请问able的副词形式是什么？

这样说：I can proficiently use the computer to complete the task.

A 本题考查副词。四个副词的意思分别是skillfully巧妙地, 技术好地；commonly 一般,普通,通常；willingly自动地,欣然地；nervously 焦急地。上文问音乐晚会怎么样？回答是非常好，自然Ales和Andy是娴熟地（skillfully）表演并获得第一名。

问题一：能熟练地进行英语的听说读写的翻译是：什么意思 你好！ 能熟练地进行英语的听说读写 Proficient in English listening, speaking, reading and writing 问题二："我可以熟练地讲解课程知识." 这句话用英语怎么说 我可以熟练地讲解课程知识. I can skillfully explain the course knowledge 问题三：要求熟练阅读英语技术文档大概需要英语什么等级？ 四级 问题四："能够熟练背诵(阅读)"翻译成英文怎么译? 不行，be able to recite skillfully 问题五：英语读写熟练，口语不太好 英语怎么说 Fluent in English reading and writing but not conversation

handle very skillfully；have a perfect command of ...；grasp and skillfully apply；use sth. (for doing sth.) with ease运用自如 Adaptive style;unconscious and skilled;Grasp And Skillfully Apply能运用自如 make oneself master of

音乐室有一个钢琴和一个小提琴。There is a piano and a violence in the music room.

买衣服对男人和女人来说是不同的体验。男人去购物是因为他们需要。他购物的目的是在购买之前就已经决定了的。他清楚自己需要什么，他的目标就是找到并买到所要的东西，价格则是次要的考虑因素。所有男人都会简单地走进一家商店请服务员拿出他们需要的衣服。如果商店有库存，销售员马上会拿出来，接下来便是马上试衣服。如果一切如意，交易就会达成，而且通常会在五分钟之内完成交易，几乎不会有什么闲聊，而且双方皆大欢喜。对男人来说，如果商店没有他要的商品，或者与他想要的不完全一致时，可能会出现小问题。这种情况下，销售员，正如名字所示那样，会竭尽全力地要买给客户其他商品，他会让你看离你想要的商品最近的一件，而且他的操作如此熟练：“先生，我知道这件夹克不是您想要的，您要不要试一下看是不是合身？这件刚好是您想要的颜色。“很少有男人对这种待遇会有耐心的，而且通常的回答是：“这个颜色对是对，也可能是我要的尺寸，不过试这件不过是浪费你我的时间。“在得到一个工作前，雇主与员工之间通常要进行面试。通常，招聘面试会持续30到40分钟。作为应聘者，如果您希望获得理想的职位，您就要在有限的时间内展示出某种个人和职业的素质。比如，您应该衣着整洁得体。如果您穿着太随便，面试官可能认为你对这次面试态度不认真或者你会对未来的工作也同样漫不经心。太昂贵的服装或者颜色太花哨则可能暗示您不知道这项工作的要求的行为怎样才得体。“人靠衣裳马靠鞍”的说法不一定正确，但是第一印象通常会先入为主，而它往往是由你所穿的衣服得出的。手工翻译，请笑纳

1、大多数人想要改造这个世界，但却罕有人想改造自己。 Most people want to change the world, but few want to change themselves. 2、争分夺秒巧复习，勤学苦练创佳绩。 Skillfully review every minute, diligently study and hard practice to achieve good results. 3、没有人爬山只为爬到山腰。为何甘于平庸呢。 No one climbs mountains just to climb up the hillside. Why are you willing to be mediocre? 4、不比智力，比努力；不比起步，比进步。 No more than intelligence, no more than effort; no more than starting, no more than progress. 5、只有那些能耐心把简单事做得完美的人，才能获得做好困难事的本领。 Only those who have the patience to do simple things perfectly can acquire the ability to do difficult things well. 6、苦海有涯。而学无涯，志者战高考，惰者畏高考。 The sea of pain is endless. And learning is endless, ambitious people fight for college entrance examination, lazy people fear college entrance examination. 7、成功是什么就是走过了所有通向失败的路，只剩下一条路，那就是成功的路。 What success is is is that we have gone through all the paths leading to failure. There is only one way left, that is, the road to success. 8、笔记要便于看，要经常看，这是又一本教材。 Notes should be easy to read and often read. This is another textbook. 9、超越自己，向自己挑战，向弱项挑战，向懒惰挑战，向陋习挑战。 To surpass oneself, to challenge oneself, to challenge weakness, to challenge laziness, to challenge bad habits. 10、每一个成功者都有一个开始。勇于开始，才能找到成功的路。 Every successful person has a beginning. Only by daring to start can we find the way to success. 11、不是境况造就人，而是人造就境况。 It is not circumstances that make people, but man-made circumstances. 12、凡真心尝试助人者，没有不帮到自己的。 Whoever really tries to help others does not fail to help himself. 13、不是抓紧每一分钟学习，而是抓紧学习的每一分钟。 It"s not about learning every minute, it"s about learning every minute. 14、若不给自己设限，则人生中就没有限制你发挥的藩篱。 If you don"t set limits on yourself, there are no barriers in your life that limit your use. 15、摒弃侥幸之念，必取百炼成钢；厚积分秒之功，始得一鸣惊人。 If you abandon the idea of luck, you will make a hundred steels; if you work hard, you will be amazing. 16、勤奋的含义是今天的热血，而不是明天的决心，后天的保证。 Diligence means the blood of today, not the determination of tomorrow and the assurance of the day after tomorrow. 17、我自信，我出色：我拼搏，我成功。 I am confident, I am excellent: I work hard, I succeed. 18、最可怕的敌人，就是没有坚定的信念。 The most terrible enemy is the lack of firm belief. 19、只有经过地狱般的磨练，才能拥有创造天堂的力量。 Only through hell-like training can we have the power to create heaven. 20、有志者自有千计万计，无志者只感千难万难。 Tens of thousands of people have their own aspirations, but those who have no aspirations only feel difficult. 21、天行健，君子以自强不息。 As Heaven keeps vigor through movement, a gentleman should unremittingly practice self-improvement. 22、与其羡慕别人，不如加快自己的脚步。 Rather than envy others, we should quicken our pace. 23、付出不一定成功，放弃就一定失败。 Pay is not necessarily successful, give up is bound to fail. 24、既然输在起点，不要放弃，那就冲刺中间，赢在终点。 Since you lose at the beginning, don"t give up, then sprint in the middle, win at the end. 25、世上没有绝望的处境，只有对处境绝望的人。 There is no desperate situation in the world, only those who are desperate. 26、如果不想做点事情，就甭想到达这个世界上的任何地方。 If you don"t want to do something, you don"t want to go anywhere in the world. 27、年轻是本钱，但不努力就不值钱。 Youth is money, but it is worthless not to work hard. 28、再苦再难，也要坚强，只为那些期待的眼神。 No matter how hard it is, be strong, just for those looking forward to it. 29、酸甜苦辣都是营养，成功失败都是经验。 Sour, sweet, bitter and spicy are nourishment. Success and failure are experience. 30、知识改变命运，勤奋创造未来。 Knowledge changes destiny and creates future diligently. 31、与其临渊羡鱼，不如退而结网。 Rather than envy the fish in Linyuan, it is better to withdraw and netting. 32、人生伟业的建立，不在能知，乃在能行。 The great cause of life is not to know, but to be able to do. 33、吃得苦中苦，方为人上人。 If you suffer bitterly, you will be a good man. 34、让我们将事前的考虑，换为事前的思考和计划吧。 Let"s change our pre-consideration into pre-consideration and planning. 35、自己选择的路，跪着也要走下去。 The way you choose, you have to go down on your knees. 36、空想会想出很多绝妙的主意，但却办不成任何事情。 Fantasy can come up with many wonderful ideas, but it can"t do anything. 37、挑战人生是我无悔的选择，决胜高考是我不懈的追求。 Challenging my life is my regretless choice, and winning the college entrance examination is my unremitting pursuit. 38、努力诞生希望，拼搏成就梦想。 Efforts to create hope and strive to achieve dreams. 39、生命对某些人来说是美丽的，这些人的一生都为某个目标而奋斗。 Life is beautiful to some people, who struggle for a goal in their life. 40、拧成一股绳，搏尽一份力，狠下一条心，共圆一个梦。 Twist into a rope, strive hard, a heart, a dream.

