there r more than 50 proposals ( ) at the confer

综述：opening report可以，用Proposal更正式点。重点词汇：Proposal英［pru0259＇pu0259u028azl］释义：n.提议，建议；（计划、建议等的）提出；求婚［复数：proposals］短语：The Proposal假结婚；爱情限时签；求婚的恶魔；弄假成真词语使用变化：proposaln.（名词）1、proposal表示“提议，建议”时，其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语，也可接that从句作同位语。2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。3、proposal作为名词时，后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。

Can write report and proposal in engpsh independently 能独立撰写英文报告和方案 There are formal and informal types of business reports . proposals , of course , are more formal . in this class , the students write formal and informal reports and proposals 商务报告又正式和非正式之分。较之商务报告，商务提案会更正式一些。学生将学到如何撰写正式和非正式的商务报告和提案。 Its pivotal element is the recognition of the need to provide optimal balance beeen the objective requirements in renewal and the necessity of preserving the positive achievements we already have . the cis minsk summit adopted a decision to develop by june 1 , 2007 a cis further development concept based on the eminent persons group report and proposals from states 十年来，俄中关系经历了从相互视为友好国家、建立建设 *** 关系直至确立战略协作伙伴关系的历史进程，双方通过共同努力建立起合作的最佳模式，使两国关系步入平稳发展轨道。

object proposals是机器视觉目标检测中的专业词汇，我也不知道怎么翻译好

因为proposal是提建议的意思，用法跟suggest一样，后面的建议内容即名词从句要用should do sth，其中should可以省略，所以后面本来是should be closed省略了should就只剩下be closed，前面指代这个建议内容的不能用which，只能用that，所以选C同位语从句吧。。

如果没猜错，是开题报告 的意思，下面是详细内容，从笔杆网上找到的文档。 这些学术的文献资料都可以在笔杆网上找到，里面的文献种类和学科领域很多。

通过基础网络（VGG，res，ZF，mobilenet）等得到的特征图(feature map)假如size为（30,30,3）,每个像素点画9个anchor框，就是30*30*9个框，如果每个框都要去做回归，效率不高，所以我们选取IOU大的做回归，可以加速网络。深一点的就是，在FASTER RCNN中，我们anchor画出的框与真实我们标注的框（gt)去做回归，用到的回归是一种线性回归，如果你的IOU较小，也就是anchor框离你标注的框较远，回归就不是做的线性回归了，所以舍弃IOU较小的框。

Cthat后面的句子是同位语。可省略为Any proposals must be resisted。即任何建议都应该被抵制。而that的内容只是补充说明的怎样的建议该被抵制。如果你发现除去that以及后面的成分的时候句子是完整的。那时候就应该用that

这篇文章的标题Universities threaten to punish striking staff over cancelled lectures里面也有over，在hinative里问了一下，得到两种回答1、关于（about） 2、由于（due to）也适用这个句子里。 这个文章我看的好心累啊TAT 这都什么奇怪的的用法以前从来没有注意到，看翻译半天不知道为什么。

因为proposal是提建议的意思，用法跟suggest一样，后面的建议内容即名词从句要用should do sth，其中should可以省略，所以后面本来是should be closed省略了should就只剩下be closed，前面指代这个建议内容的不能用which，只能用that，所以选C

省略句型，答案B

依次打开eclipse上面的windows ——preferences ——java ——editor —— content assist ，在右上方有一行“select the proposal kinds contained in the "default" content assist list” 下面，勾选Java Prolosals 复选框，保存退出即可。

1、点击报错的那个连接（Window -> preferences -> java -> Editor -> Content Assist -> Advanced）`。2、再打开的配置了面将`Default Proposal Kinds`栏中`Java Proposals (Code Recommenders)`前面的对勾去掉就可以了。3、生效后，就没有提示，然后又将剩余的两个`Java Proposals`、`Java Proposals（Task-Focused）`打上对勾才正常。

its做association的代词所有格，表示association的 proposals,应为association是单数，所以不能用our.

我调出了你的情况。请试试着看看图中的你有没有选中，没有的话选中就好了。还是不行就，项目导出备份重新导入试下。

好像不行，前者是名词，后者是形容词，因为后缀都不一样!

