英文翻译：Mothers know instinctively that an ounce of praise is worth a pouund of scolding.

本性

本能是什么 本能是与生俱来的生存习性，不支持“让所有通过学习的行为都为其服务”之说。 作为一个有思想意识，会考虑事物的生命体，万物之灵的人类来说，应该尽量克制自身本能的贪嗔痴。否则见了好的东鸡就想要，遇到不如意的事就发脾气，得不到的东西也硬是强去争夺。 每天的学习也都用来满足自己的吃穿住行与动物何异？ 什么是本能？ 【拼音】：ben neng【英译】：1.an instinct 2.instinctive; natural 3.instinctively; naturally; by the light of nature 【解释】：本能是指，生物与生俱来的，勿需学习的天生能力。 例如：发育完全的正常动物，不需经过学习、练习、适应、模拟或经验，即能表现出某种协调一致的复杂固定性行为。如蜘蛛织网、蜜蜂跳舞和鸟类迁徙等，都是本能行为。本能不单是对简单 *** 的局部性反应，而是按预定程序进行的一系列行为活动。如鸟类的筑巢，它能熟练地选择和安放筑巢材料，并拔下自身羽毛排在巢内。本能是动物在种族进化过程中形成的，并固定下来遗传给后代的反射活动，虽然本能行为的程序有繁、有简，延续的时间有长、有短，但都是同种动物所共有的，这对维持动物种族生存、繁殖后代等都有重要意义。例如，同一种大腹园蛛（Atanea ventricosa）的结网方式和形状，在个体中的表现大致相似；同一种蜜蜂营造的蜂房，跳舞语言，酿制蜂蜜和喂饲幼虫等过程，在成千上万的蜂群中表现也很相似；刚孵化出的小鸭就都会走路，下水游泳、摄食等，这些普遍具有的复杂行为，不是个体在生活过程中学到的，是属于非条件反射的神经活动，是该种动物的本能。 人类的本能： 心理学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德(Sigmund Freud,1856年5月6日-1939年9月23日)将人类的本能分为生存本能和死亡本能。 人类最基本的本能有两类：一类是生的本能，另一类是死亡本能或攻击本能，生的本能包括 *** 本能与个体生存本能，其目的是保持种族的繁衍与个体的生存。弗洛伊德是泛性论者，在他的眼里， *** 有着广义的含意，是指人们一切追求快乐的欲望，性本能冲动是人一切心理活动的内在动力，当这种能量（弗洛伊德称之为力必多）积聚到一定程度就会造成机体的紧张，机体就要寻求途径释放能量。弗洛伊德将人的性心理发展划分为5个阶段：①口欲期；② *** 期；③性蕾欲期耿④潜伏期；⑤生殖期。刚生下来的婴儿就懂得吸乳， *** 摩擦口唇粘膜引起 *** ，叫做口欲期 *** 。1岁半以后学会自己大小便，粪块摩擦直肠 *** 粘膜产生 *** ，叫做 *** 期 *** 。儿童到3岁以后懂得了两性的区别，开始对异性父母眷恋，对同性父母嫉恨，这一阶段叫性蕾欲期，其间充满复杂的矛盾和冲突，儿童会体验到俄底普斯（Oedipus）情结(或称为恋母情节)和厄勒克特拉（Electra）情结(或称为恋父情节)，这种感情更具性的意义，不过还只是心理上的 *** 而非生理上的 *** 。只有经过潜伏期到达青春期性腺成熟才有成年的 *** 。成年人成熟的 *** 以生殖器 *** 为最高满足形式，以生育繁衍后代为目的，这就进入了生殖期。弗洛伊德认为成人人格的基本组成部分在前三个发展阶段已基本形成，所以儿童的早年环境、早期经历对其成年后的人格形成起着重要的作用，许多成人的变态心理、心理冲突都可追溯到早年期创伤性经历和压抑的情结。弗洛伊德在后期对提出了死亡本能即桑纳托斯（thanatos），它是促使人类返回生命前非生命状态的力量。死亡是生命的终结，是生命的最后稳定状态，生命只有在这时才不再需要为满足生理欲望而斗争。只有在此时，生命不再有焦虑和抑郁，所以所有生命的最终目标是死亡。死亡本能派生出攻击、破坏、战争等一切毁灭行为。当它转向机体内部时，导致个体的自责，甚至自伤自杀，当它转向外部世界时，导致对他人的攻击、仇恨、谋杀等。 本能是什么意思？ 本身具备的能力 人的本能是什么 给你韩寒的一句话,三重门里的,据一个古老的传说,上帝造人时,第一批出炉的恩都有两个头四条腿四只手,就是现今的雌雄共体,可上帝觉得他们太聪明了,就把人一劈为而,成为现在的样子,于是,男人便有了寻找靠近另一半---女人的本人. 所以,男人的本能是找到自己的另一半~~~~ 本能是什么意思？ 本能一词含义复杂，至少有四种解释。 解释一: 指同一物种所有个体所共同表现出来的不学而能的行为反应。 解释二 指某一物种生而具有的行为潜能或倾向，行为潜能或倾向所形成的内在作用促发同一种物种的个体表现出不学而能的的同样的行为模式。 解释三 指某一物种的个体在其生命中的某阶段所表现的某种特殊的行为模式。 解释四 指促使人类某种行为但不为当事人所知的内在力量，这是精神分析创始人弗洛伊德的独特看法。 希望帮到你 望采纳 谢谢 加油 女性的本能是什么？ 爱、母性 一什么本能，四字词怎么说 一个本能(一个本能动作),一身本能. 望采纳..... 人的本能是什么?? 就是本能反应 人的本能有哪些 按照马斯洛需求层次理论，有5个层次的本能，满足了一个层次必然会有高一层次的需要。这些都是人的本能。 各层次需要的基本含义如下： （1）生理上的需要。这是人类维持自身生存的最基本要求，包括饥、渴、衣、住、性的方面的要求。如果这些需要得不到满足，人类的生存就成了问题。在这个意义上说，生理需要是推动人们行动的最强大的动力。马斯洛认为，只有这些最基本的需要满足到维持生存所必需的程度后，其他的需要才能成为新的激励因素，而到了此时，这些已相对满足的需要也就不再成为激励因素了。 （2）安全上的需要。这是人类要求保障自身安全、摆脱事业和丧失财产威胁、避免职业病的侵袭、接触严酷的监督等方面的需要。马斯洛认为，整个有机体是一个追求安全的机制，人的感受器官、效应器官、智能和其他能量主要是寻求安全的工具，甚至可以把科学和人生观都看成是满足安全需要的一部分。当然，当这种需要一旦相对满足后，也就不再成为激励因素了。 （3）感情上的需要。这一层次的需要包括两个方面的内容。一是友爱的需要，即人人都需要伙伴之间、同事之间的关系融洽或保持友谊和忠诚；人人都希望得到爱情，希望爱别人，也渴望接受别人的爱。二是归属的需要，即人都有一种归属于一个群体的感情，希望成为群体中的一员，并相互关系和照顾。感情上的需要比生理上的需要来的细致，它和一个人的生理特性、经理、教育、宗教信仰都有关系。 （4）尊重的需要。人人都希望自己有稳定的社会地位，要求个人的能力和成就得到社会的承认。尊重的需要又可分为内部尊重和外部尊重。内部尊重是指一个人希望在各种不同情境中有实力、能胜任、充满信心、能独立自主。总之，内部尊重就是人的自尊。外部尊重是指一个人希望有地位、有威信，受到别人的尊重、信赖和高度评价。马斯洛认为，尊重需要得到满足，能使人对自己充满信心，对社会满腔热情，体验到自己活着的用处和价值。 （5）自我实现的需要。这是最高层次的需要，它是指实现个人理想、抱负，发挥个人的能力到最大程度，完成与自己的能力相称的一切事情的需要。也就是说，人必须干称职的工作，这样才会使他们感到最大的快乐。马斯洛提出，为满足自我实现需要所采取的途径是因人而异的。自我实现的需要是在努力实现自己的潜力，使自己越来越成为自己所期望的人物。 本能是什么意思 自己梗潜意识,条件反射的做出某个动作。给你讲个故事吧!一天蝎子要渡河,有一只乌龟,如果它杀死乌龟,就无法渡河,虽然乌龟很害怕,但还是载上了蝎子。过程中,蝎子还是杀死了乌龟,自己也掉入了河里死去了。在天堂,乌龟问蝎子为什么要杀死自己,这样它自己也会掉进河里。蝎子只是回答,这是我的本能而已。呵呵,也许不是很好,但希望能帮助到你！~

歌名：MADE IN HEAVEN歌手：HYDE作词: HYDE 作曲: HYDEMade in heaven,I"m your creation罪深き存在破壊冲动に性的冲动植え付けられた脳Are you worried, baby?Won"t you hear the word?I will guide you forward Come hereI want your blood, give it to meI taste your cells, instinctivelyCome, drink my blood, lose all reasonOut of control, instinctivelyLight the fire of desireHe awaits sweet depravity, ha ha!Oh, my brother,I understand well闇无き光无しお望み通り共犯悪の地へ降临をPut your trust in me, baby.I"m not telling liesLet me show you a secret.Come hereThe smell of sweat,now the stage is setUnchain your closed mindsSlaves of desire,throats are running dryHear the beating of our heartsI want your blood, give it to meI taste your cells, instinctivelyCome, drink my blood,lose all reasonOut of control, instinctivelyLight the fire of desireHe awaits our disgraceGet heavy, make merryNot scary, sweet depravity, ha ha!http://music.baidu.com/song/53111193

我是从我的公寓大楼的门口走向拐角处的商店。突然，有个削瘦的男子戴着绒线帽从一辆泊着（parked）的车后方跳出来伸出手枪，或者至少我认为是枪，来到我身边。我的心脏跳得很快，我有点呆傻了。这就好像（as if）我是在梦里而我的身体没有连接到我的大脑。 本能的（Instinctively），我举起双手在空中，尽管他没有告诉我这样做或者说任何东西;他只查看周围和在我的裤子后面的口袋翻找（searched）任何有价值的（valuable）东西。接下来的我知道的是他已经走了，（so）我的钱包也是。然后我就站在那里（what）仿佛是一个永恒的我的心脏怦怦直跳而我的头晕着。我听到了一个人咳嗽和走过的脚步声，，然后慢慢远去（faded）。我更加清醒（conscious）地知道我在那里，瞬间的，我能感觉到我的腿在发抖（trembling）。我侧身移动到到最近的建筑物的阶梯坐了下来。其他受害者或许会感到生气或受惊，但我只是困惑。我并没有被伤害（hurt）甚至挨打。他想要我的钱，于是就拿了我的钱就走了。没有像电影那样“给我你的钱不然（or）我就开枪了”。他很快，他沉默，他已经走了。我试图回想刚刚发生了什么的细节（details），但是这一切都发生的太（so）快像是没有发生过什么一样的。我当时甚至不知道该名男子有枪与否。即使罪犯就站在前方我也无法辨识（identify）。几分钟后，我打电话向警方接线员报告（reported）抢劫。一个小时后一名警察打回来给我询问详细（additional）细节。他问我那个打抢（robbed）我的人有没有不寻常的地方，但我无法准确地描述了那人。第二天，我去了派出所，并阅过了曾经犯下（committed）类似的抢劫的罪犯的照片。 似乎（Apparently），在过去几个星期里在我家附近曾有一名男子戴着奇怪的干过数次类似的抢劫案。我不记得有一顶帽子，我无法确认打抢了我的男人。

自动，本能的。

歌曲名:She Wants You 歌手:Kelly Price 专辑:Mirror Mirror I know she wants,I know she wants I know she wants,I know she wants I know she wants,I know she wants I know she wants,I know she wants Boy I know you better Than you think you know yourself I know where your ing from Seeing you together And I swear I can tell There"s somthing going on I"ve seen her expression as she looks in your direction It"s there in your eyes You say there"s no conection You don"t think thats her intention Baby you must be blind I know that she want you She wants you,She wants you I know it instinctively (I know she wants,I know she wants you) I know that she wants you She wants you,She wants you You say you"re in love with me (I know she wants,I know she wants you) Boy you think I"m crazy You say she don"t mean a thing That I"m the one for you She just wants your body baby She don"t give a damm What I"ve been going through She wants satisfaction To be center of attraction Its clear to me She needs no imitations Shes got such determination Baby you still don"t see I know that she want you She wants you,She wants you I know it instinctively (I know she wants,I know she wants you) I know that she wants you She wants you,She wants you You say you"re in love with me (I know she wants,I know she wants you) You understand You take my hand You"re proud to be my man And I won"t let you go I"ve seen her expression As she looks in your direction It"s there in your eyes You say theres no connection You don"t think that"s her intention Baby you must be blind I know that she want you She wants you,She wants you I know it instinctively (I know she wants,I know she wants you) I know that she wants you She wants you,She wants you You say you"re in love with me (I know she wants,I know she wants you)

studylearn

直觉地, 第一件事物我们想要知道，一种疾病是它是否要杀我们。 如犹太法典说,非常所有其余者是注释。 二十五年前，这是我们可以以任何的确定回答的关于爱滋病的唯一疑问;如何使它失去方向感现在是那, 注释的巨大量稍后，我们真的一点也不能够很好地回答的是唯一的疑问。 到如今, 那些我们在长期已经照顾数以千计的病人的爱滋病生意方面。 没有人用那种个人的经验能怀疑一会儿 H.I.V. 的有恶意潜能，否则药物的救命能力发展对抗它。 但是现在也有数以百计的脚注和例外和针对那些的修正二种使大的照片曾经变成更黝暗的事实。 是每个人谁被传染变得不舒服。 不是每个人谁被对待变得很好。 一些人进步沿着道路，从到前进的免疫缺乏的开始传染到威胁生命的疾病，在预期的速度，然后以治疗头正确地再一次对健康支持。其他沿着方法停顿, 病人或很好地, 藐视我们的可怕预测和快乐的安心一样。 病人崭新诊断群众进入了我们的临床讲义, 他们之中的许多非常年轻的, 而且完全地被他们的传染未能吸引。 他们为事实「新的药物将会作每件事物所有的权利」知道。 我去年在医院上给予了他们的其中之一他的诊断病房。"试不要再烦恼太多 ," 当他茫然地盯着他的计算机荧屏看的时候，我告诉他; 它把他关掉更关心藉着他的弱无线的连接超过作为一个患有先进的爱滋病的人他的新状态。找人翻的，不是机器咯。

1.involves 2.irregular 3.overestimates 4.relax 5.competition 6.oversetimate 7.affect8.insist 9.reduce 10.drunk 11.pressure 12.level 13.accomplish 14.expected 15.troublesome16.Undoubtedly 17.emphasis 18.aroused 19.a little 20.recommend

下雨就是一种本能的表现。

underground organization 秘密组织espionage 间谍,侦探intelligence agent 间谍,情报人员lurcher 奸细,间谍spy 特工人员,间谍,侦探,探员,秘密侦察他人行动者secret agent 特工人员,特务

