http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/190637761.html

n. 汞齐化, 合并【化】 汞齐化; 汞齐化作用; 混汞法【医】 汞齐化法, 汞合金调制【经】 创立合并, 共同合并, 合并只是个名词，没有什么特殊用法

贵族nobles

合并、兼并或重组,在法律英语中经常使用，英文版公司法有详解，你去看吧

a tale of two worlds

not completed

哈哈 应该对的At present, the electricity system is to maintain grid stability Zantai stability one of the main problems that must be resolved. Zantai current power system stability analysis methods are sometimes the main domain simulation Act (Xinhua Domain Simulation method) and direct law (Direct Method), but have different degrees of error. The proposed use of a neural network (Ann) Information integration methods and their application to the electricity system Zantai stability assessment. First, this article discusses the integration of information technology characteristics. Recalling the traditional Zantai stability assessment methods and their advantages and disadvantages, based on a proposed artificial neural network (Ann) models to assess the stability of the electricity system Zantai. Then, using a three - MATLAB erection system models and simulation Zantai stability to the integration of information from the analysis of the samples behind. Finally, the use of MATLAB simulation software Neural Network Toolbox artificial neural network building tool. In a given network situation, to establish information integration models, and eventually be integrated with information Zantai stability analysis of the results, and integration of information and the results of traditional methods (such as the 24-hour simulation France), supported by the results of comparative analysis. [keywords] : features volume; Information integration; Artificial neural network; Power system stability analysis Zantai

根据OR断开，象下面我断的这样全部是一些并列的案例每个例子是个独立的句子An interim order is applied for or made, or a voluntary arrangement approved, or a petition for a bankruptcy order is presented or a bankruptcy order is made against Licensee or a receiver or trustee in bankruptcy is appointed of Licensee"s estate or a voluntary arrangement is proposed or approved or an administration order is made, or a receiver or administrative receiver is appointed of any of Licensee"s assets or undertaking or a winding-up resolution or petition is passed or presented (otherwise than for the purpose of reconstruction or amalgamation) or any circumstances arise which entitle the court or a creditor to appoint a receiver, administrative receiver or administrator or to present a winding-up petition or make a winding-up order or other similar or equivalent action is taken against or by Licensee by reason of its insolvency or in consequence of debt;

national amalgamation

1.下载 sqlite-dll-win32-x86-31401002.下载 sqlite-tools-win32-x86-3140100安装：先在C盘建一个文件夹 sqlite，1.把 sqlite-dll-win32-x86-3140100 中解压出来的两个文件（sqlite3.def 和 sqlite3.dll）复制到刚才新建的目录（C:sqlite）中2.把 sqlite-tools-win32-x86-3140100 中解压出来的文件 sqlite3.exe 复制到C:sqlite 目录中3.添加系统环境变量， 在Path变量值后面添加 C:sqlite（分号不要忘记了），如下图所示：接下来测试一下是否安装完成运行cmd，切换到C盘根目录，输入sqlite3，然后回车，如果安装成功的话，会显示sqlite版本号，如下图所示：OK，Sqlite3已经安装完成了。

sensation,merge,dedicating,leisurely, logistics,awareness,montesquieu

6。期限和终止 6.1除非与前面第6.2或6.3的规定终止，本协议生效日期起生效，并应继续有效和可执行。 6.2任何一方均有权终止给予对方本协议30（30）天在本协议终止的书面通知。上述终止，应在任何情况下视为违反本协议或另一方有权要求终止从党的赔偿或补偿。 6.3任何一方均给予的任何其他书面终止在下列任何事件立即通知该协定的权利： 6.3.1如果另一方犯有本关于它的任何一方违反协议的条款必须遵守或履行和违约不属于30（30）天通知发出后补救向它需要这种补救; 6.3.2如果另一方无力偿债或以其他方式变得无力偿还其到期债务，因为他们威胁或暂停或中止决策方面的全部或任何债务类付款;或 6.3.3如果另一方进行清算进入无论是强制性的还是自愿的（并非为合并或重组的目的，自愿清算）或有其任何资产委任的接管人或作出任何其债权人的利益分配或采取或遭受任何类似的行动。 6.4本协议的终止，应在不损害任何权利或补救，任何一方对另一方有可能在终止时间。

1.下载wxsqlite(我的是wxsqlite3-1.9.6),sqlite的amalgamation和source包(我的是sqlite-amalgamation-3_6_19.zip和sqlite-source-3_6_19.zip),解压缩.2.先编译生成sqlite库,解压缩sqlite-amalgamation-*.zip和sqlite-source-*.zip到一个目录,例如sqlite3,然后把wxsqlite自带的sqlitesecuresrccodec-c目录拷贝到sqlite3目录下,在sqlite3下建VC空白工程,添加文件codec-c里头的sqlite3secure.c,打开codec.h在#include "rijndael.h"下面添加#include "../sqliteInt.h",在sqlite3secure.c中把#include "sqlite3.c"改成#include "../sqlite3.c",改变工程编译选项,加入/D "THREADSAFE=1" /D "SQLITE_SOUNDEX" /D "SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA" /D "SQLITE_HAS_CODEC" /D "SQLITE_SECURE_DELETE" /D "SQLITE_CORE",记得生成的是.lib文件.build,生成.lib文件...3.拷贝生成的.lib文件到wxsqlitesqlitelib目录下,替换以前的sqlite3.lib4.去wxsqliteuild目录,我的是打开wxsqlite3_vc9.sln,修改include目录,修改preprocessor:WXSQLITE3_HAVE_CODEC=1,编译生成.lib...5.打开wxsqlite自带的sample,修改include目录和library目录,编译看看是否成功...搞定...

遇到一样的问题，是怎么解决的

B的另一方展开，全部或任何与一类查看其债权人谈判，以重新安排其债务的，或作出一项建议，或进入任何妥协或安排与其债权人（为唯一目的的其他计划进入对于一个与一个或多个其它公司或其他当事人溶剂重建）对方溶剂合并; 三是提出了一份请愿书，一发出通知，通过了一项决议，或作出命令，或与其他清盘党（为一项计划合并为溶剂的唯一目的，其他的连接，与一个或多个其它公司或其他当事人溶剂重建）对方当事人;或 四是向法院提出申请，或作出命令，为管理员的任命，或者如果一个意向通知委任管理员，如果管理员提供或获委任对另一方; 五人成为有权委任超过对方或接收的是超过对方的资产委任接管资产，或 f.任何事件发生，或者程序是采取尊重对方，在任何司法管辖区，因为它需要有一个主题的效果相同或者类似的B至E段（含）所述的任何事件。

那个本来就不是看懂的，而是听懂的。不但听不懂，看不懂，翻译了就真懂了吗？请参考：

Taekwondo (also, Tae Kwon Do, Taekwon-Do, or Tae Kwon-Do) is a martial art and combat sport originating in Korea. Taekwondo is the national sport of South Korea and sparring, kyeorugi, is an Olympic sporting event. In Korean, derived from hanja, tae (跆) means to destroy with the feet; kwon (拳) means to strike or smash with the hand; and do (道) means "path", "way" or "method". Hence, taekwondo is loosely translated as "the way of the feet and fist". Taekwondo"s popularity has resulted in the divergent evolution of the martial art. As with many other martial arts, taekwondo is a combination of combat technique, self-defense, sport, exercise, entertainment, and philosophy. Although there are great doctrinal and technical differences among public and private taekwondo organizations, the art in general emphasizes kicks thrown from a mobile stance, using the leg"s greater reach and power to disable the opponent from a distance. In sparring, turning, front, reverse turning and side kicks are often used, as well as the backfist and reverse punch; advanced kicks include jump, spin, sliding, and skip kicks, often in combination. Taekwondo training often includes a system of blocks, punches, open-handed strikes and may include various take-downs or sweeps, throws, and joint locks, though it generally does not emphasize grappling. HistoryThe oldest ancestor of taekwondo is an amalgamation of unarmed combat styles developed by three rival Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Silla and Baekje.[1] Young men were trained in unarmed combat techniques to develop strength, speed, and survival skills. The most popular of these techniques was subak, with taekkyeon being the most popular of the segments of subak. Taekwondo practitioners demonstrating their techniques.As the Goguryeo kingdom grew in power, the neighboring Silla kingdom became comparatively weaker, and an effort was undertaken among the Silla to develop a corps of special warriors. The Silla had a regular army but its military training techniques were less advanced than those of the Goguryeo, and its soldiers were generally of a lesser caliber. The Silla selected young men, some as young as twelve, and trained them in the liberal arts. Those who demonstrated strong natural aptitude were selected as trainees in the new special warrior corps, called the Hwarang. It was believed that young men with a talent for the liberal arts may have the grace to become competent warriors. These warriors were instructed in academic as well as martial arts, learning philosophy, history, a code of ethics, and equestrian sports. Their military training included an extensive weapons program involving swordsmanship and archery, both on horseback and on foot, as well as lessons in military tactics and unarmed combat using subak. Although subak was a leg-oriented art in Goguryeo, Silla"s influence added hand techniques to the practice of subak. In spite of Korea"s rich history of ancient and traditional martial arts, Korean martial arts faded into obscurity during the Joseon Dynasty. Korean society became highly centralized under Korean Confucianism and martial arts were lowly regarded in a society whose ideals were epitomized by its scholar-kings.[2] Remnants of traditional martial arts such as subak and taekkyeon were banned from practice by the general populace and reserved for sanctioned military uses although folk practice by the common populace still persisted into the 19th century.[1] Foreign influenceDuring the Japanese occupation (1910-1945), the practice of taekkyeon was banned. Although practice of the art nearly vanished, taekkyeon survived through underground teaching and folk custom. As the Japanese colonization established a firm foothold in Korea, the few Koreans who were able to attend Japanese universities were exposed to Okinawan and Japanese martial arts with some even receiving black belts under Gichin Funakoshi and other notable masters such as Kanken Toyama. Koreans in China were also exposed to Chinese martial arts. By 1945, when the Korean peninsula was liberated from Japanese colonization, many martial arts schools were formed and developed under various names such as Tang Soo Do reflecting foreign influence. At the end of World War II, several Kwans arose. They were: Chung Do Kwan, Moo Duk Kwan, Jidokwan (or Yun Moo Kwan), Chang Moo Kwan, Han Moo Kwan, Oh Do Kwan, Jung Do Kwan, Kang Duk Won, and Song Moo Kwan. Modern TaekwondoBy the end of the Korean War, nine martial arts schools (translated as kwan) had opened, and South Korean President Syngman Rhee ordered that the various schools unify under a single system. A governmental body selected a naming committee"s submission of "tae-kwon-do". Following the submission of the name "taekwondo" on April 11, 1955,[3] the Korean Taekwondo Association (KTA) was formed in 1959 to facilitate the unification.[4] Shortly thereafter, taekwondo made its debut in North America. Standardization efforts in South Korea stalled, as the kwans continued to teach differing styles. Another request from the Korean government for unification resulted in the formation of the Korea Tae Soo Do Association, which changed its name back to the Korean Taekwondo Association in 1965 following a change of leadership. This new leader was General Choi Hong Hi who founded the International Taekwondo Federation on 22nd March 1966 in South Korea. Until this day General Choi is still acknowledged by practitioners of ITF Taekwon-Do as the founder and father of Taekwon-Do. Subsequently, Choi fell out of favor with the authorities in South Korea and moved his organization to Canada in 1972. In 1972, the Korea Taekwondo Association Central Dojang was opened. A few months later, the name was changed to the Kukkiwon, which means "Master Gary Hausbeck". The Kukkiwon remains the World Taekwondo Headquarters to this day. The following year, the World Taekwondo Federation was formed. The International Olympic Committee recognized the WTF and taekwondo sparring in 1980, and the sport was accepted as a demonstration event at the 1988 Seoul and the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympic Games. It became an official medal event as of the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. Taekwondo is one of two Asian martial arts (judo being the other) in the Olympic Games. The public WTF and private ITF, the two largest taekwondo organizations, operate and train in hundreds of nations and teach the martial art to millions of people each year. Although competition has always been a significant feature of taekwondo, many practitioners study taekwondo for personal development, to learn self-defense, and/or for fun. OrganizationsThe largest taekwondo organizations are the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) and International Taekwondo Federation (ITF). The WTF is headquartered in South Korea and was founded in 1973 by a group of various national taekwondo teams. Its purpose is to coordinate international competition events under the rules of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Although the terms "WTF" and "Kukkiwon" are often mistakenly used interchangeably to refer to this organization, the Kukkiwon is a completely different organization which trains and certifies instructors and issues official dan and Poom certificates worldwide. The Kukkiwon has its own unique physical building that contains the administrative offices of Kukkiwon (World Taekwondo Headquarters) in Seoul, South Korea. The Kukkiwon was founded in 1972. The unofficial training headquarters of the International Taekwondo Federation is located at the Taekwondo Palace located in Pyongyang, North Korea and was founded in the mid-1990s. Today, the International Taekwondo Federation is splintered into three different groups, all claiming to be the original. The three are located in Austria, Canada and North Korea. Four concrete paving bricks broken with a knife-hand strike. Breaking techniques are often practiced in taekwondo.Outside of the World Taekwondo Federation and the International Taekwondo Federation, a large number of organizations exist, such as American Taekwondo Federation(ATF), ATA, UITF, USTF, MTA (Midwest Taekwondo Association),(IPTF) International Progressive Taekwondo Federation, TAGB, WTA and so on. These private organizations require that students belong to a member club or school. Events and competitions held by private organizations are mostly closed to other Taekwondo students. However, the WTF-sanctioned events allow any person, regardless of school affiliation or martial arts style, to compete in World Taekwondo Federation events as long as he or she is a member of the WTF Member National Association in his or her nation, which is open to anyone to join. The major technical differences among these many organizations revolve around the patterns, called hyeong 형, poomsae 품새, or tul 틀, sets of prescribed formal sequences of movements that demonstrate mastery of posture, positioning, and technique, sparring rules for competition (e.g. ITF light-contact versus WTF full-contact), and philosophy. In addition to these private organizations, the original schools (kwans) that formed the organization that would eventually become the Kukkiwon continue to exist as independent fraternal membership organizations that support the WTF and the Kukkiwon. The official curriculum of the kwans is that of the Kukkiwon. The kwans also function as a channel for the issuing of Kukkiwon dan and poom certification (black belt ranks) for their members. Each kwan has its own individual pledge of tenets and manners that describes the organization"s goals for personal improvement. For example, the tenets of Oh Do Kwan and the ITF are: courtesy (ye-ui 예의), integrity (yom-chi 염치), perseverance (in-nae 인내), self-control (geuk-gi 극기), and indomitable spirit (baek-jeol-bul-gul 백절불굴). The Jidokwan manners are: view, feel, think, speak, order, contribute, have ability, and conduct rightly. Some organizations also recognize one or two additional tenets beyond the five original Oh Do Kwan tenets; these are community service (sa-hui-bong-sa 사회봉사) and love (sa-rang 사랑). FeaturesStretching to increase flexibility is an important aspect of taekwondo training.See also: and Taekwondo is famed for its use of kicking techniques, which distinguishes it from martial arts such as karate or southern styles of kung fu. The rationale is that the leg is the longest and strongest weapon a martial artist has, and kicks thus have the greatest potential to execute powerful strikes without successful retaliation. Taekwondo as a sport and exercise is popular with people of both sexes and of many ages. Physically, taekwondo develops strength, speed, balance, flexibility, and stamina. An example of the union of mental and physical discipline is the breaking of boards, which requires both physical mastery of the technique and the concentration to focus one"s strength. A taekwondo student typically wears a uniform (dobok 도복), often white but sometimes black or other colors, with a belt (tti 띠) tied around the waist. The belt indicates the student"s rank. The school or place where instruction is given is called the dojang 도장. Although each taekwondo club or school will be different, a taekwondo student can typically expect to take part in most or all of the following: Learning the techniques and curriculum of taekwondo Both anaerobic and aerobic workout, including stretching Self-defense techniques (hosinsul 호신술) Patterns (also called forms, poomsae 품새, tul 틀, hyeong 형) Sparring (called kyeorugi 겨루기, or matseogi 맞서기 in the ITF), which may include 3-, 2- and 1-step sparring, free-style, arranged, and point sparring, and other types Relaxation exercises Falling techniques Breaking (using techniques to break boards for testing, training and martial arts demonstrations) Exams to progress to the next rank A focus on mental and ethical discipline, justice, etiquette, respect, and self-confidence Some taekwondo instructors also incorporate the use of pressure points, known as ji ap sul as well as grabbing self-defense techniques borrowed from other martial arts, such as Hapkido and Judo. Ranks, belts, and promotionTaekwondo ranks are separated into "junior" and "senior" or "student" and "instructor" sections. The junior section typically consists of ten ranks indicated by the Korean word geup 급 (also Romanized as gup or kup). The junior ranks are usually identified by belts of various colors, depending on the school, so these ranks are sometimes called "color belts". Students begin at tenth geup (usually indicated by a white belt) and advance toward first geup. The senior section typically includes nine or ten ranks indicated by the Korean word dan 단, also referred to as "black belts" and "degrees" (as in "third dan" or "third-degree black belt"). Black belts begin at first degree and advance to second, third, and so on. The degree is often indicated on the belt itself with stripes, Roman numerals, or other methods; but sometimes black belts are plain and unadorned regardless of rank. To advance from one rank to the next, students typically go through promotion tests in which they demonstrate their proficiency in the various aspects of the art before a panel of judges. Promotion tests will vary from school to school, but may include such elements as the execution of patterns, which combine various techniques in specific sequences; the breaking of boards, to demonstrate the ability to use techniques with both power and control; sparring and self-defense, to demonstrate the practical application and control of techniques; and answering questions on terminology, concepts, history, and the like, t

World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a worldwide military conflict; the amalgamation of two separate conflicts, one beginning in Asia in 1937 as the Second Sino-Japanese War, and the other beginning in Europe in 1939 with the invasion of Poland. It is regarded as the historical successor to World War I. This global conflict split a majority of the world"s nations into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Spanning much of the globe, World War II resulted in the deaths of over 70 million people, making it the deadliest conflict in human history. World War II was the most widespread war in history, and countries involved mobilized more than 100 million military personnel. Total war erased the distinction between civil and military resources and saw the complete activation of a nation"s economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities for the purposes of the war effort; nearly two-thirds of those killed in the war were civilians. For example, nearly 11 million of the civilian casualties were victims of the Holocaust, which was conducted by Nazi Germany, largely in Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union. The conflict ended in an Allied victory. As a result, the United States and Soviet Union emerged as the world"s two leading superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War for the next 45 years. The United Nations was founded in the hopes of preventing another such conflict, and self determination gave rise to decolonization/independence movements in Asia and Africa, while Europe itself began traveling the road leading to integration.