Please think over about all the advice

A只要，表条件,C是因为B表被动

we have been waiting for your answer for a long time,we hope that you can compete your reply as quickly as possible,so that we can disscus deeply,as soon as begin the work of cooperati. plan

综述：opening report可以，用Proposal更正式点。重点词汇：Proposal英［pru0259＇pu0259u028azl］释义：n.提议，建议；（计划、建议等的）提出；求婚［复数：proposals］短语：The Proposal假结婚；爱情限时签；求婚的恶魔；弄假成真词语使用变化：proposaln.（名词）1、proposal表示“提议，建议”时，其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语，也可接that从句作同位语。2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。3、proposal作为名词时，后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。

Special sessions proposals 特别会议提案如有帮助请采纳，如对本题有疑问可追问，Good luck!

不可数

呼吁特别的会议提议CALL FOR 需要,邀请,要求SPECIAL 特别的SESSION [ "seu0283u0259n ] . n. 会议,开庭期,市盘PROPOSALS [ pru0259"pu0259uzu0259l ] . n. 求婚,提议,建议

marketing propasal（比较正式一点）

【答案】：Cneither作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

like proposal喜欢的建议proposal 英[pru0259u02c8pu0259u028azl] 美[pru0259u02c8pou028azl] n. 建议; 提议; 求婚; 〈美〉投标; [例句]The President is to put forward new proposals for resolving the country"s constitutional crisis.总统将提出解决国家宪法危机的新议案。[其他] 复数：proposals 形近词： disposal reposal deposal

可以find sth +形容词 【发现某物.....】我真希望你会发现这些建议管用。

　　每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡,就是Research Proposal的写作.它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”,是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向,也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在?可能有何成果?为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准?不知道是否可以说,好的proposal是研究成功的一半.但实际而功利的说,如果你的proposal很烂,可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会.　　How to write a research proposal?　　能否写出漂亮的proposal,本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准.但形式也很重要.英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”.程式化和结构化的好处就在于,可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上,而不是为形式分神.对于非英语native speaker的我们,如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势,也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识.下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南,言简意赅,颇具启发,对我自己的写作有所帮助,也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利.[点击这里,查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上资源]　　文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：　　Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one"s research is only as a good as one"s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.　　A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.　　Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.　　The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.　　The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.　　This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.　　TITLE:　　It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader"s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.　　ABSTRACT:　　It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.　　INTRODUCTION:　　The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.　　If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.　　Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.　　However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.　　The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:　　1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.　　2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.　　3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.　　4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.　　5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.　　6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)　　7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.　　8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)　　LITERATURE REVIEW:　　Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.　　The literature review serves several important functions:　　1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.　　2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.　　3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.　　4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.　　5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.　　6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.　　7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.　　8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).　　Most students" literature reviews suffer from the following problems:　　* Lacking organization and structure　　* Lacking focus, unity and coherence　　* Being repetitive and verbose　　* Failing to cite influential papers　　* Failing to keep up with recent developments　　* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers　　* Citing irrelevant or trivial references　　* Depending too much on secondary sources　　Your scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.　　There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.　　It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)　　METHODS:　　The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.　　The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.　　You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.　　Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.　　Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)　　For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:　　1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?　　2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?　　3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?　　4. Procedure – How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?

乌托邦的英文翻译为：utopian。utopian不单译为乌托邦，作名词时还译为空想的社会主义者；空想家；乌托邦居民。作形容词时还译为乌托邦的；空想完美主义的。例如：1、The Analysis of Three Dimensions of Utopian Literature.（论乌托邦文学的三个维度。）2、These proposals, therefore, are of a purely Utopian character.（因此，这些主张本身还带有纯粹空想的性质。）3、Cogitation on Tolstoy Utopian thought,the Bible and modern society.（托尔斯泰乌托邦思想及《圣经》与现代社会之思考。）乌托邦是一个理想的群体和社会的构想，名字由托马斯·摩尔的《乌托邦》一书中所写的完全理想的共和国“乌托邦”而来。意指理想完美的境界，特别是用于表示法律、政府及社会情况。其本意是“没有的地方”或者“好地方”。还可以理解延伸为还有理想，不可能完成的好事情。