阅读下列短文，并做每篇短文后面的题目，从各题A、B、C、D中选出能回答所提问题或完成所给句子的最佳答案。AHave you ever been to some big cities in the world ? The information below will be helpful to you.BudapestFor many centuries, Budapest was two cities, with Buda on the west side of the river Danube and Pest on the east side. Budapest became one city in 1872, and it has been the capital city of Hungary for about eighty years.The population of Budapest is about three million, and the city is a very popular place for tourists. Visitors like to take boat rides along the Danube. Budapest is also known for its exciting nightlife. The best time to visit is summer since Budapest is very cold in winter. Los AngelesLos Angeles was founded in 1781. With 3.5 million people it is now the biggest city in California and the second largest city in the United States. It is famous for its modern highways, its movie stars, and its smog. When the city is really smoggy, you can"t see the nearby mountains. The weather is usually dry and warm. Visitors like to go to the film studios (摄影棚) and to drive along Hollywood Street. There are many good beaches near the city, and Los Angeles is also close to Disneyland. TaipeiSince the founding of Taipei in the 18th century, the city has grown to a population of 2.3 million. Taipei is an exciting city, but the weather is humid (潮湿) and not always pleasant. It"s also a very busy city, and the streets are always full of people. There is an excellent museum that many people visit. Taipei is quite an expensive city, but not more expensive than some neighboring cities such as Hong Kong and Tokyo. So more and more travelers go to Taipei to shop. 47. People like to travel to Budapest because .A. it"s made up of two citiesB. it"s the capital of HungaryC. there are good beaches along DanubeD. it"s famous for its boating and nightlife48. If you are a film star fan, which city would you like to visit among the three? A. Budapest. B. Los Angeles. C. Taipei D. None.49. When we talk about the history of Los Angeles, we know that .A. it was founded in 1871 B. it became one city in 1872C. it became a city in the 18th centuryD. it was founded in the 19th century50. Which of the following is TRUE for the three cities?A. The population of Taipei is no larger than those of the other two. B. The weather in Taipei is smoggy and not always pleasant.C. Budapest has the longest history of the three cities. D. Los Angeles is the largest city in the U.S.BDear Editor, Last Sunday, I went to the post office to subscribe (订阅) some magazines. I was there for half an hour and there was still a long line in front of me. My turn came at last. I quickly got everything done, and was ready to leave. Just then, someone came nearer to me. I looked up and saw him old and thin, with a dirty coat on him which has been worn out. I could see easily that he was a migrant worker (农民工). Instinctively（本能地）I stepped backward. I was in my new red coat. He told me he wanted to send some money home but didn"t know how to fill out the form. He asked me if I could help him. “But you can ask the cashier (出纳员). ” After these few words, I froze into silence. “I have asked her. But I still don"t follow her instructions. Would you kindly help me?” Just then, my mobile phone rang. It was an excuse to refuse him. I had my own business to do. Hopelessly and sadly, he gave up begging me and tried to find someone else who would lend him a hand.As I stepped out, I became nervous about it. How could I refuse someone who was in need of help, especially such an old migrant worker? Was it because he was poor and dirty? I want to say sorry to this migrant worker in this newspaper. It"s been on my mind for a long time. And I hope to feel better by doing this.51. Catherine stepped backward when she saw the old migrant worker because . A. she didn"t know himB. she was in a hurry to leave C. the old man was wearing an old dirty coatD. she was afraid to be hurt by the old man52. Why didn"t Catherine lend the old migrant worker a hand? A. He could ask the cashier for help.B. She had to answer the mobile phone.C. She didn"t like this poor and dirty man.D. She didn"t know how to fill out the form, either.53. Catherine felt nervous because . A. she didn"t subscribe the magazinesB. the migrant worker was angry with herC. she was sorry for not helping the old man D. she couldn"t decide if she should say sorry to the old man 54. From the passage we know that . A. nobody liked to help the old man except the cashierB. it was half an hour before Catherine got everything done C. the old migrant worker didn"t post the money home at lastD. the old man didn"t know how to do though the cashier showed him 山东省初中英语中考试题及答案 作者：eduxb 转贴自：本站原创 点击数：1996 文章录入： edustzl 51. Catherine stepped backward when she saw the old migrant worker because . A. she didn"t know himB. she was in a hurry to leave C. the old man was wearing an old dirty coatD. she was afraid to be hurt by the old man52. Why didn"t Catherine lend the old migrant worker a hand? A. He could ask the cashier for help.B. She had to answer the mobile phone.C. She didn"t like this poor and dirty man.D. She didn"t know how to fill out the form, either.53. Catherine felt nervous because . A. she didn"t subscribe the magazinesB. the migrant worker was angry with herC. she was sorry for not helping the old man D. she couldn"t decide if she should say sorry to the old man 54. From the passage we know that . A. nobody liked to help the old man except the cashierB. it was half an hour before Catherine got everything done C. the old migrant worker didn"t post the money home at lastD. the old man didn"t know how to do though the cashier showed him CJoanne had planned to leave work early this afternoon, at three o"clock. But when she finally came out of her office, all the other conductors had already left. Now she was caught in a heavy traffic in central Birmingham at 5:30, and at 6:30 she was expected to be at a meeting.At last, she arrived at her home. As she opened the door, she noticed something unusual about Sheba, a large dog. She could see easily Sheba was feeling bad and could hardly breathe (呼吸). Joanne knew she would have to take her dog to the vet immediately.Hello! Am I great? Am I brave?“It looks like there"s something in her throat (喉咙),” said Dr. Stern, “It shouldn"t take me too long to get it out.” Being in a hurry, Joanne left the doctor with the dog and rushed back home. As she once more entered the house, the phone rang. Dr. Stern"s loud and worried voice was heard, “I want you to get right out of that house immediately. The police will be there any time now. Wait outside for us.” Joanne was surprised and afraid. She quickly ran into the street.At that moment, a police car stopped outside the house. Two policemen got out and ran into the house through the still open door. Then the doctor arrived. Just then the two policemen reappeared from the house, half-carrying a white-faced man, who, it seemed, could hardly walk. There was blood (血) all over him.“I think he must be a thief,” said the doctor. “I knew he was there because when I finally removed what was in Sheba"s throat, and found it was three human fingers.” 55. Where does Joanne probably work? A. At a bus or train station. B. In an animal hospital.C. In a police station. D. It isn"t mentioned.56. When Joanne arrived home, she found that . A. the door was open B. something was wrong with the dogC. the dog couldn"t walk D. there was something in the dog"s throat57. Why did the doctor ask her to get out of the house?A. He wanted to meet her outside.B. A thief would break into her house.C. The police were coming to her house.D. He thought there was a thief in her house.58. The thief looked very sick because .A. the dog had hurt him badly B. he was caught by the police C. he caught a disease from the dog D. he didn"t find anything worthy to steal59. Which do you think is NOT right according to the passage? A. The police arrived soon after the vet called them.B. Joanne didn"t know there was a thief in her house.C. It took Joanne over three hours to drive home from work.D. The doctor was not only a good vet but also a clever man.DIn one way, it may be thought that failure is a part of life. In another, failure may be regarded as a step towards success.The “spider-story” is often told as an example of this. Robert Bruce, leader of the Scots in the 13th century, was hiding in a hole on a hill from the English. He watched a spider (蜘蛛) making a web. Bruce is said to have got confidence from this and to have gone on to beat the English. Edison, too, the inventor of the light bulb (电灯泡), made hundreds of models that failed before he found the right way to make one.So what? First, always think about your failure. What caused it? Were you in high spirit then? What can you change so that things will go right the next time?Second, is the goal (目标) you are trying to reach the right one? Try to do some thinking about what your real goals may be. Think about this question: “If I am successful in this, where will it get me?” This may help to prevent failure in the things you shouldn"t be doing anywayThe third thing to remember about failure is that it"s a part of life. Learn to “live with yourself” even though you may have failed. Remember, “You can"t win them all.”60. Robert Bruce was mentioned in the passage to show that .A. people who fail are not lonely B. animals can help people sometimesC. nature will help us if we are hard-working D. confidence is important for one to be successful61. Edison"s example shows us that . A. he liked to do other kinds of workB. he invented many kinds of light bulbsC. failure may be a way towards successD. he was a man of many important inventions 62. If you are not sure about what success will get you, you"d better . A. change your goal B. go on with your goalC. not care for that D. work even harder on your goal63. It can be learned from the passage that . A. one should try not to failB. one"s failure is another"s successC. one should take failure seriouslyD. one should learn lessons from failure 64. This passage is mainly about .A. two great men B. two sides of failureC. ways to keep away from failureD. the right attitude (态度) towards failu 答案：47－50 DBCA 51—54 CCCD 55—59 ABDAC 60—64 DCADD中考英语阅读理解练习题（1） http://www.jxue.com/xnews/11901.htm 中考英语阅读理解练习题（2）http://www.jxue.com/xnews/11902.htm 中考英语阅读理解练习题（3）http://www.jxue.com/xnews/11903.htm 中考英语阅读理解练习题（4）http://www.jxue.com/xnews/11904.htm 中考英语阅读理解练习题（5）http://www.jxue.com/xnews/11905.htm 还有更多的练习，你自己去看吧，在www.jxue.com/mid