C 几乎没有,半否定用anyC 固定搭配no other thanA me放在后面BAD something of表示一定程度上BCB 同位D 男女不定

这是中文： 在目前的英语教学中, 英语写作训练相对薄弱,学生写作水平不高,而且很多人惧怕写作,存在着“学生说到写作心烦,教师见到学生的习作头痛”的现象.学生在英语写作中主要存在无话可写、用汉语思维方式写作、语法错误百出等等问题.因此教师必须针对性地加强训练,有意识地让学生逐步接受英语表达的思维方式,久而久之学生才能提高对英语语言要素综合应用的能力,写出比较地道的英语.那么如何培养学生英语写作能力呢? 一、 打好词汇量基础,理顺语法句型结构 词汇是英语写作必不可少的基本要素,要写好一篇作文以表达自己的思想,必须以足够的词汇量为基础,但实际上大多数学生掌握的词汇量都达不到规定的要求,因而在写作时也就不能随心所欲地表达自己的思想.出现的问题往往有拼写错误,影响理解；词语误用,表达不准确；某一词语反复使用,语言表达缺乏变式,文章显得单调乏味；文章中出现大量“造词”,让人看了啼笑皆非等.显然词汇量不足已成为制约学生写作的瓶颈.而语法规则和句型句式是英语写作涉及的另一基本要素.学生英语写作中出现的“大错”又多半是由语法错误引起的,学生在写作中语法不规范、句子结构混乱、含义不清等情况屡见不鲜,Chinese English现象更是不乏其中,所以词汇量和语法问题是中学生英语写作时首先要解决的问题.相对来说英语词汇的熟练掌握更为重要,因为它是写作的基本构成单位.这里虽不作重点强调,但笔者认为不仅对于英语写作,还是对于英语学习的其它几种技能,词汇的学习是最基础的、最根本的、也是最重要的. 二、 遵循由易到难,循序渐进的原则 英语写作能力并非一蹴而就的,它必须遵循先易后难,先短后长,先学会简单句、并列句,后学会用复合句表达,先写正确句子逐步过渡到围绕一个人、一件事、一个观点去写有中心的文章；由不限定时间到限定时间,由限定时间长到限定时间短,由限定字数少到多等这样的原则,脚踏实地,一环扣一环地进行,切不可为追求进度,而操之过急.如在学生已经熟练掌握There be句型,也能组句成链后,再进入较复杂的句型训练.如：例句：I"d like to do sth … 我想做某事 学生会写： I"d like to say something about my family I"d like you to meet my friends 等.例句：I don"t think … 我认为（相信）…不… 学生会写：I don"t think the shop opens in the evening I don"t think the bridge will fall down 等. 在学生已初步具备写句的能力后,可安排一些语境小段描写.如以 “My family” 为例： There are three members in my family: my father ,my mother and I My father is an engineer My mother is a shop assistant I am a student of Sanxing Middle SchoolMy parents are busy all day I often help them with the housework They love me deeply I love them , too 往后逐步要求学生写出含有一般过去时、一般将来时、现在或过去进行时、现在完成时等形式的句子.例：Yesterday I t to call on my teacher He was preparing his lesson He told me that he began to teach English in 1990 He said he would help me with my English Up till now he has taught English for ten years 与此同时重视抓好基本功训练,严格要求学生正确、端正、熟练地书写字母、单词和句子,注意大小写和标点符号.当然需要注意的是学生最初写作时,教师要给予必要的指导,使他们少犯错误,千万不能讽刺挖苦或嘲笑学生.教师对学生的要求不能一刀切,对学习好的要求要高,对学习差的要适当低一些.要避免有些学生轻而易举唾手可得,而有些学生又渴望不可及的情况发生. 三、以范例引路,加强写作技巧的指导 模仿范例在英语写作教学中,是一种最基本而且十分有效的写作训练形式.因为任何语言学习都需要模仿,语言是"约定俗成"的,要使用某种语言就得"入乡随俗",服从这种语言习惯.英语写作也需要模仿,即使有了词汇、语法等基本语言材料,也还要模仿英语的语言习惯,模仿用英语写作的方法和技巧.模仿范例能直接提高学生谋篇布局和衔接上下文的能力.模仿写作最主要的就是模仿思路.英语写作和中文写作一样,记叙文要有贯穿全篇的线索, 以使事件或故事发生、发展的脉络清楚；描写文要有合理的逻辑顺序,其展开的顺序要符合认识规律,反映由具体到抽象、由浅到深的思维过程；说明文要选择合适的角度,按照一定的时间或空间顺序来说明事物.对于各类范文的特点需要教师在平时多与学生作认真分析,并加强训练. 模仿范例可以从以下方面入手：刚开始训练时,教师可与学生同时撰写短文,规定时间一到,学生停笔先听教师读范文,然后由学生比较自己的作业,可初步衡量出自己的答题的准确度,找出差距,及时查出作业中的毛病.有了一定的基础后,教师可不提供范例,而让学生自改互改作业,相互交流.若有争议的问题,可当场请教老师,对共同性错误,尤其是语言、文化性错误,通过老师的讲评,能给学生留下深刻印象；对拼写、结构等低级错误,可以采用学生互动原则修改；对于措辞表达不当问题,则应采取个别与集中相结合的方法指导学生修改. 需要特别指出的是教师在指导模仿范例写作时,要充分利用好英语课文,因为在每单元里,几乎都有一篇较长的文章,且体裁广泛、内容涉及面广,难易程度适中,非常适合学生复述.可以让学生在复述课文的基础上,再用笔头的形式加以落实,即把文章内容写下来.为了减轻学生作业负担,或全文或写一段,或一情节,或加以自己的观点和评论,有可能的话,再续写文章,发挥学生的想象,培养他们的创造力.当然,也可以采用改写、缩写、写中心思想等形式；或让学生做一些语句排序、填空练习或解答问题,再用适当的词句把这些答案重新组合起来就是一个有意义、有内容的故事.这些练习充分挖掘了课文的潜力,既训练学生的写作,又巩固已学的课本知识,加深对课文的理解,并有助于学生用英语思维考虑问题. 另外要使文章言之有物、有血有肉,需要提请学生一些优秀的句、段或篇的积累,经常翻阅或背诵,并多加模仿运用,使优美的词、各种表达方式、写作技巧烂熟于心.同时也要善于运用平时所学知识,如从句、非谓语动词和比较等句式,关键时刻用上一两个,就会起到鹤立鸡群的效果,使文章增色不少；对高级词汇的使用也可以显示出文章的文采.如very important较平常,但用 essential 就显得高出一筹；helpful 用 of great help,finally 用 eventually 等.关联词如 not…but, the more…the more, not only…but also 等的使用,会使文章逻辑结构紧密,层次鲜明,条理清楚,就更加显示出你的英文功底. 四、讲究教学方法,注重听、说、读能力的同步发展 写作是一种语言输出形式,只有语言输入大于语言输出,语言输出才有可能.英语写作训练作为英语综合能力训练之一,是与英语的听说读是不可分割的,它们是相互影响、相互作用的有机统一体,必须注重听、说、读、写能力的同步发展.比如笔者实施多年的“五分钟课前训练”：在上正课前五分钟里,要学生用英语要么讲述一个故事；要么课前朗读一篇短小精悍的文章,让大家课后模仿；要么就大家平时关心的话题写一个发言稿或演讲稿进行课前发言；要么让学生自立主题,围绕自己喜欢的主题写一段话.这种课前训练取得了很好的效果.此外我还在班级开辟英语角,利用黑板报的阵地,开辟了佳作欣赏：Special report；Quick-wittedness；Shanghai Star等,经常组织学生收听英语广播,收看英文版影片等,多渠道地创设英语环境,给同学们的课前演讲及片段写作提供大量的信息.这里尤为需要重视的是要千方百计鼓励学生开展课外阅读.美国作家舒伯特指出:“Reading is writing”阅读能够促进写作,因为对学生而言,他们对生活的体验、对人生的认识大多是从书本上获得,从大量的阅读中获取的,阅读不仅能帮助学生积累思想,也能帮助他们积累语言素材.“You ought to read very carefully Not only very carefully,but also aloud,and that again and again till you know the passage by heart and write it as if it were your own” 这就清楚地说明了熟读成诵对写作是多么重要.所以要想写出好文章,就必须大量读书,它是写作的基础. 五、重视课外练笔,在实践中不断提高 英语写作实践是英语写作理论转化为写作能力的"中介".英语写作要突出实践,正如学习游泳一样,写作的能力是练出来的.课外练笔是课堂写作训练最有益的补充,因为课堂时间有限,仅靠课堂写作训练培养学生的写作能力是不够的.作文不是"学"出来的,而是"写"出来的.学生必须进行大量的写作练习才能掌握并且灵活运用各种写作技能,而且写作技能只有在不断写作的过程中才能逐步得到提高和完善.此外,学生的英语语言意识和英语思维能力的培养也需要大量的练习.可见,课外练笔非常必要,应该给予重视.课外练笔的形式多种多样,可采用让学生写英语日记、写英语周记、写英语随笔、用英语写信等等,教师也可有意识地给学生提供一些尽量贴近生活的时尚话题,如奥运会、环境保护等,让学生在课外习作.由于英语写作中一个很突出的问题就是文章内容的贫乏,教师在布置写作任务之后,不妨先让学生开展讨论,让学生记下当时浮现于脑海中的所有内容,从描写、分析、联想等多个方面挖掘题材,并在讨论中相互切磋,彼此争论,开拓思路.学生在完成写作任务之后（包括课外练笔）,教师都应注重文章的评改工作,因为学生都喜欢教师能给其作文优点予以肯定,此愿望十分强烈.教师应尽量认真批阅每一位学生的习作,采用比较科学直观的评分标准,指出习作中的主要优缺点及改进方向.教师的鼓励及必要的引导,对学生写作积极性的维护和学生写作水平的提高非常重要.总之,重视课外练笔,努力扩大学生的生活面和知识面,开展多种形式的写作实践,学生的写作能力就一定会得到很大提高,并达到事半功倍的效果 这是英文： At present in English Teaching in china, English writing training is relatively weak, the students writing level is not high, but a lot of people are afraid of writing, there is a "student said writing upset, teachers see students headache" phenomenon. Students in English writing are nothing to write, writing, grammar mistakes in Chinese thinking mode and so on. Therefore, teachers must be to strengthen the training, consciously make students gradually accept the English way of thinking in the course of time, students can improve their comprehensive ability to use English language elements, write more idiomatic english. So how to foster the students ability of writing in English? A, To lay a good foundation to straighten out the grammar vocabulary, sentence structure Vocabulary is the basic element of English writing is essential, it is necessary to write an essay to express their thoughts, must take enough vocabulary as the foundation, but in fact most of the students master the vocabulary is not up to the requirements, so at the time of writing cannot freely express their ideas. Problems often have spelling errors, the impact of understanding; malapropism, expression is not accurate; a phrase used repeatedly, the lack of language expression variant, the article seems monotonous; the emergence of a large number of "word", let a person see make me on the spot. Clearly the lack of vocabulary has become a bottleneck restricting students" writing. The rules of grammar and sentence patterns in English writing is another essential element involved. Students in English writing "mistake" and was mostly caused by a syntax error, it is often seen. Students in writing non-standard grammar, sentence structure confusion, unclear situation, Chinese The English phenomenon in which there is no lack, so the vocabulary and the grammar of English writing is the first problem to be solved. Relatively speaking proficiency in English vocabulary is more important, because it is the basic unit of writing. Although here is not emphasized, but the author thinks not only for English writing, or for some other skills of English learning, vocabulary learning is the most basic, most fundamental, is also the most important. Two, Follow from easy to difficult, the principle of gradual and orderly progress English writing ability is not accomplish at one stroke, it must follow from easy to difficult, from short to long, simple sentence, compound sentence, I will express in complex sentences, write the sentences to gradually transition to the surrounding a person, a thing, an idea to write a center article defined by not limited; time to time, by the time limit to limit the time is short, is defined by fewer words to stand on solid ground, this principle, ring by ring out, not as the pursuit of progress, and act with undue haste. If the students have mastered There Be sentence, also sentences into a chain, then into a complex sentence training. Such as: example: I "d Like To Do Sth ... I want to do something. Students will write: I "d Like To Say Something About My Family I "d Like You To Meet My Friends Etc.. Example: I Don "t Think ... I think (believe)... No. Students will write: I Don "t Think 那个 Shop Opens In 那个 Evening I Don "t Think 那个 Bridge Will Fall Down Etc.. Preliminary already have the ability to write sentences in the student, can arrange some context short description. Such as "My Family" As an example: There Are Three Members In My Family: My Father , my Mother And I My Father Is An Engineer My Mother Is A Shop Assistant I Am A Student Of Sanxing Middle SchoolMy Parents Are Busy All Day I Often Help Them With 那个 Housework They Love Me Deeply I Love Them , Too Then gradually require students to write with the past tense, future, now or in the past is now completed, and other forms of sentence. Example: Yesterday I T To Call On My Teacher He Was Preparing His Lesson He Told Me That He Began To Teach English In 1990 He Said He Would Help Me With My English Up Till Now He Has Taught English For Ten Years At the same time pay attention to grasp the basic skills training, strict with students correct, correct, write letters, words and sentences skillfully, the letters and punctuation. Of course, need to pay attention to is the first writing students, teachers should give the necessary guidance, so that they make fewer mistakes, do not sarcasm or laugh at them. The teacher to student"s requirements can not make it rigidly uniform, high to learn good requirements, to study difference due to the low number of. To be an easy job to avoid some of the students with extreme ease, and some students also to occur and can not be. Three, in order to illustrate with examples, strengthening the guidance of writing skills Imitating the example in the teaching of English writing, is one of the most fundamental and effective writing training form. Because learning any language imitation, language is the "Convention", to use a language to "do in Rome as Rome does.", the language habits of obedience. English writing also need to imitate, even with the vocabulary, grammar, language materials, but also to imitate English language habits, imitate the methods and skills of using English writing. Imitation paradigm can improve students" ability of layout and connection context. The main idea is to imitate the writing. English writing and Chinese writing, narrative have throughout the clues, In order to make the event or story, development venation clearly; the description text must be logical, the order to coly with the law of cognition, reflected from the concrete to the abstract, from shallow to deep 英文和中文是一个意思 望采纳!

题库内容：刀刃运转于骨节 空隙 中，在有回旋的 余地 。 比喻 工作熟练，有 实际 经验 ，解决 问题 毫不 费事。 成语出处： 语出《庄子·养生主》：“彼节者有间，而刀刃者无厚。以无厚入有间，恢恢乎其于游刃必有余地矣。” 成语例句： 从前他们又要办厂，又要做公债，也 居然 稳渡了两次险恶的 风波 ，现在他们全力来做公债， 自然 觉得 游刃有余 。 繁体写法： 游刄有余 注音： ㄧㄡˊ ㄖㄣˋ ㄧㄡˇ ㄧㄩˊ 游刃有余的近义词： 挥洒自如 挥：挥笔；酒：洒墨。形容画画、写字、作文，运笔能随心所欲。 滚瓜烂熟 记忆牢固,能极为顺利娴熟地诵读,朗朗上口他把课文背得滚瓜烂熟 炉火纯青 原指着士炼丹成功时的火侯。后用以比喻技艺或学问、修养达到精粹完美的境界。《孽海花》第二五回：“到了现 游刃有余的反义词： 捉襟见肘 衣服破烂,拉一下衣襟就露出胳膊肘儿,比喻生活困难或处境窘迫 一筹莫展 筹:计策。展:施展。一点计策也想不出;一点儿办法也没有 成语语法： 主谓式；作谓语、宾语；含褒义 常用程度： 常用成语 感情.色彩： 褒义成语 成语结构： 主谓式成语 产生年代： 古代成语 英语翻译： handle a butcher"s cleaver skillfully 成语谜语： 最好的杀牛技巧 写法注意： 刃，不能写作“刀”；余，不能写作“鱼”。

I"d like to take them to Beijing Tv center.They enjoy listening music.They want to collet stamps.We remember to write a report.Everyone needs to speak English well.We decide to listen to the result of the football match.I like watching TV.Mrs.White hates travelling by plane.She has started studying English.You could improve your English if you keeping speaking.I play piano once a week."Start" begins with an "s".