Google 组织的、含金量高、报酬丰厚（你可以拿到数万元的奖励！）、拥有众多大名鼎鼎的开源社区参与的暑期项目Google 编程之夏是一个全球性项目，旨在为学生们和开源、自由软件、技术相关的组织建立联系，让学生们贡献代码并获得报酬！组织会提供导师，在学生从熟悉社区到贡献代码的整个过程中提供指导。这个想法的目的是让学生们参与和熟悉开源社区，并帮助他们充分利用暑假时间去得到锻炼GSoC 含金量高在哪里通常而言，同学们夏天想自我提升的话有两个去处，一是暑研、二是暑期实习。GSoC 偏向工程，和后者更为相似（但也有很大不同），和暑期实习对比着来分析，更容易看出 GSoC 的优势：u200d时间安排和工作模式以 2017 年为例。5 月 4 日 Google 宣布入选学生名单，之后到 5 月 30 日约一个月的时间为 Community Bonding Period，在这段时间里可以熟悉社区、和导师针对你的项目进行探讨等。5 月 31 日开始至 8 月 29 日是正式工作时间，你将会在约 12 周的时间里完成你所申请的项目。除了开始时间略早于国内期末考试时间外，时间跨度上基本与大部分暑期实习无异。而具体的任务量因项目而异，但通常不会太过繁重。导师也一般不会为难你，即使不能全部完成预期的内容，只要全程认真负责的参与，大都也会给 Pass。可能更多的时候是项目对中国学生而言是比较水的，比如前几天（Coding Period 才刚刚开始）群里就有人表示已经把全部 Coding 做完了现在正无聊的写文档……GSoC 的任务全部是线上（online）完成的，相对于实习时每日早晚高峰痛苦的挤地铁（不忍吐槽帝都的交通），你完全可以在家中、在学校宿舍完成需要做的一切。简捷高效，不要太省心！u200d报酬降价之前的报酬折算至每月是 11K 有余，几乎快赶上一线互联网公司的正式应届员工价格了。降价之后大概是一月 8K 多，仍然是碾压各家一线的实习生价格。还不用扣税哟！u200d个人成长在 GSoC 项目期间，每个学生都会被分配一名导师，在整个项目期间给予你帮助。就我的亲身经历和身边人的体会，虽然会有些比较懒的放养导师，不过基本上还都是非常认真负责而且热心的。导师本身的技术水平也都十分出色。而如果你参与的是 GCC、OpenCV 这类久负盛名的工具、语言、框架的组织下的项目，很可能你的导师就会是这些组织的 Core Team Developer，他们可都是在行业内备受尊敬的大牛。再拿我的经历举例。有一次我向主仓库提交了一段总计不超过 50 行的改动，但因为改动较为关键，组织内的几个导师和我充分的讨论了足足一周，覆盖了代码风格、性能优化、可测试性、向前和向后兼容、设计原则等方方面面，经过数次修改，最终成功并入。这个过程中是收获巨大的。通常我们会讲被 review 是非常好的学习途径，写越少而精的代码，被 review 的越详细，对应的成长是越快的。而 GSoC 正是这种模式。相比而言，大部分一线开发岗位的实习，负责带你的人很可能也只是刚毕业工作过三五年，本身技术水平不算惊艳，而业务导向的开发则是以效率为先的，很难有机会有人给你的代码做详尽细致的 review。更糟糕的一些情况是，可能有些实习生大部分时间都在做“打杂”的工作，而不能进行真正有意义的创造，更谈不上学习了。当然实习也绝不能被一棍子打死，像 MSRA 的研究实习生、BAT TMD 华为这些一线公司的实验室或者核心部门实习也都是相当有含金量的，其中也有很多 GSoC 中所不能学习到的东西，也是非常值得选择的。综上来看，GSoC 的质量是相当高的，从各方面来看，都非常值得参与。Google 官方资料中有这样一句话：Successful students have widely reported that their participation in GSoC made them more attractive to potential employers and that the program has helped greatly when embarking on their technical careers.GSoC 在世界范围内都很受认可，成功的完成 GSoC 项目的你会更容易受到用人公司的青睐。如果未来希望加入 Google，这段经历则更是一大加分项。而由于 GSoC 是全线上远程工作，你也完全可以选择在参加科研或实习的同时，也参与一个 GSoC 项目，两者兼得。比如我自己，在今天夏天参与 GSoC 项目的同时，也会在 MSRA 大数据组实习。因这次 GSoC 认识的 @大缺弦 也是同样既参与 GSoC 又在 MSRA 实习。所以说完全不用担心因为参加 GSoC 而错过其他机会！u200d申请资格、流程和技巧任何在读的本科、硕士、博士生均可以申请 GSoC。如果你已经毕业了，那就非常遗憾不能再以学生身份参与 GSoC 了。Google 还有一些更细节的要求，但一般都是可以满足的，具体可参照：FAQ#What are the eligibility requirements for participation?https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/faq#what_are_the_eligibility_requirements_for_participationGoogle 每年都会发布 GSoC 的时间表，例如 2017 年的：Google Summer of Code 2017 Timelinehttps://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/timeline其中有一项是 List of accepted mentoring organizations published，即宣布当年的组织列表，每个组织都会有一个主页，列出可供你选择的 Project Ideas。