任江波 邓希光 杨 永（广州海洋地质调查局 广州 510760）本文由南极地区油气地质综合研究与区域优选项目（GT-YQ-QQ-2011-8-25）资助。作者简介：任江波（1985—），男，硕士，助理工程师，从事大洋地质矿产调查和研究，E-mail：dourjb222＠163.com。摘要 大量的研究发现，南极陆块的地质演化伴随着间断性增生和裂解作用，并且与邻近陆块澳洲、印度、非洲以及南美大陆具有密切的地质演化关系。其中，澳洲与东南极，包括阿黛利大部分地区具有相似的地质演化历程。1.73 Ga的宁录-基德曼造山带从澳洲延伸到南极，并到达沙克尔顿地区，显示两者在古元古代就有联系。印度东高芷山地区与东南极恩德比地、伊丽莎白公主地的相关历史甚至可以追溯到太古宙。本文综述了东南极与澳洲、印度前寒武纪的相关地质演化。冈瓦纳之前，东南极是分裂的，泛非期的东非造山作用和Kuunga造山作用将南极及其相邻陆块拼合在一起，冈瓦纳联合古陆雏形也基本形成。中生代中-晚期冈瓦纳的裂解，非洲-南美、印度、澳洲先后与南极分离，以及最后新西兰的离开，形成目前的南极大陆。关键词 南极 澳洲 印度 构造演化 冈瓦纳1 前言南极洲位于地球的最南端，绝大部分陆地被冰雪覆盖，四周被太平洋、大西洋和印度洋组成的南大洋所环绕［1］。然而，南极的地质演化与其邻近的陆块密切相关，它至少在最近的两次超级联合古陆（罗迪尼亚、冈瓦纳）的演化过程中扮演着重要角色［2～3］。按照大地构造可将南极划分为东南极地盾和西南极中新生代褶皱带，其中东南极地盾是地球上最大、最古老的克拉通之一［4］。按照传统的认识，东南极地盾是由太古宙陆核和围绕陆核发育的元古宙活动带组成，大多数岩石经历了麻粒岩相至角闪岩相变质作用［4］。冈瓦纳之前的东南极并不统一，其地质演化历史伴随着间断性的增生、碰撞以及周期性的伸展和裂解作用［5］。大量的研究发现从新太古代至今，南极与澳洲板块［5-7］、印度板块［8-10］、非洲板块［11-13］甚至可能与华南板块［14］具有耦合关系。目前通过板块形态、地质特征、地磁异常、海底扩张等研究，能够很好确定冈瓦纳时期的南极及其相邻陆块的相对位置［5，9］。本文试图就南极与相邻板块的相互演化历史研究进展进行整理，介绍南极与澳洲、南极与印度的相关地质演化，并简单讨论冈瓦纳的形成及裂解中的南极陆块。2 南极地质概况南极洲是地球上第五大陆块，面积约为14×106 km2，绝大部分被冰雪覆盖。大地构造上可将南极分为两个大的单元，东南极地盾和西南极中新生代褶皱带［15］，这两个构造单元被横贯南极山脉所分割（图1）。横贯南极山脉主体属于古生代缝合带（罗斯造山带）［1，16］，是多期隆升作用的结果。图1 南极地形图和构造划分图东南极地区地势高而平缓，属典型的克拉通系统，该区基底主要由太古宇麻粒岩相花岗片麻岩、片麻岩构成，其上不整合覆盖元古宙角闪～绿片岩相副变质岩，后期有花岗岩和碱性基性岩侵入［16］。太古宙陆核主要出露在内皮尔山（Napier）、南查尔斯王子山（Prince Charles）的鲁克山（Ruker）岩体、赖于尔群岛（Rauer Islands）、西福尔丘陵（Vestfold Hills）、格吕讷霍格纳群峰（Grunehogna Peaks）、米勒岭（Miller）的宁录群（Nimrod）和阿黛利地联邦湾（Commonweath）等地（图1），其中部分陆核已被古元古代或新元古代—早古生代造山作用所改造［4］，这些古老岩石记录着南极陆核演化过程。西南极由一系列岛屿、高原和盆地组成。主要包括南极半岛（含南设得兰群岛）、埃尔斯沃思地、玛丽·伯德地和西南极裂谷系统（罗斯盆地、伯德冰下盆地和威德尔盆地），冰盖以下的西南极地貌绝大部分低于海平面（图1）。研究认为西南极主要是冈瓦纳时期陆块边缘的增生产物［5］，为非克拉通系统。其中南极半岛表现为中、新生代太平洋边缘岛弧，西南极裂谷系统是白垩纪东、西南极之间的伸展作用形成的，它与横贯南极山脉之间的空间关系很明显。3 南极与相邻板块的相关性东南极普遍存在前寒武系岩石，它们记录着与相邻的陆块之间的共同演化历史。基于与邻近块体的年龄和造山带历史的对比，Boger［5］将东南极分为多个构造域，分别代表着与澳洲、印度、非洲等相邻陆块的演化关系（图1）。下面分别介绍南极与澳洲、南极与印度前寒武纪的相关地质演化历史。3.1 南极-澳洲陆块澳洲与东南极大部分地区具有相关的地质演化历程，Boger［5］认为它们的联合演化历史长达24亿年之久。目前认为南极的威尔克斯地、阿黛利到沙克尔顿的大部分地区与南澳高勒（Gawler）地区具有共轭关系，它们组成莫森（Mawson）克拉通（图1，图2），这些区域为相当大的太古宙到古元古代连续体［5］。莫森克拉通最古老的岩石出露于高勒克拉通的斯利福德杂岩体和马伽杂岩体，主要为角闪岩相到麻粒岩相的新太古代副片麻岩和古元古代的沉积岩。阿黛利地138°E到145°E的地区保存有新太古代岩组和变质岩，包括Cape Denison正片麻岩［17］，与南澳高勒克拉通保存在类似的新太古代岩组和变质时代。位于米勒山脉的宁录群岩组包括沉积岩、火成岩和中太古代（2.98 Ga）正片麻岩［18］，沙克尔顿地区保存着古元古代的长英质正片麻岩。尽管高勒克拉通、阿黛利地、米勒和沙克尔顿记录不同的太古宙—古元古代的地质历史，然而它们一起经历古元古代宁录-基德曼（Nimrod-Kimban）造山变形（1.73～1.69 Ga），说明它们在1.73 Ga之前相连在一起［19］。宁录-基德曼造山带代表着南极最古老的连续造山带，主要表现为中、高压和顺时针P-T-t的变质作用［20］。其中造山带末的沙克尔顿古太古代岩基达到角闪岩～麻粒岩相，变质峰值温压分别为800℃和8kbar；米勒地区达到榴辉岩变质作用，峰值温压分别为700℃和12kbar；阿黛利的Cape Hunter太古代基岩变质温压为500～600℃和6～7kbar［17］，Dumont Dúrville千枚岩变质温压为700～750℃和4～6kbar。造山作用晚期在阿黛利和高勒普遍存在左旋和右旋剪切应力，如图2中的Mertz剪切带和Kalinjala剪切带［21］。宁录-基德曼造山作用终止于大陆碰撞，碰撞的一方为莫森克拉通，另一方可能为卡莫娜-比尔德莫克拉通。卡莫娜-比尔德莫克拉通的大小和形状目前还不清楚，但大量的研究认为这些岩石与澳洲的元古代及劳伦古陆可能具有相关性［5］。古元古代晚期，莫森克拉通北、西边缘广泛分布岛弧类型岩石［22］，显示为构造作用向俯冲模型转变。随后中元古代早期，整个莫森地区发生中-酸性岩浆侵入和喷发，表现为一套钙碱性的非造山带岩浆活动［23］。中元古代中期，北澳克拉通南缘与莫森西缘之间的洋盆开始闭合，北澳克拉通沿着莫森克拉通西缘旋转并碰撞。碰撞形成Albany-Fraser造山带（1.34～1.14 Ga），该造山带从澳洲中部的Musgrave地区延伸到东南极的威尔克斯陆块［24］。中、新元古代时期澳洲-南极西缘发生Pinjarra碰撞造山运动（1.08～1.06 Ga）［25］，该造山作用发生在北安普敦和Mullingarra杂岩体中的中元古代中期副片麻岩，变质作用达到麻粒岩相条件，构造运动晚期及之后有岩浆侵入并持续到0.99 Ga。该碰撞作用认为西澳-南极与克罗恩（Crohn）克拉通发生碰撞拼合［5］，克罗恩克拉通（图1）的绝大部分地区位于南极冰川之下，露头主要包括伊丽莎白公主地斯科特冰川西海岸和查尔斯王子山脉最南边的岩石，具有太古宙的基底岩石和年轻的盖层。克罗恩克拉通造山作用之前的岩石特征和地质历史与莫森克拉通并不相同，南极奥布鲁切夫山的太古代正片麻岩和西澳西南地区的岩石具有Pinjarr造山带相应的年龄，该造山带的露头有限，不过得到了两侧的中、新元古代的沉积盆地的支持［5］。图2 南极-澳洲陆块地质简图（据引文 ［5］修改）莫森克拉通西边缘长期的构造活动伴随着与克罗恩的碰撞缝合而停止，然后在之后300 Ma都保持稳定的环境，这个时期南极是罗迪尼亚联合古陆的一部分［2］。构造活动重新开始于成冰纪（Cryogenian），与之前的挤压环境不同，现在主要表现为伸展作用。罗迪尼亚时期南极地区的伸展作用开始的证据主要保存在澳洲和劳伦古陆。澳洲的伸展作用标志为0.83 Ga加德纳岩墙和同时代的阿德莱德褶皱带大陆溢流玄武岩。该伸展作用导致南极-澳洲与一古陆进行分裂，并形成太平洋，分裂的另一块体多数认为是劳伦古陆，也有人认为是卡莫娜-比尔德莫克拉通［5］。3.2 南极-印度陆块东南极与印度陆块共同经历地质演化的证据在板块形态、地质特征、地磁异常等做了大量研究［9］，目前认为相关的地质体位于南极的恩德比地、伊丽莎白公主地和印度东高止山地区［5，9］（图3）。地质特征上，东南印度与东南极发育的二叠纪-侏罗纪裂谷系统具有非常好的对应性，如罗伯特裂谷与Pranhita-godavari裂谷以及兰伯特地堑与Mahanadi地堑（图3）。同时这两条裂谷链与东非裂谷系统具有非常好的镜像关系，并且具有大小、形状上的相似性。这些裂谷伴随着白垩纪的冈瓦纳裂解而分离［9］。图3 南极-印度陆块地质简图（据引文 ［9-10］修改）东南极最古老的岩石是位于雷纳地区的内皮尔杂岩体，其花岗闪长岩基底岩石的时代为3.8～4.0 Ga［26］，与Dharwar克拉通的基岩时代接近（3.5 Ga）。同时，内皮尔杂岩体与Dharwar克拉通都具有2.5～2.6 Ga的花岗岩类岩石及3.2～3.6 Ga的TDM模式年龄，并共同经历2.5 Ga左右的高级变质作用［9］，代表着印度-南极板块的原始陆核。古太古代晚期至中元古代早期该区发育大量的超高压变质带，东高止山（南部）的沉积岩在1.76 Ga和1.63～1.6 Ga发生变质作用，1.72～1.7 Ga有紫苏英闪岩的侵入，东高芷山（北部）同时也发现有1.78～1.7 Ga的碎屑年龄［10］。南极地区相关的地质事件发生在雷纳杂岩体与内皮尔杂岩体交界处，该期造山作用可能意味着原始南印度克拉通陆核与部分南极陆块发生缝合［10］。同时在1.7～1.5 Ga，印度北边的Bundelkhand克拉通与南边的Dharwar和Bastar克拉通发生碰撞形成印度中央构造带，即南印度块体与北印度块体拼合在一起（图3）。中-新元古代（1.1～0.9 Ga）的活动主要发生在雷纳-东高芷山（北部）带，包括有东南极雷纳杂岩体和麦克·罗伯逊地发育的1.1～0.9 Ga的正片麻岩、1.0～0.9 Ga的高级变质岩、0.98～0.91 Ga的酸性火成岩，以及印度东高止山（北部）的超高压变质作用（1.1～1.0 Ga）［9-10］。然而缺少古地磁数据的证据，Li等［2］和Bose等［10］认为雷纳-东高芷山（北部）带此前并不一定相连在一起，直到0.9 Ga的罗迪尼亚拼合事件确定雷纳杂岩体与东高芷山发生大陆碰撞。新元古代中晚期（0.65～0.50 Ga）冈瓦纳拼合过程中局部发生伸展作用，印度与东南极地区普遍发育有碱性岩石，包括南印度泛非期变质带，斯里兰卡及东南极Lutzow-holm地体和雷纳杂岩体［9］。4 南极各陆块之间的拼合及冈瓦纳的形成和裂解冈瓦纳联合古陆形成之前，南极还参与了哥伦比亚超大陆（2.1～1.8 Ga）［3］以及罗迪尼亚超大陆（0.9～1.3 Ga）［2］拼合和分离。南极的地质演化伴随着间断性的增生和裂解作用，冈瓦纳之前的南极可分为4个构造域［5］，东南极最大一块与澳洲相连在一起，其余分别与印度、非洲相连，西南极主要为冈瓦纳时期陆块边缘的增生产物。罗迪尼亚的裂解、澳洲和南极东缘太平洋的形成等一系列事件最终导致克罗恩大陆边缘的汇聚和碰撞，南极-印度、南极-非洲陆块最终在埃迪卡拉纪到早寒武世拼贴到东南极块体上。东南极各陆块之间的拼合基本完成，它们组成冈瓦纳形成 “泛非运动” 事件的一部分。东南极的拼合最重要的两次碰撞事件位于南极海岸线15°W ～40°E和60°E～80°E，这两个带分别为东非造山带［27］和Kuunga造山带［5］。其中东非-南极造山带为非洲板块和科茨地板块界线，Kuunga造山带为印度-南极板块和澳洲-南极板块界线（图4）。西冈瓦纳和澳洲-南极板块沿着Kuunga带的缝合结束冈瓦纳各个板块之间的汇聚作用，并标志着前冈瓦纳之间的俯冲消减作用转向冈瓦纳联合古陆的太平洋边缘。早古生代还存在另一条造山带-罗斯造山带，南极地区主要发生在横贯南极山脉，其内保存有大陆裂解、洋壳俯冲和地体增生的地质纪录，代表冈瓦纳超大陆的活动大陆边缘［4］。该造山带大多数记录了冈瓦纳形成后的地质事件，包括南美北部到北澳地区，时间从早-中寒武世开始到晚石炭世。罗斯造山带代表冈瓦纳太平洋被动大陆边缘沉积作用结束，并标志着岛弧侵入岩的形成及同时代的变形作用开始，同样标志着东澳洲、西南极和西南美的长期地壳增生开始［5］。南极构造演化的最后一个阶段为地壳伸展和冈瓦纳的裂解。冈瓦纳初始裂解只涉及到非洲和南美向北漂移并离开南极-印度-马达加斯加-澳洲，中侏罗世非洲最终从南极分离出来，并在位于毛德王后地和南东非洲之间的Riiser-拉森海局部以及位于马达加斯加和肯尼亚之间的索马里盆地形成初始洋底。早白垩世印度和澳洲相对南极运动，驱动力为相对于南极发生的印度逆时针旋转和澳洲顺时针旋转，结果在约132 Ma形成印度和南极之间的洋底。最后是晚白垩世新西兰与西南极的分离最终形成目前的南极大陆。自从裂解开始，南极板块一直较稳定，地质活动限制为地壳伸展和西南极裂谷中的火山作用。图4 冈瓦纳时期南极与相邻陆块之间的缝合带（据引文 ［5］修改）5 结 论（1）东南极包括阿黛利等地区与南澳高勒地区组成的莫森克拉通，它们经历1.73 Ga的宁录-基德曼造山作用，显示该克拉通自古元古代就存在。自古元古代晚期，莫森克拉通北、西边缘为俯冲构造环境。到中元古代中期，北澳克拉通与莫森克拉通碰撞并拼合。中新元古代莫森克拉通与克罗恩克拉通碰撞拼合，随后东南极-澳洲陆块进入相对稳定环境。（2）东南极恩德比等地区与印度东高芷山地区具有相似的太古代岩石组合，代表着印度-南极板块的原始陆核。古太古代晚期至中元古代早期该区发育大量的超高压变质带，可能意味着南印度克拉通陆核与部分南极陆块发生缝合。中-新元古代相关地区表现为高级变质带和酸性火山作用，新元古代中晚期印度-南极局部发生伸展作用，此期普遍发育碱性岩石。（3）冈瓦纳之前的东南极是分裂的，泛非期的东非造山作用和Kuunga造山作用将南极及其相邻陆块拼合在一起，冈瓦纳联合古陆雏形也基本形成。中生代中-晚期冈瓦纳的裂解，非洲-南美、印度、澳洲先后与南极分离，最后新西兰的离开最终形成目前的南极大陆。参考文献［1］陈廷愚，沈炎彬，赵越，任留东.南极洲地质发展与冈瓦纳古陆演化［M］.地球科学系列.2008，北京：商务印书馆.［2］Li Z，Bogdanova S，Collins A S，Davidson A，De Waele B，Ernst R，Fitzsimons I，Fuck R，Gladkochub D，Jacobs J.Assembly，configuration，and break-up history of Rodinia：a synthesis［J］.Precambrian Research，2008，160（1-2）：179～210.［3］Rogers J J W，Santosh M.Configuration of Columbia，a Mesoproterozoic Supercontinent［J］.Gondwana Research，2002，5（1）：5～22.［4］刘晓春，赵越，刘小汉，胡健民.东南极晚新元古—早古生代构造热事件及其在冈瓦纳超大陆重建中的意义［J］.高校地质学报，2007，13（3）：546～560.［5］Boger S D.Antarctica-Before and after Gondwana［J］.Gondwana Research，2011，19（2）：335～371.［6］Sproll W P，Dietz R 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Jiangbo，Deng Xiguang，Yang Yong（Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey，Guangzhou，510760）Abstract：Numerous studies show that Antarctic plate was remarkably dynamic with intermittentgrowth driven by accretion and rifting，which is closely related to its adjacent continents such asAustralia，India，Africa and South America.The Late Palaeoproterozoic（1.73 Ga）Nimrod-Kim-ban Orogeny belt extends from Gwwler in south Australia to Shackelton in center Antarctica is asound evidence to show that the tectonic evolution of Australia is well related to East Antarctica，including Terre Adélie and Wilkes Land.The geological coevolution of India and Antarctica couldeven be traced back to Archaean，with evidence in Eastern Ghats and Enderby.The present pa-per attempts to summarize Precambrian tectonic evolution of Antarctica and its relationship withAustralia and India.The East Antarctica was not united until late Neoproterozoic.The East Afri-can and Kuunga Orogenesis during“Pan Africa” events resulted in the union of the Antarctic andits nearby plates.Till then，the embryonic Gondwana formed.In Mid-to Late-Mesozoic，Gond-wana started to break up.Africa-South America，India and Australia were sequentially separatedfrom Antarctic.The slightly later separation of New Zealand formed the modern Antarctic conti-nent.Key words：Antarctica Australia India Tectonic evolution Gondwana

答案英文有些怪。英文是我的母语，就由我来吧！ The Origin Of EnglishEnglish is actually a mix of several languages, adopting and adapting from various cultures, both conquering and conquered. In 500BC,the Celts invaded Britain and fanned out throughout the entire land. As such, Celtic wasthe first language widely in use in Britain. This language was also widely used in Scotland, north of the British island.By 449A.D. , the Angles, Saxons and Jutes also stepped on British soil. About acentury and a half later, the Celts were almost extinguished in Britain. The three newcomer tribes had the same language - they usedGermanic. From many small states, they eventually merged into seven countries by the 7th Century AD. Further developments and exchanges between the countries resulted in the language of the Angles, also known as Englisc, being dominant. Latin scholars today label this language as Old English.By 1000 A.D. , the whole nation was known as Englaland (meaning the Land of the Angles). As the language progressed, we call the country England and the language English.