【我寄语】在圣诞节来临之际， 考 网为大家精心整理了有关圣诞节的英语作文《The Gold and Ivory Tablecloth》，以供大家参考，祝大家圣诞节快乐！ 这是一个真实的圣诞节故事，在圣诞节创造的奇迹，在距圣诞节还有两天的时候，一场剧烈的风暴袭击了小教堂，教堂的一大块石膏掉下来，雨水侵蚀，圣坛后的一块石膏掉了下来。伤心的牧师和他的妻子振作起来参加了一个拍卖会，牧师最后拍得一块珍贵的金色和象牙白相间的蕾丝桌布，准备回去布置好，挡住那个损坏的地方。这个故事都是由这一块美丽的桌布而起。牧师拍走的这块金色和象牙白蕾丝桌布让一对因为战争而分离走散多年的夫妻团聚了。假如牧师得到了这块桌布，却没有让那个在寒风中领漂泊的妇女进入教堂，又假如这位妇女最后取走了这块属于她的桌布，那这个妇女还能和她的丈夫重遇吗？ At Christmastime, men and women everywhere gather in their churches to wonder anew at the greatest miracle the world has ever known. But the story I like best to recall was not a miracle—not exactly. It happened to a pastor who was very young. His church was very old. Once, long ago, it had flourished. Famous men had preached from its pulpit, prayed before its altar. Rich and poor alike had worshiped there and built it beautifully. Now the good days had passed from the section of town where it stood. But the pastor and his young wife believed in their run-down church. They felt that with paint, hammer, and faith, they could get it in shape. Together they went to work. But late in December, a severe storm whipped through the river valley, and the worst blow fell on the little church—a huge chunk of rain-soaked plaster fell out of the inside wall just behind the altar. Sorrowfully the pastor and his wife swept away the mess, but they couldn"t hide the ragged hole. The pastor looked at it and had to remind himself quickly, “Thy will be done!” The joyful purpose of the storm that had knocked a hole in the wall of the church was now quite clear. But his wife wept, “Christmas is only two days away!” That afternoon the dispirited couple attended an auction held for the benefit of a youth group. The auctioneer opened a box and shook out of its folds a handsome gold-and-ivory lace tablecloth. It was a magnificent item, nearly 15 feet long. But it, too, dated from a long-vanished era. Who, today, had any use for such a thing? There were a few halfhearted bids. Then the pastor was seized with what he thought was a great idea. He bid it in for six dollars and fifty cents. He carried the cloth back to the church and tacked it up on the wall behind the altar. It completely hid the hole! And the extraordinary beauty of its shimmering handwork cast a fine, holiday glow over the chancel. It was a great triumph. Happily he went back to preparing his Christmas sermon. Just before noon on the day of Christmas Eve, as the pastor was opening the church, he noticed a woman standing in the cold at the bus stop. “The bus won"t be here for 40 minutes!” he called, and he invited her into the church to get warm. She told him that she had come from the city that morning to be interviewed for a job as governess to the children of one of the wealthy families in town but she had been turned down. A war refugee, she had imperfect English. The woman sat down in a pew and chafed her hands and rested. After a while, she dropped her head and prayed. She looked up as the pastor began to adjust the great gold-and-ivory lace cloth across the hole. She rose suddenly and walked up the steps of the chancel. She looked at the tablecloth. The pastor smiled and started to tell her about the storm damage, but she didn"t seem to listen. She took up a fold of the cloth and rubbed it between her fingers. “It is mine!” she said. “It is my banquet cloth!” She lifted up a corner and showed the surprised pastor that there were initials monogrammed on it. “My husband had the cloth made especially for me in Brussels! There could not be another like it!” For the next few minutes, the woman and the pastor talked excitedly together. She explained that she was Viennese, that she and her husband had opposed the Nazis and decided to leave the country. They were advised to go separately. Her husband put her on a train for Switzerland. They planned that he would join her as soon as he could arrange to ship their household goods across the border. She never saw him again. Later she heard that he had died in a concentration camp. “I have always felt that it was my fault—to leave without him,” she said. “Perhaps these years of wandering have been my punishment!” The pastor tried to comfort her, urged her to take the cloth with her. She refused. Then she went away. As the church began to fill on Christmas Eve, it was clear that the cloth was going to be a great success. It had been skillfully designed to look its best by candlelight. After the service, the pastor stood at the doorway; many people told him that the church looked beautiful. One gentle-faced, middle-aged man—he was the local clock-and-watch repairman—looked rather puzzled. “It is strange,” he said in his soft accent. “Many years ago, my wife—God rest her—and I owned such a cloth. In our home in Vienna, my wife put it on the table”—and here he smiled—“only when the bishop came to dinner!” The pastor suddenly became very excited. He told the jeweler about the woman who had been in church earlier in the day. The startled jeweler clutched the pastor"s arm. “Can it be? Does she live?” Together the two got in touch with the family who had interviewed her. Then, in the pastor"s car, they started for the city. And as Christmas Day was born, this man and his wife—who had been separated through so many saddened Yuletides—were reunited. To all who heard this story, the joyful purpose of the storm that had knocked a hole in the wall of the church was now quite clear. Of course, people said it was a miracle, but I think you will agree it was the season for it!

you like summer,but as for me,l prefer winter

楼主这样的做法有点不正确，即使混进去了，也要看你的实力的

Three, English speech way of learning I think we should start a set up the correct English learning guidance. English learning should be focusing on communication ability, should try education jump out of the error. Due to the class hour because of the limitation of, many universities are not for the student of English speech separate course, but that doesn"t mean we have to reduce the learning of English phonetics. I think English speech learning can from the following several aspects: 1. Create a real language learning environment, make the skills has gone hand in hand. As is known to all, in actual language communication activity, is based on the comprehensive sentences and words piece of units. Only a single speech learning and contexts combined skillfully, in the context of real learning, it is beneficial to get English language sense, and master the correct pronunciation intonation. Therefore, the study of English speech to flexible use accurate method: First of all, we have to listen to more. Listen, we say at ordinary times is the "irrigation ErYin", is the key to learning pronunciation. Whether in class to listen to the teacher carefully, team work activities in discussing with classmates, in extracurricular listening to the radio, listen to the tape or communicate with foreign teachers, and so on, all belong to listen to link. At this point, is not only easy to imitate, helps to improve their communication skills. Second, we want to say, this is a practice link. Learning English, the most important is to should be open theri mouth, li Yang"s crazy English is to say the from practice? In the process of developing, must be bold, don"t worry too much, to put aside the perfection of their ideas, will you want to say what the says as far as possible out, by saying, can we learn the rules of the speech will be learning to live, can also check the us right, and correct his errors, in the accumulation of progress. Finally, we want to read. The old saying that the cloud, "read times, its meaning since see." The language learning method is the same, so Chinese, English, too. The process of reading, can form the good English language sense. Listen more and more on the basis of said read more, that is to strengthen the English phonetics and consolidate the most efficient way. 2. To practice a lot. English is a language skills, only repeated practice, so stick to practice a lot, and find the teacher or section of the from guidance. The guide is from inspired us to speak English, and let us as many have some training opportunities. Learn English in junior high school the first day of class, the teacher is to the us said: "you don"t put the English and history, geography of such disciplines, and should be equal to view it as a skills. A skill grasping only through repeated practice" therefore, English learning also should pass after repeat basic sentence patterns and vocabulary, and insist for a long time, constantly improve their level. 3. Importance to English learning pronunciation long-term, realize the goal of learning English. Voice of learning is a long process, need to accumulate and solvent strictly temper. To keep exploring, summarized, practice and imitate, to make progress, so, do not lax, things done by halves. With the in-depth study, training intensity and standards should constantly upgrade. Every day will insist, timely review and deepen our impression and so on and so on. 4. Some learning English phonetics methods: mirror articulation. We can use a mirror to watch their own lip shape, the mouth and pronunciation site, realize his mistake, and correct his bad pronunciation habit; Transfer the mouth method. Through the mouth of the game to do some transfer, this will cause the student to a degree between the phonemes oral, lip, tongue and the tongue of a high and low a change and difference have certain understanding; Role models. Tone can help us express joy, sadness, and surprise, frustration, anger and so on the different emotions, we can imitate the wonderful movie dialogue. In the imitation of the intonation of dialogue grasp the application.

1.Compute science and conquer basic theories with the basic knowledge for a strong and tough foundation of mathematics; 2.Use a calculator(include usual language, use the tool work with some particularize software) to pack skillfully in the can, there is a basic operation rule analysis, design the planning ability of[with] ability and mightiness; 3.Use the theories of the school, the method and technique solve the production of some researches of sciences or actual subject; 4.The calculation of the science theories, the technique development and applications that the information science and new information know; 5.Conquer the document resumption, have a research of science and software to develop an ability for basic method data. The basic theories of science of[with] the main research information science and calculation, basic knowledge with basic method, place a good foundation for mathematics, train by the strong and tough calculator, have according to science and the development of the information science and the related software ability to resolve an actual problem and the design in science the research of the realm.

我就不说什么了，阿跑说的很对。

1,love the job,with an open mind tolearn,continuous efforts,progress. 2、以良好的仪表、仪容，饱满的精神面貌向客人提供“微笑、礼貌、热情、主动、准确、快速、安全”的优质服务。2,with a goodinstrument,appearance,full of spiritto provide"smile,courtesy,enthusiasm,initiative,accurate,fast,safe" qualityservice to guests. 3、不断增强自身的服务意识，提高自己的服务技能。3,enhance theirservice awareness,improve their serviceskills. 4、以工作为重，无条件服从管理人员的指挥和工作分配，不得以任何借口加以推辞，做到无服从后申诉。4,in order to re work,commandand assignmentunconditional obediencemanagementpersonnel,shall not use any excuseto refuse,donotobeythe appeal after. 5、负责区域环境卫生清扫及桌椅摆放，做到“地面无杂物，桌椅无积灰，房间无异味，墙面无痕迹，场所无卫生死角”。5,responsible forregional environmentalcleaningandthe tables and chairs,do"no debrisground,tables and chairs,no fouling,room no smell,no traces ofthe wall,placesno sanitation dead". 6、负责上岗前的物品准备工作及下岗后的物品保管工作。6,responsible for theprepreparation workandarticleslaid off after thecustodialwork. 7、熟悉公司各种出品物的品名、价格、口味，熟练地掌握推销方法、时间及技巧，做到推销时运用自如。7,familiar with thevariousproductname,price,taste,skilled inmarketingmethods,time andskillstohandle very skillfully,sell. 8、熟练地使用托盘服务、站立服务、点单推销服务、气氛调节服务、顾客投诉服务等程序。8,skilled in the use oftray service,standing service,singlesales service,atmosphereregulation service,customer complaintserviceprogram. 9、熟练掌握酒吧的服务操作程序，做到“镇定自如、忙而为乱”。9,masterbarserviceprocedures,to "calm,busyandchaotic". 10、熟悉酒吧的设施设备的使用方法，检查方法及保管程序。Use method 10,familiar with barfacilities and equipment,inspection andstorageprocedures. 11、熟悉公司内线电话号码，环境分布及报警电话号码。11,familiar with the companytelephonenumber,distributionandalarm telephone number. 12、熟练地使用礼貌用语，要求“客到有欢迎声，客走有送客声，受人帮助有致谢声，打扰别人有致歉声，见人有问候声”。12,skilled in the use ofpolite language,"customerrequirementstowelcome theguests leaveoutsound,there issound,by helping peopletoXie Shengapology,asoundto disturb others,agreetingpeople". 13、以优质细微的到位服务去满足被服务者的需求，使自身的服务水准永远站在同行业的前列。13,by the high qualityfinein placeservices to meetservice usersdemand,make its servicelevelwill always standin the forefront of the same industry. 14、熟记“顾客永远是对的，上司永远是对的，团结永远是对的”，谨记“顾客是我们的衣食父母”。14,by"the customer is always right,the bossis always right,unityis always right",that"the customer isour god". 15、注重自身形象，从道德素质、纪律要求、团结协作、技能技巧、服务效率等多方面要求自己，使自己能成为一名合格的四星级酒店服务员而感到自豪。15,pay attention to their own image,from themoral quality,discipline,unity and cooperation,skills,service efficiencyand other aspects ofdemands on themselves,so that I can become aqualified fourStars Hotel attendantproud.希望对你有帮助。

u3000Dear leaders:u3000u3000Hello!u3000u3000My name is the wanghua.and i am twenty four years oldu3000 i have a solid foundation of professional knowledge, a systematic grasp of marketing and other related theories; be able to skillfully operate a computer office software. At the same time, my spare time to extensively studied under a large number of books, not only enriched his own, but also develop their own multi-faceted skills. More importantly, the rigorous style of study and correct learning attitude shaped me simple, stable and innovative traits.u3000u3000In addition, i also actively participate in various social activities, to seize every opportunity to exercise their own. University for four years, i deeply feel, with the best students to work to benefit me in the competition; to challenge the practical difficulties, let me grow up in frustration.u3000u3000Grandparents have taught me hard work, responsibility, kindness, integrity; xxx university, has trained i am being pragmatic, pioneering and enterprising style. I love your organization are engaged in the cause, eagerly look forward to your leadership, the building blocks for this glorious cause; and in practice, learning and progress.u3000u3000Believe me, believe your choice is right!

本操作，结合一个简单的“教学管理系统”实例，比较系统地介绍了关系数据库管理系统的功能和数据处理方法。教学目的：通过学习，学生可了解可视化数据库的基本知识及应用，掌握数据库管理系统的基本操作方法，了解系统安装、特点、技术指标；能设计数据库、对记录进行编辑、查询；能进行数据统计和报表制作，能熟练掌握程序设计并能解决实际问题；熟练掌握SQL语言，并能使用SQL语言对数据进行各种操作；能熟练使用表单设计器设计表单、使用菜单设计器设计菜单。最终学生应能利用本课所学知识设计一些实际的管理程序。教学方法：本课程采用课堂教学为主、上机辅导为辅，结合作业、测试、讨论、答疑等方式的教学方法。课堂教学以多媒体教学为主，充分利用多媒体教学的直观性、动态性、可重复性、大信息量、大容量性和图文声像并茂等特点。上机实验一人一机，学生自己动手实验。每章都需布置

"On the sky"和"in the sky"是两个短语，用于描述物体或事物与天空的关系。尽管它们都涉及到天空，但它们在释义、用法、使用环境、影响范围和形象上有一些区别。1. 释义区别："On the sky"指的是物体或事物直接位于天空的表面或覆盖在天空上。而 "In the sky"指的是物体或事物在天空的内部或空间中。例句：- There was a beautiful rainbow on the sky after the rain.（雨后，天空上出现了一道美丽的彩虹。）- The birds were flying freely in the sky.（鸟儿在天空中自由地飞翔。）2. 用法区别："On the sky"通常用于描述物体或事物与天空的表面接触或覆盖的情况。而"In the sky"通常用于描述物体或事物在天空中存在或发生的情况。例句：- The stars were shining brightly on the sky.（星星在天空上闪烁着明亮的光芒。）- The airplane was flying high in the sky.（飞机在天空中高高飞行。）3. 使用环境区别："On the sky"常用于描述静止的物体或事物，如云、星星、彩虹等。而"In the sky"常用于描述动态的物体或事物，如飞机、鸟类、降落伞等。例句：- The moon was shining on the sky.（月亮挂在天空上，散发着光辉。）- The birds were soaring in the sky.（鸟儿在天空中翱翔。）4. 影响范围区别："On the sky"的影响范围更多地涉及到天空的表面或局部区域。而"In the sky"的影响范围更多地涉及到整个天空的空间。例句：- The clouds on the sky were thick and dark, indicating an approaching storm.（天空上密布着厚重而黑暗的云朵，预示着一场暴风雨的来临。）- The fireworks in the sky illuminated the entire city.（天空中的烟花照亮了整个城市。）5. 形象区别："On the sky"的形象更接近于天空的表面，与大地相连接。而"In the sky"的形象更接近于天空的虚无、开阔与自由感。例句：- The sun was setting on the sky, casting a golden glow across the horizon.（太阳在天空上落下，使地平线上洒下一片金色的光辉。）- The hot air balloons were floating in the sky, creating a colorful and dreamy scene.（热气球在天空中飘浮，形成了一幅丰富多彩、梦幻般的场景。）