今年是在 2 月 27 日宣布的。在这之后你就可以查看成百上千个 Ideas 并找出你所感兴趣的了。在 Student application deadline 之前（今年为 4 月 3 日），你可以向 Google 提交至多 5 份 Proposals，每一份 Proposal 要包含你对其中一个 Idea 的设想、实施方案、时间规划等，Proposal 需要写的具体内容因组织者的要求而异。此后由组织负责审阅所有学生提交的 Proposals，选出他们所认为优秀的。在约一个月之后（今年为 5 月 4 日），Google 会宣布被选中的学生列表，如果你顺利通过，便可以开始当年的 GSoC 之旅了！以上是申请流程的基本概要，Google 官方也提供了非常详尽的 学生指南 和 FAQ，这些内容你都可以在其中找到，并且有更为详细和准确的申请介绍和指导。下面就是私货啦！一些我自己的和其他 GSoC 参与者的人生经验！首先是选什么。参与 GSoC 的组织会有数百个，一个个看根本看不过来，选择困难症们可要头疼了。我的建议是选择自己有过实际使用经验的，相对于从未使用过的语言、框架等，你会对它们更加了解，比如今年我就考虑了 homebrew、checkstyle（Java 静态检查工具，很早就引入了 PKU Helper 开发之中，后来我也最终选择了这个组织下的项目）；其次，选择与自身技术栈相匹配的，比如我最擅长的技术栈是 JVM Based Language，我就会更加留意用到 Java、Clojure、Scala 的项目。划定了最初范围之后，你就可以通过组织公开的联络渠道，同导师们联（套）系（磁）。通常来讲以 Mailing List 和 IRC 居多，也有 IM。你可以进一步的了解这些组织和下属的项目，从而找到你最感兴趣的。虽然每个人可以填写多至 5 份 Proposals，但就实际经验而言，认真书写一份 Proposal 就要花费非常多的精力了，广撒网是不太可取的，重在精不在多。根据 Google Summer of Code 2017 statistics part 2，2017 年共有 4764 名学生提交了 7089 份 Proposals。也就是说平均下来每个人也就提交了一份多而已。在选定了 checkstyle 之后，我非常感兴趣一个叫 Optimization of Distance Between Methods in Single Java Class 的项目。它涉及到算法、数学模型，非常有趣同时又附有挑战性。之后就是为此撰写 Proposal，其中分为了三大部分：About Me、Project 和 Extra Information。About Me 就是一些个人基本信息和编程技能的介绍，Extra Information 给出了我的工作时间、时区和一些想说的话。Project 是最要的部分，包含了 Project Deion、Outline 和 Expected Timeline。其中详细的给出了我预想的数学模型的设计、统计分析过程、可使用的算法和实现以及会为此撰写一篇 Article。书写 Proposal 的重点在我看来就是要认真细致、考虑可行性和工作量、和导师们充分讨论，最后再加上一条美观。在以上的方法论下我花费了一周多的时间磨出一份颜值甚高的 Proposal 来，和导师们也讨论的风生水起。本来觉得拿到这个项目板上钉钉了，结果离 application deadline 还有两天的时候，导师突然私信我说，我们认为这个项目太难了，我们可能找不到足够多的导师来带你，所以你赶紧再找一个项目赶一篇 Proposal 出来吧。我：？？？……没办法，花了半天的时间挑了另一个看着还可以的项目火速写了一篇出来。导师也够意思，跟我说你随便写写思路就完了，不用太详细。之后赶在 deadline 前顺利上交两份 Proposals，并且中了后面那篇。导师对我的 Proposal 评价很高，如果以后有申请的小伙伴感兴趣想参考的话可以移步 Google Docs：https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lWXpWhUN6cE06sjQANjWxamc_X3ddbSphTRSofChLyk/edit除了一份质量过硬的 Proposal 之外，在宣布最终名单之前和导师们的套磁也是非常重要的！多在 Mailing List 中刷刷脸，积极参与讨论。如果能够提出 Bug 甚至修复 Bug 或者实现新的 Feature 那是最好的。Checkstyle 的导师在最开始就清楚的写到学生的 Fixed Issue 数是很重要的指标。后来在 deadline 之前我足足交了 8 个 PR 位列十多个竞争者第一，这点也为我最终被选中加了不少分。总结一下，认真投入、积极参与、多讨论多反馈，甚至去帮助社区中的其他开发者，那么你就会有非常大的机会被选中！今年 4764 名提交了 Proposals 的学生中有 1318 名被选中，入选率大于四分之一，是相当高的。而且这 4764 人里其实有很多人是根本没有好好写 Proposal 的，也有很多人是水平真的很差也过来申请的。所以对绝大多数基础不差的国内大学生来讲，只要好好申请都是比较容易中的。要知道，咱们大学生的技术功底，甚至英语水平，绝不比邻居印度学生差（印度人的英语真的不见得都好），人家可以申请到 500+，咱们也可以做到，49 人远远不是咱们的真实水平！。