保时捷邦德是詹森凡龙克拉克血统  保时捷.邦德是从一名冠军鸽转变成一羽超级种鸽的。在1996年，保时捷.邦德赢得了两次比赛冠军，并且当年被1300会员的Amalgamation评为鸽王。保时捷.邦德是著名的邦得007全球范围内最好的后代之一，是邦得007最好的孙代之一。保时捷.邦德战绩现在“保时捷.邦得”已经成为一羽出色的种鸽。其后代取得的成绩主要有：“邦得先生”2001年波治国家赛10221羽冠军“烟花-阿玛拉”2003年依托斯10281羽冠军“安东尼娅小姐”2004年波治国家赛10040羽冠军“若奥.平脱”波治国家赛9106羽第8名“加勒比.邦得”99年长距离鸽王“玛丽斯.琼斯”3年内42次获奖，平均6000羽参赛鸽的比赛中3次进入前10名

Canada"s capital city could hardly be lovelier. Perched upon Parliament Hill are Ottawa"s gothic government buildings, set against the slow-moving Ottawa River. Miles of late-Victorian brick houses dot neighborhoods. Canadian art and history are on display at museums throughout the city, including the impressive Canadian Museum of Civilization. Ottawa makes it easy to enjoy its beauty through outdoor pursuits. The tidy, hand-dug Rideau Canal has bisected this city since 1832 and remains popular with cruisers, bicyclists and ice skaters.History Since its founding in 1855, Ottawa has changed with the times, including how the city is governed. In 2001, the new City of Ottawa was created with the amalgamation of the Region of Ottawa-Carleton and 11 local municipalities: Cumberland, Gloucester, Goulbourn, Kanata, Nepean, Osgoode, Ottawa, Rideau, Rockcliffe Park, Vanier, and West Carleton. What Ottawa Looks Like Now With amalgamation, Ottawa is the fourth-largest city in Canada, with a population of 854,000. Comprising 2,760 square kilometres and spanning over 110 kilometres from east to west, Ottawa"s area is a little over 8% urban and almost 92% rural. In fact, Ottawa is now the largest farming city in the country, with more farming revenue than Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Edmonton and Calgary combined. Over 150 communities, from quiet rural villages to vibrant urban neighbourhoods, are part of the new Ottawa. With amalgamation, Ottawa is the fourth-largest city in Canada, with a population of 854,000. Comprising 2,760 square kilometres and spanning over 110 kilometres from east to west, Ottawa"s area is a little over 8% urban and almost 92% rural. With the third strongest metropolitan job market in Canada, Ottawa and its employment opportunities draw a wide range of people. Ottawa"s active workforce includes 78,000 in advanced technology, 73,000 in the federal government, 70,000 in health and education, and 57,000 in trades. Population trends, however, run almost exactly inverse to Ottawa"s geographical urban/rural division. Since amalgamation, rural areas have accounted for only about 7% of population growth, with urban and suburban neighbourhoods absorbing the other 93%. Approximately 30% of urban and suburban population growth occurred in the area of the city inside the 20,000-hectare swath of federally owned land known as the Greenbelt. Suburban growth nodes lying outside the Greenbelt - including Kanata, Stittsville, South Nepean (Barrhaven), South Gloucester (Riverside South), Orléans and Leitrim - accounted for the rest of the increase, and have been experiencing the greatest growth. The People of Ottawa Within Ottawa"s communities are the most highly educated citizens in Canada. Almost 50% of residents hold a post-secondary degree, certificate or diploma. While Ottawa has the largest percentage of seniors in Ontario, and the second-largest percentage in Canada, Ottawa is also a young city. Among the nation"s largest cities, Ottawa is one of the youngest, with nearly half of the population under the age of 35. Ottawa"s Economic Engine With the third strongest metropolitan job market in Canada, Ottawa and its employment opportunities draw a wide range of people. Ottawa"s active workforce includes 78,000 in advanced technology, 73,000 in the federal government, 70,000 in health and education, and 57,000 in trades. Ottawa is a growing community. In the last five-year census period, Ottawa outstripped all Canadian cities in central city housing starts. Ottawa is Canada"s Largest farming city, with more revenue from farming than the country"s five other largest cities combined. Ottawa"s Healthy, Vibrant Lifestyles While people come to Ottawa to make a living, they stay because of the style of living the city affords. A higher percentage of people in Ottawa walk to work than in any other large city in Canada. Ottawa also has the highest percentage of those who commute by bicycle to work, and the lowest percentage of people who drive to work. Widely recognized as one of the greenest metropolitan areas in North America, Ottawa offers citizens year-round access to an impressive number of woodlands, wildlife habitats, rivers and streams. An extensive network of recreational paths connects urban, suburban and rural residents alike to the city"s abundant green space. The city"s green space is balanced by an impressive urban recreational infrastructure. Throughout all four seasons, Ottawa"s wide range of recreational programs and services facilitate and encourage activity for residents of all ages and levels of ability. From summer camps to public outdoor skating rinks and tennis courts, and from Aquafitness programs to cross-country skiing classes and skate board parks, the emphasis is on healthy and active living. Progressing Towards 2020 As Ottawa moves towards the year 2020, seven key principles will ensure that Ottawa maintains its very best qualities as it grows, building upon these core characteristics that make Ottawa the vibrant city it already is. This annual report documents the City"s progress in fulfilling these seven principles and in reaching its goals.

Account 帐户Accounting system 会计系统 American Accounting Association 美国会计协会 American Institute of CPAs 美国注册会计师协会 Audit 审计 Balance sheet 资产负债表 Bookkeepking 簿记 Cash flow prospects 现金流量预测 Certificate in Internal Auditing 内部审计证书 Certificate in Management Accounting 管理会计证书 Certificate Public Accountant注册会计师 Cost accounting 成本会计 External users 外部使用者 Financial accounting 财务会计 Financial Accounting Standards Board 财务会计准则委员会 Financial forecast 财务预测 Generally accepted accounting principles 公认会计原则 General-purpose information 通用目的信息Government Accounting Office 政府会计办公室 Income statement 损益表 Institute of Internal Auditors 内部审计师协会 Institute of Management Accountants 管理会计师协会 Integrity 整合性 Internal auditing 内部审计 Internal control structure 内部控制结构 Internal Revenue Service 国内收入署 Internal users 内部使用者 Management accounting 管理会计 Return of investment 投资回报 Return on investment 投资报酬 Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会 Statement of cash flow 现金流量表 Statement of financial position 财务状况表 Tax accounting 税务会计 Accounting equation 会计等式 Articulation 勾稽关系 Assets 资产 Business entity 企业个体 Capital stock 股本 Corporation 公司 Cost principle 成本原则 Creditor 债权人 Deflation 通货紧缩 Disclosure 批露 Expenses 费用 Financial statement 财务报表 Financial activities 筹资活动 Going-concern assumption 持续经营假设Inflation 通货膨涨 Investing activities 投资活动 Liabilities 负债 Negative cash flow 负现金流量 Operating activities 经营活动 Owner"s equity 所有者权益 Partnership 合伙企业 Positive cash flow 正现金流量 Retained earning 留存利润 Revenue 收入 Sole proprietorship 独资企业 Solvency 清偿能力 Stable-dollar assumption 稳定货币假设 Stockholders 股东 Stockholders" equity 股东权益 Window dressing 门面粉饰

财务指标英文对照AAA 美国会计学会 Abacus 《算盘》杂志 abacus 算盘 Abandonment 废弃,报废;委付 abandonment value 废弃价值 abatement ①减免②冲销 ability to service debt 偿债能力 abnormal cost 异常成本 abnormal spoilage 异常损耗 above par 超过票面价值 above the line 线上项目 absolute amount 绝对数,绝对金额 absolute endorsement 绝对背书 absolute insolvency 绝对无力偿付 absolute priority 绝对优先求偿权 absolute value 绝对值 absorb 摊配,转并 absorption account 摊配账户,转并账户 absorption costing 摊配成本计算法 abstract 摘要表 abuse 滥用职权 abuse of tax shelter 滥用避税项目 ACCA 特许公认会计师公会 accelerated cost recovery system 加速成本收回制度 accelerated depreciation method 加速折旧法,快速折旧法 acceleration clause 加速偿付条款,提前偿付条款 acceptance ①承兑②已承兑票据③验收 acceptance bill 承兑票据 acceptance register 承兑票据登记簿 acceptance sampling 验收抽样 access time 存取时间 accommodation 融通 accommodation bill 融通票据 accommodation endorsement 融通背书 account ①账户,会计科目②账簿,报表③账目,账项④记账 accountability 经营责任,会计责任 accountability unit 责任单位 Accountancy 《会计》杂志 accountancy 会计 accountant 会计员,会计师 accountant general 会计主任,总会计 accounting in charge 主管会计师 accountant,s legal liability 会计师的法律责任 accountant,s report 会计师报告 accountant,s responsibility 会计师职责 account form 账户式,账式 accounting ①会计②会计学 accounting assumption 会计假定,会计假设 accounting basis 会计基准,会计基本方法 accounting changes 会计变更 accounting concept 会计概念 accounting control 会计控制 accounting convention 会计常规,会计惯例 accounting corporation 会计公司 accounting cycle 会计循环 accounting data 会计数据 accounting doctrine 会计信条 accounting document 会计凭证 accounting elements 会计要素 accounting entity 会计主体,会计个体 accounting entry 会计分录 accounting equation 会计等式 accounting event 会计事项 accounting exposure 会计暴露,会计暴露风险 accounting firm 会计事务所 Accounting Hall of Fame 会计名人堂 accounting harmonization 会计协调化 accounting identity 会计恒等式 accounting income 会计收益 accounting information 会计信息 accounting information system 会计信息系统 accounting internationalization 会计国际化 accounting journals 会计杂志 accounting legislation 会计法规 accounting manual 会计手册 accounting objective 会计目标 accounting period 会计期 accounting policies 会计政策 accounting postulate 会计假设 accounting practice 会计实务 accounting principle 会计原则 Accounting Principle Board 会计原则委员会 accounting procedures 会计程序 accounting profession 会计职业,会计专业 accounting rate of return 会计收益率 accounting records 会计记录,会计簿籍 Accounting Review 《会计评论》 accounting rules 会计规则 Accounting Series Release 《会计公告文件》 accounting service 会计服务 accounting software 会计软件 accounting standard 会计标准,会计准则 accounting standardization 会计标准化 Accounting Standards Board 会计准则委员会(英) Accounting Standards Committee 会计准则委员会(英) accounting system ①会计制度②会计系统 accounting technique 会计技术 accounting theory 会计理论 accounting transaction 会计业务,会计账务 Accounting Trend and Techniques 《会计趋势和会计技术》 accounting unit 会计单位 accounting valuation 会计计价 accounting year 会计年度 accounts 会计账簿,会计报表 account sales 承销清单,承销报告单 accounts payable 应付账款 accounts receivable 应收账款 accounts receivable aging schedule 应收账款账龄分析表 accounts receivable assigned 已转让应收账款 accounts receivable collection period 应收账款收款期 accounts receivable discounted 已贴现应收账款 accounts receivable financing 应收账款筹资,应收账款融资 accounts receivable management 应收账款管理 accounts receivable turnover 应收账款周转率,应收账款周转次数 accretion 增殖 accrual basis accounting 应计制会计,权责发生制会计 accrued asset 应计资产 accrued expense 应计费用 accrued liability 应计负债 accrued revenue 应计收入 accumulated depreciation 累计折旧 accumulated dividend 累计股利 accumulated earnings tax 累积盈余税,累积收益税 accumulation 累积,累计 acid test ratio 酸性试验比率 acquired company 被盘购公司,被兼并公司 acquisition 购置,盘购 acquisition accounting 盘购会计 acquisition cost 购置成本 acquisition decision 购置决策 acquisition excess 盘购超支 acquisition surplus 盘购盈余 across-the-board 全面调整 ACT 预交公司税 act 法案,法规 action 起诉,诉讼 active account 活动账户 active assets 活动资产 activity 业务活动,作业 activity account 作业账户 activity accounting 作业会计 activity ratio 业务活动比率 activity variance 业务活动量差异 act of bankruptcy 破产法 act of company 公司法 act of God 天灾,不可抗力 actual capital 实际资本 actual value 实际价值 actual wage 实际工资 added value 增值 added value statement 增值表 added value tax 增值税 addition 增置,扩建 additional depreciation 附加折旧,补提折旧 additional paid-in capital 附加实缴资本 additional tax 附加税 adequate disclosure 充分披露 adjunct account 附加账户 adjustable-rate bond 可调整利率债券 adjusted gross income 调整后收益总额,调整后所得总额 adjusted trial balance 调整后试算表 adjusting entry 调整分录 adjustment 调整 adjustment account 调整账户 adjustment bond 调整债券 administrative accounting 行政管理会计 administrative budget 行政管理预算 administrative expense 行政管理费用 ADR 资产折旧年限幅度 ad valorem tax 从价税 advance 预付款,垫付款 advance corporation tax 预交公司税 advances from customers 预收客户款 advance to suppliers 预付货款 adventure 投机经营,短期经营 adverse opinion 反面意见,否定意见 adverse variance 不利差异,逆差 advisory services 咨询服务 affiliated company 联营公司 affiliation 联营 after closing trial balance 结账后试算表 after cost 售后成本 after date 出票后兑付 after sight 见票后兑付 after-tax 税后 AGA 政府会计师联合会 age 寿命,账龄,资产使用年限 age allowance 年龄减免 age analysis 账龄分析 agency 代理,代理关系 agency commission 代理佣金 agency fund 代管基金 agenda 议事日程,备忘录 agent 代理商,代理人 aggregate balance sheet 合并资产负债表 aggregate income statement 合并损益表 AGI 调整后收益总额,调整后所得总额 aging of accounts receivable 应收账款账龄分析 aging schedule 账龄表 agio 贴水,折价 agiotage 汇兑业务,兑换业务 AGM 年度股东大会 agreement 协议 agreement of partnership 合伙协议 AICPA 美国注册公共会计师协会 AIS 会计信息系统 all capital earnings rate 资本总额收益率 all-inclusive income concept 总括收益概念 allocation 分摊,分配 allocation criteria 分配标准 allotment ①分配,拨付②分配数,拨付数 allowance ①备抵②折让③津贴 allowance for bad debts 呆账备抵 allowance for depreciation 折旧备抵账户 allowance method 备抵法 all-purpose financial statement 通用财务报表,通用会计报表 alpha risk 阿尔法风险,第一种审计风险 altered check 涂改支票 alternative accounting methods 可选择性会计方法 alternative proposals 替代方案,备选方案 amalgamation 企业合并 American Accounting Association 美国会计学会 American depository receipts 美国银行证券存单,美国银行证券托存收据 American Institute of Certified Public Accountants 美国注册会计师协会,美国注册公共会计师协会 American option 美式期权 American Stock Exchange 美国股票交易所 amortization ①摊销②摊还 amortized cost 摊余成本 amount 金额,合计 amount differ 金额不符 amount due 到期金额 amount of 1 dollar 1元的本利和 analysis 分析 analyst 分析师 analytical review 分析性检查 annual audit 年度审计 annual closing 年度结账 annual general meeting 年度股东大会 annualize 按年折算 annualized net present value 折算年度净现值 annual report 年度报告 annuity 年金 annuity due 期初年金 annuity in advance 预付年金 annuity in arrears 迟付年金 annuity method of depreciation 年金折旧法 antedate 填早日期 anticipation 预计,预列 anti-dilution clause 防止稀释条款 anti-pollution investment 消除污染投资 anti-profiteering tax 反暴利税 anti-tax avoidance 反避税 anti-trust legislation 反拖拉斯立法 A/P 应付账款 APB 会计原则委员会 APB Opinion 《会计原则委员会意见书》 Application 申请,申请书 applied overhead 已分配间接费用 appraisal 估价 appraisal capital 评估资本 appraisal surplus 估价盈余 appraiser 估价员,估价师 appreciation 增值 appropriated retained earnings 已拨定留存收益,已指定用途留存收益 appropriation 拨款,指拨经费 appropriation account ①拨款账户②留存收益分配账户 appropriation budget 拨款预算 approval 核定,审批 approved account 核定账户 approved bond 核定债券 A/R 应收账款 arbitrage 套利,套汇 arbitrage transaction 套利业务,套汇业务 arbitration 仲裁,公断 arithmetical error 算术误差 arm,s-length price 正常价格,公正价格 arm,s-length transaction 一臂之隔交易,正常交易 ARR 会计收益率 arrears ①拖欠,欠款②迟付 arrestment 财产扣押 Authur Anderson & Co. 约瑟?安德森会计师事务所,安达信会计师事务所 article 文件条文,合同条款 articles of incorporation 公司章程 articles of partnership 合伙契约 articulate 环接 articulated concept 环接观念 artificial intelligence 人工智能 ASB 审计准则委员会 ASE 美国股票交易所 Asian Development Bank 亚洲开发银行 Asian dollar 亚洲美元 asking price 索价,卖方报价 assessed value 估定价值 assessment ①估定,查定②特别税捐,特别摊派税捐 asset 资产 asset cover 资产担保,资产保证 asset depreciation range 资产折旧年限幅度 asset-liability view 资产—负债观念 asset quality 资产质量 asset retirement 资产退役,资产报废 asset revaluation 资产重估价 asset stripping 资产剥离,资产拆卖 asset structure 资产结构 asset turnover 资产周转率 asset valuation 资产计价 assignment of accounts receivable 应收账款转让 associated company 联属公司,附属公司 Association of Government Accounting 政府会计师协会 assumed liability 承担债务,承付债务 AT 税后 at cost 按成本 at par 按票面额,平价 at sight 见票兑付,即期兑付 attached account 被查封账户 attachment 扣押,查封 attest 证明,验证 attestation 证明书,鉴定书 audit 审核,审计 auditability 可审核性 audit committee 审计委员会 audit coverage 审计范围 audited financial statement 审定财务报表,审定会计报表 audit evidence 审计证据,审计凭证 Audit Guides 《审计指南》 auditing ①审计②审计学 auditing procedure 审计程序 auditing process 审计过程 auditing standard 审计标准,审计准则 Auditing Standards Board 审计准则委员会 Auditor 审计员,审计师 auditor general 审计主任,总审计 auditor,s legal liability 审计师法律责任 auditor,s opinion 审计师意见书 auditor,s report 审计师报告,查账报告

1.下载wxsqlite(我的是wxsqlite3-1.9.6),sqlite的amalgamation和source包(我的是sqlite-amalgamation-3_6_19.zip和sqlite-source-3_6_19.zip),解压缩.2.先编译生成sqlite库,解压缩sqlite-amalgamation-*.zip和sqlite-source-*.zip到一个目录,例如sqlite3,然后把wxsqlite自带的sqlitesecuresrccodec-c目录拷贝到sqlite3目录下,在sqlite3下建VC空白工程,添加文件codec-c里头的sqlite3secure.c,打开codec.h在#include"rijndael.h"下面添加#include"../sqliteInt.h",在sqlite3secure.c中把#include"sqlite3.c"改成#include"../sqlite3.c",改变工程编译选项,加入/D"THREADSAFE=1"/D"SQLITE_SOUNDEX"/D"SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA"/D"SQLITE_HAS_CODEC"/D"SQLITE_SECURE_DELETE"/D"SQLITE_CORE",记得生成的是.lib文件.build,生成.lib文件...3.拷贝生成的.lib文件到wxsqlitesqlitelib目录下,替换以前的sqlite3.lib4.去wxsqliteuild目录,我的是打开wxsqlite3_vc9.sln,修改include目录,修改preprocessor:WXSQLITE3_HAVE_CODEC=1,编译生成.lib...5.打开wxsqlite自带的sample,修改include目录和library目录,编译看看是否成功...搞定...