西湖位于浙江省杭州市，是中国十大风景名胜之一，凭借秀丽的湖光山色和众多的名胜古迹成为闻名中外的旅游胜地。这里不仅有山水之美，还有丰富的文物古迹，优美动人的神话传说，自然、人文、历史、艺术在此巧妙地融为一体。宋朝著名诗人苏轼曾赋诗道：欲把西湖比西子，淡妆浓抹总相宜。2011年，西湖入选联合国世界文化遗产名录，成为现今世界遗产名录中屈指可数的几处湖泊类文化遗产之一，也是中国唯一一处。Located in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, West Lake is one of the top ten scenic spots in China. With beautiful lake scenery and numerous historical sites, West Lake has become a famous tourist destination. Here not only the beauty of the landscape, but also rich cultural relics, beautiful and moving myths and legends, nature, humanities, history, art in this skillfully integrated. Su Shi, a famous poet of the Song dynasty, once wrote a poem: To make the West Lake better than the West, it is always worthwhile. In 2011, the West Lake was selected as one of the few UNESCO World Heritage Lists in the World Heritage List, and it is also the only one in China.

吉普是音译过来的，所以英文发音和吉普很像，jj林俊杰的j，然后加上一个轻轻的坡的音

双城记英语读后感 "A tale of two cities" is one of Dickens"s most important representative works．The novel profoundly exposed the society contradiction before the French Revolution，intensely attacks the aristocratic social class is dissolute and cruel，and sincerely sympathizes with the depressed classes．The novel also described many magnificent scenes like the revolt people attacked Bastille and so on，which displayed people"s great strength． The novel has portrayed many different people． Doctor Manette is honest and kind but suffers the persecution actually ， Lucie is beautiful and gentle ，Charles is graceful and noble，Lorry is upright and honest ，Sydney is semblance of indifferent， innermost feelings of warm，unconventional but also selfless and lofty，Miss Pross is straightforward and loyal，Evremonde brothers are cruel and sinister．．．．．．The complex hatred is hard to solve， the cruel revenge has made more hatreds， loves rebirth in the hell edge，but take the life as the price． As an outstanding writer，in Dickens"s work，the language skill is essential．Each kind of rhetoric technique，like the analogy，the exaggeration，the contrast，the humorous，and the taunt are handled skillfully，and the artistry of the work is also delivered the peak．"A tale of two cities" has its difference with the general historical novel， its character and the main plot are all fictionalizes．With the broad real background of the French Revolution，the author take the fictional character Doctor Manette"s experience as the main clue，interweaves the unjust charge， love and revenge three independences but also incident cross－correlation stories together，the plot is criss－crossed，and the clue is complex．The author use insert narrates，foreshadowing，upholstery and so many techniques，causes the structure integrity and strictness，the plot winding anxious and rich of theatrical nature，it displayed the remarkable artistic skill．the style "A tale of two cities" is solemnity and melancholy，fills indignantion，but lacks the humor of the early works．

请找英语专业高手翻译吧

Stills:Good stills in operating Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Outlook.Familiar with Internet, with abundant network knowledge and experiences.Grasp ordinary webpage design.Good at operating various application and system softwares installation, test, and application.Proficient knowledge in using many computer hardwares, whole machine"s packaging, and maintenance. Familiar with LAN"s setting up, application and maintenance.Familiar with the usage of different digital products.

UK"s economy is "best in Europe" The UK is in the best shape out of all the economies in Europe, according to a leading economist.Paul Krugman, who won the 2008 Nobel prize for economics, said that the UK"s economic policies had been "pretty good" and called them "intelligent".The government also deserved more credit for its policies, he said in an interview with The Observer newspaper.His comments come at the end of a week when the pound has risen to its highest level this year.But Professor Krugman believes the earlier fall in the value of sterling may have helped the UK."The UK has achieved a lot of monetary traction in the way that no one else has through the depreciation of the pound. In effect, you"ve carried out a successful beggar-my-neighbour devaluation," he said."I think the UK economy looks the best in Europe at the moment."The government"s policies had managed to stabilise the banking system, he said.He added: "If the government can hold off having an election until next year, Labour might well be able to run as "we"re the people who brought Britain out of the slump"."

Good afternoon to fellow teachers and professors, I feel very proud given the chance to participate in this interview and I wish that I could leave a very good first impression to all of you. My English is not very good and do not use it in my daily life, however, I strongly believe after sometimes, I will be able to reach the required level of the job. I am very good in computers and master the Office software. I know how to operate and use the labs equipment in the proper manner.My biggest strength is the ability to research and do not give up easily. I like to challenge myself continuously. This is the main reason why I choose this school because i believe the school will be able to provide me a more challenging research environment and better development opportunity.I strongly believe that with my great efforts, I will be able to cope and become a better student in this school. In addition, I would also wish to build a better future together with this team. Thank you very much

您好，没有字数要求么？我找到有两篇文章不错，希望您喜欢： 1. 刘翔 Liu Xiang (born July 13, 1983 in Shanghai, China) is a hurdling athlete and Olympic gold medalist who holds the current world record in the 110 metres hurdles with a time of 12.88 seconds. Career In 2002, Liu launched his professional career by winning his first IAAF Grand Prix in Lausanne with a World Junior and Asian record time of 13.12 seconds (+1.6 m/s tail wind) in the 110 metres hurdles. Afterward, Liu chased down one of his heroes Allen Johnson, then the world number 1 sprint hurdler, for an autograph. When interviewed about the Athens Olympic Games two years later, Liu said he would be satisfied if he qualified for the finals. Liu is also the world junior indoor record holder in the 60m Hurdles with a time of 7.55s. While enroute to a longer race Liu also set the world junior indoor record in the 50m Hurdles with a time of 6.52s. These records are not officially recognized by the IAAF. He has since made the finals at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics and IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics (twice); two of the three cases has seen American hurdling great Allen Johnson take the major prize. In May 2004 at an IAAF race in Osaka Japan, Liu managed to beat Johnson with an Asian-record time of 13.06 seconds. Liu had bee his hero"s equal just before the Athens Olympic Games. Still young, Liu had improved steadily, and won a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in the 110 meters hurdles event. In the final, he equaled Colin Jackson"s 1993 world record of 12.91 seconds. The wind assistance for Colin"s race was +0.5 m/s whereas Liu"s wind assistance was +0.3 m/s. This was the first time an athlete of non-African descent had reached under 13 seconds for the 110 metres hurdles. In 2005, Liu was awarded the Laureus World Sports Award for Newer of the Year. Liu set a new world record in the 110 metres hurdles, at the Super Grand Prix in Lausanne on July 11, 2006, with a time of 12.88 seconds (+1.1 m/s tail wind). The record was ratified by the IAAF. [2] In the same race, the American Dominique Arnold also beat the previous record with a time of 12.90s 2. 李连杰 Jet Li Born: Apr 26, 1963 in Beijing, China Occupation: Actor Active: "80s-2000s Major Genres: Action Career Highlights: Once Upon a Time in China, Fong Sai-Yuk, Sman II First Major Screen Credit: The Shaolin Temple (1982) Biography Following closely on Jackie Chan"s well-calloused heels as one of the most dazzling physical performers of the silver screen, Jet Li"s lightning-fast moves, friendly sense of humor, and genuine concern for his fans have endeared him to a generation of international action-film lovers as one of the most respected figures in martial arts cinema. The youngest of five siblings (consisting of two brother and two sisters) whose father died when he was only two years old, one might say that the painfully honest momma"s boy has, since reaching *** hood, slightly overpensated for his admittedly over-protected childhood (the future daredevil didn"t even learn how to ride a bicycle until in his early teens). Sent during summer recess to what is now referred to as the Beijing Sports and Exercise school, Li was fatefully assigned to the wushu class and was one of a mere handful of students asked to return when the season ended and students filed back into classrooms in the fall. An exceptionally adept wushu student despite being only eight years of age, the experience boosted the confidence of the shy youth despite urges to join his clas *** ates in after-school play. Leaving home for the first time the following year to attend petition, Li took first place at the event and was concurrently given the honor of performing at the opening ceremony of the eagerly anticipated Pan-Asian-African-Latin American Table Tennis Championships, an honor which also included the youth receiving personal praise from none other than Premier Zhou Enlai. No longer required to attend conventional schooling, the young wonder was admitted to a rigorous sports school. Eventually remaining with a group that consisted of 20 of China"s finest young wushu practitioners, the students were then put through another kind of training entirely -- this time of the Western etiquette persuasion -- for an extremely important goodwill tour of the United States. Despite a potentially embarrassing international incident in which the overly excited youngster expressed his excitement when he spotted what he thought was a airplane in Hawaii (the plane was actually Tawianese, an extremely sensitive and important distinction at the time) and travels with a heavily guarded entourage, the journey went fairly well and gave Li a newfound sense of independence. Winning the coveted All-China Youth Championships upon his return to China provided Li with his first national championship title, though it was only a prelude to a slew of awards to e including a bloodied performance at the qualifying round of China"s National Games, during which Li accidentally cut his head with his saber (the determined youngster didn"t even realize what had happened, assuming he was simply perspiring, until his form was nearly finished). Despite his serious injury, the 12-year-old Li went on to win first place in the National Games to the amazement of the enraptured crowd. peting frequently in the following years and surviving a close brush with death in a faulty cargo plane (the passengers were literally given pads of paper to write out their wills), Li was later appointed to an official weling mittee for American presidents due to his previous contributions to positive Sino-American relations. Later attempting to live up to his title of "All-Around Wushu Champion of China," the 16-year-old who many referred to as all capable decided to do all he could to live up to the title by internalizing his understanding of the wushu practice through philosophy. Operating on the basic principle of Taiji (similar to yin/yang in the balance/counterbalance theory), Li began an internal voyage that would be just as rewarding as the physical labors he had so diligently pursued. Breaking into the world of film with an exciting performance in 1979"s Shaolin Temple, Li"s screen presence was undeniable and ignited a boom in the kung-fu film industry during the 1980s. Though he took an unsuccessful attempt at directing a few short years later with Born to Defend (1986), his acting career continued to accelerate at high speed with such hits as the Once Upon a Time in China and the Fong Sai-Yuk series in the early "90s. Rising to remarkable celebrity status due to his charm and unmatchable moves, Li gained fans in both the young and old and continued to thrill Eastern moviegoers in increasingly awe-inspiring ways. A crossover to American films began with his role as the villain in Lethal Weapon 4 (1998) (a role originally offered to Chan but turned down due to his inclination never to play the bad guy), and continued with more likable roles in Romeo Must Die and Kiss of the Dragon (2000 and 2001 respectively). Li caused something of a sensation with the release of Kiss of the Dragon when he made a special plea to parents not to bring their children to the film due to the unusually (for Li) *** -oriented violence of the film. A request virtually unheard of in the Hollywood system, Li promised parents that they would soon be able to share his high-kicking escapades with their children with the decidedly more family friendly The One a few short months later. In 2003 Li would return to stateside screens alongside DMX in Cradle to the Grave (2003), a remake of the classic Fritz Lang film M (1931) which fared only moderatly well at the box office. Just as it began to seem as if Li had forsaken the period martial arts genre on which he was weaned in favor of mainstream Hollywood success, his memorable return to the format with director Zhang Yimou"s richly textured 2002 effort Hero proved to fans that he still possessed all the talent and charm he had so skillfully displayed in the previous Hong Kong hits produced before his crossover success. Despite the fact that the film drew some of the best reviews of Li"s later career, however, the inexplicable decision made by U.S. distributor Miramax to sit on Hero for nearly two years before unceremoniously dumping it into stateside theaters in August of 2004 eventually caused many fans to seek out foreign releases of the critically-praised effort well before it"s official U.S. release; a mournful mistake that likely resulted in diminshed sales at stateside multiplexes. A second collaboration with Kiss of the Dragon collaborator Luc Besson resulted in Unleashed, an effort many fans considered to be a notable improvement over his previous U.S. efforts, and in 2006 Li would return to the genre that launched his career one last time with the throwback martial arts biopic Fearless. A traditional-minded kung-fu epic that eschewed wirework and digital effects to focus on character and the art of fighting, Fearless proved an enormous success when it out-grossed such recent hits as House of Flying Daggars, Hero, and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon upon being released into East Asian theaters in January of 2006.