How to write a research proposal?能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。但形式也很重要。英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。[点击这里，查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上资源]文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one"s research is only as a good as one"s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.TITLE:It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader"s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.ABSTRACT:It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.INTRODUCTION:The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)

这么长的三个句子，让人看着很头晕，老外也不喜欢。你需要先把句子简化，然后再说语法问题。相信我说的，三个海外硕士，英文论文写了得有10万字了。

工作室（车间）的建议计划书。

Whether表选择,是【是否】的意思 If表推测,是【如果】的意思 在这里 根据句意：在做一个决定之前是否辩论对仔细研究建议是非常重要的. 所以应该选whether

From science and technology resources, technology and technological environment from three aspects of the established technology flextronics evaluation index system, and through the factor analysis in three aspects respectively from the country"s 31 provinces of comprehensive science and technology force, the present technology initiative"s problems. Finally, how to improve our technological force and puts forwards some Suggestions.本人英语高手，经过反复修改，语法错误应该没有。

第一题选择A，第二题是选C（第二题的答案D是错的）。先说第一题，than用于比较结构时有个用法：主句＋than＋从句（从句由sb＋动词＋状语构成，sb一般省略）。在这个结构中，sb可以省略,所应该采用的动词时态单复数根据省略的主语来判断，在这道题目中than后面的从句的主语和主句的主语是一致的，都是 proposals ，所以动词的时态单复数应该根据proposals选择exist。再举个例子:You should drink liquor less than is harmful.从句的主语是liquor，所以动词是is。第二题中的the quantity of books 主语是quantity，quantity一词本身是单数，of books介词结构后置作定语，所以应该选择C。如果是a （large） quantity of books,则选择D。因为主语是books，是复数形式

e

All recent proposals for planetary exploration, new flights to Mars and Venus, have been rejected or______.A. deferred B. conferred C.offered D. referred目前所有关于行星探索的提案，去往火星和金星的新航班都被取消或者_______A.deferred adj.延期的，缓召的; v.拖延，延缓，推迟( defer的过去式和过去分词 ); 服从某人的意愿，遵从; B. conferredv.<拉>商谈，商议( confer的过去式和过去分词 ); 授予，赋予; C.offeredv.出（价）( offer的过去式和过去分词 ); 提出; 演出; 做出; D. referredvi.(to)涉及，查阅; v.提到( refer的过去式和过去分词 ); 针对; 关系到; 请教; 根据题意来看，应该是“被取消或者被推迟”，故选A。

多少钱???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????(亲亲)(亲亲)(亲亲)(亲亲)(那尼)(那尼)(那尼)(那尼)(哼哼锯了你)(哼哼锯了你)(哼哼锯了你)(哼哼锯了你)(哼哼锯了你)|????)っ?　喜欢你?

是不是谷歌官方举办的活动?这是全世界程序员,最向往的公司,肯定含金量,高啊,各种大牛,你以为你很厉害了,可能你一去会发现有的人,你怎么追都追不上,不是一个数量级.