War II was the amalgamation of two conflicts, one starting in Asia as the Second Sino-Japanese War and the other beginning in Europe with the Invasion of Poland.This global conflict split a majority of the world"s nations into two opposing camps: the Allies and the Axis. Spanning much of the globe, World War II resulted in the deaths of over 60 million people, of which about half were Soviet, making it the deadliest conflict in human history.[1]World War II was the most widespread war in history, and countries involved mobilized more than 100 million military personnel. Total war erased the distinction between civil and military resources and saw the complete mobilization of a nation"s economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities for the purposes of the war effort; nearly two-thirds of those killed in the war were civilians. The Holocaust, which was largely conducted in Eastern Europe, was the systematic killing of nearly 11 million political, social and racial minorities (Gypsies, the disabled, etc.). Six million of these victims were Jews who were also persecuted by the Nazis.The conflict ended in an Allied victory. As a result, the United States and Soviet Union emerged as the world"s two leading superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War for the next 45 years. Self determination gave rise to decolonization/independence movements in Asia and Africa, while Europe itself began traveling the road leading to integration.

1.下载wxsqlite(我的是wxsqlite3-1.9.6),sqlite的amalgamation和source包(我的是sqlite-amalgamation-3_6_19.zip和sqlite-source-3_6_19.zip),解压缩.2.先编译生成sqlite库,解压缩sqlite-amalgamation-*.zip和sqlite-source-*.zip到一个目录,例如sqlite3,然后把wxsqlite自带的sqlitesecuresrccodec-c目录拷贝到sqlite3目录下,在sqlite3下建VC空白工程,添加文件codec-c里头的sqlite3secure.c,打开codec.h在#include "rijndael.h"下面添加#include "../sqliteInt.h",在sqlite3secure.c中把#include "sqlite3.c"改成#include "../sqlite3.c",改变工程编译选项,加入/D "THREADSAFE=1" /D "SQLITE_SOUNDEX" /D "SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA" /D "SQLITE_HAS_CODEC" /D "SQLITE_SECURE_DELETE" /D "SQLITE_CORE",记得生成的是.lib文件.build,生成.lib文件...3.拷贝生成的.lib文件到wxsqlitesqlitelib目录下,替换以前的sqlite3.lib4.去wxsqliteuild目录,我的是打开wxsqlite3_vc9.sln,修改include目录,修改preprocessor:WXSQLITE3_HAVE_CODEC=1,编译生成.lib...5.打开wxsqlite自带的sample,修改include目录和library目录,编译看看是否成功...搞定...

　　中国体育历史悠久，但“体育”却是一个外来词。下面就由我为大家带来关于体育的英语短语集锦，希望大家能有所收获。 　　关于体育的相关短语 　　体育 physical education 　　体育版 sports page; 　　体育比赛 sports tournament; 　　体育表演 sports performance; sports exhibition; 　　体育大国 sports power; 　　体育道德 sportsmanship; 　　体育锻[训]炼 physical training; 　　体育锻炼标准 standards for physical training; 　　体育风格 sportsmanship; 　　体育风尚 sportsmanship; 　　体育工作者 physical educator; sports organizer; physical culture worker; 　　体育广播节目 sportscast; 　　体育广播员 sportscaster; 　　体育活动 sports activities; 　　体育记者 scribe; 　　体育建筑 sports building; 　　体育节目 sportscast; 　　体育节目广播员 sportscaster; 　　体育界 the sporting world; sports circles; 　　关于体育的相关例句 　　1. The team also won praise for sportsmanship and fair play. 　　该队还因其良好的体育精神及公平竞争精神而受到了表扬。 　　2. A bit of exercise will help lift his spirits. 　　进行一点儿体育锻炼能帮助他改善情绪。 　　3. A thousand supporters packed into the stadium to cheer them on. 　　1,000名支持者挤进体育馆里为他们加油。 　　4. Their sporting reputation has suffered enormously from Johnson"s exposure. 　　由于约翰逊东窗事发，他们的体育声誉受到了严重损害。 　　5. Thousands of people, mainly Zulus, assembled in a stadium in Thokoza. 　　数以千计的人，主要是祖鲁族人，聚集在托考查的一个体育场里。 　　6. They have been given college scholarships purely on athletic ability. 　　他们完全是凭体育特长才获得了大学奖学金。 　　7. She"s not as mad about sport as I am. 　　她不像我对体育那么痴迷。 　　8. The National Collegiate Athletic Association introduced drug testing in the mid-1980s. 　　美国大学体育联合会在20世纪80年代中期开始实行药物检测。 　　9. Athletics South Africa was formed by an amalgamation of two organisations. 　　南非体育协会由两个组织合并而成。 　　10. His sporting and political interests coalesced admirably in his writing about climbing. 　　他在写登山的文章中，把自己对体育和政治的兴趣完美地结合了起来。 　　11. I bet you were good at games when you were at school. 　　我敢说你上学时体育很棒。 　　12. Exercise has a major part to play in preventing and combating disease. 　　体育锻炼在疾病防治方面发挥着重要作用。 　　13. We were rather surprised by their sporting and correct behaviour. 　　他们富有体育精神而且举止得体，让我们感到相当惊讶。 　　14. To generate new money the sport needs to be more entertaining. 　　要想创造更多的收入，这项体育活动需要变得更加有趣味性。 　　15. Under his editorship, the Economist has introduced regular sports coverage. 　　在他担任编辑期间，《经济家》开始定期刊登体育报道。 　　关于体育的双语例句 　　体育运动有益健康。 　　Athletic sports are good to the health. 　　他是一个体育运动爱好者。 　　He is a sports buff. 　　天气的变化打乱了我们体育比赛的时间表。 　　The change of the weather has mucked up our sports timetable. 　　体育运动的价值受商业化的影响而逐渐下降。 　　Sport is being debased by commercialism. 　　在许多体育运动中，体能没有技巧重要。 　　In many sports (physical) fitness is not as important as technique. 　　大众体育(或称社会体育、群众体育)，构成整个体育事业的重要组成部分。 　　Sport for all is the significant part in the whole physical education and sport cause. 　　体育场馆是推动体育事业和体育产业发展的基本载体。 　　Sports stadiums are a basic medium improving the sports career and sports industry. 　　体育意识对体育教学与终身体育有着重要的影响。 　　Sports consciousness has a great influence on sports teaching and long life sports. 　　体育空间是社区体育活动开展的基础。 　　Sport space is the base of community sport development.

12 协议条款本协议条款有效期为从最后一个当事人签署后的一年，除非协议里面有提前终止。在这个协议终止时，当事人一方该在协议终止前30天内以书面形式通告对方，协商出一个更新或者补充说明条款。13 终止13．1 买方有权在任何时候通过通告供应商来取消所有订购或者部分商品的订购，在交货前任何原因引起取消，买方的义务就是支付因为行使取消订购权利所引起的费用，减少取消订购给供应商增加的成本。13．2 协议双方可以在协议规定的义务遭到破坏时通过30天的通告对方有终止的意向来终止协议。通告必须包括对破坏协议的具体细节的描述，如果能够补救或者30天通告期内补救，那么协议终止无效。如果协议破坏本质上是可以补救的，但是不能在30天内补救，那么如果协议一方在这一时期开始补救，协议终止仍然无效。之后就全力以赴补救这个破坏直到全部完成。如果破坏是不能被补救的，那么通告期结束时无条件终止协议。13．3 如果对方公司倒闭或者破产，或其公司以及单位和资产被收购或接管，或决议停止营业，或具有法律权限的法院判决停业，或如果对方成为受政府命令或进入任何一个自愿安排或与其债权人终止或威胁终止经营业务，协议另一方可以马上通告对方来终止协议。

上面也是我的号，以为用不了。放心了。

Thank mumI"m my mother"s daughter, since when I was born. I thank her all the time.When I was one year old, she fed me and bathed me, and I thanked her by crying all night long.When I was two years old, she taught me to walk, and I thanked her by running away when she called meWhen I was five years old, she gave me some crayons, and I thanked her by coloring the dining room table.When I was eight years old, she walked me to school, and I thanked her buy screaming: “ I"m not going !”.Later on, I grew up. Mum warned me not to watch certain TV shows, and I thanked her by waiting until she left the house.Summer is coming. Mum bought me a beautiful dress, and I thanked her by leaving it in the wardrobe and hating it out of style.On many lonely evenings, she wanted me to stay with her, and I thanked her by going to movies with friends and leaving her alone, and I didn"t see the disappointment in her eyes.Oh, mum, all what I thanked you made you sad, but you still took care me with your endless love.I know I was not a good daughter, but I am now, and I will be in the future.I will be with you when you are ill.I will hug you at my college graduation.I will bring my lover to you, and ask for your suggestions for the future.I will tell my daughter：“ your grandmother is a great mother.” To love your mother, because you only have one mother in your lifetime!以母亲为题的

1. The domestic market demand diesel-gasoline ratio is usually 2.2 to 1. 2. I have a large number of our products are exported to Southeast Asia and around the world. 3. In the business development process, I have a deep understanding of the market. 4. With my own management experience, I can turn around within a year. 5. I capital is small, costs are low, so every time you buy stocks only buy the minimum purchase amount of 100 shares. 6. Diesel-gasoline ratio was 2.3 to 1 means that production of 1 ton of crude oil processed over the same period and 2.3 tons of diesel fuel. 7. The central bank"s official magazine article said that margin trading will be in the future become a broker, one of five regular business. 8. This case is the company"s economic strength, team cohesion, and ability to deal with international affairs, a concentrated exercise. 9. Sina / Yi ranks China"s strong NASDAQ, through the strength and integration of capital has become China"s leading integrated real estate information service provider. 10. Anyang City, Henan Bureau of Personnel Chief of a comprehensive plan, said Li Gang, deputy aspiring IT township (town, street) Long (Director), completed a master has been hired.

凯旋门 triumphal arch TRIUMPHAL ARCH [triumphal arch] monumental structure embodying one or more arched passages, frequently built to span a road and designed to honor a king or general or to commemorate a military triumph. This form of monument was probably invented by the Romans, who built them throughout the empire. Examples exist in Italy, France, Spain, Asia Minor, and North Africa, dating from the empire. The typical Roman triumphal arch had a single arched opening in the earliest examples, e.g., the Arch of Titus, Rome (AD 81); after the 2d cent. a large arch flanked by two smaller ones became common. The piers were faced with columns and enriched with sculptures or bas-reliefs relating to the events commemorated, while above the entablature was an attic story for dedicatory inscriptions supporting a quadriga, a sculptured four-horse chariot group. Among the Roman arches remaining are that of Trajan, at Benevento, Italy (114), relating the story of the emperor"s life, and those of Septimius Severus (203) and of Constantine (c.315) at Rome, honoring the military victories of the two emperors. In modern times some arches have been built to celebrate military triumphs. Among them in Paris are the Porte Saint-Denis and the Porte Saint-Martin, both erected under the reign of Louis XIV, and the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel and the Arc de Triomphe de l"Étoile , both built at the decree of Napoleon I. Other well-known arches are the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin; the Victory Gate in Munich; the Marble Arch in London; and the Washington Arch in New York City. 自由女神像 Liberty, Statue of LIBERTY, STATUE OF [Liberty, Statue of] statue on Liberty Island in Upper New York Bay, commanding the entrance to New York City. Liberty Island, c.10 acres (4 hectares), formerly Bedloe"s Island (renamed in 1956), was the former site of a quarantine station and harbor fortifications. The statue, originally known as Liberty Enlightening the World, was proposed by the French historian Édouard Laboulaye in 1865 to commemorate the alliance of France with the American colonies during the American Revolution and, according to scholars, was originally intended as an antimonarchy and antislavery symbol. Funds were raised by the Franco-American Union (est. 1875), and the statue was designed by the French sculptor F. A. Bartholdi in the form of a woman with an uplifted arm holding a torch. Believed to be the tallest metal statue ever made, 152 ft (46 m) in height, it was constructed of copper sheets, using Bartholdi"s 9-ft (2.7-m) model. It was shipped to New York City in 1885, assembled, and dedicated in 1886. The base of the statue is an 11-pointed star, part of old Fort Wood; a 150-ft (45-m) pedestal, built through American funding, is made of concrete faced with granite. On it is a tablet, affixed in 1903, inscribed with "The New Colossus," the famous sonnet of Emma Lazarus, welcoming immigrants to the United States. By the early 20th cent, this greeting to the arriving stranger had become the statue"s primary symbolic message. Broadening in its meaning, the statue became a symbol of America during World War I and a ubiquitous democratic symbol during World War II. An elevator runs to the top of the pedestal, and steps within the statue lead to the crown, but the public has not been permitted to climb to crown since Sept., 2001, when access to the statue was restricted for reasons of security and, subsequently, safety. The statue was extensively refurbished prior to its centennial celebration in 1986. The Statue of Liberty became a national monument in 1924. In 1965, Ellis Island , the entrance point of millions of immigrants to the United States, was added to the monument. 长城 Great Wall of China GREAT WALL OF CHINA [Great Wall of China] fortifications, c.1,500 mi (2,400 km) long, winding across N China from Gansu prov. to Hebei prov. on the Yellow Sea. The wall, running mostly along the southern edge of the Mongolian plain, was erected to protect China from northern nomads. It is an amalgamation of many walls built in ancient times; the first unified wall was built in the 3d cent. BC by the Ch"in dynasty. Laborers were conscripted from all over China to build it, and many of them died during the project. The wall"s present form dates substantially from the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). It averages 25 ft (7.6 m) in height and is 15 to 30 ft (4.6-9.1 m) thick at the base, sloping to 12 ft (3.7 m) at the top. Guard stations and watchtowers are placed at regular intervals. The eastern part of the wall is earth and stone faced with brick, but in the west it is merely an earth mound. Successive invasions of China from the north demonstrated that the Great Wall had little military utility. Since 1949 two sections N of Beijing have been reconstructed and are open to visitors. 没时间~希望好心人把其他的贴上来吧 回答者：Wendylove春 - 秀才 二级 4-10 00:04Since several centuries, the Leaning Tower of Pisa has inclined the reason always is people matter of concern, each kind of explanation has wide divided opinions, unable to agree. Some people said was constructs in the tower construction the precision to deviate the design proposal to create, some people thought designs itself question. After enters for 20th century, "the ground reason" said was in the upper hand gradually. This kind of explanation believed, because the clay and the granulated substance composition ground balanced withstands with difficulty reaches 14,553 tons towers bodies again, thus caused to incline. In 1817, two England"s researchers proposed in this aspect the persuasive memoir, "the ground reason said" from now on will start widely to accept by the people. 回答者：286774006 - 秀才 二级 4-12 18:03凯旋门 triumphal arch TRIUMPHAL ARCH [triumphal arch] monumental structure embodying one or more arched passages, frequently built to span a road and designed to honor a king or general or to commemorate a military triumph. This form of monument was probably invented by the Romans, who built them throughout the empire. Examples exist in Italy, France, Spain, Asia Minor, and North Africa, dating from the empire. The typical Roman triumphal arch had a single arched opening in the earliest examples, e.g., the Arch of Titus, Rome (AD 81); after the 2d cent. a large arch flanked by two smaller ones became common. The piers were faced with columns and enriched with sculptures or bas-reliefs relating to the events commemorated, while above the entablature was an attic story for dedicatory inscriptions supporting a quadriga, a sculptured four-horse chariot group. Among the Roman arches remaining are that of Trajan, at Benevento, Italy (114), relating the story of the emperor"s life, and those of Septimius Severus (203) and of Constantine (c.315) at Rome, honoring the military victories of the two emperors. In modern times some arches have been built to celebrate military triumphs. Among them in Paris are the Porte Saint-Denis and the Porte Saint-Martin, both erected under the reign of Louis XIV, and the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel and the Arc de Triomphe de l"Étoile , both built at the decree of Napoleon I. Other well-known arches are the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin; the Victory Gate in Munich; the Marble Arch in London; and the Washington Arch in New York City. 自由女神像 Liberty, Statue of LIBERTY, STATUE OF [Liberty, Statue of] statue on Liberty Island in Upper New York Bay, commanding the entrance to New York City. Liberty Island, c.10 acres (4 hectares), formerly Bedloe"s Island (renamed in 1956), was the former site of a quarantine station and harbor fortifications. The statue, originally known as Liberty Enlightening the World, was proposed by the French historian Édouard Laboulaye in 1865 to commemorate the alliance of France with the American colonies during the American Revolution and, according to scholars, was originally intended as an antimonarchy and antislavery symbol. Funds were raised by the Franco-American Union (est. 1875), and the statue was designed by the French sculptor F. A. Bartholdi in the form of a woman with an uplifted arm holding a torch. Believed to be the tallest metal statue ever made, 152 ft (46 m) in height, it was constructed of copper sheets, using Bartholdi"s 9-ft (2.7-m) model. It was shipped to New York City in 1885, assembled, and dedicated in 1886. The base of the statue is an 11-pointed star, part of old Fort Wood; a 150-ft (45-m) pedestal, built through American funding, is made of concrete faced with granite. On it is a tablet, affixed in 1903, inscribed with "The New Colossus," the famous sonnet of Emma Lazarus, welcoming immigrants to the United States. By the early 20th cent, this greeting to the arriving stranger had become the statue"s primary symbolic message. Broadening in its meaning, the statue became a symbol of America during World War I and a ubiquitous democratic symbol during World War II. An elevator runs to the top of the pedestal, and steps within the statue lead to the crown, but the public has not been permitted to climb to crown since Sept., 2001, when access to the statue was restricted for reasons of security and, subsequently, safety. The statue was extensively refurbished prior to its centennial celebration in 1986. The Statue of Liberty became a national monument in 1924. In 1965, Ellis Island , the entrance point of millions of immigrants to the United States, was added to the monument. 长城 Great Wall of China GREAT WALL OF CHINA [Great Wall of China] fortifications, c.1,500 mi (2,400 km) long, winding across N China from Gansu prov. to Hebei prov. on the Yellow Sea. The wall, running mostly along the southern edge of the Mongolian plain, was erected to protect China from northern nomads. It is an amalgamation of many walls built in ancient times; the first unified wall was built in the 3d cent. BC by the Ch"in dynasty. Laborers were conscripted from all over China to build it, and many of them died during the project. The wall"s present form dates substantially from the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). It averages 25 ft (7.6 m) in height and is 15 to 30 ft (4.6-9.1 m) thick at the base, sloping to 12 ft (3.7 m) at the top. Guard stations and watchtowers are placed at regular intervals. The eastern part of the wall is earth and stone faced with brick, but in the west it is merely an earth mound. Successive invasions of China from the north demonstrated that the Great Wall had little military utility. Since 1949 two sections N of Beijing have been reconstructed and are open to visitors.