以下是 为大家整理的关于少儿科学家的故事：丁肇中的文章，供大家阅读参考！！ 美籍华裔物理学家。祖籍中国山东省日照市，1936年1月27日生于美国密执安州安阿伯，中学时代是在台湾度过的。1956年丁肇中入美国密执安大学学习，1960年获硕士学位，1962年获博士学位。1963-1964年在欧洲核研究中心工作，1964-1967年在美国哥伦比亚大学工作。1967年起任美国麻省理工学院物理系教授，1977年当选为美国科学院院士。 丁肇中主要从事高能实验物理、基本粒子物理、量子电动力学、γ辐射与物质的相互作用等方面的研究。他最杰出的贡献是在1974年，与里希特各自独立地发现了J/ψ粒子。为此，他们共同获得了1976年诺贝尔物理学奖。 1972年夏，丁肇中实验小组利用美国布鲁克海文国家实验室的质子加速器寻找质量在1.5×109eV～5.5×109eV之间的长寿命中性粒子。1974年，他们发现了一个质量约为质子质量3倍(能量为3.1×109eV)的长寿命中性粒子。在公开发表这个发现时，丁肇中把这个新粒子取名为J粒子，"J"和汉字"丁"字形相近，寓意是中国人发现的粒子。与此同时，美国人里希特也发现了这种粒子，并取名为ψ粒子。后来人们就把这种粒子称为J/ψ粒子。J/ψ粒子具有奇特的性质，其寿命值比预料值大5000倍。这表明它有新的内部结构，不能用当时已知的3种味夸克来解释，而需要引进第四种夸克即粲夸克来解释。J/ψ粒子的发现大大推动了粒子物理学的发展。 此外，通过高能正负电子对撞的物理实验，丁肇中在1979年夏发现了三喷注现象，为胶子的存在和量子色动力学提供了实验依据。他进行的高能下电磁作用与弱作用干涉效应的实验，为弱电统一理论提供了实验依据。1981年起，他组织和领导了一个国际小组──包括中国在内的约13个国家近400名物理学家参加的L3组。在欧洲核子中心高能正负电子对撞机LEP上进行高能物理实验，寻找新的基本粒子及其粒子物理的新现象。 丁肇中热心培养中国高能物理学人才，经常选拔中国青年科学工作者去他所领导的小组工作。他是中国科学技术大学等校的名誉教授，中国科学院高能物理研究所学术委员会委员。 2005年世界物理年活动日前在欧洲启动。他正领导着来自美、法、德、中等14个国家43所一流大学和科研院所的581名物理学家，在日内瓦建造的世界上能量的正负电子对撞机上，探索宇宙中的新物质、反物质。

如果有一天石油资源耗尽，高分子产业怎么办？很多小伙伴可能并不清楚高分子产业与石油产业有什么联系。其实很好理解，所有高分子材料都是来自于相应的单体，比如聚乙烯的单体是乙烯，乙烯怎么来的？石油的裂解。再比如PET（绝大多数矿泉水瓶的成分），单体之一是对苯二甲酸衍生物，前体是对二甲苯（这个东西就是被广大无知群众妖魔化的PX），对二甲苯怎么来的？也是从石油里炼出来的。所以说，高分子工业是建立在石油工业之上的。如果没有了石油，所谓巧妇难为无米之炊，整个高分子工业，甚至整个现代文明生活必将受到极大影响。怎么办？科学家与工程师们都愁坏了。真要有那么一天，大家都没工作了，估计穷的都要吃树皮了。好在天无绝人之路，虽然石油枯竭那一天还还很遥远，但是有识之士还是想出了一些办法，答案就在“树皮”，这一类可再生资源。什么意思呢？以往聚合物材料的单体最原始原料不都是来自于石油吗，那就想想办法看看其他地方能不能找到这些初始的原料呢。找来找去就发现，利用植物和微生物就可以制备很多初始的化工原料啊，这么多年来这些植物一岁一枯荣的真是白白浪费掉了，不过好在它们可以春风吹又生；顺手科学家们又看了看植物体内还有啥好东西呢？这一找不要紧，发现植物里面还有通过石油工业无法规模生产的单体或聚合物。这里我们要注意到，人们只需要解决一些上游原料的来源，许多下游化学品来源问题变迎刃而解，进而衍生出更加多样的聚合物种类。如下图。总体而言，这两个路线在一定程度上足够人们应付石油枯竭造成的原料短缺危机了，那么科学家具体都发现了什么呢？下面挑一些重要的例子详细地说一说。1. 基于生物路线的重要原料乙烯乙烯工业的重要性就不言而喻了。有了乙烯就可以合成氯乙烯、环氧乙烷、苯乙烯等等非常重要的化工原料，进而得到相应的聚合物材料。植物本身的确是可以合成乙烯的，它是植物五大激素之一，主要作用为促进果实成熟与脱落。但是这点含量简直太少了，要是以此来制备工业乙烯的话所有化工厂都得亏死。基于生物基的乙烯是这样得来的：利用甘蔗、甜菜、玉米等含糖物质的生物发酵技术得到乙醇，再由乙醇制备乙烯。当然乙醇怎么制备乙烯不同的企业有着不同的方案。实际上生物乙醇技术早已经存在几十年了，最初是把生产出的乙醇当做燃料来使用。全球最大的可持续聚合物生产商，巴西的Braskem公司利用这种路线的聚乙烯年产量已经可以达到20万吨。这个公司在可持续化学品方面还是很有野心的，目前也在积极研发生物基路线的聚丙烯。乳酸乳酸就是每次锻炼后让你肉疼的分子。这个东西可以通过单糖的微生物发酵得来。乳酸可以生产出聚乳酸（PLA），这是基于可再生资源聚合物的典范。PLA是一种生物相容性非常好的聚合物，已经广泛用作可降解性手术缝合线等生物医用材料，并且基于PLA的塑料已经在市场上出现，可以作为包装与纤维应用，优势在于与一般的塑料相比它的降解周期更短，对环境的污染自然就更小，同时降解产物就是单体乳酸，所以可以回收再利用。实际上PLA是在资源短缺环境下非常理想的一类聚合物：来源是基于可再生资源，生产的产品性能足够好，使用完可以在有限的时间内降解，降解后的产物可以重新用于生产。它的出现也激励着人们开发出更多类似的材料。基于生物路线得到重要原料的例子可以说非常多，比如基于植物纤维素水解得到单糖（多种单体的前体），基于工程细菌得到异戊二烯（橡胶的单体），基于单糖发酵生产琥珀酸（多种聚酯与聚酰胺的单体）、植物中含有的酒石酸、柠檬酸（多种新型聚合物的单体）等等，这里就不再详细阐述了。国际上很多知名化工企业，如BASF、朗盛、BioAmber、Myriant、帝斯曼都在开展这些可再生资源项目。2. 松脂没错，就是松树上流下来的黏黏的松脂。松脂的成分很复杂，其中含有一些挥发性的成分，俗名叫做松节油，全球年产量在30万吨，主要成分就是α-蒎烯（pinene）与β-蒎烯。并且可以得到多种下游烯烃产品。既然这些化学品都含有碳碳双键，所以可以用自由基聚合与离子型聚合制成聚合物。近些年也有学者利用新型的烯烃复分解类聚合方法进行聚合。挥发性成分除去之后，剩下的东西就是松香了。外观上就是这种硬脆的固体。全球年产量在100万吨以上。它们的成分一般为氢化菲类骨架的有机羧酸类。无论是碳碳双键还是羧酸官能团，都可被开发为聚合反应生产聚合物。实际上，无论是松节油还是松香，已经是被广泛使用的重要化工原料了。松节油可用作油漆溶剂和合成香料，也作杀虫剂等药用原料；松香是制造油漆、肥皂、纸、火柴等的工业原料。但是这些一般只是用到物理特性，利用它们的化学特性制备全新的聚合物材料还处于学术探索阶段，充其量处于工业小试阶段。其实从市场发展的规律来看完全可以理解，因为一个全新聚合物的生产是需要工厂生产线从内到外的“大换血”，成本极其巨大，在现有聚合物材料基本满足生产生活需要、石油资源还比较充足的背景下，企业对于这类新型聚合物的生产自然兴趣不大。但是，一旦到了石油资源短缺的节骨眼上，对于新化学结构聚合物的开发与生产肯定是一种必然。3. 植物油类植物油的成分是甘油与一些长链烷基羧酸的酯类。所以，有了植物油就可以将其水解生产甘油与相应的羧酸。甘油，也就是丙三醇，这个东西妹子们最了解， 好多化妆品中利用甘油作为保湿成分。利用甘油可以衍生出非常繁多的下游化学品。这些化学品都是常用的化工原料，由它们作为单体制备的聚合物种类之多就更可以想象了。当然人们更希望的是利用是占植物油质量大部分的有机羧酸部分。这些羧酸分子一般都是含不同长度碳链的不饱和结构，或者是羟基啊环氧之类的结构。化学家们最喜欢含官能团的原料了，因为它们都可以根据不同的化学反应发生聚合。典型的商业品牌如帝斯曼公司的EcoPaXX，一种4,10聚酰胺类薄膜与纤维材料，其中的一种单体二酸就是衍生自蓖麻油酸。4. 二氧化碳与其他工业废料二氧化碳在来源实在太广泛了，尤其考虑到在人类在工业生产中排出了过量CO2，并已经对生态圈产生了负面的影响。如果可以把排到大气中的二氧化碳都转变为可用的高分子材料真是再好不过了。这在科研界已经开始出现一些令人振奋的成果。研究最多的是二氧化碳与一些环氧类单体的共聚和。当然这里面最重要的就是高效聚合催化剂的开发，并且还需要考虑一个实际的问题，就是这些催化剂要足够高效，也就是生产催化剂所产生的二氧化碳一定要远小于它们所能聚合的二氧化碳的量，否则得不偿失。对于这些催化剂的开发，美国康奈尔大学的Coates, Geoffrey W.教授、我国大连理工大学的吕小兵教授、英国帝国理工学院的Charlotte Williams教授都作出了卓越的贡献。变废为宝在资源短缺的时代实在一个高招，所以化学家也盯上了其他常见工业废料。亚丽桑那大学的一些化学家就盯上了硫磺。这玩意大家都知道，不光火山口附近有，工业上每年要产生6000万吨左右的单质硫。一般是工业脱硫过程中的废弃物。在化工厂中常年堆积如山。这些化学家觉得这么多硫磺堆着实在是浪费，就发现在熔融状态下可以将其与烯类单体共聚，将它们做成了聚合物材料，这是绿色化学的一个典范。5. 纤维素等多糖类天然高分子纤维素类在自然界中可以说是取之不尽、用之不竭的。广泛存在于草本植物、木本植物、细菌等等。近些年来发现纯度较高的纤维素纳米晶体的抗张强度优于钢铁，甚至比Kevlar纤维（防弹背心的主要成分）还要好。IBM公司在考虑将纤维素作为热固性体中玻璃纤维增强剂的替代材料。此外，纤维素也是单糖的重要来源，这样在生物发酵时候就可以不用甘蔗啊玉米啊这些粮食了，直接割些野草来就够了。纤维素的性能跟它的结构有着重要的关系，由于分子间存在大量的氢键，再加上分子间的超分子作用力使得在物理形貌上呈现纤维状的结构，使得材料力学性能优异。但是这也给加工造成了困难，由于氢键太强作用，加热到分解它也不会熔融。好在近年来发现这东西能溶于离子液体。其他类似的多糖类聚合物，比如甲壳素（就是虾类、甲壳虫类身上硬壳的主要成分）、壳聚糖（脱乙酰基的甲壳素）、淀粉类，以及木质素、木质素纤维，都是化学家们的重点研究对象，已经取得了不错的研究成果。好了，说了这么多好听的，也要泼点冷水了。可再生资源聚合物虽然前景广阔，但是要想全面实现产业化阻碍也不小。最实际的问题，就是生产成本问题。虽然企业家们天天被变来变去的石油原料化学品价格搞得焦头烂额，但是平均起来还是比全新路线的可再生聚合物明显便宜。就如同前面所说，在还没有火烧眉毛的时代，大多数企业，尤其是中小型企业，其实并不愿意去改变生产工艺，今朝有酒今朝醉嘛。另一方面，生产成本的提高也就意味着终端产品价格的提高，并不是所有人都会为了绿色产业发展而买这笔账。其次，那些新型结构的高分子材料，它们的性能跟现有的产品是否有足够的可比性？尤其是很多生物基原料中氧元素的含量是比较高的，与传统的聚乙烯、聚丙烯类全碳链聚合物相比更加易燃、热稳定性和水解稳定性也更差。这些都是要考虑的问题。再次，从上面所述的也可以看出来，生物基的方法很多是要使用粮食的。这个问题就比较严峻了，全世界还有那么多人食不果腹，尤其是非洲弟兄们还处于水深火热之中，又要把粮食分去一部分来用于化工生产，你让非洲兄弟怎么想？何况本来世界上用于生产粮食的耕地就少的可怜。因此，尽可能少地占用耕地，尽可能不使用粮食作物作为原料来源都是要面临的问题。参考文献：1. Gallezot, P., Conversion ofbiomass to selected chemical products. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41(4), 1538-1558.2. Byrne, C. M.; Allen, S. D.;Lobkovsky, E. B.; Coates, G. W., Alternating Copolymerization of Limonene Oxideand Carbon Dioxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126 (37),11404-11405.3. Kember,M. R.; Williams, C. K., Efficient Magnesium Catalysts for the Copolymerizationof Epoxides and CO2; Using Water to Synthesize Polycarbonate Polyols. J. Am.Chem. Soc. 2012, 134 (38), 15676-15679.4. Lu,X.-B.; Ren, W.-M.; Wu, G.-P., CO2 Copolymers from Epoxides: Catalyst Activity,Product Selectivity, and Stereochemistry Control. Acc. Chem. Res. 2012,45 (10), 1721-1735.5. Gandini,A.; Lacerda, T. M., From monomers to polymers from renewable resources: Recentadvances. Progress in Polymer Science 2015, 48, 1-39.6. Rockstrom, J.; Steffen, W.;Noone, K.; Persson, A.; Chapin, F. S.; Lambin, E. F.; Lenton, T. M.; Scheffer,M.; Folke, C.; Schellnhuber, H. J.; Nykvist, B.; de Wit, C. A.; Hughes, T.; vander Leeuw, S.; Rodhe, H.; Sorlin, S.; Snyder, P. K.; Costanza, R.; Svedin, U.;Falkenmark, M.; Karlberg, L.; Corell, R. W.; Fabry, V. J.; Hansen, J.; Walker,B.; Liverman, D.; Richardson, K.; Crutzen, P.; Foley, J. A., A safe operatingspace for humanity. Nature 2009, 461 (7263), 472-475.7. Chung, W. J.; Griebel, J. J.;Kim, E. T.; Yoon, H.; Simmonds, A. G.; Ji, H. J.; Dirlam, P. T.; Glass, R. S.;Wie, J. J.; Nguyen, N. A.; Guralnick, B. W.; Park, J.; Somogyi?rpád; Theato,P.; Mackay, M. E.; Sung, Y.-E.; Char, K.; Pyun, J., The use of elemental sulfuras an alternative feedstock for polymeric materials. Nat. Chem. 2013,5 (6), 518-524.本文首发于微信公众号“高分子文献速递”，作者娃哈哈。转载请与该公众号联系。