10分 翻译这么一大段 等着你的只有机器翻译..放心吧

Section I Use of English 　　1、【答案】B concluded 　　【解析】 题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。根据句义，后面的部分实际上是研究的结论，因此concluded 符合题意，其他选项denied(否认)与意义相反，doubled(翻倍)与题意较远，ensured(确保)不符合题意，因为研究不能确保后面的事实，只能得出后面的事实作为结论。所以正确答案为B。 　　2、【答案】A protective 　　【解析】 题干中，对于某些健康情况，超重事实上是有_____。根据前文研究的结论，超重能减少罹患疾病的风险，说明超重具有一定的保护作用。Dangerous 和文章意思相反，sufficient表示充足，troublesome表示有麻烦，不符合题意，所以正确答案为A。 　　3、【答案】C likewise 　　【解析】第三句话中，较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。_____，在老年人中，一定程度上超重……。需要填入的是和前半句表示顺接的词语。A选项instead表示逆接的句意关系，B选项however也表示逆接，D选项therefore表示因此，只有C选项likewise意为同样地;也，而且。因此正确答案为C。 　　4、【答案】A indicator 　　【解析】本句话中，_____，一定程度上超重，经常是健康的_____。A选项，表示指示器，指标。B选项objective表示客观;C选项origin表示来源，D选项example表示例子。根据前面的文章内容，已经明确指出超重代表了健康，因此超重是健康的指标。因此正确答案为A。 　　5、【答案】D concern 　　【解析】本句话的句意是，需要更加_____是，很难对肥胖加以定义。A、impact(印象);B、relevance(相关性);C、 assistance(辅助);D、concern(关注)。前文已经说到肥胖事实上有利健康，但是又面临一个问题，到底如何去定义肥胖，因此需要更加关注的是对肥的定义，其他选项均不符合题意，所以正确答案为D。 　　6、【答案】A in terms of 　　【解析】题干中,肥胖经常______体质指数，或称为BMI来定义。A、in terms of ，根据……，就……而言。B、In case of 表示在某种情况下， C、in favor of 表示赞成，以……来取代，D、in respect of，关于……。因此正确答案为A。在医学研究和临床测试中经常使用BMI作为衡量受试者健康的重要指标，希望考生能够记住这一背景知识，方便日后做题。 　　7、【答案】C equals 　　【解析】本题题干中BMI_____体重除以身高的平方，这里是用文字叙述了BMI指数得出的方法，也就是一个数学公式，所以equal符合题意。A measure(测量)、B determine表示确定;D modify(修订)。句义就是BMI等于体重除以身高的平方。 　　8、【答案】C in turn 　　【解析】本题题干中，肥胖_____能够分成中度肥胖、重度肥胖和极度肥胖。A、in essence(事实上、实际上); B、in contrast (相反地);C、in turn(依次); D、in part (部分地)。本句是将肥胖依次分级，所以正确答案为C。 　　9、【答案】D straightforward 　　【解析】题干中，相比之下，这样的数字标准看起来_____，实际上不是的。A、complicated (复杂);B、conservative(保守)、C、variable(可变的);D、straightforward(直截了当);这里的数字标准指的就是肥胖指数，肥胖指数分为三类，而且算法比较简单，所以A复杂不正确，B选项保守，用于描述一种数学公式，不恰当，一名患者或一名受试者的BMI一般是确定的，因此可变的也不符合题意，D选项straightforward表示直截了当，符合题意，因此正确答案为D。 　　10、【答案】B while 　　【解析】本句中，一些人有很高的BMI，实际上身材正好，_____其他人有较低的BMI指数，可能_____。从前半句我们可以看出，有些人的BMI指数很高，应该属于体重肥胖的人，事实上身材正好，这里说明的是反常的现象，后半句是其他人的BMI指数较低，而_____较差。A、so(所以);B、while(而);C、since(因为);D、unless(除非)四个选项中只有while有转折的含义，其他选项均不符合题意，所以正确答案为B。 　　11、【答案】A shape 　　【解析】本题可以简化为：Some … are fit, while others … may be in poor .不难看出，前后意义相反，且fit(体型健康)与in poor 对应，与之最相关是A shape(外形)，故为正确答案。"精神"、"均衡"、"品味"都相差比较远，可以排除。 　　12、【答案】B qualify 　　【解析】本题顺应前文意义：有一些人体型很好，有些人体型体型肥胖。接下来举例说有些专业足球运动员 是肥胖的，"开始"不符;"处在"也不符合句意;"退休"内容无关;"被认为"符合句意，正确。 　　13、【答案】C normal 　　【解析】本句不难理解：有些人脂肪过高，但是BMI却 。所需词汇明显是正向的，排除A、B;D属中性，且不符合句意，C(正常的)契合，为正确答案。 　　14、【答案】D tendency 　　【解析】本题解题关键是后半句：to stigmatize obesity(抵毁肥胖)，作为划线部分的后置定语，将四个选项"选择""理由""机会""倾向"代入划线处，最符合句意的是D(倾向)。后面一句也进一步证实了(出现在媒体中的肥胖者脸都是打了马赛马的)。 　　15、【答案】C pictured 　　【解析】空格所在句提到了媒体，根据语境，上句讲到当今我们都污蔑肥胖，所以本句的意思应该是媒体污蔑肥胖，四个选项中，跟媒体相关系的词汇只有C picture 意思为刻画，描写，描述。 　　16、【答案】D associated 　　【解析】空格所在句的意思是与肥胖_____的原型包括懒惰，缺乏意志力，对成功的期望值不高。空格后面提到的懒惰，缺乏意志力和对成功的期望值不高都是与肥胖相关的表现，分析四个选项，A. 与。。。相比;B 与。。。相结合;C. 和。。。和解;都不符合题意，只有D与。。。相联系，相关符合句意。 　　17、【答案】A even 　　【解析】空格所在句的意思是_____小孩子蔑视超重，而且对身材的嘲笑一直是学校的一个问题。本空格缺少一个副词，根据语境记忆常识，此处应该填入表示让步关系的词汇，分析四个选项，只有A even 即使符合题意。 　　18、【答案】D grounded 　　【解析】根据语境，空前讲到对肥胖的负面态度，空后讲到对健康的关注， 　　激发一批反肥胖的____。本句没有出现任何转折词，说明空前后所表达的意思是一致的，反对肥胖，是基于对健康的关注，分析四个选项，能够表达此意思的词汇，只有选项D grounded,意思是基于。 　　19、【答案】D policies 　　【解析】解答此题需要联系空格后面紧跟着的句子。空后的句子出现了一系列表示同一个语义场的词汇，比如 hospital system ; ban; many employers institute, 指向的意思是一个系统中所出台的政策的问题，浏览四个选项，D选项policies 符合题意，直接入选。 　　20、【答案】B against 　　【解析】本段的主题是反对肥胖，本句话属于细节的句子，用来支持这个主题，空格所在句讲到米歇尔奥巴马已经发起了一个高知名度的_____儿童肥胖，甚至告诉奥兹博士，它代表了我们国家的安全威胁。空格中缺少词汇应该含有反对，反抗的意思，纵观四个选项，只有B against 符合题意。 Section II Reading Comprehension 　　Part A 　　Text 1 　　21、【答案】B A special tour 　　【解析】细节题。答案定位在第二段的"it is far better to spend money on experiences…like interesting trips…"，意思是"花钱消费在经历方面更好……，比如说有趣的旅行……"，由此可以得知答案是B选项"一场特别的旅行"。 　　22、【答案】A critical 　　【解析】观点态度题。答案定位在第三段的"something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it"，意思是"普通美国人一年花两个月的时间看电视，并且看电视几乎不可能更愉快"，因此可以得知作者对于看电视的态度是A选项"批判的"。 　　23、【答案】D rarity generally increases pleasure 　　【解析】观点例证题。答案定位在第三段，文章中提到Mc Rib这个例子，用这个例子证明的论点是"luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly"，大意是"有节制地消费奢侈品最令人愉悦"，D选项正是这句论点句的同义替换。 　　24、【答案】B may prove to be a worthwhile purchase 　　【解析】细节题。答案定位在最后一段的最后一句"most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent"，大意是"大多数人看完这本书后，认为物有所值"，因此可以推知B选项是正确答案。 　　25、【答案】A balance feeling good and spending money 　　【解析】主旨题。纵观全文可知，全文主要谈论花钱消费和心情愉悦之间的关系，因此答案定位在A选项。 　　Text 2 　　26、【答案】A our self-ratings are unrealistically high 　　【解析】题目问 "根据第一段，社会心理学家发现了什么?"对应于文章第一 段第三句"社会心理学家对所谓的‘高于均数效应"或者‘虚幻的优越感"进行大量的研究，发现我们中70%的人认为自己的领导力在平均水平之上……—这些数据明显都是不可能的。"由此可知，我们对自己评价过高。故答案为[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high。 　　27、【答案】C intuitive response 　　【解析】题目问"视觉识别被认为是人们的什么?"对应于文章第三段第三句"视觉识别是自动的心理过程，这个过程依靠直觉快速发生，且并不是故意的。"由此可知，视觉识别被认为是人们的直觉反应。故答案为[C] intuitive response。 　　28、【答案】B believe in their attractiveness 　　【解析】题目问"Epley发现有更高自尊的人倾向于怎样"。对应到第四段，第二句讲到"没有证据显示那些自我提升最多的人这样做是为了掩饰自己的不安全，接着讲到：事实上，那些认为自己的形象高于吸引力标准的人就是那些表现出更高自尊的人，故答案为[B] believe in their attractiveness。 　　29、【答案】[A] instinctively 　　【解析】题目问"最接近viscerally的意思的是?"。对应到第五段，viscerally所在句讲到"许多人讨厌照片中的自己，从某种层面上说，他们甚至不承认照片中的人是他们自己。"而下文又讲到facebook是自我拔高者的天堂，在那里人们可以分享最满意的的照片。"由此可知，viscerally在本句中是"本质上地"意思，故答案为[A] instinctively。 　　30、【答案】[D]withhold their unflattering sides 　　【解析】题干问"我们可以推理出脸书(facebook)之所以是一个自我拔高者的天堂，是因为人们可以做什么?"对应于文章最后一段的第二句，该句讲到"在脸书(facebook)中，人们可以分享最满意的照片。"下文接着讲到"不是人们不诚实，而是人们展示了自己最理想的形象。"故答案为 [D]withhold their unflattering sides。 　　Text 4 　　36、【答案】[B] involves certain political factors 　　【解析】 根据本题题干中的关键词housing sector可以对应到文章的第二段， 中间说的很多，我们注意到最后有but出现，最后应该是作者真正想要表达的观点，另外这里用了the most significant 级，所以最后这个是最重要的一个原因，politically charged和选项B的political factors有对应关系，故选B involves certain political factors。 　　A项的吸引注意没有提及，C项的承担太多责任，原文说的shoulder the blame，D项说的丧失价值，原文说的是不善于表明真正价值，两者不一致，故排除。 　　37、【答案】[C] suffered government biases 　　【解析】经济适用房曾受到政府的偏见。答案定位到文章第三段最后一句话It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need. 政府需要把历史的偏见放在一边并且采取一些策略解决我们迫切的住房需求。Suffered 是过去式，是对于原文history 的同义反复，biases 是对原文prejudices的同义反复。 　　38、【答案】[A] allow greater government debt for housing 　　【解析】根据人名George Osborne定位得知，此人将会让当地政府用来偿还建房借贷的限额变得更加宽松，并且在借贷限额放宽的情况下，将会另有60,000所房屋在未来的五年中建立，并由此拉动国内生产总值的百分之零点六。因此A(允许更大的政府的建房借贷)是正确的，而B(禁止当地政府建房)，C(准备减少建房借贷)，D(发布国内生产总值增长的预报)都与原文意思不符。 　　39、【答案】[C] contribute to funding new developments 　　【解析】推断题。根据文章题干定位到第五段，题干考察的是对稳定的租赁环境的理解。A项的意思是"减少注册供应者的成本"，其中"成本一词"并未在文中出现，属于无中生有。B项的意思是"减少政府接介入的影响"，其中"政府介入"并未在文中出现，属于无中生有。B项的意思是"有助于为新发展提供资金支持"，其中"为新发展提供资金支持"对应文中的"fund new developments";C选项中的"contribute to"(意思是有助于)对英文中的have a significant impact(意思是有重要影响)，符合正解的同义复现原则，所以是正确选项。 　　40、【答案】[D] stop generous funding to the housing sector 　　【解析】推断题。根据题干定位到最后一段第三行。考察的是2015年以后政府的可能性动作。A项的意思是"推行更多的政策来支持住房"与原文意义相反。B项的意思是重新审视大规模公共拨款的需求，与原文倒数第二段意义相违背。C项的意思是更新可负担的住房拨款项目并没有提到renew一词。D项的意思是停止对住房部门的大额资助，与原文的倒数第二句相匹配，故为正确选项。 Section III Translation 　　46、 　　【参考译文】 　　大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所推荐的虚假快乐。哈佛大学的Tal Ben-Shahar教授说，“健康的乐观主义，意味着要处于现实之中。”在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者，会尽努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都会有的结果。 　　Ben-Shahar 会进行三种乐观方面的练习。比如说，当他进行了一次糟糕的演讲，感到心情郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是人之常情。他会提醒自己：并不是每一次演讲都可以获得诺贝尔获，总会有一些演讲比其它演讲效果差。接着是重塑，他分析了这个效果不好的演讲，并且从那些起作用和不起作用的演讲中吸取教训为将来做准备。最后，需要有这样一种观点，那就是承认，在广阔的生命当中，一次演讲根本算不上什么。 Section IV Writing 　　Part A 　　47. Directions: 　　Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student, write him an email to 　　1) tell him about your living habits, and 　　2) ask for advice about living there 　　Dear John, 　　I am Li Ming who will go to study in your university and live together with you in one department. Now I am writing this letter to tell you some of my habits and ask you for some suggestions to adapt myself there. 　　To begin with, I usually get up early in the morning at six o"clock and then go out to do some exercise. To continue, I would like to spend my spare time in reading in the library. Meanwhile, I wonder if you could be so kind to offer me some proposals on how to get used to the life there. 　　I am looking forward to seeing you soon and wish everything goes well. 　　Yours sincerely, 　　Li Ming 　　Part B 　　48. Directions: 　　Directions: 　　Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should 　　1) interpret the chart, and 　　2) give your comments. 　　You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) 　　Writing B 　　What is clearly presented in the above chart is the different numbers of urban residents and rural population among 1990,2000 and 2010.The number of urban residents climbed steadily from 300 million in 1990 to 660 million or so in 2010，while rural population decreased slightly from about 820 million to 680 million or so in the same period. 　　It is not difficult to come up with some possible factors accounting for this trend. On the one hand, with the rapid development of economy and society, people in mounting numbers crowd into cities in search of employment, a decent living and the excitement of urban life recently. On the other hand, the economy in the rural districts is comparative less developed and thus the opportunity to make money and pursue their future is as well lean. As a result, an increasing number of folks are trying to escape this destiny by flocking into the urban areas. 　　Given the analyses above, I firmly believe that such established trend will surely continue for quite a while in the forthcoming years and due importance should be attached to this evident situation.

三种语境：我们虽然出身贫穷，但是我们其中有部分人渴望着飞黄腾达！我们都生活在庸庸碌碌的红尘，但是却总有人能仰望清凉如水的星空。我们都处境艰难，但是我们当中的一些人仍很乐观。说明：不要为自己暂时的处境而感到伤心、自卑，要志存高远，为未来憧憬。

perceive用法及短语如下：perceive的名词形式：perception ；perceive是一个英语单词，动词，作及物动词时意思是“察觉，感觉；理解；认知”，作不及物动词时意思是“感到，感知；认识到”。短语搭配erceive notice感知cognize perceive认知perceive instinctively直觉感到双语例句1、How do you perceive them?你又如何看待他们？2、I perceive something.我感知某事物。3、The concept reality means to each of us what we perceive, what we experience.真实的概念对我们每个人都意味着我们感知的一切，经历的一切。

歌名：MADE IN HEAVEN歌手：HYDE作词: HYDE 作曲: HYDEMade in heaven,I"m your creation罪深き存在破壊冲动に性的冲动植え付けられた脳Are you worried, baby?Won"t you hear the word?I will guide you forward Come hereI want your blood, give it to meI taste your cells, instinctivelyCome, drink my blood, lose all reasonOut of control, instinctivelyLight the fire of desireHe awaits sweet depravity, ha ha!Oh, my brother,I understand well闇无き光无しお望み通り共犯悪の地へ降临をPut your trust in me, baby.I"m not telling liesLet me show you a secret.Come hereThe smell of sweat,now the stage is setUnchain your closed mindsSlaves of desire,throats are running dryHear the beating of our heartsI want your blood, give it to meI taste your cells, instinctivelyCome, drink my blood,lose all reasonOut of control, instinctivelyLight the fire of desireHe awaits our disgraceGet heavy, make merryNot scary, sweet depravity, ha ha!http://music.baidu.com/song/1353193

歌曲名:Upside Down歌手:Diana Ross专辑:Lost And Found: Disco Volume 2Upside downDiana RossI said upside downYou"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingWhen no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundI know you got charm and appealYou always play the fieldAs long as the sun continues to shineThere"s a place in my heart for youThat"s the bottomlineUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingBut no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning mehttp://music.baidu.com/song/8060011

MADE IN HEAVEN天堂制造 我是你的创造物罪恶深刻的存在 破坏性的冲动被移植的大脑宝贝 你是否还在担心？ 难道你不想听听吗？我将带你前行 来吧我渴望你的血液 给我本能的品尝着你的每一寸来吧 吞下我的血液 失去理智本能的失去控制点燃欲望之火他在等待甜蜜的堕落 哈哈啊 我的兄弟 我完全明白没有黑暗与光明 正是希望的共犯降临在罪恶的大地宝贝 请相信我 我不是说谎让我告诉你一个秘密 来吧我渴望你的血液 给我本能的品尝着你的每一寸来吧 吞下我的血液 失去理智本能的失去控制点燃欲望之火他在等待甜蜜的堕落 哈哈汗水的气息 舞台正在搭建释放你紧闭的心灵欲望的奴隶 喉咙不断干涸是否听见我们的心跳？我渴望你的血液 给我本能的品尝着你的每一寸来吧 吞下我的血液 失去理智本能的失去控制点燃欲望之火他在等待我们的耻辱变得沉重 让我快乐不要惊慌 甜蜜的堕落 哈哈

歌曲名:Upside Down歌手:Diana Ross专辑:The Motown AnthologyUpside downDiana RossI said upside downYou"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingWhen no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundI know you got charm and appealYou always play the fieldAs long as the sun continues to shineThere"s a place in my heart for youThat"s the bottomlineUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingBut no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning mehttp://music.baidu.com/song/8001325

歌曲名:Upside Down歌手:欧阳靖专辑:100 Grand JinUpside downDiana RossI said upside downYou"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingWhen no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundI know you got charm and appealYou always play the fieldAs long as the sun continues to shineThere"s a place in my heart for youThat"s the bottomlineUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingBut no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning mehttp://music.baidu.com/song/1641326

歌曲名:Upside Down歌手:Diana Ross专辑:Love And Life: The Very Best Of Diana RossUpside downDiana RossI said upside downYou"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingWhen no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundI know you got charm and appealYou always play the fieldAs long as the sun continues to shineThere"s a place in my heart for youThat"s the bottomlineUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingBut no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning mehttp://music.baidu.com/song/2704655

歌曲名:Upside Down歌手:Diana Ross专辑:The #1"SUpside downDiana RossI said upside downYou"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingWhen no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundI know you got charm and appealYou always play the fieldAs long as the sun continues to shineThere"s a place in my heart for youThat"s the bottomlineUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingBut no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning mehttp://music.baidu.com/song/8518555

歌曲名:Upside Down歌手:Diana Ross专辑:The Very Best Of Pop Music 1980-81Upside downDiana RossI said upside downYou"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingWhen no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundI know you got charm and appealYou always play the fieldAs long as the sun continues to shineThere"s a place in my heart for youThat"s the bottomlineUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingBut no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning mehttp://music.baidu.com/song/59054819

歌曲名:Upside Down (Flor De Lis)歌手:Cal Tjader&Carmen McRae专辑:Heat WaveUpside downDiana RossI said upside downYou"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingWhen no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundI know you got charm and appealYou always play the fieldAs long as the sun continues to shineThere"s a place in my heart for youThat"s the bottomlineUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingBut no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning mehttp://music.baidu.com/song/8694920