范文 　　Directions: Your local library intends to improve its service and facilities. As a regular library use, please write a letter to the chief librarian, offering your suggestions. Your letter should be no less than 100 words. You dont need to write the address. Dont sign your own name at the end of the letter, use Donna instead. 　　Dear Sir or Madam, 　　I am glad to hear that the library is to take some measures to improve its service and facilities. So I am writing to offer my proposals. 　　We all know that libraries play a vital role in the education and entertainment of the general reader. In my opinion, our library should do its best to purchase the latest publications as well as make sure that it has a full set of classical and reference works. Another important facility I suggest is the Internet via computers. In this way, the library will expand its services to a larger number of readers. 　　All in all, I think a library should take all necessary measures to keep up with the times. I will highly appreciate your consideration of my proposals. 　　Yours sincerely, 　　Donna 　　译文 　　亲爱的女士或先生： 　　听说我们的图书馆将改善服务和设施我很高兴。我写信想提些我的建议。 　　我们都知道图书馆在对大众的教育和娱乐方面起了很重要的作用。我认为我们的图书馆应该尽量购买最新的出版物，另外要保证收藏所有的经典书和参考书。另外我要建议的是电子图书馆。这样，更多的人可以享受到图书馆的服务。 　　总之，我想一个好的图书馆应该紧跟时代的发展。希望你能考虑我的建议。 　　你真挚的：堂娜

在这次会议中有五十项提议将被讨论 B to be discussed 动词不定式做后置定语。

C 试题分析：句意：--经理最后终于同意我们的新市场议案了。--我从没有想到你能成功的说服他改变主意。这里使用了固定句型：It occurs/occurred to sb that ….“某人突然想起…”,it是形式主语，that引导的是真正的主语从句，所以选C。

高度欣赏 或高度感激，要看语境

due 到期due 应付的due应得物

AQL系数是一种国际通用的验货标准，aql=0.65时，2收3退的意思就是，次品数量是2的时候就合格，3的时候就拒收，由此信息查AQL系数表，可知，此货物总量在3200到10000个之间。同时验货数量是随机抽取的200个货物。

piont

之所以说青山绿水就是金山银山这是根据现在的环境而定的

“绿水青山就是金山银山”，是告诉我们我们环境保护的重要性。“绿水青山”是指生态环境好、自然资源丰富的自然景观，而“金山银山”则指矿藏丰富、物产丰饶的资源。两者看似不同，实则有内在联系。环境好的地区，物产自然也会比较丰富；而生态环境恶劣的地区，由于资源的衰减，也会造成经济下滑。保持绿水青山，不仅可以享受自然美景，同时也能带来可持续的经济发展。保护环境、加强生态建设，有利于改善人民群众的生活水平，增强国家的综合实力，提高国家的文化软实力。

3次。哈尔威船长是《诺曼底号遇难记》书中的角色，在该书的内容中可知，哈尔威船长下达了3次，第一次命令是全体安静，注意听命令，把救生艇放下去，妇女先走，其他乘客跟上，船员断后，第二次命令是船长授权奥克勒福大副可以开枪的举措，哪个男人敢走在女人前面，你就开枪打死他，第三次命令是快救克莱芒，克莱芒是船上的一名见习水手。《诺曼底号遇难记》，作者维克多雨果，19世纪文学运动领袖，人道主义的代表人物，被人们称为“法兰西的莎士比亚”。

AQL（可接受质量水平）是调整型抽样体系的基础,是供货方与需求方共同协定的可以接收的连续 提交的检验批的过程平均的上限值.过程平均是一系列连续提交的检验批的平均质量,以“批次 不合格品率”或者“每百单位缺陷率”表示.AQL与采样大小（所谓采样大小,是否可以理解为 “样本大小”即sample size?）的关系,在于一个检验水平（I、II、III三个一般检查水平,以 及S-1、S-2、S-3、S-4四个特殊检查水平）和宽严程度（severities）之转换. 举个例子,一个产品批量N=4000,协定的AQL＝1.5％,选择检查水平为II,则调整型一次抽检方 案确定的步骤为： 1）根据GB2828-81表,查得样本含量代码为L； 2）确定“正常抽检方案”：L与AQL＝1.5％所对应的合格判定数为7,不合格判定数为8,样本含 量为n=200.其含义为：4000个产品中抽取200个样品送检,这200个中如果不合格数小于等于7, 则整批产品合格；大于等于8,则整批不合格； 3）同样的方法,确定“加严”、“放宽”、“特宽”的抽检方案； 4）将四个抽检方案合并一处,运用动态转换规则（sap系统中有,术语dynamic modification rule）,就构成了“调整型一次抽检方案”； 5）以上的例子遵循GB2828标准,对应于ISO2859(计数)；计量的就不是很清楚了,好像是国标 GB8054对应ISO3951.SAP系统4.5B版本中有ISO版本的Sample scheme. 6) 您可以看看SAP标准系统4.5B中的一个dynamic modification rule"s01",我认为它就比较明 确.