“幢”这个字属于多音字，有两个拼音，分别是（chuáng）和（zhuàng），当“幢”读作（chuáng）时，一般指代佛教中的一种圆筒形状的旗帜，当其读音为（chuáng）时，作名词指代帷幔，作形容词有摇晃之意，另外它还可用做量词使用。 幢组词 幢幢、经幢、幢幡、宝幢、幢主、法幢、云幢、日幢、幢相、玉幢、碧幢、牙幢、青幢、油幢、幢校、麾幢、幢盖、幢竿、幢旗、幢麾、霓幢、担幢、幢将、银幢、羽幢、缇幢、幢牙、幢容、幢队、幢葆、幢顶、幢棨、幡幢、幢戟、鸾幢、幢翳、灵幢、旄幢、戟幢。

“依法揭露他们”

诺贝尔物理学奖

汉字机内码用2个字节表示，且每个字节的MSB必为“1”，因此，可以表示65536/2=32768个。

村 有的地方称呼它是庄，庄前就是村子的前面啊！

中国有黑土，红壤，黄土，砖红壤，紫色土，灰化土给水稻土。

麦克维尔主板控制器机断电的话控制面板无法显示，可以直接显示。

【全名】妮可·罗宾【日文名】ニコ99ロビン【英文名】Nico61Robin【年龄】28岁【生日】2月6日（日文发音与她的名字相近）【职业】考古学家【特长】各种知识都很丰富,花花果实能力者,能在任何地方长出五官及手脚【理想】探求不为人知的历史“空白的一百年”【悬赏金】八千万贝利【身世】　　妮可·罗宾（以下简称罗宾）出生在西海的奥哈拉岛，父母都是奥哈拉岛上的学者。她出生时就没有了父亲，3岁那年母亲也为了研究出海了，罗宾从小就是孤零零的一个人。虽然被舅舅收留，但身份仍与佣人无异。由于她是恶魔果实能力者，拥有着花花果实的能力，因此岛上的其他孩子都把她当成妖怪，排挤她。能称得上是她朋友的，就只有在全知之树里工作的学者们。　　罗宾是个天才考古学家，8岁的时候便在博士学位的考试中取得满分，成为奥哈拉学者的一员。同样在她8岁那年，世界政府找到了奥哈拉岛研究禁忌历史“空白的一百年”的证据，于是发动屠魔令将整座岛摧毁。罗宾在海军大将青雉的帮助下逃离了奥哈拉。奥哈拉被摧毁之后，罗宾成为世上唯一能解读古代文字的人，所以被世界政府悬赏7900万贝里。为了活下去，继承母亲和奥哈拉学者们的遗志，8岁的罗宾只能不断投靠那些拥有巨大势力的海贼，以躲避海军、赏金猎人的追捕和追查真正的历史正文的真相。　　阿拉巴斯坦事件之后，罗宾加入了路飞一行人的队伍。跟以前那些只想利用她的人不同，路飞等人把她当做真正的伙伴。　　在七水之都，罗宾遇到了CP9（世界政府的间谍组织）。CP9威胁她，如果不跟他们合作，就要用屠魔令对付草冒海贼团。屠魔令的阴影一直存在在罗宾的心里。这一次，她没有办法继续背叛伙伴，为了救路飞他们，她牺牲自己，让CP9把自己带到司法岛。但在路飞一行人突破重围杀到司法岛救她的时候，她才真正体会到以前的一个朋友对她说过的话：“总有一天，你一定可以找到愿意为你牺牲一切的伙伴。”　　在水之都一系列事件中，她甘愿牺牲自己为了保护路飞等人，当然，这是被路飞所不允许的。路飞等为了罗宾毅然同世界政府为敌，强行攻打司法岛，罗宾，我来接你了。罗宾在同伴的呼唤下终于看到人生中的第一次光明，喊出了我想活下去的感人肺腑的言语，这是长期出于沉默中的内心一次终极爆发。后被路飞等人救出，继续着冒险的生活。梦想是找到真正的历史文本，解读空白的百年历史。　　经过大家的努力，罗宾终于被救了出来。现在她不需要再顾忌什么了，因为她终于有了一群真正的伙伴。

　百家姓,一共只收录单姓444个,复姓60个,一共只有504个,实际上,中国人的姓氏至少有1800个　　赵钱孙李 周吴郑王　　冯陈诸卫 蒋沈韩杨　　朱秦尤许 何吕施张　　孔曹严华 金魏陶姜　　戚谢邹喻 柏水窦章　　云苏潘葛 奚范彭郎　　鲁韦昌马 苗凤花方　　俞任袁柳 酆鲍史唐　　费廉岑薛 雷贺倪汤　　滕殷罗毕 郝邬安常　　乐于时傅 皮卡齐康　　伍余元卜 顾孟平黄　　和穆萧尹 姚邵堪汪　　祁毛禹狄 米贝明臧　　计伏成戴 谈宋茅庞　　熊纪舒屈 项祝董粱　　杜阮蓝闵 席季麻强　　贾路娄危 江童颜郭　　梅盛林刁 钟徐邱骆　　高夏蔡田 樊胡凌霍　　虞万支柯 咎管卢莫　　经房裘缪 干解应宗　　丁宣贲邓 郁单杭洪　　包诸左石 崔吉钮龚　　程嵇邢滑 裴陆荣翁　　荀羊於惠 甄魏家封　　芮羿储靳 汲邴糜松　　井段富巫 乌焦巴弓　　牧隗山谷 车侯宓蓬　　全郗班仰 秋仲伊宫　　宁仇栾暴 甘钭厉戎　　祖武符刘 景詹束龙　　叶幸司韶 郜黎蓟薄　　印宿白怀 蒲台从鄂　　索咸籍赖 卓蔺屠蒙　　池乔阴郁 胥能苍双　　闻莘党翟 谭贡劳逄　　姬申扶堵 冉宰郦雍　　却璩桑桂 濮牛寿通　　边扈燕冀 郏浦尚农　　温别庄晏 柴翟阎充　　慕连茹习 宦艾鱼容　　向古易慎 戈廖庚终　　暨居衡步 都耿满弘　　匡国文寇 广禄阙东　　殴殳沃利 蔚越夔隆　　师巩厍聂 晁勾敖融　　冷訾辛阚 那简饶空　　曾毋沙乜 养鞠须丰　　巢关蒯相 查后荆红　　游竺权逯 盖后桓公　　万俟司马 上官欧阳　　夏侯诸葛 闻人东方　　赫连皇甫 尉迟公羊　　澹台公冶 宗政濮阳　　淳于单于 太叔申屠　　公孙仲孙 轩辕令狐　　钟离宇文 长孙慕容　　鲜于闾丘 司徒司空　　亓官司寇 仉督子车　　颛孙端木 巫马公西　　漆雕乐正 壤驷公良　　拓拔夹谷 宰父谷粱　　晋楚闫法 汝鄢涂钦　　段干百里 东郭南门　　呼延归海 羊舌微生　　岳帅缑亢 况后有琴　　梁丘左丘 东门西门　　商牟佘佴 伯赏南宫　　墨哈谯笪 年爱阳佟　　第五言福 百家姓终　　所以 庄 排在第299位亲，我的回答你满意吗？点击右上角采纳为满意答案，或者你可以继续问我哦

zhuàng。量词，座。幢是按建筑的整体性划分的，如（山庄、小区等封闭区的）A栋B栋、第几栋，是俗称，可以雅称A幢B幢、第几幢。学生宿舍区都是俗称第几栋，一些地方的山庄诸座大楼采用雅称幢。 幢 (1)chuáng，用于“经幢(石幢)”“幢幢（影子摇晃）”。又：命理学术语。指凡壬辰日出生的人，日柱壬辰，日支辰在十二生肖中属龙，壬坐辰，故曰壬骑龙背。 (2)zhuàng，量词，座。如“山庄的A幢大楼”。

这个问答我收了，o(∩_∩)o...哈哈！继续努力呀！！！不过三楼的你该不会是“中介”的吧？

【】内为台词Black RainDon"t Stop The Rain黒(くろ)い雨(あめ)の中(なか) 静(しず)かな微笑(ほほえ)みをDon"t Heal My Painまだ谁(だれ)も知(し)らない仆(ぼく)を见(み)せるよ【确（たし）かにでたらめなスピード（すぴーど）だねでも、仆（ぼく）に胜（か）つのはまだ早（はや）いよ。】なくすモノ（もの）を恐(おそ)れないで挑(いど)んでくるでもこの一线(いっせん)は超(こ)えさせはしない望(のぞ)むモノはただ仅(わず)かの翳(かげ)りも无(な)く时(とき)に罪深(つみぶか)くも完璧(かんぺき)な强(つよ)さDon"t Stop The Rainこの胸(むね)の中(なか)の野性(やせい)が目(め)を覚(さ)ますDon"t Heal My Pain络(から)み出(だ)す运命(とき)の悪戯(いたずら)が见(み)たいDon"t Stop The Rain渇(かわ)いた心(こころ)が 求(もと)める楽园(オーシス)よDon"t Heal My Painまだ谁(だれ)も知(し)らない仆(ぼく)を见(み)せるよ【どんなに突（つ）き放（はな）してもあっという间（ま）に追（お）いついてくる、こんなスリル、灭多（めった）に味（あじ）わえないよ】ただ一途(いっと)にこだわってるその姿(すがた)がぶつかってくる程(ほど) 突(つ)き上(あ)げるスリルざわめき出(だ)す鸟(とり)たちは気付(きづ)いていた新(あたら)しい岚(あらし)が近(ちか)づいた事(こと)をDon"t Stop The Rain黒(くろ)い雨(あめ)の中(なか) 静(しず)かな微笑(ほほえ)みをDon"t Heal My Pain喜(よろこ)びにも似(に)た 感覚(かんかく)が走(はし)るDon"t Stop The Rain走(はし)るイナズマ（いなずま）に 解(と)き放(はな)つ覚醒(かくせい)をDon"t Heal My Painまだ谁(だれ)も知(し)らない仆(ぼく)を见(み)せるよDon"t Stop The Rainこの胸(むね)の中(なか)の野性(やせい)が目(め)を覚(さ)ますDon"t Heal My Pain络(から)み出(だ)す运命(とき)の悪戯(あくぎ)が见(み)たいDon"t Stop The Rain走(はし)るイナズマ（いなずま）に 解(と)き放(はな)つ覚醒(かくせい)をDon"t Heal My Painまだ谁(だれ)も知(し)らない仆(ぼく)を见(み)せるよThe Ache of My Heart眠(ねむ)れない夜(よる)が続(つづ)き见上(みあ)げた白(しろ)い月(つき)今(いま)も鲜(あざ)やかに浮(う)かぶ褪(あ)せない记忆(きおく)に胸(むね)の痛(いた)み缲(く)り返(かえ)す手(て)を伸(の)ばしても届(とど)かないキミの背中(せなか)それでもボクは梦(ゆめ)の中(なか)追(お)いかけていた何(なに)もなかったかのように振舞(ふるま)ってしまうけど出来(でき)るなら全(すべ)てを忘(わす)れられたら…きっと I"ll be with a smile知(し)らない道(みち)を选(えら)んで歩(ある)いた帰(かえ)り道(みち)远回(とおまわ)りでもいいから仅(わず)かな期待(きたい)をこの胸(むね)から消(け)したくて雑踏(ざっとう)の中(なか)で 空(から)回(まわ)ってる ボク（ぼく）の想(おも)いシグナル（しくなる）が変(か)わってもまだ踏(ふ)み出(だ)せないよ何(なに)もなかったかのように微笑(ほほえ)んでいるけど弱(よわ)い自分(じぶん)なんて断(た)ち切(き)れたなら…もっと I"ll be with a smile何(なに)もなかったんだよと嗫(ささや)いてくれたらどんなに今(いま)ボクは救(すく)われるだろう…だけど still love you何(なに)もなかったかのように振(ふ)る舞(ま)っているけどそれでもまだキミを思(おも)い出(だ)すんだ…今(いま)は少(すこ)し泣(な)かせて