Part A 　　Text 1 　　21、【答案】B A special tour 　　【解析】细节题。答案定位在第二段的“it is far better to spend money on experiences…like interesting trips…”，意思是“花钱消费在经历方面更好……，比如说有趣的旅行……”，由此可以得知答案是B选项“一场特别的旅行”。 　　22、【答案】A critical 　　【解析】观点态度题。答案定位在第三段的“something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it”，意思是“普通美国人一年花两个月的时间看电视，并且看电视几乎不可能更愉快”，因此可以得知作者对于看电视的态度是A选项“批判的”。 　　23、【答案】D rarity generally increases pleasure 　　【解析】观点例证题。答案定位在第三段，文章中提到Mc Rib这个例子，用这个例子证明的论点是“luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly”，大意是“有节制地消费奢侈品最令人愉悦”，D选项正是这句论点句的同义替换。 　　24、【答案】B may prove to be a worthwhile purchase 　　【解析】细节题。答案定位在最后一段的最后一句“most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent”，大意是“大多数人看完这本书后，认为物有所值”，因此可以推知B选项是正确答案。 　　25、【答案】A balance feeling good and spending money 　　【解析】主旨题。纵观全文可知，全文主要谈论花钱消费和心情愉悦之间的关系，因此答案定位在A选项。 　　Text 2 　　26、【答案】A our self-ratings are unrealistically high 　　【解析】题目问 “根据第一段，社会心理学家发现了什么?”对应于文章第一 段第三句“社会心理学家对所谓的‘高于均数效应"或者‘虚幻的优越感"进行大量的研究，发现我们中70%的人认为自己的领导力在平均水平之上……―这些数据明显都是不可能的。”由此可知，我们对自己评价过高。故答案为[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high。 　　27、【答案】C intuitive response 　　【解析】题目问“视觉识别被认为是人们的什么?”对应于文章第三段第三句“视觉识别是自动的心理过程，这个过程依靠直觉快速发生，且并不是故意的。”由此可知，视觉识别被认为是人们的直觉反应。故答案为[C] intuitive response。 　　28、【答案】B believe in their attractiveness 　　【解析】题目问“Epley发现有更高自尊的人倾向于怎样”。对应到第四段，第二句讲到“没有证据显示那些自我提升最多的人这样做是为了掩饰自己的不安全，接着讲到：事实上，那些认为自己的形象高于吸引力标准的人就是那些表现出更高自尊的人，故答案为[B] believe in their attractiveness。 　　29、【答案】[A] instinctively 　　【解析】题目问“最接近viscerally的意思的是?”。对应到第五段，viscerally所在句讲到“许多人讨厌照片中的自己，从某种层面上说，他们甚至不承认照片中的人是他们自己。”而下文又讲到facebook是自我拔高者的天堂，在那里人们可以分享最满意的的照片。”由此可知，viscerally在本句中是“本质上地”意思，故答案为[A] instinctively。 　　30、【答案】[D]withhold their unflattering sides 　　【解析】题干问“我们可以推理出脸书(facebook)之所以是一个自我拔高者的天堂，是因为人们可以做什么?”对应于文章最后一段的第二句，该句讲到“在脸书(facebook)中，人们可以分享最满意的照片。”下文接着讲到“不是人们不诚实，而是人们展示了自己最理想的形象。”故答案为[D]withhold their unflattering sides。 　　Text 3 暂缺 　　Text 4 　　36、【答案】[B] involves certain political factors 　　【解析】 根据本题题干中的关键词housing sector可以对应到文章的第二段， 中间说的很多，我们注意到最后有but出现，最后应该是作者真正想要表达的观点，另外这里用了the most significant 级，所以最后这个是最重要的一个原因，politically charged和选项B的political factors有对应关系，故选B involves certain political factors。 　　A项的吸引注意没有提及，C项的承担太多责任，原文说的shoulder the blame，D项说的丧失价值，原文说的是不善于表明真正价值，两者不一致，故排除。 　　37、【答案】[C] suffered government biases 　　【解析】经济适用房曾受到政府的偏见。答案定位到文章第三段最后一句话It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need. 政府需要把历史的偏见放在一边并且采取一些策略解决我们迫切的住房需求。Suffered 是过去式，是对于原文history 的同义反复，biases 是对原文prejudices的同义反复。 　　38、【答案】[A] allow greater government debt for housing 　　【解析】根据人名George Osborne定位得知，此人将会让当地政府用来偿还建房借贷的限额变得更加宽松，并且在借贷限额放宽的情况下，将会另有60,000所房屋在未来的五年中建立，并由此拉动国内生产总值的百分之零点六。因此A(允许更大的政府的建房借贷)是正确的，而B(禁止当地政府建房)，C(准备减少建房借贷)，D(发布国内生产总值增长的预报)都与原文意思不符。 　　39、【答案】[C] contribute to funding new developments 　　【解析】推断题。根据文章题干定位到第五段，题干考察的是对稳定的租赁环境的理解。A项的意思是“减少注册供应者的成本”，其中“成本一词”并未在文中出现，属于无中生有。B项的意思是“减少政府接介入的影响”，其中“政府介入”并未在文中出现，属于无中生有。B项的意思是“有助于为新发展提供资金支持”，其中“为新发展提供资金支持”对应文中的“fund new developments”;C选项中的“contribute to”(意思是有助于)对英文中的have a significant impact(意思是有重要影响)，符合正解的同义复现原则，所以是正确选项。 　　40、【答案】[D] stop generous funding to the housing sector 　　【解析】推断题。根据题干定位到最后一段第三行。考察的是2015年以后政府的可能性动作。A项的意思是“推行更多的政策来支持住房”与原文意义相反。B项的意思是重新审视大规模公共拨款的需求，与原文倒数第二段意义相违背。C项的意思是更新可负担的住房拨款项目并没有提到renew一词。D项的意思是停止对住房部门的大额资助，与原文的倒数第二句相匹配，故为正确选项。

歌曲名:Upside Down歌手:Tori Amos专辑:Legs And Boots: Buffalo, Ny - October 24, 2007Upside downDiana RossI said upside downYou"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingWhen no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundI know you got charm and appealYou always play the fieldAs long as the sun continues to shineThere"s a place in my heart for youThat"s the bottomlineUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingBut no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning mehttp://music.baidu.com/song/8459777

歌曲名:Upside Down (Down Under Mix)歌手:Diana Ross专辑:Diana Extended - The RemixesUpside downDiana RossI said upside downYou"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingWhen no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundI know you got charm and appealYou always play the fieldAs long as the sun continues to shineThere"s a place in my heart for youThat"s the bottomlineUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundInstinctively you give to meThe love that I needI cherish the moments with youRespectfully I see to theeI"m aware that you"re cheatingBut no one makes me feel like you doUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside downBoy, you turn meInside outAnd round and roundUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyUpside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning meYou"re giving love instinctivelyAround and round you"re turning meI see to thee respectfullyI said a upside down you"re turning mehttp://music.baidu.com/song/2736515

reachingout是1984年洛杉矶奥运会的主题歌、、、、seehowthechildreachesoutinstinctivelytofeelhowfirewillfeel.seehowthemanreachesoutinstinctivelyforwhathecannothave.thepullandthepushofitall.reachingoutforthehand.reachingoutforthehandthatsmacked.reachingoutforthathandtohold.reachingoutforthestar.reachingoutforthestarthatexplodes.reachingoutformama.seehowtheflowerleansinstinctivelytowardthelight.seehowtheheartreachesoutinstinctivelyfornoreasonbuttotouch.thepullandthepushofitall.reachingoutforthehandreachingoutforthehandthatsmackedreachingoutforthathandtohold.reachingoutforthestar.reachingoutforthestarthatexplodes.reachingoutformama.(can"twesee...)reachingoutformama.看看如何儿童达到了本能感觉如何防火会的感受。见该名男子如何达到了本能为什么他不能有。下拉和推动这一切的。为深远的手。展为手smacked。展为手举行。深远，为明星。达到为恒星爆炸。展为妈妈。看看如何花倾向于本能对轻。看看如何心脏达到了本能为没有理由，但触及。下拉和推动这一切的。达到为手展为手smacked展为手举行。深远，为明星。达到为恒星爆炸。展为妈妈。（我们不能见……）展为妈妈。“希望您满意”

in every direction

第56课 1、 Without it we could not make a living. 还是without，以及双重否定的一个虚拟结构。同时 make 这个词是很经典的。 这句话很适用TWE作文的写作里面，作为自己支持观点的引语。 Eg: creativityv.s knowledge Without creativity we could not make a livingin such a fast-developing society. 2、 We knowinstinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, thatmisfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were notrelated to it. 利用类比来说。 Eg: We knowinstinctively, just as beekeeper with their bees, that a good eating habit isnecessary for one to keep fit. 3、 This is a rare occurrence as our climate seldom goes to extremes. 带as 的句子。。这里是引导原因的连词 同时 this is a rare occurrence 这个表达，比普遍的 this seldom happens。。要好 4、 Next came ahorse, swimming bravely, but we were afraid that the strength of the current would preventits landing anywhere before it became exhausted. 这段话的层次很清晰。又是一个倒装开始，用一个进行时的状语。

perceive notice感知，cognize perceive认知，perceive instinctively直觉感到perceive是一个英语单词，动词，作及物动词时意思是“察觉，感觉；理解；认知”，作不及物动词时意思是“感到，感知；认识到”。例句：1、How do you perceive them?你又如何看待他们？2、I perceive something.我感知某事物。3、The concept reality means to each of us what we perceive, what we experience.真实的概念对我们每个人都意味着我们感知的一切，经历的一切。perceive与as搭配时，其意为“看待，理解”，此时它是及物动词，即其后要接宾语（perceive?as?），不存在你说的“perceive一定是属于前面的某个从句”的问题。例句：She began to perceive him as a loser. 她开始把他看作是一个失败者。I perceived her statement as a threat. 我把她的声明看成是威胁。New technology is often perceived as a threat. 新技术常被看作是一种威胁。The General"s words were perceived as a threat by neighbouring countries. 将军说的话被邻国看作是一种威胁。

形容词，违反直觉的，有悖常理的意思

47(1)选料加工。煨是用惑汤较长时间加热成熟的烹调方法。用于最制的是些滋味鲜香、结编组织多，质地老物,但受热后易软熟又有清精化波质感的原料，如老母鸡鸭、猪五花肉、蹄防、牛肋条,腱、板筋、航股、牛尾然危等原料。初步加工时，务必挟尽残毛，漂洗干净，最大限卖地除去部分异味。煆制菜香以块状原料为主(也有整形的)。(2)初步熟处理。 煨制菜肴在初步熟处理中，对除异味，彬香味，保证形态完整等方面有重要的作用，要根据其品类、咸地而灵苦应用- -般发、危、禽类原料以煽炒为主:鸡、鸭、期、您肉类原科以炸为主:牛肉、猪肉类原料以掉水为主，熟处理应控制在刚熟或断生的成熟程度。(3 )调味煆制。煨制菜肴的复合味以成鲜味，成甜味、香体味为主，味感要酝香鲜美，突出主料本身的滋味。煆制时先接足鲜汤，质入原料旺火烧涉，搬去浮休，次性加人调味品烧沸加盖移微火景制酥软，装盘成菜。2.工艺流程燃味鲜香。质炮老钢受热软熟后补信化酒加工切配选用不同的熟处理方法初步熟处理 调味煨制一次性测味，突出原料底味搭足鲜汤，推去浮沫，加盖、微火煨茶酥软票能下净以块状为主原料选择成菜装盘3.操作要领(1 )般制菜肴要突 出原料本身的滋味，煨的方法对于除长原料异味的作用较弱，所以一定要选用新鲜无异味的原料。为了保证菜肴的质感，切配的块状原料不宜太小。(2)煆制菜肴时要-次性掺足鲜汤，其扬鼠的多少还应根据菜肴的要求而定，一般有色煆制菜肴的汤量较少，本色煨制策看的荡量较多。然肴汤片的多少我被聘度，应粮礼实肴的复合味来定，威解味菜肴的汤补较觉并饭而不街。公智味、玻酯味停菜肴的扬计较少并效稠度萨。(3 )菜肴爆制中，要盖严煨制器皿，中途尽益少补道，火力以最计沸而不腾为宜，微制的时间要保证业清的贵感热软酥输，否则影响溅制菜着的风味特色。4.注意事项(1)不新鲜、异味重、质地细嫩或肉质太瘦等类顾料不宜烹翻煨菜。(2)润菜着有多种原料的，除采用初步热处理，调剂成熟程度外，还可用投料先后的办法，使其成熟程度一致。( 3 )煨制菜肴 的色泽不宜过深。( 4 )煨制成熟的时间和食用时间要配合好， 宜热食，柴看成熟及时上桌，以保证食用想水。5.集例舞子肉、龟肉汤《菜例一)牌子肉原料水发海参750克水发鱼题500克干贝 150克鸡蛋 10个冬笋 500克水发冬菇750克花椒发店2克冰糖 50克精盐

钱钟书学贯古今，被称为“文化昆仑”。其作品《林纾的翻译》比较全面地反映了钱钟书的翻译观，另有大量见地独到的论述翻译的片段，散落在《管锥编》、《谈艺录》等著述中。他所标举的“化境”说，更是在中国译界产生了深远影响。 钱钟书提出翻译的最高理想是“化境”。他认为：“文字翻译的最高理想可以说是‘化"。把作品从一国文字转变为另一国文字，既能不以语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风格，那就算得入于‘化境"。”这表明翻译既要用译入语再现原语信息，又能完全保持原作的风味；既要在内容、形式等诸多方面忠实于原作，有要求译文自然流畅，不可生硬牵强。 例1、 One man was lamed in his legs while another has lost his eyesight. The blind man taking the lame man on his shoulders kept a straight course by listening to the other"s orders. It was bitter all-daring necessity which taught them how by dividing their imperfections beeen them to make a perfect whole. 译文：一人腿脚不好，另一人眼睛不好。盲人背着瘸子，听着他指路。 但教他们如何通过分开他们之间的缺陷，组合为一个完美的整体却需要莫大勇气，因为这有点残忍。 钱译：一跛一盲，此负彼相，因难见巧，何缺成全。 解析：此段摘自《管锥编》，以极简的语言说明了一位盲人和一位跛者相互扶助，取长补短，彼此协作的情况。译文相较于原文来说，更加精炼，但对原文意思的表达却没有任何删减。 例2、A rotten carcass of a butt not rigged / Nor tackle sail nor mast; the very rats/ Instinctively have quit it. 译文：传位已腐烂，没有装载，/无轳无帆，也无桅杆; 那只老鼠 /本能地已经弃船。 钱译：船已漏，鼠不留。 Rats leave a sinking ship. 译文：鼠不恋破舟。 解析：这两句的意思相近，但是语言表达则不尽相同。前者是莎士比亚戏剧《暴风雨》的一句台词。钱钟书译为“船已漏，鼠不留”，音韵和谐，更适合舞台演出效果。 例3、 Fie wrangling Queen/ Whom every thing bees to chide to laugh / To weep; whose every passion fully strives/ To make itself in thee fair and admired! 译文：皇后即便争吵、斥责、大笑、哭泣也仪态万千；每个情态都风情万种、令人殷羡！ 钱译：（赞皇后之美）嗔骂、嬉笑、涕气，各态咸宜，七情能生百媚。 Fie fie upon her! / There"s language in her eyes her cheek her lip;/ Nay her foot speaks. 译文：看看她啊！ / 她的眼睛、脸颊、嘴唇都有言语；/ 甚至她的脚也会说话。 钱译：咄咄！若人眼中、颊上、唇边莫不有话言，即其足亦解语。 解析：赞扬美貌历来被看作难事，加之东西方对美貌的判别差别较大，更是难上加难。且看钱老如何化解。前一句展现了皇后各态皆美，“七情六欲”，“千娇百媚”是汉语中的词语，根据原文，两者加以组合，“七情能生百媚”不仅对仗工整，还给读者留下足够的想象空间，想象皇后的美貌。后一句同样是赞美，“in her eyes her cheek her lip”，钱老在“眼”、“颊”和“唇”后分别添了“中”、“上”和“边”，勾画出一幅顾盼生姿、唇角着笑的美人图。在形式上也符合汉字偏好双音节的特征。