Switzerland is the European richest country, also is one of globalrichest countries. Has two big things other countries in Switzerlandto be a worthy opponent with difficulty, one is the clock and watch,two is the bank. In 2004 the year"s end, the Swiss average per personfinance property surpasses 165,000 euros, (onshore) the financialproperty grand total surpasses 1000000000000 euros in the shore.Switzerland also is the whole world is biggest to the shore (offshore)the financial center, has global 30% to the shore currency, the totalamount approaches 2000000000000 euros. Switzerland or the whole worldis worthy of the name the bank kingdom, the bank industry is theSwitzerland first big pillar industry. In 2004, the Swiss financeindustry has created Swiss GDP 14%, the bank industry similarlybelongs to the financial powerful nation to the national economytechnical progress factor Germany, French and US"S two times.Switzerland"s bank is managing the whole world 1/4 to 1/3international investment private wealth, therefore manages two bigfinancial domains in the personal bank service and the wealth, theBank of Switzerland holds the enormous market share. The bank industryor the Switzerland labor productivity highest industry, average perperson delivers surpasses 350,000 euros, outdoes above 3 timescompared to the Swiss domestic average labor productivity (2). Switzerland"s bank system by state established bank (Cantonal banks),big bank (Big banks), place and savings bank (Regional banks &Savings banks), the credit cooperation bank (Raiffeisen banks) and(Other banks) composes including the foreign capital bank other banks.In 2003, the Swiss nation bank always amounts to 378. Supports the Bank of Switzerland industry is it "the big bank". And in1997 two middle heavyweights "the elephant married" after 1993, in1993 the Swiss Credit Bank and the nationality bank amalgamation, in1997 the United Bank of Switzerland and the Bank of Switzerlandconsolidation of corporation, the present Switzerland "the big bank"only saves two, the United Bank of Switzerland group (UBS AG) as wellas the Swiss credit group (Credit Suisse Group). The United Bank of Switzerland group is the nowadays Switzerlandbiggest bank, also is one of global very few financial organs. May notexaggerate saying, the Swiss huge bank industry and the whole worldfinancial center status, mainly is in fact depends on the United Bankof Switzerland group to support. In the Swiss home, the United Bank ofSwitzerland property and the debt approaches the Swiss entire bankingindustry property and the debt 40%, the employee number accounts forthe bank employee total above 30%. In on international, the UnitedBank of Switzerland group is the global biggest personal bank, wholeworld greatest foreign currency trading business, global greatestproperty management business, in whole world commercial bank andinvestment bank domain status at the height of power. Very many times,the United Bank of Switzerland group is the Bank of Switzerlandindustry symbol and the pronoun. The United Bank of Switzerland group had been established since 1997,the capital and the property scale unceasingly expand, the achievementcontinues to grow, the whole world influence big enhancement, hasobtained arrogant person"s result, merely has the certain influence byin an Euro sector the bank to develop into the whole world moneymarket powerful competitor. In 2005 as soon as leaps into the globalproperty scale to be listed the first global finance industry mainitem eldest child. Unites the bank group success experience to cause the analystsenormously to pay attention, its outstanding management technology andthe enterprise culture obtain people"s unanimous appreciation, so thatoverseas has the analyst to think: "If today United Bank ofSwitzerland group has any weakness, that is it succeeds too many andtoo is long". Why can the United Bank of Switzerland group obtain the like thissuccess? In 2005 the United Bank of Switzerland group proposed thedevelopmental strategy has made the very good footnote, namely:"Identical faith, identical team, identical goal, identical UBS (Onebelief, One team, One focus, now, One UBS)". Looking from the surface that, this only is a United Bank ofSwitzerland group"s vivid advertisement or the brand strategy, itdecided the giving up the flowered large sum of money obtained in thepast Hua Bao and Pu favored and so on the brand, but used the unifiedUBS brand. But, carries on the analysis to the United Bank ofSwitzerland group"s development history, we can discover, "a fourproject" is the United Bank of Switzerland group"s road of success.

有ltercation、amalgamation等。平常在上课的时候千万别耻于开口要大声的诵读出去，这样才可以察觉自己哪个地方的音质是有问题的，不要觉得诵读英语没有用，实际上诵读英语也让自身认识到自己目前正在说些什么，自己应该怎样把这一音发上来，慢慢地还可以培育出本人说英语的英语语感。

N.W.A于1986年正式建队之后，在1987年与加州其他的说唱艺人和The Fresh Fila Crew发行了合集《N.W.A and the Posse》。并于1988年发行了第一张正式专辑《Straight Outta Compton》。 这张专辑彻底改变了美国嘻哈的版图，使西海岸以匪帮说唱（Gangsta Rap）为主，迅速崛起，同时也改变了嘻哈音乐的进程，让匪帮文化和黑人文化得到了长远的发展，同年，Arabian Prince离开N.W.A。1989年，N.W.A还参与了The D.O.C.的专辑《No One Can Do It Better》的制作以及演唱。 1989年底，成员Ice Cube因为收入问题离开了N.W.A， N.W.A和Ice Cube互相发行了《100 Miles and Runnin"》，《Niggaz4Life》和《Kill At Will》，《AmeriKKKa"s Wanted》互相攻击，为后来的解散埋下了伏笔。在Ice Cube离开后的两年后，Dr. Dre也发现了N.W.A队长Eazy-E和其经纪人杰瑞·海勒（Jerry Heller）对团队收入的控制，克扣了部分版权税，从而离开了N.W.A。缺少一个制作人的N.W.A难以维持他们的音乐制作。Eazy-E虽然想维持他们的音乐制作和发行，但Ice Cube在1992年的歌曲《No Vaseline》尽其所能的侮辱了他的前队友，使N.W.A彻底输掉了于Ice Cube的纷争。之后Eazy-E便卷入了与Dr. Dre的对骂战中，直到Eazy-E于1995年去世才算正式结束。 Ruthless厂牌于1987年发行了单曲《Panic Zone》（与Macola厂牌合作），这首单曲后来被选进了合集《N.W.A. and the Posse》。此时，N.W.A依然处于一个发展的阶段，在《N.W.A. and the Posse》中以N.W.A的名义的歌曲只有三首，分别是尤其引人注目的另类电子嘻哈歌曲《Panic Zone》，《8-Ball》和《Dopeman》——一首由电子嘻哈艺人Arabian Prince，DJ Yella，Dr. Dre和Ice Cube合作的歌曲。同时，西班牙裔艺人Krazy-Dee也参与谱写了歌曲《Panic Zone》的歌词，在发行前，歌曲原名为《Hispanic Zone》，但后来Krazy-Dee接受了Dr. Dre的意见——Hispanic一词可能降低销量。故将Hispanic一词改为了Panic。 这张专辑的封面被认为是通俗音乐史上最重要的一张快照，是N.W.A诞生的最好证明。 《N.W.A. and the Posse》这张专辑也被人认为并不是正式专辑，而是精选了N.W.A歌曲的，一张由Dr. Dre制作的合集。杰瑞·海勒也这么说道：“......一张由松散的DJ，音乐家，MC制作的专辑（the product of a loose amalgamation of DJs, musicians, and MCs）。” 专辑在蓝调榜上排到了第38名。 专辑中还包含了一首Eazy-E的独唱歌曲《Boyz N the Hood》， 后来歌曲的Remix版被收录与他的专辑《Eazy-Duz-It》中。 在《N.W.A. and the Posse》发行之后，Ice Cube前往菲尼克斯工程技术学院进行了一年的学习，并在1988年初回归N.W.A。 同年，因为Eazy-E看中了MC Ren的写词能力以及对自己“不能演唱快速说唱歌曲”的推辞，MC Ren在Dr. Dre的邀请下加入了N.W.A。 《Straight Outta Compton》的录制工作从1988年初开始，但由于MC Ren的加入，Arabian Prince在N.W.A中作词家和说唱表演者的地位都被取代。在整张专辑中，Arabian Prince只演唱的歌曲《Something 2 Dance 2》的开头部分。于是在专辑发行前的几个月，Arabian Prince离开了N.W.A。但这只是表面现象，据Arabian自己说，他离开N.W.A的原因和Dr. Dre和Ice Cube一样，“都是经济上的问题”，Arabian这么说道：“嗯，我们卖出了一百万张专辑，我知道我们应该得到X数量的钱我们没有得到。而且你知道，我们只是得把钱而已，我们还没有得到我们每个人应该得到报酬。所以我要回去，做自己的事业，我就会赚更多的钱超过N.W.A所赚的。”（Well, we just sold a million records,I knew we were supposed to get X amount of money we weren"t getting. And you know what, we"ve gotta split the money anyway, and we"re still not getting paid what we"re supposed to get paid. I"m going to go back and do my own thing, and I"ll make more money than all ya"ll, myself.） N.W.A在1988年发行了他们的首张正式专辑《Straight Outta Compton》。凭借着前三首歌，N.W.A成功的煽动起了城市中的年轻人的愤怒。第一首歌《Straight Outta Compton》介绍了整个团体， 《Fuck tha Police》抗议了警察暴力和种族歧视，这首歌的存在可以说和N.W.A所获得的绰号“世界上最危险的组合（World"s Most Dangerous Group）有密切关系，这首歌在干净版中是没有的， 还有Gangsta Gangsta描绘了全球层面的城市中的年轻人的思想和南洛杉矶和康普顿（Compton）的暴力和危险。后来N.W.A便以此为据，是匪帮说唱（Gangsta Rap）迅速发展，他们的音乐也被视为“现实说唱”。Dr. Dre和DJ Yella，两位强力制作人的器乐，鼓点机和转盘机的使用相得益彰，给每一首歌都制作了登峰造极的伴奏。 同时，Dr. Dre也偶尔会客串一下MC。 Ice Cube谱写了绝大多数的歌词，包括了Fuck tha Police——这首他们最为罪恶的歌曲。这样的歌词同时也让他们与各种执法机关发生冲突。在《Straight Outta Compton》发行一个月后，Eazy-E的处子专辑，《Eazy-Duz-It》也发行了。 这张专辑以Eazy-E的个人表演为主，MC Ren是整张专辑唯一的客串演唱嘉宾，共客串演唱了12首歌——但是幕后的制作团队是十分庞大的。歌曲主要由Dr. Dre和DJ Yella制作，歌词主要由MC Ren谱写——同时还有Ice Cube和The D.O.C.的帮助。 这张专辑也成为了Ruthless的另一张双白金专辑。 在关注家庭协会（Focus on the Family）的施压之下，美国联邦调查局（FBI）的助理署长，米尔特·阿勒里查（Milt Ahlerich）给Ruthless厂牌及其母公司Priority写了一封信，建议N.W.A的成员“崇尚暴力和冲突是错误的，我们执法部门可能会对此采取特别行动。”（advocating violence and assault is wrong and we in the law enforcement community take exception to such action）这不仅没有成功压制N.W.A，反而使N.W.A名声大噪。N.W.A的成员和经理杰瑞·海勒都拒绝对此事发表评论，但N.W.A的公关经理帕特·查伯内特（Pat Charbonnet）却说：这些N.W.A成员所说的话，使他们的人生充满了麻烦，同样也从未停止。（makes valid everything (the rap group) said on the record. Their life is a lifetime of hassle and it never stopped being that way.），但她也提到N.W.A并不决定在公共场合演唱这首歌曲。 这封信依然可以在位于俄亥俄州的克里夫兰的摇滚名人堂（Rock and Roll Hall of Fame）里看到。 但麻烦远远没有停止，虽然在Priority厂牌受到FBI的信件后不决定制造什么麻烦，但N.W.A的夏季巡演计划还是告吹了——各地的警察担心《Fuck tha Police》这首歌将煽动起对警察的暴力行为，于是都纷纷阻止N.W.A进行演出。 之前，FBI的代表发言人就提到过“在1988年期间有79名执法人员在执行公务期间被杀害，而这首歌却又是这样一首对那些令人值得尊敬的警察的侮辱和反对的歌曲”。 但在演出期间，并未发生任何严重的事故。唯独在底特律，N.W.A最后一次演出上，由于N.W.A在台上清唱《Fuck tha Police》，人群中发生了骚乱，N.W.A不得不退场。第二天，N.W.A在宾馆里被警察拘留，但最终没有逮捕任何人。在1989年的3月，Ice Cube在Latimes的采访中提到了《Fuck tha Police》，他说：“这首歌是康普顿生活的‘纪实"，而不是鼓励暴力。（ the song is a documentary presentation of life in Compton, not a call for violence）” 《Straight Outta Compton》同样成为最早收到改版脏标（Parental Advisory）的专辑之一，而在早期，厂牌的专机上只会有“警告：中等程度的粗俗语言或其他主题（WARNING: Moderate impact coarse language and/or themes）”，事实上，专辑刚刚发行时封面上也只有该标语，但后来CD版发行时被正式贴上了脏标。然而，N.W.A的禁忌的主题却是他们受世人关注的原因，在媒体对他们的单曲补偿性质的报导后，专辑的销量最终达到了双白金。 当然，专辑也受到了特别“照顾”，在发行了专辑的干净版后，《Straight Outta Compton》才有幸登上公告牌第37和蓝调榜第九。 《Straight Outta Compton》的CD版和The D.O.C.的处子专辑《No One Can Do It Better》相继发行。这张专辑主要由Dr. Dre操刀制作，没有N.W.A的匪帮风格，不过N.W.A的成员还是在歌曲《The Grand Finale》中进行了演唱。 专辑再后来登上了蓝调榜榜首 和公告牌的第20。 1989年11月13日，《N.W.A and the Posse》再版发行。 N.W.A于与Ice Cube的纷争，详见“纷争历史”一节。Ice Cube于1989年12月离开——因为版税纠纷。 主要的冲突是发生于Ice Cube与N.W.A（或者说Eazy-E）的经理杰瑞海勒身上的。Ice Cube谱写了近一半的《Straight Outta Compton》的歌词，他感觉没有拿到金钱和利润的公平份额。 之后，他开始了自己的单飞生涯。Ice Cube在他的处子专辑《AmeriKKKa"s Most Wanted》上让费了一些时间，不过他闭口不谈他的前队友。1990年，Ice Cube先后发行了《Kill At Will》和《AmeriKKKa"s Most Wanted》，其中的歌曲，包括《Jackin‘ For Beats》, 《Turn off the radio》或明显或隐晦的攻击了N.W.A。这也为以后的仇恨埋下了种子。《100 Miles and Runnin‘》登上了公告牌的第27名，以及蓝调/嘻哈榜的第十名。 而这首拥有着二十世纪八十年代明显特点的进强同名说唱歌曲也成为了Dr. Dre快歌的绝唱，同时也登上了嘻哈单曲榜的第51名。 同时，《100 Miles and Runnin‘》这张EP专辑包含了一些对Ice Cube的侮辱和反击，像歌曲《Real Niggaz》，强烈地侮辱了Ice Cube。 1991年1月27日，Dr. Dre痛殴了迪·巴恩斯（Dee Barnes），一个嘻哈节目Pump It Up的主持人，因为他在Ice Cube和N.W.A的争端中支持了Ice Cube。 以下是《滚石》杂志的记着阿兰·赖特（Alan Light）的报道：“他（Dr. Dre）在她（巴恩斯）的保镖还在人群中时，一把拎起了她，把她的身体右侧压在墙上并扇她巴掌。之后Dre想把她扔下楼梯，但失败了，于是他开始踢她的肋骨和手，她爬了起来并逃进了女性休息室，Dre跟了上去，用手抓住了她的头发并用拳头猛击她的后脑勺。（He picked her up and began slamming her face and the right side of her body repeatedly against a wall near the stairway as his bodyguard held off the crowd. After Dre tried to throw her down the stairs and failed, he began kicking her in the ribs and hands. She escaped and ran into the women"s rest room. Dre followed her and grabbed her from behind by the hair and proceeded to punch her in the back of the head.”）” 事后Dr. Dre对此事作出了回应：“人们都在讨论这件鸟事，但是你知道，一个蠢货在找我麻烦，我就给他们制造了一些麻烦。我就是那么做了，你知道的。你现在再讲什么也不能改变这件事了。除此之外，这并不是什么大不了的事情，我只不过把她（巴恩斯）扔到了门里而已。” （People talk all this shit, but you know, somebody fuck with me, I"m gonna fuck with them. I just did it, you know. Ain"t nothing you can do now by talking about it. Besides, it ain"t no big thing—I just threw her through a door.） 而事实上，Dr. Dre根本没有接受庭外调节。 N.W.A的第二张正式专辑《Niggaz4Life》（又名Efil4Zaggin），发行于1991年5月， 证明了团队即使在Ice Cube离开的情况下也能获得成功。这张专辑中的歌曲被认为是Dr. Dre制作生涯中最为出色的，同样的，也Dr. Dre在《100 Miles and Runnin"》后的歌曲逐渐转型为中速，他的合成器低音成为了日后匪帮放克（G-Funk)的标志，第一首应用的歌曲便是他们的专辑《Niggaz4Life》中的歌曲《Alwayz into Somethin"》。之后，匪帮放克一直在西海岸嘻哈中主导了许多年。当然，专辑也明显地表示了对前成员Ice Cube的敌意和贬低。包括了《Alwayz into Somethin"》和插曲《A Message To B.A.》等等。1991年6月，N.W.A重蹈了《Straight Outta Compton》的覆辙。《Niggaz4Life》遭到了政治家的严重批评，并且被一些零售连锁店禁售。但与此同时《Niggaz4Life》也创造了嘻哈音乐的历史，成为了第一张登上公告牌榜首的说唱/嘻哈专辑。 N.W.A于与Dr. Dre的纷争，详见“纷争历史”一节。1991年的《Niggaz4Life》成了团队的绝唱，同时，与Ice Cube的纷争也以失败告终。同样版税问题，Dr. Dre率先离开了Ruthless，与马里昂“苏格”奈特（Suge Knight）组建了Death Row厂牌，之后，The D.O.C.和Michel"le都追随Dr. Dre来到了Death Row，并指控Eazy-E胁迫他们节约（意指克扣版税，但保留一部分出版的版权），而Eazy-E后来也指控苏格·奈特在“棒球棍和枪支的威胁下”迫使自己和Dr. Dre节约 ，随后与其他音乐厂牌的激烈的竞争也随之而来。 同年，纽约艺人Tim Dog发行了单曲《Fuck Compton》来攻击曾经的N.W.A成员。1992年，Ice Cube发行了专辑《Death Certificate》，其中的《No Vaseline》狠狠地攻击了N.W.A， 本来N.W.A在缺少制作人的情况之下就已经难以维持，这首歌更是使N.W.A名声扫地而不得不彻底解散。N.W.A的余下成员也开始各自的单飞生涯。MC Ren在1992年发行了他唯一一张拿到白金证明的专辑《Kizz My Black Azz》。1992年11月2日，通过Priority厂牌，Eazy-E发行了《Niggaz4Life: The Only Home Video》，一部基于《Niggaz4Life》拍摄的纪录片。影片时长60分钟，包含了《Niggaz4Life》的MV，MV的拍摄花絮，N.W.A举行的色情聚会，演唱会现场和录音室花絮， 甚至是一段对Ice Cube的侮辱视频。Eazy-E，MC Ren，Dr. Dre和DJ Yella都在视频中出现。电影由马克·格兰德（Mark Gerard）导演拍摄，并在2003年3月28日重新发行。Dr. Dre在1993年以Death Row的名义发行了单曲《Fuck wit Dre Day (And Everybody"s Celebratin")》来攻击Eazy-E。而单曲的MV中塑造了一个名为Sleazy-E，一个成天就想着赚钱的人物。这个形象和Eazy-E十分相似。这样的侮辱在Dr. Dre的专辑《The Chronic》的另一首歌，《Bitches Ain"t Shit》继续体现。 《The Chronic》后来卖到了一张三白金专辑，成为了二十世纪九十年代匪帮放克的缩影。Eazy-E在1993年的EP专辑《It"s On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa》中作出了回应——《Real Muthaphuckkin" G"s》和《It"s On》这两首歌。Eazy-E指责Dr. Dre是一个同性恋，还是一个娘娘腔。由于都是因为和Ruthless厂牌的关系破裂的原因而离开，Dr. Dre和Ice Cube关系缓和较快，Ice Cube还在Dr. Dre1993年的MV《Let Me Ride》中客串出现。两人之后还录制了单曲《Natural Born Niggaz》，这首歌被选为Snoop Dogg自己导演的短电影《Murder was the Case》的原声带。1994年，Eazy-E发掘了嘻哈团体Bone Thugz-N-Harmony，并和他们合作录制了歌曲《Foe tha Love of $》。同年Eazy-E和长期经纪人杰瑞·海勒决裂。和N.W.A原成员有关N.W.A重组的谈话进展很快，他们当时已经开始讨论N.W.A的新专辑了。尽管N.W.A的成员都有着出色的单飞生涯，但Ice Cube却对N.W.A“未能在早期巨大的潜力下继续扩大感到遗憾”（regret that N.W.A had never built on its early potential）。不久，Eazy-E 因为艾滋病，于1995年3月26日病逝，去世前Dr. Dre和Ice Cube还来到医院短暂地来看望他，之前的纷争在这时全部冰释。在Eazy-E去世后，Ruthless厂牌的经理很快就跳槽了。Eazy-E的公寓也陷入了法律问题当中，将要由他与七个女人生下的九个孩子共同继承。N.W.A重组的计划也就此被搁下。 Eazy-E的最后一张正式专辑，也是去世后的第一张专辑《Str8 Off tha Streetz of Muthaphukkin Compton》在1996年发行。 虽然专辑中有侮辱Dre的歌曲，但Dr. Dre没有对此作出回应。在Death Row厂牌，Dr. Dre获得了巨大的成功——既作为一名制作人，又作为一名与2pac搭档的演唱者——在著名的1996年的说唱歌曲《California Love》中。但出人意料的是Dr. Dre在同年离开了Death Row并且创建了自己的厂牌Aftermath Entertainment。之后他又因为Suge Knight预备发行的一张精选集《Suge Knight Presents: Chronic 2000》中的Chronic”而起诉Suge Knight，但后来又取消了。之后，他发掘了来自底特律的白人说唱艺人Eminem。 1999年，MC Ren在Dr. Dre的专辑2001中的歌曲《Some L.A. Niggaz》中客串。 同时，在专辑中客串的还有Dr. Dre的两位得意门生Snoop Doggy Dogg和Eminem。2000年，在Ice Cube的专辑《War & Peace Vol. 2 (The Peace Disc)》, MC Ren，Ice Cube和Dr. Dre在歌曲《Hello》中出场，齐声合唱 I started this gangsta shit / And this the motherfuckin" thanks I get?。 西海岸的“匪帮”主题因为2pac被谋杀而再次受到广泛关注，也只有Dr. Dre与Eminem合作的回归专辑2001能再次讲群众和媒体成功地再次吸引回来。2001年的全明星Up in Smoke演唱会汇集了更多的N.W.A成员和Death Row成员，为了消磨一路上的时间，Dr. Dre，Ice Cube，MC Ren，Eminem和嘉宾Snoop Dogg在移动录音室里录制新唱片。一张名为《Not These Niggaz Again》的专辑也在准备中。（包括了未在演唱会中出现的DJ Yella。）然而，由于时间上的大量冲突和三个唱片厂牌之间的协调不当（Priority，No Limit和Interscope），这张以N.W.A的名义的唱片最终因为三家厂牌为唱片版权的纷争而未能实物化。 最终只有两首歌发布，分别是被选为电影《Next Friday》的原声带的，N.W.A与Snoop Dogg合作的单曲《Chin Check》，和被收录于Ice Cube的2000年的专辑《War & Peace Vol.2 (The Peace Disc)》的《Hello》。两首歌曲后来都被收录于N.W.A的精选集《Greatest Hits》中。在Snoop Dogg的专辑《The Last Meal》中的歌曲Set It Off中，N.W.A的成员得以再次部分团圆（MC Ren和Ice Cube）。2003年，Ice Cube，MC Ren，Dr. Dre在The D.O.C.的专辑《Deuce》的单曲《The Sh?t》中再次团圆。 2010年，在传出约翰·辛格尔顿（John Singerton）和Ice Cube将要着手拍摄一部有关N.W.A的传记片后，Ice Cube接受了MTV的采访，在采访中他如是说道：我们的影片在工作间里放映，我们可以看到Eazy-E。我们和Lil" Eazy-E（Eazy-E的一个儿子，同时也是一名说唱艺人）一起看这Eazy-E，围坐在他身旁。影片顿时变得悲伤起来，因为Eazy-E永远不能看到这些了。（Footage of us in the studio, just being able to see Eazy. Seeing him with Lil Eazy, carrying him around. The footage got sad at times, knowing that he"s not here to see any of this） 2011年，在Dr. Dre和Eminem合作的单曲《I Need A Doctor》的MV结尾，Dre还来到了Eazy-E的墓前，凝视Eazy-E的墓碑。 1996年，团队解散后的第五年。Ruthless/Priority厂牌发行了精选集《Greatest Hits》。 专辑收录了两首重磅歌曲《Hello》和《Chin Check》。 但被AMG网认为是一张多余的精选集，因为“《Straight Outta Compton》就够好了”（but Greatest Hits is unnecessary -- all you need is Straight Outta Compton.）。 专辑登上了公告牌的第48和蓝调榜的第20。 1998年，也就是《Straight Outta Compton》发行后的第十年，Ruthless发行了《Straight Outta Compton: N.W.A 10th Anniversary Tribute》，以此来纪念这张给他们带来辉煌的专辑。紧接着，1999年，Ruthless发行了合集《The N.W.A Legacy, Vol. 1: 1988-1998》， 这张专辑登上了公告牌的第77名和蓝调榜的第42。 同年，N.W.A的成员（除了Eazy-E，DJ Yella，Arabian Prince）和Snoop Doggy Dogg合作了歌曲《Chin Check》，这首歌被收录为喜剧电影《下周五》（Next Friday)的原声带。2002年则是《The N.W.A Legacy, Vol. 2》的发行。 这张专辑登上了公告牌的第157和蓝调榜的第38。 2006年，《The Best of N.W.A: The Strength of Street Knowledge》和它的DVD发行，其中包含了一些相关的采访的视频。 专辑登上了公告牌的第143名和蓝调榜的第47。 2008年，Ruthless又发行了合集《N.W.A and Their Family Tree》，包含了N.W.A的经典老歌和成员单飞后的歌曲。 这张专辑在2008年登上了蓝调榜的第38。