http://baike.baidu.com/view/2543.htm

歌曲《琵琶行》的原唱是奇然和沈谧仁。奇然，中国内地男歌手。代表作品有《燃犀照夜》《琵琶行》等。2013年，发行首张专辑《奇示录》，专辑收录了《譬如朝露》《雨过昔年》《水龙吟》等歌曲。2016年9月，作为嘉宾参加“心时纪”鸟巢国风演唱会。2017年5月，发行工作室“高考背书系列”歌曲《琵琶行》；6月，获得微博超级红人节“十大音乐红人”。沈谧仁，歌手。个人原创代表作品：《古巷》《墨香入画》《赌平生》等。合作原创代表作品：高考背书系列歌曲《琵琶行》《阿房宫赋》《离骚》《逍遥游》等。原诗《琵琶行》的创作背景介绍：唐宪宗元和十年（815）六月，唐朝藩镇势力派刺客在长安街头刺死了宰相武元衡，刺伤了御史中丞裴度，朝野大哗，藩镇势力又进一步提出要求罢免裴度，以安藩镇“反侧”之心。白居易上表主张严缉凶手，有“擅越职分”之嫌，而且平素多作讽喻诗，得罪了朝中权贵，于是被贬为江州司马。司马是刺史的助手，在中唐时期多专门安置“犯罪”官员，属于变相发配。这件事对白居易影响很大，是他思想变化的转折点，从此他早期的斗争锐气逐渐消磨，消极情绪日渐增多。元和十一年（816）秋天，白居易在浔阳江头送别客人，偶遇一位弹琵琶的长安歌妓，便用为题材，创作了这首叙事长诗《琵琶行》。