traits n. (人的个性的)特征，特性，特点

第60课：觉得这篇文章是背诵的好文章。1、Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs of a civilized society. 开头就很平铺的说出了文章要说的内容，而且不觉得做作。。对比俺写文章。。绞尽脑汁想出来的句子，和后面又连不上。。蛮突兀的，而且，punctuality 可以用在阐述character方面的例子。2、Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in a state of chaos. 这几天研究NEC， 发现其实他们蛮喜欢用这种双重否定的。。或者说 是用本身就带否定意味的词来表达，什么not donot。。出现得不多。而且，是我们chinese喜欢用的排比句式。。。同时，这个句子MS是个虚拟。。。3、Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it. 这三句话是连一起的，所以说这篇文章推荐背诵。三个句子，都是看起来很小儿科的句子，单词句式都会，但是觉得很自然地，第一句陈诉观点，第二句虚拟假设相 反情况，到第三句又很自然地用倒装来说也有少量情况出现。。。反思俺写文章，都是心血来潮在前面一堆类似句式中突然冒一个其他的句式，多变的目的是达到 了，但是一点都不灵活。。。— —|4、He is therefore forgiven, if late for a dinner party. if引导的条件状语后置，其实这更多的符合欧美人的表达习惯，后面看到的很多句子，都和我们一般写出来的不一样。我们一般写 if...,he...,或者When..., he....5、But people are often reproached for unpunctuality(又是一个直接表示否定意义的词) when their only fault is cutting things fine. 推荐背的是 cutting things fine 这个词组——卡得太紧 句子意思是：但人们则常常仅仅由于将时间安排得太紧而引起不准时受到指责。 如果让我们来写这个句子的话： But people are often blamed just because they have arranged their agandas too heavy to be punctuality.— —|6、The over-punctual can be as much a trial to others as the unpunctual. 感觉很利索的过渡，直接把话题转移到另外一个方面，说提前太早到达其实和不按时是一样让人恼火的。。 as much a trial to others as。。觉得这个句子蛮经典的。。很明白地说出了早到也是对人的一种折磨。。。7、Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; and avoid the frustration of arriving at the very moment when the train is drawing out of the station and being unable(又是。。) to get on it. 个人蛮喜欢用的一种让步的句子.但是又不是单纯的表示让步，其实是2个并列的句子，同时做了另外一种情况的比较，觉得就说服力雄厚起来。 同时几个单词觉得蛮好：drawing out of the station 一般都会说 about to leave, take off,... very,这个词用在这里感觉就是正好掐在那一个让人觉得很闷郁的关键点 avoid the frustration 动词的名词形式，记得论坛上有篇蛮经典的帖子就是说 名词化趋势，把表达句子中心意思的词尽量用名词表达 be unable to ..比couldn"t, failed to, not successful。。这些用滥的会不会要好一点，而且 这个更多的就是强调事情有没有做成功8、An even harder situation is to be on the platform in good time for a train and still to see it go off without you. without..是使用频率很高的词，而且这个是介词短语做补语。这个句子是跟着上面的句子更进一步推进，加强后果的严重性。。9、She entered the station twenty minutes before the train was due, since her patents had imressen upon her that it would be unforgivable to miss it and cause the friends with whom she was going to stay to maike two journeys to meet her. since引导的从句再嵌套一个宾语从句，之下还有一个限定性的定语从句，结构蛮复杂，但是句子意思表达却相当清晰。。10、She felt in her handbag fot the piece of paper... 表达，使用的单词 feel。。一般我们写做习惯：She searched in her bag for the piece of paper..11、The girl, tear streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard"s van. 那个 tear streaming down her face 觉得这个状语用得蛮好的。。。第59课1、 People tend to amass possessions, sometimes without being aware of doing so.再一次的 without。。其实读过去 发现NCE里面很多这样的 with, without 带表示状态结构tend to。另外表达喜欢做什么意思的词2、 Those who never have to change house become indiscriminate collectors of what can only be described a clutter.蛮欣赏指代词 those 的用法的of + what引导名词从句3、 As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons, lack of physical and mental energy, both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away, and sentiment.再一个比较普遍的用法，就是像波浪线这种小的词组的，比如说爬山，气喘嘘嘘的。。quite out of breath4、 …and so they gradually acquire a value beyond their true worth.gradually：逐渐的意味，有随时间流逝的沧桑感。。。— —|beyond their true worth：超越了本身的价值如果自己翻译怎么写？they become more precious than they used to be?5、 Some things are collected deliberately in the home in an attempt to avoid waste.in an attempt to: 表示目的6、 Collecting, by occupying spare time so constructively, makes a person contented, with no time for boredom.还是by 状语的插入位置，也许这样更加符合他们的表达习惯吧。。第58课1、 Her shopping had tired her and her basket had grown heavier with every step of the way home.通过这样一种比较级来强调tired。。。2、 In the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest…一般我们写，只想着做什么什么，just thinking, concentrate on..3、 She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open, yet following her regular practice she had shut then before going out.Yet的用法，印象中老师一直强调yet的用法，也是属于英语中活用比较多的词4、 It was as clear as daylight then that burglars had forced an entry during her absence. 5、 Her first impulse was to go round all the rooms looking for the thieves, but then she decided that at her age it might be more prudent to have someone with her, so she went to fetch the porter from his basement.第一反应：这个impulse 更加形象的说出了是当时立刻的反应，带有冲动不理智的色彩。。选词的准确也许更多的是理解相近词各自不同的感情变化吧。。第57课1、 He did not marry again and I was brought up without a woman"s care; but I lacked for nothing, for he was both father and mother to me.看到这里的时候会发现，几乎在这里的每篇文章里面都会出现without , 以及本身带有否定意味的词而使句子变成双重否定。lack for。。记得高中做改错题这个是出现得最多的。。一般错写成lack of。。注意注意2、 His roots and mine had become too firmly embedded in the new land.这个句子的引申：比如说 某些观念已经深入地建立在人们心中。。Several ideas have become too firmly embedded in people"s mind.3、 I hired a car the day after landing and bought a comprehensive book of maps, which I found most helpful on the cross country journey, but which I did not think I should need on the last stage.这个句子的转折蛮有意思的：在登陆的同日我租了一辆汽车并购了一本详尽的地图册，我觉得它对越野旅行很有帮助，不过在旅行最后阶段我认为它未必有用。Comprehensive：感觉上也是外国人用得比较多的词 eg: comprehensive education 综合教育On the last stage: 另外一种表达“最后”还有划线的。。这个看起来蛮小儿科的，就是I don"t think。。否定前提。 但是在母语环境的影响下，在不知不觉的情况下，还是会说出 I think it does not…4、 It was not that I actually remembered anything at all.接着上句的宾语从句。文章里面作为穿插出现的短句子，以调整长短句的搭配和结构。5、 Fortunately for me, as I was wondering what to do next, there appeared on the horizon a man on horse back, riding in my diction.As 的用法，老师曾经强调过，属于比较灵活的词语，像引导定语从句，也可以引导原因状语从句，语气的强弱问题。。只是没太弄明白，所以多背一点有关的来提高对这个词的感觉吧。。。——|There appeared 这个是一个很简单的倒装句，因为前面的文字说作者感觉自己像掉进了一个梦魇，周围冷清没有一个人出现，所以这个倒装句更好地突出了 appeared 表达看见活物的心情，和强调了Fortunate for me第56课1、 Without it we could not make a living.还是without，以及双重否定的一个虚拟结构。同时 make 这个词是很经典的。这句话很适用TWE作文的写作里面，作为自己支持观点的引语。Eg: creativity v.s knowledge Without creativity we could not make a living in such a fast-developing society.2、 We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.利用类比来说。Eg: We know instinctively, just as beekeeper with their bees, that a good eating habit is necessary for one to keep fit.3、 This is a rare occurrence as our climate seldom goes to extremes.带as 的句子。。这里是引导原因的连词同时 this is a rare occurrence 这个表达，比普遍的 this seldom happens。。要好4、 Next came a horse, swimming bravely, but we were afraid that the strength of the current would prevent its landing anywhere before it became exhausted.这段话的层次很清晰。又是一个倒装开始，用一个进行时的状语。第55课 From the Earth: Greetings1、 Radio telescopes have one big advantage over conventional telescopes in that they can operate in all weather conditions and can pick up signals coming from very distant stars.这个 over 这个词。。以及 in that 表示原因的用法。2、 The radio telescope at Iodrell Bank in England was for many years the largest in the world.状语的位置，习惯了把for+时间段的放在句子前后，偶尔看一下这样的表达会觉得不适应3、 A new telescope, over twice the size, was recently built at Sugar Grove in West Virginia.划线的用法。4、 Astronomers no longer regard as fanciful the idea that they may one day pick up signal which have been sent by intelligent beings on other worlds.regard as fanciful the idea that….这个句子，刚开始看没太懂结构。其实正常的应该是 regard the idea that they… as fanciful. 为了平衡句子结构所以把as fanciful这个给提前了。蛮地道的表达。。至少是蛮不中式英语的表达在旧托福里，这样的语法结构也考过。5、 Highly advanced civilizations may have existed on other planets long before intelligent forms of life evolved on the earth.Highly这个词。。。觉得很多赞美的感情都包括在里面了。。最震撼的是看俺爸爸帮我改邮件， 最后一句 我本来写的是 I"m waiting for your replay.。。。。。 蛮土的Your reply will be highly appreciated.。。。以后俺发邮件最后一句都是这个了。。。还有advanced，一个用法比较多的词，属于要掌握好的词吧。6、 Aware of the fact that it would be impossible to wait thousands or millions of years to receive an answer from a distant planet, scientists engaged in Project Ozma ate concentrating their attention on stars which are relatively close.过渡句，连接2段间逻辑关系的句子。可以用做进一步详细的阐述，也可以做转折。 engage in 参与7、 A single picture would tell us more than thousands of words.这个简单句可以用于很多写作的论述中间。 比如说电脑的作用：A simple operation on the computer would save us more than thousands of minutes.8、 In an age when anything seems to be possible, it would be narrow-minded in the extreme to ridicule these attempts to find out if there is life in other parts of the universe.很好的结尾总结句子。还是那个 creativity v.s knowledgeIn an age when anything seems to be full of innovation, it would be narrow-minded in the extreme to regard knowledge gained as superior than creativity.今日总结：1、其实好多词光背了发现自己写作用的词汇还是没有提高，而从课文中抽出句子来，一方面是对语感的提高，而且也了解了这个词的适用场合，或者说，在你想到一个表达的时候，反应出来的不是单词，而是一个句子2、插入语，以及一些小的结构是在老外们表达的时候很喜欢用的。也避免了满篇的which, who什么的定语从句，而且使句子结构比较灵活。而这些小成分放的位置，有时候是很形象地突出他所要表达的意思。第54课 Instinct or Cleverness1、 We have been brought up to fear insects. 我们自幼就在对昆虫的惧怕中长大。2、 We regard them as unnecessary creatures that do more harm than good.我们把昆虫当作害多益少的无用东西。3、 We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths.我们在日常生活中，不但憎恶如蜘蛛、黄蜂之类令人讨厌的昆虫，而且憎恶并无大害的飞蛾等。4、 Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us from being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch. 即使知道勤奋的蚂蚁生活具有高度组织性的社会里，当看到大群蚂蚁在我们精心准备的午间野餐上爬行时，我们也无法抑制对它们的反感。5、 We enjoy staring at them, entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence. 我们喜欢入迷地看它们做事，它们不知道（但愿如此）我们就在它们身边。6、 Who has not stood in awe ate the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle?当看到蜘蛛扑向一只苍蝇时，一队蚂蚁抬着一只巨大的死甲虫凯旋归时，谁能不感到敬畏呢？ 第53课 In the Public Interest推荐背诵课文。1、 As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual.Introduce: 引进 bring in 的另外一种的表达Individual: 到处都在强调的用法。2、 The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure. 司法特派员不受任何政治压力的制约。3、 If a citizen"s complaint is justified, the Ombudsman will act on his behalf.On one"s behalf: 代表某人的利益如果公民的意见正确，司法特派员便为他伸张正义。4、 There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner"s complaint was justified and the Chief of Police stoutly denied the accusation. 材料中没有任何文字记载证明外国人所说的情况符合事实，警察局长矢口否认这一指控。第52课 Mud is Mud推荐背诵课文。1、 Mud is mud.实事求是。我们校训就是这个。但是在校训下面写的是：Extract truth from the facts.。。。不知道是不是中式英语。但是明显那个比这个好。2、 Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green, an observant visitor would soon notice that it is filled with what looks like a thick, grayish substance. 尽管那只瓶子呈淡绿色，但细心的客人很快就会发现瓶里装的是一种看上去黏稠，颜色发灰的东西。Observant： 细心。下次说人心细或者观察仔细不要光说careful，considerable，watch carefully..了3、 This brief experiment would dispel any further doubts you might entertain.Entertain：To hold the attention of with something amusing or diverting。使有兴趣的用法。这一简单的试验会消除你可能存有的一切疑虑4、 How Harry came into the possession of this outlandish stuff makes an interesting story which he is fond of relating. 哈里如何得到这种稀奇古怪的东西的，这里有个有趣的故事，而且他挺爱把它讲给别人听。5、 He expected the girl to look at him in blank astonishment.他原想女售货员会惊奇地望着他，不知所措blank 和 sheer 这个词一样，蛮形象的。。6、 Harry decided that this little game he had invented might prove to be expensive.他认识到自己发明的小小恶作剧是要付出很大的代价的。有点因小失大的意思。比如说，觉得“采纳这样的方法是得不偿失的。”The suggestion to be carried out might prove to be expensive.

Compared with ...,i prefer to...

used to do sth instinctively

D 模糊地

　　要报名参加雅思考试的朋友看这里，下面是雅思考试栏目提供“2017雅思阅读范例分析及两个注意”，希望可以帮助到大家! 　 　1. 注意与原文“长得像”的选项。 　　很多同学在做题的时候，往往因为句子没有理解到位而会选择一个与原文“长得像”的选项，因为觉得这个选项因为有原文的内容，所以觉得有安全感，觉得是找到了组织。殊不知，这个“组织”很有可能是一个假组织。我们先来看看下面这个例子： 　　【例题】 　　Children who are bullied 　　A are twice as likely to commit suicide as the average person. 　　B find it more difficult to relate to adults. 　　C are less likely to be violent in later life. 　　D may have difficulty forming relationships in later life. 　　【原文】 　　Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare. Victimised pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences. 　　【分析】 　　该段大意： 　　儿童之间的欺负可以让孩子感觉不开心和压抑，在极端情况下甚至会让儿童自杀，但是幸好很少。被欺负的孩子可能会在作为成人时经历人际交往的困难，与之形成对比的是，持续欺负别人的孩子长大后会变得身体上很暴力，且会犯罪。 　　定位的时候，当看到pupils就应当想到题干中的“children”，victimized可以跟题干的“who are bullied”对应上，所以此时题干中的信息在原文中找到了对应点，精读本句即可。注意，as这个单词单独出现，后接名词表示“作为”理解，所以“作为成年人”即“长大以后”。 　　带着我们对原文的理解看选项： 　　A选项：原文说“thankfully rare”，那么就不可能是普通人的两倍。与原文矛盾。 　　B选项：这个选项极有干扰性，因为出现了三个与原文一样的单词，但是不要仅仅关注重现的单词，还要看到考官悄然改变的词，选项中出现了relate to sb.这个用法，意思是“与某人打交道”，而原文中说“作为成年人难于形成与别人的人际关系”，并不是选项中“与成年人打交道困难”。该选项所述内容在原文没出现。 　　C选项：这个选项属于过度推断的选项，会困扰一部分同学。原文只是说了“欺负别人的孩子长大后会暴力”，那么被欺负的孩子因此就变得没有那么暴力吗?原文没有提及。 　　D选项：正确选项。选项中的relationship即是interpersonal relationships，in later life即是as adults。 　　【小结】 　　同学们往往会被原词重现所吸引，而没有注意到没有重现的词，即考官对原文的变动，比如更换介词、添加的新词等。 　　【练习】 　　In the first paragraph, the writer makes a point that 　　A. The director should plan the sound track at an early stage in filming 　　B. It would be wrong to overlook the contribution of sound to the artistry of films 　　C. The music industry can have a beneficial influence on sound in film 　　D. It is important for those working on the sound in a film to have sole responsibility for it 　　Though we might think of film as an essentially visual experience, we really cannot afford to underestimate the importance of film sound. A meaningful sound track is often as complicated as the image on the screen, and is ultimately just as much the responsibility of the director. The entire sound track consists of three essential ingredients: the human voice, sound effects and music. These three tracks must be mixed and balanced so as to produce the necessary emphases which in turn create desired effects. Topics which essentially refer to the three previously mentioned tracks are discussed below. They include dialogue, synchronous and asynchronous sound effects, and music. 　 　2.谨防过度推断。 　　在做判断题的时候，很多同学都会依据自己的理解得出一个推断出的结论，这种思路就是过度推断。但是同学们需要注意的是，雅思阅读是evidenced-based test，做题讲求的是证据，不能讲情感(实际上，这也是中英文的区别，中文讲究“情感、直觉”，英文讲究“证据”) 　　【例题】 　　The example of the ‘million-dollar quartet" underlines the writer"s point about 　　A recognising talent. 　　B working as a team. 　　C having a shared objective. 　　D being an effective leader. 　　【原文】 　　One of the most famous photographs in the story of rock"n"roll emphasises Ciaidini"s views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Sun"s ‘million-dollar quartet" could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison" a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillips"s ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasn"t inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label. 　　【分析】 　　原文大意： 　　太阳工作室原本可以有一个“五重唱”的组合，但是最后只有四重唱。原因是太阳工作室的老板想要革新音乐，在现有基础上融合黑人音乐、乡村音乐、布鲁士等等。工作室的四位歌手Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis本能地理解老板的野心，但是Orbison不以为然，所以最后在工作室发表了一张唱片就走了。 　　题目问的是‘million-dollar quartet"强调了作者什么观点，在原文中我们看到整个段落讲述了这个故事，当同学们读完了原文后，很容易理解为“他们本应是一个很好的团队，但是一个人不合，所以团队最终没有想象的好”，以至于最终答案选择为B。 　　然而，我们讲过，雅思阅读的选择题的正确选项是“一个萝卜一个坑”，即内容要有具化的表现。选项B中所提到的“working as a team”在原文中并没有提及任何的字眼，哪怕原文有working group, spirit of teamwork这样的字眼也行，但是都没有，属于NOT GIVEN的选项。同学们会选这个选项，完全是自己凭着对语言文字的理解，推理出的一个结论，这就是我所谓的“直觉”，即过度推论。 【注意】 　　再次强调，选择题的正确答案的单词或者表达在原文中一定要有体现，如同义词替换或者换说法的替换，总之要有体现。例如这道题的正确答案C: having a shared objective，原文中“wanted to …”，“ambition”，“goal”都是objective的替换。再进而去理解含义，发现选项讲的整体意思与原文是接近的，即可认为C选项是答案。

