电观测波段覆盖方面,美国史密松天体物理天文台和中国台湾天文与天体物理研究院正在夏威夷建造国际上第一个亚毫米波干涉阵(SMA),它由8个6米的天线组成,工作频率从190GHz到85z,部分设备已经安装。美国的毫米波阵(MMA)和欧洲的大南天阵(LAS)将合并成为一个新的毫米波阵计划――ALMA。这个计划将有64个12米天线组成,最长基线达到10公里以上,工作频率从70到950GHz,放在智利的Atacama附近,如果合并顺利,将在2001年开始建造,日本方面也在考虑参加该计划的可能性。 在提高射电观测的角分辨率方面,新一代的大型设备大多数考虑干涉阵的方案;为了进一步提高空间VLBI观测的角分辨率和灵敏度,第二代空间VLBI计划――ARISE(25米口径)已经提出。 相信这些设备的建成并投入使用将会使射电天文成为天文学的重要研究手段,并会为天文学发展带来难以预料的机会。 我们知道,在地球表面有一层浓厚的大气,由于地球大气中各种粒子与天体辐射的相互作用(主要是吸收和反射),使得大部分波段范围内的天体辐射无法到达地面。人们把能到达地面的波段形象地称为"大气窗口",这种"窗口"有三个。 光学窗口:这是最重要的一个窗口,波长在300~700纳米之间,包括了可见光波段(400~700纳米),光学望远镜一直是地面天文观测的主要工具。 红外窗口:红外波段的范围在0.7~1000微米之间,由于地球大气中不同分子吸收红外线波长不一致,造成红外波段的情况比较复杂。对于天文研究常用的有七个红外窗口。 射电窗口:射电波段是指波长大于1毫米的电磁波。大气对射电波段也有少量的吸收,但在40毫米~30米的范围内大气几乎是完全透明的,我们一般把1毫米~30米的范围称为射电窗口。 大气对于其它波段,比如紫外线、X射线、γ射线等均为不透明的,在人造卫星上天后才实现这些波段的天文观测。[编辑本段]红外望远镜 最早的红外观测可以追溯到十八世纪末。但是,由于地球大气的吸收和散射造成在地面进行的红外观测只局限于几个近红外窗口,要获得更多红外波段的信息,就必须进行空间红外观测。现代的红外天文观测兴盛于十九世纪六、七十年代,当时是采用高空气球和飞机运载的红外望远镜或探测器进行观测。 1983年1月23日由美英荷联合发射了第一颗红外天文卫星IRAS。其主体是一个口径为57厘米的望远镜,主要从事巡天工作。IRAS的成功极大地推动了红外天文在各个层次的发展。直到现在,IRAS的观测源仍然是天文学家研究的热点目标。 1995年11月17日由欧洲、美国和日本合作的红外空间天文台(ISO)发射升空并进入预定轨道。ISO的主体是一个口径为60厘米的R-C式望远镜,它的功能和性能均比IRAS有许多提高,它携带了四台观测仪器,分别实现成象、偏振、分光、光栅分光、F-P干涉分光、测光等功能。与IRAS相比,ISO从近红外到远红外,更宽的波段范围;有更高的空间分辨率;更高的灵敏度(约为IRAS的100倍);以及更多的功能。 ISO的实际工作寿命为30个月,对目标进行定点观测(IRAS的观测是巡天观测),这能有的放矢地解决天文学家提出的问题。预计在今后的几年中,以ISO数据为基础的研究将会成为天文学的热点之一。 从太阳系到宇宙大尺度红外望远镜与光学望远镜有许多相同或相似之处,因此可以对地面的光学望远镜进行一些改装,使它能同时也可从事红外观测。这样就可以用这些望远镜在月夜或白天进行红外观测,更大地发挥观测设备的效率。[编辑本段]紫外望远镜 紫外望远镜紫外波段是介于X射线和可见光之间的频率范围,观测波段为3100~100埃。紫外观测要放在150公里的高度才能进行,以避开臭氧层和大气的吸收。第一次紫外观测是用气球将望远镜载上高空,以后用了火箭,航天飞机和卫星等空间技术才使紫外观测有了真正的发展。 紫外波段的观测在天体物理上有重要的意义。紫外波段是介于X射线和可见光之间的频率范围,在历史上紫外和可见光的划分界限在3900埃,当时的划分标准是肉眼能否看到。现代紫外天文学的观测波段为3100~100埃,和X射线相接,这是因为臭氧层对电磁波的吸收界限在这里。 1968年美国发射了OAO-2,之后欧洲也发射了TD-1A,它们的任务是对天空的紫外辐射作一般性的普查观测。被命名为哥白尼号的OAO-3于1972年发射升空,它携带了一架0.8米的紫外望远镜,正常运行了9年,观测了天体的950~3500埃的紫外谱。 1978年发射了国际紫外探测者(IUE),虽然其望远镜的口径比哥白尼号小,但检测灵敏度有了极大的提高。