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A strong desire for clothing industry, with costume design, raw materials and production properties of expertise, a solid ability to hand-drawn, sharp fashion sense, imaginative, a good sense of teamwork and communication skills. Familiar with the garment manufacturing process and steps to be able to use independent Photoshop, Coredraw graphics design software. A good designer is my dream! Competition for the whole school, clothing designed to match the rich campus life, leading fashion school. Its emphasis on innovative design and clothing among the existing arrangement, integration, entry requirements of the production team 5-8 sets of clothing, some of the connotations of design, combining elements of fashion, to show their presence. Competition in charge of costumes and production design drawings, and the T-Taiwan Zouxiu performances, where the last group won first prize for group classes.2006 Campus calligraphy exhibition on the association"s work was awarded to the "outstanding work" award. 2006-2007 won the best, "Miyoshi students," the title, was second-class scholarship. Sunshine Leisure Games badminton competition won the women"s race runner-up.

In China, good manners mean good future for youngsters.China, as the world"s most populous country, is fast emerging as one of the most important markets for many U.S. agricultural businesses. Home to nearly one-quarter of the world"s population, China welcomes business people seeking new opportunities. Understanding Chinese culture is essential to a successful business experience.The FundamentalsTo successfully navigate Chinese culture, visitors must appreciate the essential core values that make the society tick. In an amalgamation of ancient tradition and communist philosophy, these values center around respect for age and hierarchical position, group rather than individual orientation, the concept of maintaining face and the importance of personal relationships.For Americans, coming from a society that emphasizes individualism, interacting in such a culture can be difficult.Cultivating a Personal RelationshipPersonal relations are a bigger factor in getting things done in China than in the United States. In business, these relationships are crucial because all agreements rely more on trust between parties than on fully articulated, legally enforceable contracts. This has long been a feature of Chinese culture, where one"s word and a handshake close a deal, as opposed to cultures which rely on lots of documentation.To do business with the Chinese, make friends with them first. Small talk about hobbies and families is a good way to break the ice. Meanwhile, it is good to describe yourself before broaching business topics.The follow are tips for young people:Do"s and Don"tsWhen you meet your Chinese counterparts for the first time, pay attention to small details. Generally speaking, shaking hands and exchanging name cards is the common way to begin a first meeting.Do not be too demonstrative, as this will most likely cause embarrassment. Laughing loudly is considered impolite when meeting people for the first time. Try not to be too talkative, and be sure to demonstrate a genuine interest in what others have to say.二、Well, I think my idea of politeness really is just general consideration for otherpeople. For example, if you see a mum struggling with a couple of kids with apram or push chair trying to get upstairs at a railway station, I just think itcommon courtesy really to try and give a hand.Well generally I find British people extremely polite, very disciplined in things. Forexample when I travel on the tube I always see that there is always somebody whogives up their seat for a pregnant woman or elderly people or women with children.I have great admiration for British way of life because there is a lot things peoplecan learn from this in other parts of the world.I think one example of British good manners compared to perhaps certain othernationalities is in the use of mobile phones. I have noticed when I am abroad inmeetings if people"s mobile phone rings people immediately pick it up and answerand I think here in the UK, certainly people with good manners don"t use theirmobile phones in meetings. If you are having a meal in a restaurant it"s better notto use it. Of course during a show or cinema you would obviously turn it off.British people are very polite in the way they talk. They are just so lovely. They usea lot of words like please and thank you and excuse me and constructions ofsentences are extremely polite. Even in the situation when there is a lot ofpressure in the air they would be talking to you in a very very polite manner andthey would make sure that the communication is on a very very polite level andnobody gets offended with the way they speak to them.British people like to queue I think mainly because it"s a tradition. And they arevery polite and basically don"t like to upset other people. So we will all queue at thebus stop while increasingly now others do not and they form their own queue atthe other side of the bus stop, but we are so polite we won"t say anything.三、Good manners are necessary because one is judged by his manners. One"s manners not only show what kind of education he has received and what his social position is, but they also tend to show what his nature is. Good manners means good behaviour in social communication. A person with good manners is always agreeable companion, because he is always thinking of others and respect others. He will not push through a crowd, but wait quietly for his turn to advance. Good manners are not the exceptionally great deeds but they can tell that the person who possesses them is a man of highest standards. To learn good manners, one must first of all bear in mind that they arise from one"s daily behaviour—the way he responds to others and the manner he behaves in front of people. To be a man of good manners, he must be genuinely polite to others and show respect for others. In short, politeness costs nothing and gains everything。PS:Good manners are very important in the communication of daily life. Everyone likes a person with good manners. But what are good manners? How does one know what should do and what should not do when trying to be a good - mannered person?Well, here are some common examples. A person with good manners never laughs at a people in trouble. Instead, he (she) always tries to consult or offer help to the person. When he (she) takes a bus and sees an old man or a sick man, he (she) always gives his (her) seat to him. He doesn"t interrupt other people when they are talking. He uses a handkerchief when he sneezes or coughs. He does not spite in public places. Ideas of what are good manners are not always the same in different regions. For example, people in Western countries usually kiss each other to show their greetings, whereas in China, kissing in public is something of unusual and sometimes be regarded as impolite to somebody else. So it is important to know what is regarded as polite and impolite before you go to a reg.

Being one of the oldest university libraries in China, the history of Zhejiang University Library can be traced back to 1897 when Qiushi Academy Library was founded. In September 1998, a new Zhejiang University was established on the basis of the amalgamation of the four former individual universities, namely Zhejiang University, Hangzhou University, Zhejiang Agricultural University and Zhejiang Medical University. The libraries of these universities were correspondingly merged into the unified Zhejiang University Libraries (ZUL). ZUL consists of five branch libraries, in separate locations in Hangzhou: the Library of science and Technology in Yuquan Campus, the Library of Art and Science in Xixi Campus, the Library of Agriculture in Huajiachi Campus, the Library of Medicine and the Library of Basic Subjects in Zijingang Campus. ZUL headquarter is in Yuquan Campus. The total building area of the libraries amounts to 86,000 square meters, with about 5,300 seats. The Ni Tiecheng Human and Arts Library financially sponsorted by the Hong Kong entrepreneur, Mr. Ni Tiecheng, and The Yuan Engineering Library donated by Chinese-Amarican scientist Dr.Yuan Shaowen are located in the Library of Science and Technology. The Zhejiang University Bank of Publications which contributed by its faculty and alumni is in the Library of Basic Subjects. ZUL currently has a staff of 205. There are more than 40 research librarians(professors) or associate research librarians (associate professors). A galaxy of employees makes the provision of excellent service possible. By the end of 2006, the total collections held by the library amount to 5,720,000 volumes (items). In addition, ZUL holds over 64 kinds of online databases with more than 200 items. The collection of ZUL covers almost all the academic subject, featuring mainly in mechanical engineering, instrumentation, power and energy engineering, electronics and engineering, chemistry and chemical engineering, medicine, agriculture, biological science, local documentation, Dunhuang study and psychology, etc. ZUL operates the international advanced integrated automation system “Horizon”, which connect the five branches through campus network and offer online circulation service for more than 70,000 registered readers. The volumes of circulation amount to 2,500,000 annually. In recent years, the contents of the libraries services have been expanded and developed rapidly, especially in visual and digital library services such as information research, novelty retrieve, document delivery and interlibrary loan, SDI service, personal service, user training, etc. More than 6000 users visit the libraries" web site every day. The China-US Million Book Digital Library (CADAL) project, organized by ZUL and the Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Science, is an important part of public service program in “211 project” during the tenth “Five-Year Plan” period. Sponsored by ZUL and cooperated with the other academic libraries in Zhejiang province, the Zhejiang Academic Digital Library and Information System (ZADLIS) project is started. ZUL encourage its faculty to carry on academic research and exchange. The library has held a number of national academic forums. About 100 thesis and several monographs have been published every year. We are now facing with a rare opportunity for developing. During the tenth “ Five-Year Plan” period, we"re starting the second stage construction items of “211 project” and “985 project”. A group of special libraries in new campus will be formed in coming years. Following the construction of CADAL, CALIS (China Academic Library Information System) and ZADLIS project, ZUL will enter an accelerated developing stage. We are taking full advantage of the opportunities and making every effort to build the libraries into the first-class one in the world.

Achievementtest和proficiencytest的区别：Achievementtest（成就测验）就是我们通常所说的考试。成就测验主要是针对特定领域为检测应试者对有关知识和技能的掌握程度而设计的。proficiencytest，是指技术检查熟练测验，熟练程度的水平测试。例句：1、AchievementtestAn achievement test that measures what the child expresseshehas learned so far 成绩测试可以衡量一个孩子的学习达到了何种程度。If we"re goingto reverse this tide, it might be useful toputthe Achievement Test backat the center of politics. 如果我们想要逆转这种潮流，那么把能力测评放到政治事务的中心应该是一个行之有效的办法。King acknowledgedthat just 17percent of his 11th-grade students passed thestatewideachievement test lastyear, while inthe Chicago public schools asa whole, the comparablefigure was 29percent. King承认他的十一年级学生中只有17%的人通过了全国统一成绩测试，而芝加哥的公立学校们的该项指标整体上达到了29%。Las Pinas City Grade 6 students got thefourth highest score inthe National Capital Region (NCR) forthe National Achievement Test (NAT). 拉宾斯市的六年级学生的国家水平测试成绩在国家首都地区名列第四。Jackson ElementarySchool students boosted their Illinois Standards Achievement Test scoresin2009 by 6.3 percent over 2008. Jackson小学的学生在伊利诺斯州标准成绩测试中的分数2009年比2008年上升了6.3个百分点。Accordingto the correlation between language teaching and testing, language tests involve fivebasic types:proficiency test, aptitude test, achievement test, diagnostic test,placement test. 根据语言教学和测试的相互关系，语言测试包括五方面的基本类型：水平测试、能力倾向测试、技巧测试、判断测试、综合性测试。The achievement test designed according tothe curriculum criterion is to measure towhat degree students master the concepts,the principle and the knowledge in certain fields. 成就测验就是根据课程标准和教学目标要求编制，用以测量学生对某一学科领域知识、概念、法则等掌握程度的学绩测验。Furthermore,the studentswere divided into high and low ACSWgroups by theirscoresonACSW Scale and highandlow achievement groups bytheir scores on The ScienceArticle Achievement Test. 另外，并依据四班学生在「学业自我价值后效量表」以及「成就测验」上之得分，将学生区分为高、低学业自我价值后效与高、低成就组。Theresearch findsout that the researches in China dependon two main ways: market reactiontest of amalgamation and the influence of corporate business achievement test ofamalgamation. 研究发现，国内的研究基本上沿着并购的市场反应检验和并购的公司经营业绩影响检验两条主线展开。Findingsfromthisstudy indicatethat the adding of oralpart in achievement test has aninfluentialwashback effect on students" learning. 研究表明，期末成就测试中新增口语测试对学生英语学习具有积极的反拨效应。Conclusion: Bothindividual variables and class variables have influenced the Chineseachievement test in CEE. 结论：学生的个体变量和班级变量对高考语文成绩存在影响。Establishinga computer based itembank for College English achievement test is anindispensable component of reforming thecurrentsituationofcourseassessmentand enhancing teaching quality. 建立基于计算机的校本大学英语学业测试语料库，已成为改革测试模式、提高教学质量的重要组成部分。The new goal of testing candidates comprehensive abilities set in the revised version meansareturn from achievement test to proficiency test,a beginning step that has aprofound significance. 新考纲提出测试学生综合应用能力这一新的考试目的，意味着开始了从教学考试向水平考试回归的旅程，这启始的一步具有非常积极的意义。Most physical tests are achievement test basedon criterion referenced in engineeringinstitutions of higher education. 高等工科院校的物理测验大多数是基于标准参照的学绩测验。Achievement test is an absolutelynecessary link in college English teaching. Itis a means to test the effect of the students" learning and the teachers" teaching. 成绩测试是大学英语教学中必不可少的一个环节，是检测一定阶段学生学业成绩和教师教学效果的手段。2、proficiencytestIn2004 only onein five teachers passedtheEnglish- proficiency test. 2004年，只有五分之一的教师通过了英语水平测试。Thispaperdiscussesther-coloured words in The Essentials of Putonghua Proficiency Test fromtwo aspects:thewords" form-standardizing and thewords" number-controlling. 《普通话水平测试实施纲要》在儿化词语的测试数量和词形规范等方面还存在一些问题，尚需进一步规范。Someone who needsto communicate using pictures is, tosay theleast, unlikely tohave passedthe language proficiency test by themselves. 需要借助图片进行交流的学生，退一步讲，他们自己也不大可能通过语言能力考试。Implementation Outlinefor"Putonghua" Proficiency Test published in2004 is the revisededitionof Outline for"Putonghua" Proficiency Test published in1994. 2004年1月出版的《普通话水平测试实施纲要》是1994年出版发行的《普通话水平测试大纲》的修订版。Harvard College doesnot require an English-proficiency test for undergraduate applicants. 哈佛本科生院对本科申请人没有英语能力考试的要求。The reading item " Intonation Tolerance"in ChineseMandarin Proficiency Test grossly shows as "di- alectintonation". 普通话水平测试朗读项“语调偏误”主要表现为“方言语调”。Take Defense Language Aptitude Battery or Defense Language Proficiency Test. 接受反特语言倾向度测试或反特语言流利度测试。Thefinal test is designed asa proficiency test thatgives students anindicationwheretheystand in terms ofthe four mainlanguage skills: speaking, listening, reading,and writing. 期末考试定为能力测试，用以测定学生在听、说、读、写四个方面的能力。Haveyou taken any proficiency test inEnglish? 您是否参加过英文语文能力测验?。Objective:To sumup the participant experience of platelet function proficiency test(PT)fromthe College of American Pathologists(CAP). 目的总结参加美国病理学家协会血小板功能能力比对试验的经验。Objective:To sum opthe participant experience of platelet function proficiency test (PT)fromthe College of American Pathologists (CAP). 目的：总结参加美国病理学家协会血小板功能能力比对试验的经验。I havealready mentioned four waysof improving general oral proficiency test. 我已经介绍了4种提高总的口语熟练技巧的测试方法。To do thejob well,the proficiency test organization should be established and strengthened,the routine teachingshould be managed strictly and the scientific research shouldbepromoted. 要做好这项工作，必须首先要健全主管这项工作的机构，抓好常规教学，展开相关的科学研究，建立水平测试机构，严格测试管理。Receiveshelp is one kindwhich (ETS) globally undertakes bythe US Educational TestingService English proficiency test whichcarries onview ofthe mothertongue non-English publicfigure. 托福是由美国教育考试服务中心（ETS）在全球范围内承办的一种针对母语非英语人士进行的英语水平考试。Haveyou taken any proficiency test on Chinese? Which test ?Yourscores ? 是否参加过中文语文能力测验？何种测验？成绩？