The life I wantJust want a warm enough in company, need not too full of material, as long as life level stability. I"m all alone is when many, began to refuse to strangers, in the bone is a beautiful and simple man, instinctively rejecting something. Stubborn, willful, unreasonable, sharp. There are many contradictions, but I do not want to face, always feel very strong, but also will come unexpectedly vulnerable, I have felt distressed. Perhaps everyone is cold, so whether a man or a woman, are eager to warm warm, but less, more close to the more cold thoroughly. In the past to and fro, when exhausted all my efforts and passion, have been thoroughly disappointed. Over time, all the regret is calm, all affection to die. We can only with common heart drive. The wind leaf to fall, his is not a wind in the leaves, courageously forward flight, and float to He Fang, fall to where ... ... ... ...我想要的生活只不过想要一个足够温暖的人陪伴，不需要太充实的物质，只要生活平实安定。我独自的时候很多，开始拒绝认识陌生人，骨子里是一个唯美而单纯的人，本能地拒绝着某些东西。固执、无理、任性、尖锐。有很多矛盾，但我不愿意面对，一直觉得很坚强，却也会有突如其来的脆弱，我曾在瞬间感到心疼。也许每个人都是寒冷的，所以无论男人还是女人，都渴望温暖，可是温暖那么少，越想靠近越是冷得透彻。在往事的来来回回中，当耗尽了所有的心力和激情，已经彻底失望。时间久了，所有的遗憾都是可以平复的，所有的深情都能够消亡。我们只能以平常之心驱赶情怀。风起叶欲坠，自己何尝不是一枚秋风中的枯叶，奋勇前飞，却又飘向何方，落向何地…………

有这样和平的维护者、美容; 硕士太多亮度和欢乐的阳光景观; 这些歌曲的音乐在blithesome夏季鸟类; 在这种自由的迅猛flingt总理、carering开销; 这么多的生命和joyouness所有; 到时男孩抬起眼睛疼痛、锁定约,以为他直觉想到--这不是死亡时间; 可以肯定,玫瑰不死当事情都非常高兴,并谦虚的同志; 该墓为冷清的冬季,不是sunlinght、篆

左眼英文是l，左眼英文是left eye。左眼是用L代表，是英文Left的缩写，而右眼是用R代表，是英文Right的缩写。一般进行眼部各项检查时，通常会用R和L代表右眼和左眼，一般医院检查的顺序是先右后左，不容易混淆，且较有规律、有顺序。短语搭配1、Close One"s Left EyeBlink One"s Left Eye;Wink with the Left Eye.闭上左眼；眨左眼；用左眼眨眼。2、The Twitching of the Left Eye;Squint One"s Left Eye;Eye Patch on the Left Eye.左眼跳；斜视左眼；左眼眼罩。3、Tear in the Left Eye;Cover One"s Left Eye;Squinting with the Left Eye.左眼流泪；遮住左眼；用左眼斜视。left eye双语例句：1、I covered my left eye with my hand to protect it from the bright light.我用手遮住左眼，保护它免受强光的刺激。2、He felt a sudden pain in his left eye and instinctively covered it with his hand.他突然感到左眼疼痛，本能地用手遮住了它。3、She covered her left eye with her hand to shield it from the strong wind.她用手遮住左眼，保护它免受强风的影响。4、The bright flash startled me, and I immediately covered my left eye with my hand.明亮的闪光灯吓到了我，我立即用手捂住左眼。

　　英语作文 篇1 　　We had an English Evening yesterday. there were many performances. Almost everyone took part in it. Miss Tang joined us. She sang us some nice English songs， we enjoyed her sweet voice very much. Helen＇s recitation was so good that she gave three encores. Peter， Eric， and Martin＇s short play was so interesting that we couldn＇t help laughing. Towards the end of the party we danced and sang together. We not only practiced our English but also had a good time. 　　英语作文 篇2 　　One day on my way to school，I ran across a traffic accident，in which a girl was seriously injured by a motorcycle.I rushed to her rescue instinctively.I lifted her in my arms and hailed a taxi，which took us quickly to a nearby hospital. 　　After emergency treatment，the girl came to.I felt at ease when I knew that she had only suffered from minor bone fractures and would recover in a couple of weeks.I left the hospital without giving my name，but my heart was full of joy and peace.Not until then did I understand the meaning of the proverb：Helping others is the source of happiness.This may be the most unforgettable experience of my life. 　　英语作文 篇3 　　English is one of my best subjects and I started learning English when I was ten years old. But at the very beginning，listening seemed a little difficult for me. So I have been doing a lot of listening practice，such as listening to tapes，watching English TV programs. And I found it really helpful. In fact，there are some more helpful ways to learn English well. For example，I enjoy singing English songs and I want to join an English club or find a pen pal from Englishspeaking countries. I believe that nothing is impossible if you put your heart into it. 　　英语作文 篇4 　　Before I was five years old， my parents gave me what I wanted， but as I became bigger， they changed their attitude towards me. My parents no longer satisfy me with all I want. When I want to buy a new dress， my mother wonu2019t buy for me directly， she asks me to do something to exchange for it. Such as doing the housework or making progress in the study. Whatu2019s more， when I meet the difficulties， my parents wonu2019t solve them for me immediately， instead， they will leave me to think about them and help me to solve them. What my parents do to me is right， it is my road to grow up. 　　英语作文 篇5 　　David Beckham is the only football player I can recognize. It is said that he is famous for his great skills of playing soccer and also his handsome outlook. I first know him from my big brother who is a crazy fan. In his bedroom one of wall is covered with Beckhamu2019s pictures. And my deskmate is a crazy fan of Beckham but she pay more attention to the gossip and news about this famous football player. Considering these people， who like David， around me， so it is too hard to know him. 　　英语作文 篇6 　　My favorite season is winter, because I like the cold weather in winter and I like dress warm clothes. Winter is the fourth season in the year. It begins around December. In the northern part of China, it usually snows in winter, so itu2019s a white season. There are many snow games to have fun in the winter. But in the south, it hardly snows. When it rains, it becomes very cold. People barely go to the outdoors. 　　英语作文 篇7 　　Since I was a little child， I had a dream that I wanted to be a doctor. When I was little， I watched many TV series and movies about doctors. I thought they were so great. Therefore， I made up my mind to be a doctor. In my opinion， doctor is the people who can help patience get out of sickness and pain.I want to be the person who can help others. However， being a doctor needs so much professional knowledge and there is a long way to go. So I have to try my best on my study and go to a good college. 　　英语作文 篇8 　　Nowadays， almost everyone has a mobile phone. Some people even have two or three. Mobile phones changes our lives a lot. Itu2019s so easy to get to others. All you have to do is making a call. You can talk to anyone no matter how far you are. Making calls and texting messages are the basic functions of mobile phones. But now， we can do a lot of things by mobile phones 　　such as listening to the music， watching movies， taking photos， reading books and so on. Itu2019s so functional that it seems like a computer to some extent. Some people even deal with their business by mobile phones. Itu2019s amazing. 　　英语作文 篇9 　　My birthdayu2019s in February. It was my birthday last week. I had a big birthday party . Lots of friends came to my home that day. They gave me a lot of birthday presents. We sang and danced at the party. We also ate birthday cake. We had a good time. 　　Tomorrow is my birthday， and that day is very near， so I decide to make a plan for it. On that morning， my mother will go shopping with me. We will buy something nice to eat. And then， I will invite my classmates to come to my birthday party. We can sing，dance and play games. I am looking forward to that day. 　　英语作文 篇10 　　I really like the sea. Seeing it makes me relaxed and peaceful. My home is near the see and I love walking on the beach. Often， after dinner， I like going to the beach with my parents or friends. After sunset， the sea becomes so different from daytime. 　　The see breeze makes me comfortable. Walking without shoes feels great， because the sand is so soft. Sometimes， we will play games on the beach or make some sand sculptures. Its really funny. Besides， there are many people on the beach， and we often talk to them or play with them. Therefore， its a good chance to make new friends there. 　　英语作文 篇11 　　Tomorrow is Midautumn festival， since I donu2019t have go to school， so I want to take a break and have fun. Midautumn festival is a big day， in the tradition， the families will get together and have a big dinner. For me， I have made some plans. In the morning， I will go shopping with my sister， we will buy some delicious food， so as to prepare for the dinner. In the evening， after finishing the supper， I want to play some games with my family， since it is the precious moment for us get together， we must enjoy the moment. At last， we will watch the TV show， what a wonder night. 　　英语作文 篇12 　　Summer vacation life rich and colorful， flavor， let a person aftertaste endless. The most interesting or learn to swim in the swimming pool of the matter. Remember the day on August 10， I cant swim， a listen to friends said wantai hotel swimming pool is open， is extremely happy. A school， I was at the speed of fast ran home to tell mom， mom a listen to， say： good！ Your dad and Ill take you to go tomorrow. 　　英语作文 篇13 　　Bike is a popular means of transportation .It is a friendly environment transport tool.I like riding bikes when go tra一velling or go shopping.Nowdays motor cars are increasingly popular but I think it will cause a lot of damage to us .First it will give out lots of waste gas，which will contribute to the global warming.It is bad for our earth.Second.the number of the cars is becoming larger and larger and the crowded traffic will certainly bring about the risk of safety.So I think riding a bike is a better choice if we take environment into consideration.

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There is a fact that the proportions of male and female students vary in different subjects. Attentions drawn by this long-existed phenomenon have been accelerating arguments inside our society.More than ever, a strong voice from UK women rights community, which female students should be provided special priorities in university acceptance, has been supported in a wide-range of places. This proposal is considered to be an effective measurement to reduce sexual discrimination"s rate currently. In addition, a higher percentage of female students in education field would probably create much more innovative and successful outcomes in the near future. This has been taken into research by a group of exporters who are advanced in physical features.However, the oppositing thoughts are accompanied all the time. Jane, noted commenter in BBC, urged that a purposed interference on subject"s acceptance, could only do nothing positive but even partly frustrate such students who are supposed to be selected for their sufficient terms. Students majored in nursing, are required calm moods, excellent patience, etc. These personalities definitely convinced, belong to much more girls than boys instinctively. In similarity, Physicals need students who are strong determined, working hard, able to struggle under high pressure, which are best suitable to explain why male is far more likely to drive the rudder. Personally I would rather to admire the objective regulars that each case should be judged depending on its exclusive characteristic. Female students should be given equal rights to compete with males in all university subjects, but whether the ultimate figures of their proportions are equal should be discussed based on their individual actions and efforts.百度找到的。写得很好。大概就是说女大学生和男大学生的比例是否需要在大学学科中保持平等。

不单纯从事美术绘画，而需要定位软件使用者、使用环境、使用方式并且最终为软件用户服务，他们进行的是集科学性与艺术性于一身的设计，他们需要完成的，简单说来，正是一个不断为用户设计视觉效果使之满意的过程。设计从工作内容上来说分为3大类别，即研究工具，研究人与界面的关系，研究人。 与之相应， UI设计师的职能大体包括三方面：一是图形设计，即传统意义上的“美工”。当然，实际上他们承担的不是单纯意义上美术工人的工作，而是软件产品的产品“外形”设计。二是交互设计，主要在于设计软件的操作流程、树状结构、操作规范等。一个软件产品在编码之前需要做的就是交互设计，并且确立交互模型，交互规范。三是用户测试/研究，这里所谓的“测试”，其目标恰在于测试交互设计的合理性及图形设计的美观性，主要通过以目标用户问卷的形式衡量UI设计的合理性。