IUE的观测数据成为重要的天体物理研究资源。 1990年12月2~11日,哥伦比亚号航天飞机搭载Astro-1天文台作了空间实验室第一次紫外光谱上的天文观测;1995年3月2日开始,Astro-2天文台完成了为期16天的紫外天文观测。 1992年美国宇航局发射了一颗观测卫星――极远紫外探索卫星(EUVE),是在极远紫外波段作巡天观测。 1999年6月24日FUSE卫星发射升空,这是NASA的"起源计划"项目之一,其任务是要回答天文学有关宇宙演化的基本问题。 紫外天文学是全波段天文学的重要组成部分,自哥白尼号升空至今的30年中,已经发展了紫外波段的EUV(极端紫外)、FUV(远紫外)、UV(紫外)等多种探测卫星,覆盖了全部紫外波段。 X射线望远镜: X射线望远镜X射线辐射的波段范围是0.01-10纳米,其中波长较短(能量较高)的称为硬X射线,波长较长的称为软X射线。天体的X射线是根本无法到达地面的,因此只有在六十年代人造地球卫星上天后,天文学家才获得了重要的观测成果,X射线天文学才发展起来。早期主要是对太阳的X射线进行观测。 1962年6月,美国麻省理工学院的研究小组第一次发现来自天蝎座方向的强大X射线源,这使非太阳X射线天文学进入了较快的发展阶段。七十年代,高能天文台1号、2号两颗卫星发射成功,首次进行了X射线波段的巡天观测,使X射线的观测研究向前迈进了一大步,形成对X射线观测的热潮。进入八十年代以来,各国相继发射卫星,对X射线波段进行研究: 1987年4月,由前苏联的火箭将德国、英国、前苏联、及荷兰等国家研制的X射线探测器送入太空; 1987年日本的X射线探测卫星GINGA发射升空; 1989年前苏联发射了一颗高能天体物理实验卫星――GRANAT,它载有前苏联、法国、保加利亚和丹麦等国研制的7台探测仪器,主要工作为成象、光谱和对爆发现象的观测与监测; 1990年6月,伦琴X射线天文卫星(简称ROSAT)进入地球轨道,为研究工作取得大批重要的观测资料,到现在它已基本完成预定的观测任务; 1990年12月"哥伦比亚"号航天飞机将美国的"宽带X射线望远镜"带入太空进行了为期9天的观测; 1993年2月,日本的"飞鸟"X射线探测卫星由火箭送入轨道; 1996年美国发射了"X射线光度探测卫星"(XTE), 1999年7月23日美国成功发射了高等X射线天体物理设备(CHANDRA)中的一颗卫星,另一颗将在2000年发射; 1999年12月13日欧洲共同体宇航局发射了一颗名为XMM的卫星。 2000年日本也将发射一颗X射线的观测设备。 以上这些项目和计划表明,未来几年将会是一个X射线观测和研究的高潮。 γ射线望远镜: γ射线望远镜γ射线比硬X射线的波长更短,能量更高,由于地球大气的吸收,γ射线天文观测只能通过高空气球和人造卫星搭载的仪器进行。 1991年,美国的康普顿(γ射线)空间天文台(Compton GRO或CGRO)由航天飞机送入地球轨道。它的主要任务是进行γ波段的首次巡天观测,同时也对较强的宇宙γ射线源进行高灵敏度、高分辨率的成象、能谱测量和光变测量,取得了许多有重大科学价值的结果。 CGRO配备了4台仪器,它们在规模和性能上都比以往的探测设备有量级上的提高,这些设备的研制成功为高能天体物理学的研究带来了深刻的变化,也标志着γ射线天文学开始逐渐进入成熟阶段。CGRO携带的四台仪器分别是:爆发和暂时源实验(BATSE),可变向闪烁光谱仪实验(OSSE),1Mev~30Mev范围内工作的成象望远镜(COMPTEL),1Mev~30Mev范围内工作的成象望远镜(COMPTEL)。 受到康普顿空间天文台成功的鼓舞,欧洲和美国的科研机构合作制订了一个新的γ射线望远镜计划-INTEGRAL,准备在2001年送入太空,它的上天将为康普顿空间天文台之后的γ射线天文学的进一步发展奠定基础。 我们知道,地球大气对电磁波有严重的吸收,我们在地面上只能进行射电、可见光和部分红外波段的观测。随着空间技术的发展,在大气外进行观测已成为可能,所以就有了可以在大气层外观测的空间望远镜(Space telescope)。空间观测设备与地面观测设备相比,有极大的优势:以光学望远镜为例,望远镜可以接收到宽得多的波段,短波甚至可以延伸到100纳米。没有大气抖动后,分辨本领可以得到很大的提高,空间没有重力,仪器就不会因自重而变形。前面介绍的紫外望远镜、X射线望远镜、γ射线望远镜以及部分红外望远镜的观测都都是在地球大气层外进行的,也属于空间望远镜。
2023-07-22 12:25:244