你太狠心了！这么多！

英语在长期发展过程中受到不少语言的影响，吸收了众多语言的大量词汇，其中影响最大的几种当属拉丁语、德语、法语和斯堪的那维亚语。 据考证，英语形成于公元五世纪中叶。公元四四九年，来自北欧沿海地区的朱特人（Jutes）、盎格鲁人（Angles）和撒克逊人（Saxons）等三个部落。乘罗马帝国衰落之际，入侵不列颠岛，并战胜了当地的凯尔特人（Celts）。这三个部落的人说着三种不同的、但是能够互相听懂的方言，稍后这三种方言汇合成古英语。England这个名字来自古英语Engla-land(意思为land of the Angles，盎格鲁人的国土)，而English这个词（古英语拼为Englisc）则指的是“盎格鲁人的语言”。 他们带来的文字称为茹尼克（Runic）,这种文字来源于被认为是一种“秘符”的鲁纳（Rune）字母，它是日耳曼语言的最早的字母，由许多直线组成，以便刻在木头或石块上。后来只有个别的字母保留下来，而且只用在音标中，如δ、θ，它们都代表th音（如with,bath）。据说这种字母的发明归功于斯堪的那维亚半岛神话中的最高之神奥丁(Odin)。 斯堪的那维亚地区现广义上指欧洲北部五个国家（丹麦、瑞典、挪威、芬兰、冰岛），当时仅指丹麦、挪威和瑞典。历史上他们是海盗(Vikings)国家，英国人把他们统称为丹麦人（Danes）。公元八世纪开始，他们日渐强大起来，历史上名为“北欧海盗勃发（Viking Outburst）”。在他们中间，丹麦曾一度最为强大。他们曾和朱特人（原先居住在今天丹麦的日德兰半岛Jylland/Jutland）、盎格鲁人、撒克逊人是近邻，有密切的亲属关系，所以他们的入侵在语言上不存在太大的问题。斯堪的那维亚语称为古诺斯语（Old Norse），又称北日耳曼语（North Germanic）。斯堪的那维亚在北日耳曼语中就是黑暗之国的意思（因其冬季有漫漫长夜）。 公元八至九世纪，英国遭到来自斯堪的那维亚海盗的侵袭(Scandinavian Invasion)，其中尤以丹麦人为甚。他们给英国人带来了劫难。继而斯堪的那维亚人大规模入侵英国北部。九世纪末，入侵者占了整个英国的东半部。他们还越过大西洋到达美洲。这次入侵分为三个阶段，到十一世纪初，丹麦国王卡纽特（Cnut或作Canute）宣布兼任英国国王(King of All England)，英国成为丹麦帝国的一部分。卡纽特从英国首都统治着斯堪的那维亚大部分地区，其势力达到了顶峰，现今爱尔兰的首都都柏林就是他们建立起来的。丹麦和英国的这种关系在莎士比亚戏剧《哈姆雷特》中有反映。卡纽特国王统治英国近二十年，于公元一○三五年去世，这之后，丹麦人对英国的入侵和占领才慢慢结束。余下的斯堪的那维亚人与当地人和平共处，大约在一○五○至一一五○年间，受到当地人完全同化(amalgamation)，与当地居民一起构成了英吉利人。 这次入侵对英国和英语是一个不可忽视的因素，对英吉利民族的性格产生了深远的影响。斯堪的那维亚人富有自由色彩，重视权利观念，特别是丹麦人，他们是富有活力的个人主义者，其勇于获胜的高傲武士血统和不列颠岛上英格兰土著民族结合起来，给这个民族增加了一种活泼强悍、追求自由的特征。他们长期的海上生活，善于适应各种不同的环境，形成了一种四海为家的秉性。这些以及他们强烈的个人主义性格为英国人自由放任的品行和日后民族特性的形成添上了有力的一笔。 这次入侵还影响了英国的计数法，后来在英国出现的十二进位制就是斯堪的那维亚人传授的，所以有了一英尺等于十二英寸，一先令等于十二便士，连法庭的陪审团也是由十二人组成。 随着斯堪的那维亚人进入英国，他们的语言也随之而来（这里的所谓斯堪的那维亚语，具体地说便是古北欧时代的挪威语和丹麦语）。最早进入古英语词汇的斯堪的那维亚语应是在地名和人名的范围，目前英国北部即苏格兰地区不少地名都包含着斯堪的那维亚语的成分，如：带有词尾-by(farm,town),-thorp(village),thwaite(an isolated piece of land)以及-toft(a piece of ground,messuage)的地名，据统计，共有一千四百多个地名带有这些词尾。在人名方面，带有词尾-son的人名就来自斯堪的那维亚语，如Jackson,Thompson,Stevenson,Johnson等。 此外，古英语从斯堪的那维亚语中借用和吸收了众多的日常用语和基本词汇。据说第一个进入英语的斯堪的那维亚语词为call，这个词初次出现在当时英国爱国主义诗篇《马尔登之战》（The Battle of Maldon）。其余最早进入的主要是关于军事、法律之类，如law，outlaw,husband（这个词原为“户主、住户”的意思）,weapon等, 有些后来没有流传下来。这以后大量的日常生活词汇渐渐进入，如knife,root,skin,wrong,thrall,die,hit,take,sky,skin,skill,scrape,scrub,bask,whisk等，而且这些词汇几乎都是由口头传播到书面的。 一个很有趣的特点是，由于斯堪的那维亚人和在英国的盎格鲁-撒克逊人原是近邻，他们都是日耳曼族的分支，语言上十分接近，属于同根，同根的语言导致彼此语言防线的崩溃，结果是语言的融合和简化。当时，在英格兰，一个来自南部的人和一个来自东北部的人交流，他们可能听得懂对方话语的主要内容，但却听不懂语法部分。这样由于交流的需要，渐渐地语法作用便弱化下去，语法结构有了改变，越来越简化。古英语不少基本词汇与斯堪的那维亚语呈现同一形式，如man,wife,father,mother,house,can,bring,see,full,well,over,under,till等；有些斯堪的那维亚语词取代了与其同义的古英语单词，如sister取代了swoestor，window取代了eagpyrel，sky取代了wolcen。sk是斯堪的那维亚语特有的音，在与古英语词中相同的音sh的竞争中，它取得了并驾齐驱的地位。在现代英语中，我们常可以看到下面几对词，如skirt（裙子）/shirt（衬衫）、scatter（散布）/shatter（粉碎）、skip（跳）/shift（移动）。这几对词原先意思应是一样，随着时间推移，意思才不同。在现代英语中，我们还可看到一些斯堪的那维亚语词和英语词并用，如raise（饲养）和rear、ill（病）和sick、bask（洗澡）和bathe、skill（技巧）和craft、skin（皮）和hide、anger（愤怒）和wrath。 到了公元十一至十二世纪，在英国的斯堪的那维亚人完全被英国人同化，这期间，更多的斯堪的那维亚语词汇被吸收到英语词汇中，如名词有anger,bloom,bond,boon,booth,bull,cake,fellow,guest,haven,leg,loan,race,skill,skirt,twin,wand, want等；形容词有awkward,big,ill,meek,sly,ugly等；动词有bask,cast,gape,hail,happen,kindle,raise,ransack,scare,thrive,waive,seem等。 有些词在古英语中流传下来，但它们采用了斯堪的那维亚语的形式或借用了它们的意义，如awe,loose,sister,get,give,Thursday。英语中bread原为“块、片”的意思，从斯堪的那维亚语借用了“面包”之意；dream原为“欢乐”，借用了“梦”；earl原为“战士”，借用了“伯爵”；dwell原为 “迷路”，借用了“居住”；bloom原为“一锭铁”，借用了“花”。 还有些古英语单词在斯堪的那维亚语的影响下进行了换位（metathesis），如ask原作aks；bird原作brid；clasp原作claps等。 一般情况下，一种语言从另一种语言借用的词汇，往往限于实词（如名词、形容词、动词等），而不借用虚词（如代词、介词、连词、助动词等）。但英语与斯堪的那维亚语的亲密关系就表现在前者向后者借用了不少虚词，如are,both,same,though,at,fro,till,they,their,them,shall,will等。 许多斯堪的那维亚语进入或代替原英语词汇并不是一朝一夕完成的，如they,their,them。they从十世纪末就以原始形式进入了古英语，但直到十三世纪才在英国中东部通用，到了十四世纪，伦敦的语言里才只有they这一个形式。them和their也是直到十五六世纪才站住脚。到了十七世纪，they,them,their才算是全部为英语所接受。 据统计，在现代英语中，大约有一千八百多个词汇来自于斯堪的那维亚语，方言中就更多了。在诺曼底人征服英国之后，当地一些本族语民间作家为了抵御法语的侵蚀，他们所写的作品里充满着从斯堪的那维亚语来的借词。在早期中古英语文学作品中，斯堪的那维亚语借词的数量大大超过法语借词的数量。在苏格兰某些地区，斯堪的那维亚语一直流传使用到十七世纪。 从以上列举可看出，斯堪的那维亚语对英语的形成和发展产生了很大的影响。 首先，它直接影响了英语的基本词汇和日常用语，丹麦语言学家，世界公认英语权威叶斯柏森（Otto Jespersen）在其著作《英语的成长和结构》（The Growth and Structure of the English Language）一书中写道：An Englishman cannot thrive or be ill or die without Scandinavian words;they are to the language what bread and eggs are to the daily fare.在这一句中就有五个常用词（thrive,ill,die,bread,egg）来自斯堪的那维亚语。此例可见它对英语的渗透之深。对于英语和斯堪的那维亚语的关系，叶斯柏森曾说过：“英语和斯堪的那维亚语有一种更微妙的、更密切的混杂，就像把一块糖放在一杯茶水中一样，几分钟后，就很难说哪是茶，哪是糖了。” 第二，它使英语从此更加呈现开放性，促进了古英语向中古英语的转化。这次入侵是古英语形成后英国遭受的第一次入侵，此时英语尚未定型，词汇极其有限。斯堪的那维亚语的影响使英语具有兼并性和包容性，词汇上呈现灵活性，为以后大量吸收和借用外来语在语言结构上打下了基础。 第三，它不但丰富了英语词汇，还对英语结构、语法和句法产生了相当大的影响,使其更具稳定性。如单数第三人称动词后加s，助动词to be中的are和词尾变化开始减少等就是受到斯堪的那维亚语的影响。同时它还促成了古英语曲折现象的逐渐减少和简化，使古英语在从综合性语言向分析性语言的发展中大大跨进了一步。它使得英语中性、数、格的变化大为简化，它还使得英语句子中词序位置比较确定，成为欧洲语言里最依赖词序的一种语言，而古英语受拉丁文影响，其词序比较自由。这个正常词序的建立是英语句法上的最重要的发展之一，从此英语的词序完全符合人们思维的自然、逻辑顺序。所以英语发展到今天，其词序与汉语词序相当类似，语法发生简化，词形变化最少，中国人学英语不必像学欧洲其他语言那样，花很多精力去注意词序。 现代英语关系从句中一些关系代词（如that）的省略，特别在美国英语中，就是受到移入到美国的丹麦人的影响。在十九世纪最后十年，有超过一百万斯堪的那维亚移民进入美国，几乎占到挪威、瑞典两国总人口的五分之一。根据不完全统计，在一八六○年到一九二○年间，进入美国的斯堪的那维亚移民有二百一十万。当时有个来自斯堪的那维亚语的单词的使用，几年前在美国还曾引起一场官司。戴卫·霍华德是当时华盛顿市长安东尼·威廉姆斯的一位助手，在一次市府例会上他做财政预算报告时用了单词niggardly。当时，华盛顿市居民一半以上为黑人，他们对城市公共福利很有怨言。霍华德用这个词的本义是：预算时应小气一些。可在场的官员，尤其是黑人官员，提出抗议，说他不应该使用这个单词，因该词与nigger相近，容易引起种族问题。结果霍华德遭到起诉，不得不辞职。Niggardly这个词就来源于斯堪的那维亚语，意思是小气的、吝啬的。 这之后英语也受到其他语言的影响，但主要是在词汇和习语方面，语法和句法结构没有受到很大影响，没有引起什么显著变化。最后一句乃总结句。。

Mother"Day

这是我从武汉大学网站上找来的Wuhan University is a key university directly under the administration of the Education Ministry of the People"s Republic of China. It is located in Hubei Province"s capital Wuhan known as "The thoroughfare leading to nine provinces". The university has rolling physical features with the scenic Luojia Hill in it and the beautiful East Lake by its side, seeming in picturesque disorder. Its campus is wooded and green, and has fragrant flowers everywhere all the year round, the buildings are in special architectural styles, magnificent and mansion-looking. For the above reasons, Wuhan University is widely known as one of the most beautiful universities in the world.The university dates back to Ziqiang Institute, which was founded in 1893 by Zhang Zhidong, governor of Hubei and Hunan Provinces in late Qing Dynasty after his memorial to the throne was approved by the Qing Government. Later, it changed its name several times before it was named National Wuhan University in July 1928. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, Wuhan University moved to Leshan, Sichuan Province and returned to Luojia Hill after the victory of the war. By the end of 1946, the university had six colleges, i.e., the colleges of liberal arts, law, sciences, engineering, agriculture and medicine. Wuhan University had a glorious revolutionary tradition and enjoyed a very high academic status, with Wang Shijie, Wang Xinggong and Zhou Gengsheng as its successive presidents. Zhou Enlai, Dong Biwu, Chen Tanqiu, Deng Yingchao and Luo Ronghuan, et al. were once engaged one after another in revolutionary activities here, while a great number of well-known scholars like Gu Hongming, Zhu Kezhen, Wu Baoliang, Zha Qian, Gui Zhiting, Ye Yage, Li Siguang, Wen Yiduo, Huang Kan, Yu Dafu, Shen Congwen, Zhu Guangqian, Liu Ze, Liu Yongji, Ye Shengtao, Yang Duanliu and Li Jiannong taught here successively. In 1948, Oxford University of Britain wrote an official letter to the Ministry of Education of the Chinese National Government, confirming that bachelors of liberal arts and sciences graduated from Wuhan University and with average grades above 80 could enjoy "the senior status of Oxford".Since the founding of the People"s Republic of China, the Chinese Communist Party and the Government have attached great importance to Wuhan University. Mao Zedong, Ye Jianying, Peng Dehuai, Zhang Wentian, Lu Dingyi and others had inspectioned the university personally. In 1952, after a general reshuffle of the colleges and departments of the higher educational institutions throughout the country, Wuhan University became a key university of liberal arts and sciences directly under the administration of the Ministry of Higher Education. Professor Li Da, Delegate to the First Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and a celebrated philosopher, economist and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, held the post of president of the university for 14 years, during which the quality of teaching and the level of scientific research were further enhanced.Since the start of China"s reform and open policy, the university has achieved the -world"s-attention-attracting achievements through its courageous reforming, opening up, and advancing in every aspect.Approved by the State Council, was founded on August 2nd, 2000 the new Wuhan University----an amalgamation of the original Wuhan University, Wuhan University of Hydraulic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping, and Hubei Medical University. The new Wuhan University (named Wuhan University hereinafter) has a vast range of prospects of development because it is a combination of 4 first-rate universities in China or in the province(Three are China"s key universities of "211 Project", and one is key one of Hubei Province), whose favorable opportunities, terrain and the union arising from the fore out of Chinese universities and colleges. Wuhan University of Hydraulic and Electrical Engineering was the country"s best university of comprehensive strength, Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping was the best university with the disciplines of survey and cartography in the world, Hubei Medical University was the province"s one key medical university as was established before 1949 and has kept developing until now.The university is a natural whole with the discipcins of philosophy, economics, law, education. Literature, history, sciences, engineering, agriculture, medicine and management, 45,000-odd students including 12,000-odd postgraduates. It has been authorized by the State Council to set up graduate schools,with 143 doctoral degrees and 217 master programs ,15 post doc circulation stations.Another 20 have been evaluated as state-level key disciplines, and 20 are listed as "211 Project" key discipline to be constructed by the State.The university now has 5,000-odd teachers, including 3,000-odd professes and associate professors, 570-odd doctorate supervisors, 4 academicians of chinese Academy of sciences,5 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, 2 academicians of the international Eurasian Academy of Sciences. The university has also 22 discipline offering "the Changjiang River program awarding scholars" for the posts of the special appointed professors.During the past 10 years, Wuhan University completed thousands of natural sciences research projects,among which many reached international advanced levels,many won various awards including 40-odd ministerial or provincial awards each year.Time and again,the university has been on the list of top ten University in China for patent application and SCI citation.Through making its scientific research achievements serve the country"s economic construction,the university has become a creation base uniting teaching,research and production.In the domain of social sciences and human studies,the university ever has its own traditional superiority with national, ministerial and provincial awards on the top among Chinese Universities. It twice got the 2nd place in the national appraisals of the excellent achievements in humanities and social sciences research in the years of 1995 and 1998. Recently a great number of achievements with even greater application value emerged,contributing a great deal to China"s economic construction and social progress.Wuhan University boasts a campus which covers an area of 5508 mu and it has a floorage of 2.42 million square metres. There are large modernized teaching buildings, laboratory buildings, gymnasiums, sports grounds, swimming pools, archive buildings, and a specimen building with more then 200,000 piees of valuable animal and plant specimens. The university"s libraries have a collection of approximately 5.2 million volumes, subscribe to more then 10,000 kinds of Chinese and foreign periodicals, are the central-China canter officially decided for the "211 Project" documents--ensuring system of the Chinese universities and colleges. It now has two key State-level laboratories,three State-level discipline laboratories, two State-level research centers in engineering, six national research bases for humanities and social sciences, and seven national bases for fostering basic science personnel. Over twenty academic periodicals, Wuhan University Journal included, are published by the university, which has its own presses including an audiovisual material publishing house, colleges of foreign students education and adult education, East Lake branch school, and three attached hospitals which are all of first-class according to the official standard.During the last ten years the university sent abroad thounds of members of different kinds under various programs, invited 300 hundred famous foreign scholars and political personages to be its part-time professors, honorary professors or guest professors, and established relations of academic cooperation and exchanges with 200-odd universities, colleges and scientific research institutions in more then 60 countries and regions.During the past 100-odd years after its founding, Wuhan University gradually developed a fine school spirit and study style of its own, i.e., "improve oneself, promote perseverance, seek truth and make innovations", emphasis is laid on actively meeting the needs of social development, incessantly reforming its pattern of personnel training and bringing up high-level professional talents of all-round development of morality, intelligence and physique. Since 1978, Wuhan University, bathed in the spring breeze of reform and opening-up, and with a view to fostering talents at a quicker pace and in greater number, has taken the lead among all the higher educational institutions nationwide in implementing the tutorial system and the systems of credit, major minor courses, double degrees and joining a class in the middle of the course, thus bringing up a great number of outstanding talents for the society. To encourage the students to stand out in their studies, the university has instituted the systems of graduating ahead of schedule and recommending master degree candidates and doctorate candidates without examination, and has put into practice the system of streaming graduate students at midterm. The university has founded 100-odd kinds of scholarships with a total value of 10 million-odd yuan awarding about 35 percent of the students. In its history of the past 100-odd years, the university has brought up for the country over 0.28 million specialized personnel of various kinds, who are playing or have played an important part in various domains and fronts, and many of whom have become the pillars of society.The university"s course over the past 100 years has been closely bound up with the prosperity and decline of the motherland. It always has regarded China"s rejuvenation as its own responsibility and has been making contributions to the prosperity of China and the progress of mankind. On the occasion of its centennial celebration in 1993, Jiang Zemin, Li Peng and other Party and State leaders presented their inscriptions of congratulations, while 47 colleges and universities aboard including Harvard University, Yale University, and Tokyo University as well as various fraternal colleges and universities at home either sent representatives to attend the celebration or sent us letter of congratulations. In November 1995, Wuhan University was listed as one of China"s most celebrated universities by Science, an authoritative periodical in the international scientific field. In the meantime, the university also successfully passed the preliminary qualification assessment for "211 Project" and was included in the priority project for the development of national key universities. In 1999, Wuhan University was fixed by the Chinese central authorities as a university whose heads enjoy the (same) position of a vice-minister of the State Council. On February 13th 2001, the Education Ministry and the Leadership of Hubei Province decided to make efforts jointly in order to build Wuhan University into a "high-level university well known both at home and abroad".Benefited from the brilliant achievements achieved during the past hundred years, the four universities" cream and the new favorable opportunities of development, and stimulated by the new challenge, Wuhan University is working hard for building a number of disciplines with the first-rate levels in the world, bring development in the relevant discipline circles of the world, achieving a large number of achievements in basic theoretical and high-technological studies, which are important, creative and even epoch-making, and fostering quite many personnel having high qualities and original ideas. By the year of 2010, it will be built into a high-level university well known both at home and abroad as well as a main force for vitalizing China and Hubei through science and education. On this basis, still greater efforts are to be make to raise the teaching, scientific research and every other work of the university to international advanced levels so that the university can enjoy high position and great prestige in the international academic circles before the middle twenty-first century when Wuhan University will be built into a first-rate university of the world.