你可以百度一下《印度亲嘴歌》，里面的主旋律就是你要的

随着网络技术的迅速发展和网络应用的广泛普及,网络安全问题日益突出。如何对网络上的非法行为进行主动防御和有效抑制,是当今亟待解决的重要问题。本期专题就计算机网络安全研究的现状、发展动态以及相关的理论进行了论述,并介绍了几种计算机安全模型及开发方法。1.开放式互联网络的安全问题研究 本文介绍了计算机安全研究的现状和发展动态,并对公钥密码体制和OSI的安全体系结构进行了详细的分析。2.计算机安全模型介绍 存取控制模型和信息流模型是计算机安全模型的两大主流,作者在文章中对此分别做了介绍。3.计算机安全策略模型的开发方法 本文涉及两类安全模型的开发方法,即函数型方法和关系型方法,文中详细叙述了这两类开发方法中的状态机模型与边界流方法开发的具体步骤。4.Internet上防火墙的实现 目前,防火墙已成为实现网络安全策略最有效的工具之一。防火墙的体系结构是什么?防火墙有几种类型?作者将在文章中做介绍。开放式互联网络的安全问题研究上海交通大学金桥网络工程中心 余巍 唐冶文 白英彩一、开放系统对安全的需求当前,我国正处在Internet的应用热潮中,随着国民经济信息化的推进,人们对现代信息系统的应用投入了更多的关注。人们在享受网络所提供的各种好处的同时,还必须考虑如何对待网上日益泛滥的信息垃圾和非法行为,必须研究如何解决Internet上的安全问题。众所周知,利用广泛开放的物理网络环境进行全球通信已成为时代发展的趋势。但是,如何在一个开放的物理环境中构造一个封闭的逻辑环境来满足集团或个人的实际需要,已成为必须考虑的现实问题。开放性的系统常常由于节点分散、难于管理等特点而易受到攻击和蒙受不法操作带来的损失,若没有安全保障,则系统的开放性会带来灾难性的后果。开放和安全本身是一对矛盾,如何进行协调,已成为我们日益关心的问题。因此,必须对开放系统的安全性进行深入和自主的研究,理清实现开放系统的安全性所涉及的关键技术环节,并掌握设计和实现开放系统的安全性的方案和措施。二、计算机安全概论在现实社会中会遇到各种威胁,这些威胁来自各方面,有些是由于我们自身的失误而产生的,有些是各种设施和设备失常而造成的,也有一些是由各种自然灾害引起的。这些危害的一个共同特点是"被动的",或者说是带有偶然性的,它不属于本文所要研究的范畴。最危险的威胁是"主动的"。所谓"主动威胁"是指人故意做出的,这些人出于各种各样的目的,他们的目标就是要使对手蒙受损失,自己获得利益。 计算机安全包括:·计算机实体的安全 如计算机机房的物理条件及设施的安全标准、计算机硬件的安装及配置等。·软件安全 如保护系统软件与应用软件不被非法复制、不受病毒的侵害等 。·计算机的数据安全 如网络信息的数据安全、数据库系统的安全。·计算机的运行安全 如运行时突发事件的安全处理等。包括计算机安全技术、计算机安全管理和计算机安全评价等内容。对于计算机网络的安全问题,一方面,计算机网络具有资源的共享性,提高了系统的可靠性,通过分散负荷,提高了工作效率,并具有可扩充性;另一方面,正是由于这些特点,而增加了网络的脆弱性和复杂性。资源的共享和分布增加了网络受攻击的可能性。现在的网络不仅有局域网(LAN),还有跨地域采用网桥(Bridge)、网关(Gateway)设备、调制解调器、各种公用或专用的交换机及各种通信设备,通过网络扩充和异网互联而形成的广域网(WAN)。由于大大增加了网络的覆盖范围和密度,更难分清网络的界限和预料信息传输的路径,因而增加了网络安全控制管理的难度。计算机网络系统的安全性设计和实现包括以下五个因素:·分析安全需求 分析本网络中可能存在的薄弱环节以及这些环节可能造成的危害和由此产生的后果。·确定安全方针 根据上述安全需求分析的结果,确定在网络中应控制哪些危害因素及控制程度、应保护的资源和保护程度。·选择安全功能 为了实现安全方针而应具备的功能和规定。·选择安全措施 实现安全功能的具体技术和方法。·完善安全管理 为有效地运用安全措施,体现安全功能,而采取的支持性和保证性的技术措施,包括有关信息报告的传递等。本文主要讨论网络资源的安全性,尤其是网络在处理、存储、传输信息过程中的安全性,因此,衡量网络安全性的指标是可用性、完整性和保密性。·可用性(Availability) 当用户需要时,就可以访问系统资源。·完整性(Integrity) 决定系统资源怎样运转以及信息不能被未授权的来源替代和破坏。·机密性(Confidentiality) 定义哪些信息不能被窥探,哪些系统资源不能被未授权的用户访问。任何信息系统的安全性都可以用4A的保密性来衡量,即:·用户身份验证(Authentication) 保证在用户访问系统之前确定该用户的标识,并得到验证(如口令方式)。·授权(Authorization) 指某个用户以什么方式访问系统。·责任(Accountablity) 如检查跟踪得到的事件记录,这是业务控制的主要领域,因为它提供证据(Proof)和迹象(Evidence)。·保证(Assurance) 系统具有什么级别的可靠程度。三、计算机安全研究的现状与发展动态60年代以前,西方注意的重点是通信和电子信号的保密。60年代中期,美国官方正式提出计算机安全问题。1981年美国成立了国防部安全中心(NCSC),1983年正式发布了《桔皮书》,此书及以后发布的一系列丛书,建立了有关计算机安全的重要概念,影响了一代产品的研制和生产,至今仍具有权威性。 ISO在提出OSI/RM以后,又提出了ISO/7498-2(安全体系结构)。另外,从80年代中期开始,CEC(Commission of European Communications)以合作共享成果的方式进行了一系列工作,探讨和研究了适用于开放式计算机系统的环境和可集成的安全系统。 随着Internet网上商业应用的发展,发达国家开始了防火墙的研究和应用工作。近年来,国内外在安全方面的研究主要集中在两个方面:一是以密码学理论为基础的各种数据加密措施;另一是以计算机网络为背景的孤立的通信安全模型的研究。前者已更多地付诸于实施,并在实际应用中取得了较好的效果;而后者尚在理论探索阶段,且不健全,特别是缺乏有机的联系,仅局限于孤立地开展工作。ISO在1989年提出了一个安全体系结构,虽然包括了开放式系统中应该考虑的安全机制、安全管理以及应提供的安全服务,但只是一个概念模型,至今仍未能有真正适用于实际的形式化的安全模型。尽管如此,众多的学者和科研机构在此基础上还是进行了许多有益的探索。对于分布式安全工程的实施,MIT于1985年开始进行Athena工程,最终形成了一个著名的安全系统Kerb-deros。这个系统是一个基于对称密码体制DES的安全客户服务系统,每个客户和密钥中心公用一个密钥。它的特点是中心会记住客户请求的时间,并赋予一个生命周期,用户可以判断收到的密钥是否过期。它的缺点在于,网上所有客户的时钟必须同步。另外,它忽略了一个重要的问题———安全审计。在网络环境下,必须考虑多级安全的需要,如美国军用DDN网的多级安全性研究。此外,还应考虑不同域之间的多级安全问题。由于各个域的安全策略有可能不同,因此,必须考虑各个域之间的协调机制,如安全逻辑和一致性的访问控制等。Internet的基础协议TCP/IP协议集中有一系列缺陷,如匿名服务及广播等,因此,可能会导致路由攻击、地址欺骗和假冒身份所进行的攻击。为此,提出了大量的RFC文档,表明了TCP/IP协议和Internet之间密不可分的关系。随着应用的深入,TCP/IP中的各种问题首先在Internet上发现,并在实际中得到了解决。有的学者考虑到Unix环境下的远程过程调用中,采用UDP方式易受到非法监听,以及DES算法密钥传输的困难性,建议采用公钥体制。有关Internet的安全应用,已有大量的文献报导。如采用一个能提供安全服务并适用于开放式环境的企业集成网EINET,它根据Internet的服务是采用Client/Server结构的特点,向用户提供一个"柔性"的安全框架,既能兼顾安全性又能兼顾开放性,使用户不会因为安全机制的提供而影响对网上数据的正常访问。它以OSI的安全体系为基础,构造了一个三层的安全体系结构,即安全系统、安全操作和安全管理。最后,将安全系统集成到Internet上的各种应用中,如FTP、Telnet、WAIS和E-mail等。又如,对Internet上的各种浏览工具Gopher、WAIS和WWW的安全性提出了建议,像末端用户认证机制、访问控制、数据安全及完整性,等等。考虑到Client/Server结构的特点,可以运用对象管理组(Object Management Group)实施多级分布式安全措施,并提出一个基于OSI考虑的通用的安全框架,将安全模块和原有的产品进行集成。在有的文献中讨论了公用交换电信网在开放环境下所面临的威胁,并在政策措施方面提出公司应与政府合作,通过OSI途径,开发实用的工具,进行公用网的安全管理。同时指出了在分布式多域的环境下,建立一个国际标准的分布式安全管理的重要性,并着重从分布式管理功能服务的角度进行了阐述。由于网络的开放性和安全性是一对矛盾,所以,必须对在网络通信中,由于安全保密可能引起的一系列问题进行探讨。现在,网络上采用的安全信关设备只能保证同一级别上保密的有效性,对于不同级别的用户必须进行协议安全转换,因此而形成网络通信的瓶颈。因此,采用保密信关设备进行互联只是权宜之计。要解决这个问题,就必须从网络的安全体系上进行考虑。目前,高速网的安全问题已经逐渐被人们所重视,如ATM和ISDN网络安全性研究等。主要的研究问题有:高性能快速加密算法的研究、信元丢失对密码系统的影响等。在一个安全系统中,除了加密措施外,访问控制也起很重要的作用。但是,一般的访问控制技术,如基于源、目的地址的网关节点上的滤波技术,由于处于网络层,不能对应用层的地址信息进行有意义的决策,因而不能对付冒名顶替的非法用户。另外,由于常见的访问控制矩阵比较稀疏,增加用户项时效率不高,而且不能进行有效的删除操作。因此,应该研究一种有效的动态访问控制方法。四、公钥密码体制计算机网络安全的发展是以密码学的研究为基础的。随着密码学研究的进展,出现了众多的密码体制,极大地推动了计算机网络安全的研究进程。1.对称密码体制一个加密系统,如果加密密钥和解密密钥相同,或者虽不相同,但可以由其中一个推导出另一个,则是对称密码体制。最常见的有著名的DES算法等。其优点是具有很高的保密强度,但它的密钥必须按照安全途径进行传递,根据"一切秘密寓于密钥当中"的公理,密钥管理成为影响系统安全的关键性因素,难于满足开放式计算机网络的需求。DES是一种数据分组的加密算法,它将数据分成长度为64位的数据块,其中8位作为奇偶校验,有效的密码长度为56位。首先,将明文数据进行初始置换,得到64位的混乱明文组,再将其分成两段,每段32位;然后,进行乘积变换,在密钥的控制下,做16次迭代;最后,进行逆初始变换而得到密文。对称密码体制存在着以下问题:·密钥使用一段时间后就要更换,加密方每次启动新密码时,都要经过某种秘密渠道把密钥传给解密方,而密钥在传递过程中容易泄漏。·网络通信时,如果网内的所有用户都使用同样的密钥,那就失去了保密的意义。但如果网内任意两个用户通信时都使用互不相同的密钥,N个人就要使用N(N-1)/2个密钥。因此,密钥量太大,难以进行管理。·无法满足互不相识的人进行私人谈话时的保密性要求。·难以解决数字签名验证的问题。2.公钥密码体制如果将一个加密系统的加密密钥和解密密钥分开,加密和解密分别由两个密钥来实现,并且,由加密密钥推导出解密密钥(或由解密密钥推导出加密密钥)在计算上是不可行的,一般系统是采用公钥密码体制。采用公钥密码体制的每一个用户都有一对选定的密钥,一个可以公开,一个由用户秘密保存。公钥密码体制的出现是对现代密码学的一个重大突破,它给计算机网络的安全带来了新的活力。公钥密码体制具有以下优点:·密钥分配简单。由于加密密钥与解密密钥不同,且不能由加密密钥推导出解密密钥,因此,加密密钥表可以像电话号码本一样,分发给各用户,而解密密钥则由用户自己掌握。·密钥的保存量少。网络中的每一密码通信成员只需秘密保存自己的解密密钥,N个通信成员只需产生N对密钥,便于密钥管理。·可以满足互不相识的人之间进行私人谈话时的保密性要求。·可以完成数字签名和数字鉴别。发信人使用只有自己知道的密钥进行签名,收信人利用公开密钥进行检查,即方便又安全。由于具有以上优点,在短短的几十年中,相继出现了几十种公钥密码体制的实现方案。如:W·Deffie和M·E·Hellmanbit提出了一种称为W·Deffie和M·E·Hellman协议的公钥交换体制,它的保密性是基于求解离散对数问题的困难性;Rivest、Shamir和Adleman提出了基于数论的RSA公钥体制,它的依据是大整数素因子的分解是十分困难的;我国学者陶仁骥、陈世华提出的有限自动机密码体制,是目前唯一的以一种时序方式工作的公钥体制,它的安全性是建立在构造非线性弱可逆有限自动机弱逆的困难性和矩阵多项式分解的困难性上的;Merkle和Herman提出了一种将求解背包的困难性作为基础的公钥体制。此外,在上述基础上还形成了众多的变形算法。五、ISO/OSI安全体系结构安全体系结构、安全框架、安全模型及安全技术这一系列术语被认为是相互关联的。安全体系结构定义了最一般的关于安全体系结构的概念,如安全服务、安全机制等;安全框架定义了提供安全服务的最一般方法,如数据源、操作方法以及它们之间的数据流向;安全模型是表示安全服务和安全框架如何结合的,主要是为了开发人员开发安全协议时采用;而安全技术被认为是一些最基本的模块,它们构成了安全服务的基础,同时可以相互任意组合,以提供更强大的安全服务。国际标准化组织于1989年对OSI开放互联环境的安全性进行了深入的研究,在此基础上提出了OSI安全体系,定义了安全服务、安全机制、安全管理及有关安全方面的其它问题。此外,它还定义了各种安全机制以及安全服务在OSI中的层位置。为对付现实中的种种情况,OSI定义了11种威胁,如伪装、非法连接和非授权访问等。1.安全服务在对威胁进行分析的基础上,规定了五种标准的安全服务:·对象认证安全服务 用于识别对象的身份和对身份的证实。OSI环境可提供对等实体认证和信源认证等安全服务。对等实体认证是用来验证在某一关联的实体中,对等实体的声称是一致的,它可以确认对等实体没有假冒身份;而数据源点鉴别是用于验证所收到的数据来源与所声称的来源是否一致,它不提供防止数据中途修改的功能。·访问控制安全服务 提供对越权使用资源的防御措施。访问控制可分为自主访问控制和强制型访问控制两类。实现机制可以是基于访问控制属性的访问控制表、基于安全标签或用户和资源分档的多级访问控制等。·数据保密性安全服务 它是针对信息泄漏而采取的防御措施。可分为信息保密、选择段保密和业务流保密。它的基础是数据加密机制的选择。·数据完整性安全服务 防止非法篡改信息,如修改、复制、插入和删除等。它有五种形式:可恢复连接完整性、无恢复连接完整性、选择字段连接完整性、无连接完整性和选择字段无连接完整性。·访抵赖性安全服务 是针对对方抵赖的防范措施,用来证实发生过的操作。可分为对发送防抵赖、对递交防抵赖和进行公证。2.安全机制一个安全策略和安全服务可以单个使用,也可以组合起来使用,在上述提到的安全服务中可以借助以下安全机制:·加密机制 借助各种加密算法对存放的数据和流通中的信息进行加密。DES算法已通过硬件实现,效率非常高。·数字签名 采用公钥体制,使用私有密钥进行数字签名,使用公有密钥对签名信息进行证实。·访问控制机制 根据访问者的身份和有关信息,决定实体的访问权限。访问控制机制的实现常常基于一种或几种措施,如访问控制信息库、认证信息(如口令)和安全标签等。·数据完整性机制 判断信息在传输过程中是否被篡改过,与加密机制有关。·认证交换机制 用来实现同级之间的认证。·防业务流量分析机制 通过填充冗余的业务流量来防止攻击者对流量进行分析,填充过的流量需通过加密进行保护。·路由控制机制 防止不利的信息通过路由。目前典型的应用为IP层防火墙。·公证机制 由公证人(第三方)参与数字签名,它基于通信双方对第三者都绝对相信。目前,Internet上的许多Server服务都向用户提供此机制。3.安全管理为了更有效地运用安全服务,需要有其它措施来支持它们的操作,这些措施即为管控。安全管理是对安全服务和安全机制进行管理,把管理信息分配到有关的安全服务和安全机制中去,并收集与它们的操作有关的信息。OSI概念化的安全体系结构是一个多层次的结构,它本身是面向对象的,给用户提供了各种安全应用,安全应用由安全服务来实现,而安全服务又是由各种安全机制来实现的。如图所示。@@05085000.GIF;图1 OSI安全系统层次结构@@OSI提出了每一类安全服务所需要的各种安全机制,而安全机制如何提供安全服务的细节可以在安全框架内找到。一种安全服务可以在OSI的层协议上进行配置。在具体的实现过程中,可以根据具体的安全需求来确定。OSI规定了两类安全服务的配置情况:即无连接通信方式和有连接通信方式。4.安全层协议扩展和应用标准国际标准化组织提出了安全体系结构,并致力于进行安全层协议的扩展和各种应用标准的工作。为了把安全功能扩展到层协议上,目前,有两个小组负责这方面的工作。一是ISO/IEC分委会中的JTC1/SC6,主要负责将安全功能扩展到传输层及网络层的服务和协议上;另一个是JTC1/SC21,负责把安全功能扩展到表示层和应用层上。目前,在建立会话(相当于应用层连接)的同时,可以进行经过登记的双向验证交换,这使任何OSI应用在进行会话时均可采用公钥密码验证机制。此外,保密交换应用服务单元也是OSI/IEC和CCITT正在研究的问题。如果这一问题解决,将能把保密信息交换(如公钥验证交换)综合到应用层协议中。在应用方面,OSI大都包含了安全功能,如MHS(文电作业系统)和目录验证应用协议均对安全性进行了综合的考虑,而且两者都应用了公钥密码体制。(1)公钥密码技术的安全标准ISO/IEC分委会下的JTC1/SC27小组负责制定整个信息安全技术领域的标准,其中也包括OSI。该小组主要以公钥密码技术为基础制定安全标准,其中包括双方、三方、四方的公钥验证技术。(2)网络层公钥密码技术网络层可以提供端到端加密和子网保密。这不仅可以使寻址信息和高层协议信息受到保护,而且对网络管理人员控制以外的应用也可进行保护。网络安全协议(NLSP)标准由ISO/IEC的JTC1/SC6小组负责。该协议采用了公钥和对称密码相混合的方式来实现安全任务,采用对称式密码体制(如DES)来保证机密性,而用公钥系统(如RSA)进行验证。对于在大型网络系统中建立保密呼叫来说,这一混合体制很有前途。(3)目录验证框架OSI目录标准(CCITT X.500)为计算机/通信系统的互联提供了逻辑上完整、物理上分散的目录系统。目录涉及互联系统复杂的配置关系和数量上众多的用户,因此,在目录环境中的机密性证书和签名证书的分发,有着极为重要的作用。目录验证框架包括:·验证机制的描述;·目录中用户密钥的获取方法;·RSA算法描述;·解释材料。(4)用于文电作业系统的公钥密码CCITT 1984年版的MHS(X.400)中未提出安全要求,但1988年版增加了以下安全内容:验证、完整性、机密性、访问控制和防复制性。这些服务可用混合方式由公钥密码加以保护。六、存在的问题及解决方法1.加密的效率及可靠性问题在网络中引入安全服务和安全管理后,如同等实体鉴别及访问控制等机制,网络的安全性加强了,但是,网络的通信效率下降,实时性变差。效率下降的主要原因是由于加密算法的复杂性而引起计算量的增大。因此,应该研究简单、适用且效率高的加密算法。为了提高加密的速度,还应该对加密算法的硬件实现进行研究。2.安全保密和网络互通问题安全保密的特性决定了网络加密会损害网络的互通性。目前,流行的做法是在网络中引入保密网关设备,即在网关设备上设置安全功能,实现安全协议的转换。但是,这种做法存在着许多问题,它会造成网络通信的瓶颈,引起通信效率的下降。因此,采用保密网关设备只是权宜之计,还必须从整个网络的安全体系结构出发,采取措施。现有的OSI安全体系只是针对网络通信的安全而言,而开放式系统的安全不仅与网络通信有关,还和参与通信的末端系统有关。目前,这两者只是孤立地进行研究。要实现不同域内的系统中不同级别用户之间的安全互通,我们应将两者结合起来。3.网络规模和网络安全问题由于网络规模扩大了,相应地,网络的薄弱环节和受到攻击的可能性也就增加了,密钥的分配和安全管理问题也就比较突出。因此,必须对鉴别机制、访问控制机制和密钥的分发机制进行研究。4.不同安全域内的多级安全问题由于不同安全域内的安全政策不同,且每一个安全域的用户不同,其相应的安全级别也不同。因此,要实现不同域内不同级别的用户之间的安全互通,必须对中间的协调机制进行研究。应对OSI安全体系结构进行研究,理清安全需求、安全服务和安全机制在OSI各层中的位置与作用, 并通过对安全管理数据库(SMIB)和安全管理模块的分析, 研究SMIB分配和使用的安全管理协议及各管理Agent之间的相互协作和通信问题, 从而进一步研究OSI安全设施的集成。（计算机世界报 1997年 第5期）

细辛气味辛温，有发散风寒的作用，可用于风寒感冒引起的头痛、恶寒、发热、全身骨节疼痛。常与荆芥、防风、羌活、苏叶等配伍应用。本品有升浮之性，故又可用于头面部诸风百疾。细辛的主要特点是有窜透开滞的效能。“辛”味能“开通”，可用它开胸中滞气，通肺窍，疏通关节，而治疗咳逆上气，寒痰喘嗽，眼风流泪，鼻塞不闻香臭，风寒痹痛等证。因能辛通肺气，故亦有“利水道”的作用。细辛可入心、肾、肺、肝四经，故与桂枝、薤白、当归、丹参同用可治胸痹心痛；与独活、桑寄生、川断、乌药、当归同用，可治腰、膝、腹部疼痛；与干姜、五味子、半夏、麻黄、杏仁同用可治寒饮犯肺的咳喘；与当归、赤芍、川芎、红花、白芷、瓜蒌同用，可治妇人乳结疼胀，经血不行；与草决明、石决明、羊肝、木贼草、夏枯草同用，可治目痛，目痒，流泪等。蚕沙也能通凝滞，但偏用于祛风湿滞于肌肉而致的肌肉疼痛。细辛主要是搜风湿寒邪滞于肝肾而致的筋骨疼痛。对经久不愈的疼痛，在应证汤药中加入本品，常常取得好效果。独活善搜肾经气分伏风，细辛善搜肝肾血分风寒。细辛的常用量是1～3克，一般不超过3.2克。前人有“细辛不过钱（3.125克）”的说法，但这是指单服细辛而言。在与其他药物配伍应用时，可视具体情况而定，临床上也有在处方中用1.5克、6克、甚至9克的。但须仔细分析，根据病情需要而定，不可贸然地使用大量。

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丁肇中，男，1936年1月27日生于美国密歇根州安阿伯城，祖籍是中国山东省日照市，世界著名实验物理学家。[1-3] 1959年获美国密西根大学物理学学士和数学学士学位，1962年获得美国密歇根大学物理学博士，1965年发现反氘核，1969年任美国马萨诸塞理工学院物理系教授，1975年美国艺术和科学院院士，1974年发现第4种夸克的束缚态—J粒子，1976年被授予诺贝尔物理奖.