gen是g2吗

不是,gen和g2是两支不同的队伍。1、GENGen.G(Generation Gaming)简称GEN,是一家国际电子竞技俱乐部,旗下英雄联盟分队为韩国LCK联盟的创始俱乐部之一。2021年11月1日消息,Gen.G 2:3 落败 EDG,GEN 宣布将重建《英雄联盟》战队。2、G2G2 Esports(简称G2)是一家欧洲电子竞技俱乐部,其前身为Gamers2,由英雄联盟前职业选手Ocelote和资深电子竞技企业家、投资人Jens Hilgers于2014年2月24日共同创立。G2 Esports英雄联盟分部2次实现英雄联盟欧洲联赛的四连冠成就(2016、2017春季及夏季赛与2019、2020春季及夏季赛)。在2019年获得2019英雄联盟季中冠军赛冠军。
2023-07-22 12:25:261

Rocky Mountain High 歌词

歌曲名:Rocky Mountain High歌手:John Denver专辑:Sunshine On My Shoulders: The Best Of John DenverHe was born in the summer of his 27th yearComin" home to a place he"d never been beforeHe left yesterday behind him, you might say he was born againYou might say he found a key for every doorWhen he first came to the mountains his life was far awayOn the road and hangin" by a songBut the string"s already broken and he doesn"t really careIt keeps changin" fast and it don"t last for longBut the Colorado rocky mountain highI"ve seen it rainin" fire in the skyThe shadow from the starlight is softer than a lullabyeRocky mountain highRocky mountain highHe climbed cathedral mountains, he saw silver clouds belowHe saw everything as far as you can seeAnd they say that he got crazy once and he tried to touch the sunAnd he lost a friend but kept his memoryNow he walks in quiet solitude the forest and the streamsSeeking grace in every step he takesHis sight has turned inside himself to try and understandThe serenity of a clear blue mountain lakeAnd the Colorado rocky mountain highI"ve seen it rainin" fire in the skyYou can talk to God and listen to the casual replyRocky mountain highRocky mountain highNow his life is full of wonder but his heart still knows some fearOf a simple thing he cannot comprehendWhy they try to tear the mountains down to bring in a couple moreMore people, more scars upon the landAnd the Colorado rocky mountain highI"ve seen it rainin" fire in the skyI know he"d be a poorer man if he never saw an eagle flyRocky mountain highIt"s Colorado rocky mountain highI"ve seen it rainin" fire in the skyFriends around the campfire and everybody"s highRocky mountain highRocky mountain highRocky mountain highRocky mountain highRocky mountain highRocky mountain highhttp://music.baidu.com/song/10226506
2023-07-22 12:25:131

东京在哪?

日本= =
2023-07-22 12:25:096