有关龙的传说作为中国文化的象征，龙不是被帝王们全部霸占。在民间，龙仍然以各种方式出现。中国的各个民族几乎都有以龙为主题的传说和故事，人们以赛龙舟、舞龙灯来欢庆节日，以祭祀龙来祈求风调雨顺，下面介绍一些龙的传说：龙的传说——天龙：太原晚报副刊以“天龙”为名。有朋友问：天龙是怎样的龙？为什么会有天龙？天龙，当然指天上的龙，或升天的龙。龙能够腾翔于云天，是由其取材对象和神性决定的。龙的神性可以用喜水、好飞、通天、善变、显灵、征瑞、兆祸、示威来概括。其中的“好飞”和“通天”，是“天龙”形成的决定性因素。我们知道，作为龙的集合对象，雷电、云雾、虹霓等本来就是飞腾在空中的“天象”；而鱼、鳄、蛇等在水中潜游之快，马、牛、鹿等在陆地上奔跑之速，都类似于“飞”枣古人由于思维的模糊性，往往将潜游于水中的鱼、鳄、蛇等，奔跑于陆地上的马、牛、鹿等，和飞升腾跃在空中的雷电、云雾、虹霓等看成一个神物的不同表现，从而认为能在水中游、地上跑，也就能在天上飞。“好飞”必然“通天”。因为“飞”的方向和域界，自然是，也只能是神秘、辽阔、至高无上的天。因而，从远古到如今，人们总是让神龙常常出现在浩渺无垠的昊天云气中。浙江余姚河姆渡遗址出土的黑陶双耳盆上，有将“鱼藻纹”和“鸟纹”刻划在一起的图案；陕西宝鸡北首岭遗址出土的“鸟鱼纹”，也将天上飞的鸟同水中游的鱼枣龙的集合对象联系起来。这就透示出，早在新石器时代早期，龙的模糊集合之初，龙就开始有了“通天”的意味。长沙陈家大山楚墓出土了一件“龙凤导引升天帛画”。画面上的龙，竖身卷尾，头脸朝天，肢爪划动，跃跃而上。旁边是它的同伴枣昂首展翅的凤。龙凤之下，站一位双手合十的裙服女子。显然，这位女子在祈祷着、接受着龙凤的导引，要飞升到天上去，做一名自由自在的“女仙”。于是，龙就有了沟通天地，做天地间的桥梁和信使的能力和身份。那些专制帝王们之所以称自己为“真龙天子”，其根本点就在于瞅准了龙的“通天”的神性，和充当天地间桥梁和信使的能力。对于老百姓而言，“天龙”则是一种民族心理的对应、释放和外化。我们的祖先们，生活在异常艰辛的环境里，自然界灾害频仍，氏族间你争我斗，自身面临生老病死诸多苦痛。进入阶级社会后，又增加了来自专制皇权的压力，而这后一种压力又同道德伦理相结合，以“三纲五常”等形式箍桶填鸭般灌进人们的血脉中，不容分说、无可拒绝地捆绑住人们的手脚。然而，追求自由乃是人之为人的天性枣天性自由却无时不在羁绊之中，于是，人们期冀着、希求着、幻想着挣开绳索，超脱尘世，过一种能使天性充分展开的无拘无束的生活。龙为满足人们这样的心理提供了可能。它既可以舒畅地在水中游，矫捷地在地上走，更可以潇洒地在天上飞。天上多么美妙啊！皎洁的明月，雪白的云团，艳丽的霞光，更有长风千里，电掣万仞，雷霹八方……天龙，天龙，实际上是人心想高飞、在高飞啊。龙的传说——龙珠：人们在建筑彩画、雕刻、服饰绣品等载体上常见“龙戏珠”（有“单龙戏珠”、“二龙戏珠”、“三龙戏珠”、“多龙戏珠”之分）图案。有朋友问了：什么是“龙珠”？“龙珠”因何而来？“龙戏珠”又是怎么回事？龙珠是与龙有关的珠。“千金之珠，必在九重之渊而骊龙颌下。”这是《庄子》的说法了。《埤雅》也言“龙珠在颌”。《述异记》讲，“凡有龙珠，龙所吐者……越人谚云：‘种千亩木奴，不如一龙珠。"”上述说法讲了两个意思：一是龙珠常藏在龙的口腔之中，适当的时候，龙会把它吐出来；二是龙珠的价值很高，用民谚来说，就是得一颗龙珠，胜过种一千亩柑橘。那么，龙珠从何而来呢？龙为什么要戏珠呢？我们知道，珠，是水中的某些软体动物，在一定的外界条件刺激下，其贝壳内分泌并形成的圆形颗粒，因其有亮丽的光泽而被人们所喜爱，因而被称作珍珠。既然水中的动物能生出珠来，作为水族之长的龙，自然也要有珠而生了枣这该是龙珠神话产生的一个基本思路。但是，事情好像还不是这么简单。龙是模糊集合起来的神物，集合的对象有鱼、鳄、蛇、猪、马、牛，以及雷电、云雾、虹霓等等。其中，鳄类和蛇类是卵生的。卵是圆形的，也可以说是颗粒状的，是比珍珠大得多的颗粒。那么，古人会不会把鳄卵蛇卵当作一种“珠”呢？回答是肯定的。古人能将鳄蛇作为主要的集合对象，对其卵自然不会忽略；对鳄和蛇来说，卵的意义是重大的，是生命之源，有卵便有鳄、有蛇，进而才有龙。因此，卵是完全可以以“珠”的身份进入龙的生活之中的。那么，龙珠就是龙卵；龙戏珠，实际上就是龙戏“卵”，是龙这个神物，对生命的呵护、爱抚和尊重。其中体现和表达的，是古人的一种“生命意识”，即对转承不息的生命现象的认识、理解和发挥。民间吞珠化龙的传说为我们的看法提供了注脚：某少年割草（或打水）得一宝珠，此珠放到米缸涨米，放到钱柜生钱。某财主知道后，带人来抢珠。少年情急中将珠放到口里，却一不小心咽了下去。于是口渴求饮，缸水喝干了，又去喝河水、江水。喝着喝着，头上冒出了角，眼睛朝外凸，身子变长出鳞枣化为龙了。这样的传说广泛地流传于四川、浙江、广东等地，从中透示出“珠”的珍贵，以及珠和龙生命相依的关系。太阳，是我们对“珠”的另一个理解。我们见到的一些龙戏珠图案，尤其是那些二龙戏珠图案，其珠多有火焰升腾，分明是一枚“火珠”或“火球”；下面是滔滔海水，可以理解为火球跃出海面。在人们的视野和观念中，堪称“火球”的，太阳可排在第一。那么，很显然，火球出海也就是太阳出海了。既然是太阳出海，为什么要龙来“戏”呢？这里要引入古人眼中的四方神：东方青龙，西方白虎，南方朱雀，北方玄武。太阳是从东方升起的，龙则是代表东方的神物。这样看来，龙戏珠就有太阳崇拜的意思了，该是太阳崇拜和龙崇拜的交融。龙分雌雄，这是二龙戏珠的图案比较多的原因。如果珠作卵解，就是父母双方共同呵护、爱抚他们的子女；如果珠作太阳解，就是雌雄二龙共迎旭日东升，让灿烂的阳光普照大地。再者，二龙对称，龙体弯长，珠形滚圆，在构图上也具有一种美感。龙的传说——乌龙：少华山下的龙潭堡，原先只有十来户人家。村里住着：一家姓刘的父女二人，靠做卖豆腐为生。女儿名珠凤，出落得俏模俊样。有一天珠凤去挑水，钩搭上挂上来一条小黑蛇。她把小黑蛇捉下来放到井台上，说：“怪可怜的，放了去吧！”小黑蛇对她点了点头，一转身窜到井里去了。珠凤挑水刚进屋，听见背后有人叫她。转身一看，是个二十来岁的漂亮小伙。小伙拉住珠凤的手，在她手心里放了一粒滚圆滚圆的珠子，说：“我是渭河龙君的五太子，刚才在龙潭中戏游，不小心撞在你的钩搭上挣脱不得，多谢大姐救命之恩。这是一颗龙珠，你把它放在水缸里，就不用天天挑水了。往后有啥为难事，大姐只管说一声吧。”说完，顿时不见了影儿。珠凤追出门外，只见井口一团白雾，听得井水哗啦啦响了几声。她觉得像是在梦中一般，再看手里，分明是颗宝珠。进屋后，她将龙珠往水瓮里一丢，哗枣，水花翻溅，泛起满满一瓮清水，尝一口，比那井水还甜，珠凤知是宝物，对谁也没讲，连她亲大也瞒着。只是常常想起乌龙，每天都去井台上挑一担水，偷偷往井里看上几眼。离龙潭堡四五里的孙家堡住着一家财东尹立先。珠凤他妈死的时候，刘老汉没钱殓葬，借了尹财东十两银子。日子穷，还不起，却常给尹家送些豆腐，权当付了利息。这十两本银尹财东也不催要，乐得一年到头吃豆腐不花钱买。珠凤姑娘年长一年，越发出落。尹立先贼眼骨碌一转，打起了珠凤的鬼主意。先是请了个能说会道的媒婆，给珠凤说媒下聘礼来了。刘老汉执意不肯，珠凤心性刚烈，提起礼盒子摔到门外，媒婆碰了一鼻子灰。尹财东知道了，气得直翻白眼，骂道：“老东西给脸不要脸，十两银子的财十几年咧欠着不还。哼！连本带利纹银百两，三天内交来啥说不说，交不来银子枣哼哼！”他眯起眼一声冷笑：“叫珠凤姑娘来顶账！”话传到刘老汉耳朵里，他也没了主意。珠凤只是爬在炕沿上哭，左思右想没办法”等到半夜她大睡定，跑到井台儿上，牙一咬，心一横，大叫一声：“妈，儿跟你来了！”眼睛一闭，纵身扑进井里。珠凤只觉得头晕目眩，像是腾云驾雾一般。忽听得耳朵边有人呼喊：“珠凤，珠凤妹妹！”慢慢睁开眼一看，原来自己不曾落到水里，却躺在乌龙的胳膊上。“乌龙哥！”她像见到亲人一般，伏在乌龙的怀里大哭起来。乌龙劝她说：“珠凤，你的事我都知道，你不要难过。狗财东为富不仁，天理难容，看我收拾这条老狗”……我送你回去吧！”珠凤不肯，他在她耳边一阵悄声絮语，说得珠凤含泪带笑，连连点头。听得珠凤投井、乡亲们打着火把下井救人。乌龙见有人下来，轻声对珠凤说：“好妹妹，我不送你了。”双手将珠凤托起。下井的人摸到珠凤，连忙绑上绳子，把她救了上来。夜深人静，珠风把她和乌龙的事从头到尾给父亲学了一遍，老汉听了暗暗惊喜，却又半信半疑。珠风从瓮里捞起龙珠，老汉见果然不是世俗之物，才信了珠凤的话。珠凤跳井得救的消息传到尹立先耳里，老贼捋着鼠须一阵奸笑：“嘿，分明是天公作美。我尹某人家财万贯，金银满箱，再能有这么个美人几，可真是……啊，嘿……”贼眼一转，吩咐下人分头准备去了。第二天一大早，老贼带着一伙家丁朝珠凤家奔去。走到半路，一阵狂风卷着沙石吹得天昏地暗，带来的财礼早刮得没了影儿，尹贼连人带马翻倒在地。狂风过后，老贼一看，财礼虽空，人马俱在，就揉了揉被摔歪的鼻子，带着一帮家院，挥棍舞棒，直奔刘老汉家来抢珠凤。乌龙见老贼三番事过，仍不知改，待老贼冲到井台边，便现出真形，口含龙珠，喷出一股清泉。一时间电闪雷呜，恶浪滔天，尹贼一伙狼哭鬼嚎，随波翻滚，被冲入渭水河中，喂了鱼鳖。一会儿云消雾散，满天霞光，云端里舞起一条黑色巨龙，龙背上坐着珠凤姑娘。飞到山顶，乌龙卧下歇息，珠凤向父亲和乡亲们挥手告别。从此，人们就把这村子叫做龙泉村，后来又改成龙潭堡，把龙歇息的山头也起名叫做乌龙山，年代久了，都叫做五龙山了。龙的传说——龙舟：龙舟竞渡又称“赛龙舟”、“划龙船”、“龙船赛会”等，是一种源远流长的群众性娱乐活动。其起因历来说法不一，主要有以下几种：一说是为了纪念越王勾践操练水师，打败吴国。“越地传云，竞渡之事起于越王勾践，今龙舟是也。”(《事物原始·端阳》)吴越交战，勾践败而被俘，在吴国过了三年忍辱含垢的生活，骗得了吴王夫差的信任，被放回越国。回国后，他卧薪尝胆，立志雪耻，于当年五月初五成立水师，开始操练，终于在数年后，一举消灭吴国。后人为了昭彰勾践这种坚韧不拨的精神，便效仿越国水师演练时的情景，于五月五日这一天划船竞渡，以示纪念。二说是为了纪念伍子胥和曹娥。传说伍子胥因遭谗言诽谤，被吴王夫差命人抛于钱塘江波涛之中，有曹娥驾舟去救。“五月五日，时迎伍君，逆涛而上，为水所淹”(《曹娥碑》)。后世遂划龙舟，作救伍员状。三说是为了纪念楚大夫屈原。这种说法普遍被接受，其文字记载始见于南朝梁人撰写的《续齐谐记》：“楚大夫屈原遭谗不用，是日投汨罗江死，楚人哀之，乃以舟楫拯救。端阳竞渡，乃遗俗也。”除上述外，各地还有一些不同的说法。在贵州黔东南地区，有说法认为龙舟竞渡是为了纪念舍身杀死毒龙的老人；云南傣族认为是纪念古代英雄岩红窝(又作“岩宏窝”)。还有“迎夏至”、“避恶日”——认为五月是“恶月”，五月初五是不祥的日子等说法。这些说法，都各有各的道理，但都没有说清楚一个最基本的问题：不管是为了纪念某某人，还是为了“迎夏至”、“避恶日”，为什么偏偏要举办“龙舟”竞渡呢？也就是说，为什么要赛“龙舟”而不赛其它什么“舟”呢？回答这个问题，得从龙的基本神性入手。我们说过，龙有喜水、好飞、善变、征瑞等神性和兴云布雨、司水理水的神职。既然有这样的神性和神职，被生活在江渎四流、湖泊星罗的水乡各族人民所崇拜就是再自然不过的事情。崇拜意识必然要外化为具体行为。这些行为包括：祭神，将人间美味敬献给神灵，并伴之以香火，让其款款享用；娱神，歌唱、舞蹈，想着法儿让神快乐；拟神，模仿神的举止形态，表示自己和神物有密切的关系，自己身上已秉赋了“神性”，从而能够“神灵活现”。这大概是“龙舟竞渡”的深层动因。人们相信，通过声势浩大的竞赛龙舟，能使天上水中的神龙心神感应而大娱大悦，从而焕发神性，克尽神职，保佑一方水土风调雨顺，稼渔丰成。同时，也使人们自身秉赋龙性，像龙那样强悍矫健，进而怯邪弥难。至于纪念某某人云云，只不过是一种附会。原因大概在于，这些人杰的“人性”和龙的“神性”有相通一致之处，又多少分担了龙的一部分“神职”。比如伍子胥就曾被奉为长江水域的“水仙”、“涛神”、“潮神”和“江神”；屈原也曾被封为“广源顺济王”，有“江神即楚大夫屈原”之说。“龙舟”是做成龙形或刻有龙纹的船只。古代那些有“真龙天子”之称的帝王们，行走水路时一般都要乘龙舟。如“天子乘鸟舟龙舟浮于大沼”(《穆天子传》)，“上御龙舟，幸江都”(《隋书·炀帝纪》)。皇帝乘坐的龙舟，高大宽敞，雄伟奢华，舟上楼阁巍峨，舟身精雕细镂，彩绘金饰，气象非凡。南宋画院待诏李嵩画的“大龙舟”，即是一例。民间用来竞渡的龙舟和皇家龙舟不可比肩，一般都做得窄小狭长一些，以利赛事。用作竞渡的龙舟，其形制因时代而变化，因地域而不同。据载，旧时西湖上的龙舟，约四五丈长，头尾高翘，彩画成龙形；中舱上下两层，船首有龙头太子和秋千架，均以小孩装扮，太子立而不动，秋千上下推移；旁列弓、弩、剑、戟等“十八般武艺”和各式旗帜。尾有蜈蚣旗，中舱下层敲打锣鼓，旁坐水手划船。苏州的龙舟分成各色，四角插旌旗，鼓吹手伏在中舱，两旁划手十六人。篙师执长钩立于船头，称作挡头篙。船头亭上，选面端貌正的儿童，装扮成台阁故事，称龙头太子。船尾高丈余，牵系彩绳，由擅长嬉水的小儿表演“独占鳌头”、“童子拜观音”、“指日高升”、“杨妃春睡”等节目。当代用来竞渡的龙船，形制比旧时简化了许多。船以色彩分赤龙、青龙、黄龙、白龙、黑龙等。船身、船上的罗伞旌旗等装饰，以及划手们的服装乃至船桨，都要求一色。湖北、湖南等地的龙舟短则七丈多，长则十一丈余，划动时有如游龙戏水。福建的龙舟，船首雕刻龙头，口能开合，舌能转动。贵州的龙舟由三只独木船联合而成，中间较长的一只称“母船”，船上有鼓手指挥，两边的两只船身稍短，称“子船”。有关竞渡的仪式、规定、技巧和情景也因时因地不同而丰富多彩。“五月五日天晴明，杨花绕江啼晓莺。使君未出郡斋外，江上早闻齐和声。”“鼓声三下红旗开，两龙跃出浮水来。棹影斡波飞万剑，鼓声劈浪鸣千雷。鼓声渐急标将近，两龙望标目如瞬。”“锣挟鸣涛鼓骇雷，红旗斜插剪波来。锦标夺到轩腾处，风卷龙髯雪作堆。”古人的诗句将几百年前龙舟竞渡的热闹场面跃然纸上。诗中提到的“标”即“标竿”或“标船”，是各龙船争夺的目标。“标竿”上悬挂锦彩、银碗、钱钞等赏物，立于水中，快捷先到者可得。“标船”设置在终点，当竞渡的龙舟接近时，将“标”抛入水中，让诸“龙”争夺。标有“鱼标”、“鸭标”、“铁标”等。鱼标鸭标是活的，投入水中即刻游走，要一下子捉住，是不容易的。铁标沉重，抛落便到水底，如果没有相当棒的潜水本领，同样是捉不起来的。因此，龙船上一般都要安排一两个水性极好的“标手”，专司夺标之职。有的地方还流行“做胜会”——即由看船上的游客买土罐或鸭子，掷入水中，由参与竞渡的龙舟，入水争夺以为娱乐。龙舟竞渡前一般都要举行隆重的祭祀仪式。如在屈原投水的汨罗江畔，每年龙舟竞渡前，都要先祭屈子庙。来自四面八方的男女老幼，抬着龙头，一批一批地汇聚在屈原像下，叩拜、吊唁、以粽子、包子、酒水等祭奠。然后由主祭人将一条红绸系到“头龙”的头上，由“头桡”将龙头扛到江边洗澡，洗完后将龙头安于船首，这才开始赛龙舟。地域不同，讲究不同。有的地方出龙前数日，要祀神演试一番，名曰“下水”。上岸送神，称作“拨龙头”。竞渡的组织者，年前率众位游手，将一根带叶竹竿竖立桥头，以便来年“出龙认色”，其名曰“钻五”；月朔互相往来，名曰“拜客”，等等。随着中外文化的交流，龙舟竞渡也传到了日本及东南亚诸国。比如，日本的九州、冲绳等沿海地区，就流行一种赛船活动。不过他们不叫龙舟竞渡，而叫“爬龙”。新加坡常在端午节这天，举行全国性的龙舟比赛。他们的龙舟披红挂彩，扮作“狮子”、“狗熊”的司鼓手站在龙舟最前面，擂动大鼓，指挥和协调划手动作。整个比赛，一般从下午两三点开始，直到夕阳西下才告结束。龙舟竞渡是一种具有浓郁的民俗文化色彩的群众性娱乐活动，同时也是一种有利于增强人民体质，培养勇往直前、坚毅果敢精神的体育运动。因此，中华人民共和国体育运动委员会于1984年5月16日作出决定，将龙舟竞渡列为正式比赛项目。当年10月，在广东佛山举行了全国首届屈原杯龙舟赛。1985年6月6日，中国龙舟协会在湖北省宜昌市宣告成立。7月，第二届屈原杯龙舟赛在葛洲坝三江航道举行，观众多达十余万。这样的龙舟竞渡至今已举行了十数届。近年来的龙舟竞渡，赛制趋于完善，规模也越来越大，并向国际性赛事进展。龙舟竞渡需要宽而深的江海湖泊，水域浅小浮不起船的地方就竞渡不成了。于是，浅水地的人们就做成“旱龙舟”，在街市、高台、场地上游走，俗称“迎鬼船”。江西一带有这样的风俗，时间亦在端午节。造龙船也不只是为了竞渡。如贵州黔东南和湘西一带苗族同胞的“龙船节”，所做的龙船就不是为了竞赛，而主要是为了乘坐龙船游村串寨，会亲访友。龙船下水前，先由歌师唱吉祥祝福歌，祝愿龙船一路顺风。每条船上都有一位“鼓头”，由全寨推选出德高望重的老人担任，坐于龙颈击鼓发令，主持船上活动。龙船过寨，鸣放铁炮传告亲友，岸上报以“接龙”鞭炮，亲友遂上前向船上的人敬米酒，并将鸭、鹅、彩绸等礼品挂于“龙头”。龙船靠岸，水手们将糯米饭团和菜肴放在船帮上就餐，不用碗筷。妇女、儿童这时纷纷前来“讨路边饭”，据说吃了龙船上的食品能消灾避难。龙船形制精巧美观，龙身由一只母船和两只子船捆扎而成，叫做“子母船”，皆为独木镂空。龙头约长两米多，用水柳木雕刻，装有一对一米多长的龙角。因龙头着色不同，分为青龙、赤龙、黄龙等。各寨为了保护龙船，还专门建有“龙篷”。龙船节从农历五月十六日开始，具体节期各地各寨略有不同，只要全寨薅完秧，本寨龙船即可下水，历时三天左右。在广东水乡，龙船出游时，家家送米酒给划船的人，并由老人为龙点眼，然后才下水游去。游完后，龙头供奉在龙王庙，船身埋入河床沙泥中，第二年挖出来再用。傍晚，村民们还要烧一大锅“龙船饭”，不管什么人都可以食用，以广结“龙缘”，遍得“龙福”。龙的传说——舞龙：每逢节日庆典，我们都能看到欢腾旋跃，让人兴奋不已的舞龙。舞龙也称“龙舞”、“耍龙”、“闹龙灯”、“玩龙灯”、“龙灯会”。那么，为什么要舞龙呢？舞龙的用意，概括起来不外乎这么几条：一为祈雨祈福，二为娱神娱己，三为彰显力量，四为兴旺人丁。其中，祈雨祈福是最基础的。两湖一带民间传说，战国时的鬼谷子和金角老龙相遇，鬼谷子说：“据我掐算，近日有雨，城内三十六点，城外四十八点。”金角老龙有意让鬼谷子的预言落空，便利用职务之便，让城内下了四十八点，城外下了三十六点，结果城内不少老百姓死于水患。后来玉皇大帝问罪，金角老龙受到贬黜。为了赎罪，老龙便在每年的新春到来之际，逐门逐户地向老百姓鞠躬赔礼，并承诺一年的风调雨顺。于是，人们便据此传说，用竹条铁丝、绸缎纱布扎制成彩龙，每逢年节舞耍一番，表达欢快喜悦之情，也寓意老龙臣服，天随人愿。四川铜梁一带的传说也异曲同工：东海龙王患腰痛病，变成一个老头上岸求医。大夫通过把脉知其非人，便让其恢复原形，并从其腰间捉出一条蜈蚣。龙王病愈后，以泄露天机为谢：言人们只要照它的样子造一条龙四处舞游，便能保雨水及时，五谷丰成。舞龙祈雨在先秦时期已开始流行，到汉代已具相当规模，形式也多有讲究。据董仲舒《春秋繁露》载，汉代人春旱求雨舞青龙，炎夏求雨舞赤龙或黄龙，秋季求雨舞白龙，冬天求雨舞黑龙。这些龙长达数丈，每次出动五至九条不等。后世的舞龙，大都包含有祈雨祈福的意味。如流行于湖南省湘西山区的“龙头蚕身灯”。该灯由“龙”的头和“蚕”的身与尾组成。制作考究，形体小巧，头尾能曲能伸，宛转灵活。竹圈联成蚕身，绳索系其内，白布蒙其外，外用红绿彩环缠身，由三个舞技出众的民间艺人分别持头、腰、尾三个部分执耍。“龙头蚕身灯”一般都是成对出行。出灯前，每对灯都要下到江边“吸水”，然后才沿门沿户祝福吉祥。为什么要“吸水”呢？很好理解，龙吸饱了水，才能保证雨水充足。南方一些地方流行舞草龙枣由柳条、青藤、稻草扎成，夜晚舞耍时，龙身上满插香火，因而又称“香龙”、“香火龙”。舞龙结束时，还要在喧天的锣鼓鞭炮声中，恭恭敬敬地将草龙送到江河溪潭之中。其用意也是让龙回龙宫，以保佑一方地面风调雨顺。以娱神娱己为目的舞龙可追溯到汉代的“鱼龙曼延”。《汉书·西域传赞》载：“孝武之世……设酒池肉林以飨四夷之客，作巴俞都卢、海中砀极、漫衍鱼龙、角抵之戏以观视之。”颜师古解释说，巴俞都卢、海中砀极都是歌舞名，而“鱼龙”，则是由人装扮成一种来自西域的巨形珍兽枣舍利之兽，先在庭前舞蹈戏乐，然后到殿前激水，水花飞溅中，化作一条巨大的比目鱼，“跳跃漱水，作雾障目”。然后，再化作身长八丈的黄龙，“出水敖戏于庭，炫耀日光”，故又名“黄龙变”。由此看来，“鱼龙”，当是一种由人装扮成巨鱼和巨龙进行表演的大型舞蹈。由于巨鱼和巨龙之间有一个“变”的问题，因此在表演时，可能还需要幻术、布景、烟雾等来配合。那么，“曼延”又作何解释呢？“曼延”也作漫衍、曼衍、蔓延等，是古代一种大兽的名字。据说这种大兽“似狸，长百寻”，可以“仿此演为百戏。”古代八尺为一寻，百寻就是八十丈。因而《西京赋》中有“巨兽百寻，是为曼延”之句，薛综注曰：“作大兽，长八十丈，所谓鱼龙曼延也。”由此推断，“曼延”是“假作兽以戏”，是由人扮演成各种巨兽的舞蹈。“鱼龙”当是其中典型的主要的一种，因而称作“鱼龙曼延”。东汉张衡在《西京赋》、李尤在《平乐观赋》中都有对“鱼龙曼延”的生动描述。从中可以看到，作为汉代的大型歌舞，“鱼龙曼延”集合了当时最高水平的演员阵容以及布景、道具和特技，可谓规模宏大，幻象纷呈。除中心节目“巨鱼变巨龙”外，还有由人扮装的熊、虎、猿猴、大象、大雀、大龟、大蟾蜍及其它不知名的奇兽参与演出。史料之外，还可以从汉代画像石上找到“鱼龙曼延”的影子。如铜山洪楼发现的乐舞百戏画像石，山东沂南出土的角抵百戏画像石，上面都有鱼龙作舞的图像。“鱼龙曼延”从汉至唐，延续了将近七八百年的时间，唐以后，整体上逐渐失传，后世传留下来的，只是其中的部分节目。民间的龙舞、狮子舞、麒麟舞等，可视作对“鱼龙曼延”的传承和演变。灯与龙的结合，大约起始于宋时。南宋吴自牧在《梦梁录》中记道：“元宵之夜……草缚成龙，用青幕遮草上，密置灯烛万盏，望之蜿蜒如双龙之状。”这样的龙灯，即是我们所说的放置在那里专供人们观赏的龙形灯饰。问题是龙是一个能行走、善飞腾的神物，总不能呆到那儿不动啊，况且无论宫廷还是民间，自古都有舞龙的传统。既然舞，就不光在白天舞，晚上也要舞，晚上舞就离不开灯，因此大凡舞之龙，都通称“龙灯”。“龙灯会”一般在佳节、盛会时举行，场地选在长街广场、村头湾边开阔平坦的地方。龙的品种丰富多彩，有竹龙、木龙、荆龙、草龙、布龙、纱龙、纸龙；有由荷花和蝴蝶组成的“百叶龙”，用刨花扎成的“木花龙”，用铁皮卷成的“铁皮龙”，等等。龙灯各地都有。四川省铜梁县的龙灯比较出名。国庆50周年大典上的金色巨龙，就出自这个县。铜梁龙灯有“正龙”：头大、胫长、节内点灯，以灯光取代烟火，玩时比较安全。还有用竹编作龙骨，纸扎龙头，布做龙脊，借助灯火而起舞的“彩龙”；用皮纸或绢绸做皮，彩绘鳞甲，龙身能伸缩转动的“肉龙”或“蠕龙”；天旱时求雨，舞时可泼水的“黄荆龙”；用白花扎成，用来祭祀亡灵的“孝龙”；用稻草扎成，插入竹竿，执持起来耍舞的“草把龙”；以及由孩子们耍舞的，用一棵棵大白菜插上竹竿，点燃红烛，中间串以绳索的“菜龙”，等等。铜梁人舞龙有不少讲究。过去沿袭汉代的春舞青龙、夏舞赤龙、秋舞白龙、冬舞黑龙的规矩。现在逢年过节舞彩龙，舞到人家门前就暂时停下来，龙头频点向主人拜年祝福，然后再上下翻腾，左盘右旋。这时，主人必须鸣放鞭炮以示欢迎，并有所答谢：裹着钱的“红包”或糖果香烟等。广东佛山人也喜欢舞龙。四五十年代，佛山龙多是用一把把雨伞连接?

死飞Fixed Gear ，与Track Bike（场地自行车）是同类自行车，但骑行地域不限制在体育馆内，在日本则有古典赌博形式的场地自行车比赛，被称为“竞轮”，在中国被称为“死飞”或“固齿”，香港地区也有称为称“梗牙”，Fixed Gear Bike来自New York Old School单车文化，最初由Messenger快递工作者而起的快速单车文化，在日本原宿流行后，就开始快速在全世界蔓延，成为街头文化的代表。所谓“死飞”，字面解释就是飞轮是死的。普通的自行车，飞轮是“活的”，这样，人踩的时候轮子跟着转，但轮子转的时候，人可以不踩。而死的飞轮，将链条与后轮固定起来，轮子转链条必须转，人也就必须要踩。所以在死飞骑行过程中，人必须一直不停地踩——除了刹车的时候。也正因为飞轮是死的，骑行的人便可以通过脚踏来控制后轮从而减速和刹车，也可以很好地控车，从而玩出多种花样。死飞讲究简约，没有刹车，没有变速，也因此重量很轻。　 　　每到周末，总有这样一群年轻人，他们踩着没有刹车配件的自行车，穿梭在邕城的地下通道和广场上。绚丽多彩的车身，总能引起行人驻足观看。这些年轻人所玩的自行车俗称“死飞”。“死飞”的英文叫Fixed Gear，中文又叫竞轮。Fixed Gear ，与Track Bike（场地自行车）是同类自行车，但骑行地域不限制在体育馆内，在日本则有古典赌博形式的场地自行车比赛，香港地区也有称为称“梗牙”，Fixed Gear Bike来自New York Old School单车文化，最初由Messenger快递工作者而起的快速单车文化，在日本原宿流行后，就开始快速在全世界蔓延，成为街头文化的代表。又因为藤原浩和一众里原宿潮人都是Fixed Gear Bike迷，所以全世界潮人都开始留意Fixed Gear运动，Fixed Gear 运动和Fixed Gear 造型开始大受欢迎。2009年初，中国的死飞大热潮开始。 　　“死飞”自行车运动在国外非常流行。有一说法，“死飞”是以前国外的邮差用车，后来才被添加了时尚的元素，成为潮车。