现象解释型、应用文、记叙文、和图表文章四种题型。对比段落模仿练习： 1. 有些人决定毕业后读研. 2. 有些人决定毕业后工作. 3. 我的看法.“Should college students go to work immediately or pursue their post graduate study after graduation ” When it comes to such a question, people opinion varies widely from person to person. Some people consider . In their eyes, . Besides, is also an important factor for .However, some other hold that . According to them, . And, .Personally, I am in favor of the former/later idea. For one thing, . For another, . Therefore, as mentioned above, will be my choice.主题句1. Currently, college students in growing numbers are seeking to cheat in exams, and people"s opinions/attitudes/views are mixed/divided on this point.2. Different people have different views on3. There is no complete agreement among people as to原因段落模仿练习: 许多大学生毕业后找不到工作这一现象的原因是. . .After careful consideration, we can find three possible reasons to account for this trend. First of all, the expansion and amalgamation of universities provide chances for more students to receive higher education, but the job market cannot develop at the same speed. What"s more, the situation is even worse with those students who unanimously chose the “hot” majors such as economics and accounting. In the third place, many students think too highly of themselves—they choose not to work at all if they are not satisfied with the job. They may think the pay is not satisfactory or the job is not decent at all.现象段落模仿练习：当前校园中存在许多作弊的现象.Currently, college students in growing numbers are seeking to cheat in exams. According to a recent survey made by Mary Wang, head editor of the 21st Century, there are about % who had some cheating behaviors at college, even in College English Test. Such an phenomenon has caused wide public concern.主题句1. Recent years, become more and more .It"s estimated that .2. Currently, people have to face the problem of .3. Nowadays more and more people are beginning to realize that . For example，希望能帮到你

Culture Amalgamation

7.2.5开始谈判,与另一方的所有或任何类、债权人与任何更改,或者使一个提议债务,或进入任何妥协,其债权人或者安排以外的唯一目的,就是要为溶剂,另一方的融合与一个或更多的公司,或溶剂,另一方的重建,或者

选修课程 的意思 你谷歌翻译啊

电镀专业术语中英文对照 1 大气暴露试验atmospheric corrosion test2 中性盐雾试验(NSS试验) neutral salt spray test(NSS-test)3 不连续水膜water break 4 pH计 pH meter5 孔隙率 porosity6 内应力 internal stress7 电导仪 conductivity gauge8 库仑计(电量计) coulomb meter9 旋转圆盘电极 rotating disk electrode10 旋转环盘电极 rotating ring disk electrode11 针孔 pores12 铜加速盐雾试验(CASS试验) copper accelerated salt spray (CASS test )．13 参比电极 reference electrode14 甘汞电极 calomel electrode15 可焊性 solder ability16 硬度 hardness17 金属变色 tarnish18 点滴腐蚀试验 dropping corrosion test19 玻璃电极glass electode20 结合力 adhesion 21 哈林槽 Haring cell22 恒电势法 potentiostatic method23 恒电流法 galvanostatic method24 交流电流法 a.c method25 树枝状结晶 trees26 脆性 brittleness27 起皮 peeling28 起泡 blister29 剥离 spalling 30 桔皮 orange peel 简单的电镀术语-中英对照镀(Plating) 电镀(Electroplating) 自催化镀(Auto-catalytic Plating)化学镀(Chemical Plating)无电镀(Electroless Plating) 浸渍镀(Immersion Plating) 阳极氧化(Anodizing) 化学转化层(Chemical Conversion Coating) 钢铁发蓝(Blackening)，俗称”发黑“钢铁磷化(Phosphating) 铬酸盐处理(Chromating) 金属染色(Metal Colouring) 涂装(Paint Finishing)，包括各种涂装如手工涂装、静电涂装、电泳涂装等 热浸镀(Hot dip) 热浸镀锌(Galvanizing),俗称"铅水" 热浸镀锡(Tinning) PVD 物理气相沈积法(Physical Vapor Deposition) 真空镀(Vacuum Plating) 离子镀(Ion Plating) CVD 化学气相沈积法(Chemical Vapor Deposition) 电镀术语解释及英文名称 ABS塑料电镀 plastic plating process pH计 pH meter 测定溶液pH值的仪器。 螯合剂 chelating agent 能与金属离子形成螯合物的物质。 半光亮镍电镀 semi-bright nickel plating solution 表面活性剂 surface active agent(surfactant) 能显著降低界面张力的物质，常用作洗涤剂、乳化剂、润湿剂、分散剂、起泡剂等。 不连续水膜 water break 制件表面因污染所引起的不均匀润湿性而使其水膜不连续的现象，这是一种检查清洗程度的方法。 超声波清洗 ultrasonic cleaning 用超声波作用于清洗溶液，以更有效地除去制件表面油污及其他杂质的方法。 冲击镀 strik plating 在特定的溶液中以高的电流密度，短时间电沉积出金属薄层，以改善随后沉积镀层与基体间结合力的方法。 除氢 removal of hydrogen(de-embrittlement) 金属制件在一定温度下加热或采用其他处理方法以驱除金属内部吸收氢的过程。 粗化 roughening 用机械法或化学法除去金属制件表面得到微观粗糙，使之由憎液性变为亲液性，以提高镀层与制件表面之间的结合力的一种非导电材料化学镀前处理工艺。 大气暴露试验 atmospheric corrosion rest 在不同气候区的暴晒场按规定方法进行的一种检验镀层耐大气腐蚀性能的试验。 电镀 electroplating 利用电解在制件表面形成均匀、致密、结合良好的金属或合金沉积层的过程。 电镀用阳极 anodes for plating 电解浸蚀 electrolytic pickling 金属制件作为阳极或阴极在电解质溶液中进行电解以清除制件表面氧化物和锈蚀物的过程。 电抛光 electropolishing 金属制件在合适的溶液中进行阳极极化处理以使表面平滑、光亮的过程。 电铸 electroforming 通过电解使金属沉积在铸模上制造或复制金属制品（能将铸模和金属沉积物分开）的过程。 电铸镍电镀 nickel forming solution 叠加电流电镀 supermposed current electroplating 在直流电流上叠加脉冲电流或交流电流的电镀。 镀后处理 post-treatment process 镀后处理 postplating 为使镀件增强防护性能、装饰性及其他特殊目的而进行的（如钝化、热熔、封闭和除氢等等）电镀后置技术处理。 镀前处理 preplating 为使制件材质暴露出真实表面和消除内应力及其他特殊目的所需除去油污、氧化物及内应力等种种前置技术处理。 镀银系列 silver plating plating process 缎面加工 satin finish 使制件表面成为漫反射层的处理过程。经过处理的表面具有缎面状非镜面闪烁光泽。 多层电镀 multilayer plating 在同一基体上先后沉积上几层性质或材料不同金属层的电镀。 封闭 sealing 在铝件阳极氧化后，为降低经阳极氧化形成氧化膜的孔隙率，经由在水溶液或蒸汽介质中进行的物理、化学处理。其目的在于增大阳极覆盖层的抗污能力及耐蚀性能。改善覆层中着色的持久性或赋予别的所需要的性质。 复合电镀（弥散电镀） composite plating 用电化学法或化学法使用权金属离子与均匀悬浮在溶液中的不溶液性非金属或其他金属微粒同时沉积而获得复合镀层的过程。 钢铁发蓝(钢铁化学氧化） blueing(chemical oxide) 将钢铁制件在空气中加热或浸入氧化 性溶液中，使其表面形成通常为蓝（黑）色的氧化膜的过程。 高速电镀 high speed electrodeposition 为获得高的沉积速率，采用特殊的措施，在极高的阴极电流密度下进行电镀的过程。 隔膜 diaphragm 把电解槽的阳极区和阴极区彼此分隔开的多孔膜或半透膜。 镉电镀 cadmium plating process 铬电镀 chromium plating process 汞齐化 amalgamation(blue dip) 将铜或铜合金等金属制件浸在汞盐溶液中，使用权制件表面形成汞齐的过程。 挂镀 rack plating 利用挂具吊挂制件进行的电镀。 挂镀光亮镍 decorative-fully bright nickel solution 挂具（夹具） plating rack 用来装挂零件，以便于将它们放入槽中进行电镀或其它处理的工具。 光亮电镀 bright plating 在适当的条件下，从镀槽中直接得到具有光泽镀层的电镀。 光亮剂 brightening agent(brightener) 加入镀液中可获得光亮镀层的添加剂。 光亮浸蚀 bright pickling 化学或电化学方法除去金属制件表面的氧化物或其他化合物使之呈现光亮的过程。 贵金属电镀原料 precious metal products for plating 滚镀 barrel plating 制件在回转容器中进行电镀。适用于小型零件。 滚镀光亮镍电镀 barrel bright nickel plating process 滚光 barrel burnishing 将制件装在盛有磨料和滚光液的旋转容器中进行滚磨出光的过程。 合金电镀 alloy plating 电流作用下，使两种或两种以上金属（也包括非金属元素）共沉积的过程。 化学除油 alkaline degreasing 借皂化和乳化作用在碱性溶液中清除制件表面油污的过程。 化学镀（自催化镀） autocalytic plating 在经活化处理的基体表面上，镀液中金属离子被催化还原形成金属镀层的过程。 化学镀镍 electroless nickel plating process 化学抛光 chemical polishing 化学抛光 chemical polishing 金属制件在一定的溶液中进行阳极极化处理以获得平整而光亮的过程。 缓冲剂 buffer 能使溶液的pH值在一定范围内维持基本恒定的物质。 汇流排 busbar 连接整流器（或直流发电机）与镀槽供导电用的铜排或铝排。 机械镀 mechanical plating 在细金属粉和合适的化学试剂存在下，用坚硬的小圆球撞击金属表面，以使细金属粉覆盖该表面。 机械抛光 mechanical polishing 借助高速旋转的抹有抛光膏的抛光轮以提高金属制件表面平整和光亮程度的机械加工过程。 激光电镀 laser electroplating 在激光作用下的电镀。 焦磷酸铜电镀 copper pyrophosphate platin 金电镀 gold plating 金属电沉积 metal electrodeposition 借助于电解使用权溶液中金属离子在电极上还原并形成金属相的过程。包括电镀、电铸、电解精炼等。 浸镀 immersion plate 由一种金属从溶液中置换另一种金属的置换反应产生的金属沉积物。 浸亮 bright dipping 金属制件在溶液中短时间浸泡形成光亮表面和过程。 绝缘层 insulated layer (resist) 涂敷在电极或挂具的某一部分，使该部位表面不导电的涂层。 孔隙率 porosity 单位面积上针孔的个数。 铑（白金）电镀工艺 rhodium plating process 离心干燥机 centrifuge 利用离心力使制件脱水干燥的设备。 磷化 phosphating 在钢铁制件表面上形成一层难溶的磷酸盐保护膜的处理过程。 硫酸铜电镀 acid copper solution 铝及铝合金前处理 chemistry for plating on Al & Al alloy 铝阳极氧化处理 Anodizing Aluminium process 脉冲电镀 pulse plating 用脉冲电源代替直流电源的电镀。 敏化 sensitization 粗化处理过的非导电制件于敏化液中浸渍，使其表面吸附一层还原性物质，以便随后进行活化处理时，可在制件表面还原贵金属离子以形成活化层或催化膜，从而加速化学镀反应的过程。 磨光 grinding 借助粘有磨料的磨轮对金属制件进行抛磨以提高制件表面平整度的机械加工过程。 内应力 internal stress 在电镀过程中由于种种原因引起镀层晶体结构的变化，使镀层被拉伸或压缩，但因镀层已被固定在基体上，遂使镀层处于受力状态，这种作用于镀层的内力称为内应力。 逆流漂洗 countercurrent rinsing 制件的运行方向与清洗水流动方向相反的多道清洗过程。 镍浴除杂剂 nickel bath purifier 配位剂 complexant 能与金属离子或原子结合而形成配位化合物的物质。 喷砂 sand blasting 喷射砂粒流冲击制件表面达到去污、除油或粗化的过程。 喷射清洗 spray rinsing 用喷射的细液流冲洗制件以提高清洗效果，并节约用水的清洗方法。 喷丸 shot blasting 用硬而小的球，如金属丸喷射金属表面的过程，其作用是加压强化该表面，使之硬化具有装饰的效果。 强浸蚀 pickling 将金属制件浸在较高浓度和一定温度的浸蚀液中，以除去其上的氧化物和锈蚀物等过程。 强耐腐蚀性锌合金电镀 anti-corrosion zinc alloy plating 青铜电镀及后处理 brass plating &post-treatment 氰化镀铜 cyanide copper plating solution 氰化锌电镀 cyanide zinc plating solution 热抗散 thermal diffusion 加热处理镀件，使基体金属和沉积金属（一种或多种）扩散形成合金的过程。 热熔 hot melting 为了改善锡或锡铅合金等镀层的外观及化学稳定性，在比镀覆金属的熔点稍高的温度下加热处理镀件，使镀层表面熔化并重新结晶的过程。 乳化除油 emulsion degreasing 用含有有机溶剂、水和乳化剂的液体除去制件表面油污的过程。 乳化剂 emulsifying agent (emulsifier) 能降低互不相溶的液体间的界面张力，使之形成乳浊液的物质。 润湿剂 wetting agent 能降低制件与溶液间的界面张力，使制件表面易于被溶液润湿的物质。 弱浸蚀 acid dipping 金属制件在电镀前浸入一定的溶液中，以除去表面上极薄的氧化膜并使表面活化的过程。 闪镀 flash(flash plate) 电时间极短产生薄层的电镀。 刷镀 brush plating 用一个同阳极连接并能提供电镀需要的电解液的电极或刷，在作为阴极的制件上移动进行选择电镀的方法。 刷光 brushing 旋转的金属或非金属刷轮（或刷子）对制件表面进行加工以清除表面上残存的附着物，并使表面呈现一定光泽的过程 水的软化 softening of water 除去水中钙镁等离子以降低其硬度的过程。 塑料电镀 plating on plastics 在塑料制件上电沉积金属镀层的过程。 酸性锌电镀 acid zinc plating process 添加剂 addition agent (additive)加入镀液中能改进镀液的电化学性能和改善镀层质量的少量添加物。 铁件发黑及磷化处理 blackening & phosphating treatment 退镀 stripping 退除制件表面镀层的过程。 退火 annealing 退火是一种热处理工艺，将镀件加热到一定温度，保温一定时间后缓慢冷却的热处理工艺。退火处理可消除镀层中的吸收氢，减小镀层内应力，从而降低其脆性；也可以改变镀层的晶粒状态或相结构，以改善镀层的力学性质或使其具有一定的电性、磁性或其他性能。 脱色 decolorization 用脱色剂去除已着色的氧化膜上颜色的过程。 无氰碱性锌电镀 non-cyanide plating process 锡电镀 tin plating process 线路板电镀 printed circuit boards 锌镀后钝化处理 passivating treatment after zinc-plating 锌钝化后保护剂 sealer treatment after passivation 阳极袋 anode bag 套在阳极上以防止阳极泥进入溶液的棉布或化纤织物袋子。 移动阴极 swept cathode 被镀制件与极杠连在一起作周期性往复运动的阴极。 有机溶剂除油 solvent degreasing 利用有机溶剂清除制件表面油污的过程。 珍珠镍电镀 pearl bright nickel plating process 整流器 rectifier 把交流电直接变为直流电的设备。 整平剂 levelling agent 在电镀过程中能够改善基体表面微观平整性，以获得平整光滑镀层的稳定剂。 中性盐雾试验（NSS试验） neutral salt spray test (NSS-test) 利用规定的中性盐雾试验镀层耐腐蚀性。 周期转向电镀 periodic reverse plating 电流方向周期性变化的电镀。 助滤剂 filteraid 为防止滤渣堆积过于密实，使过滤顺利进行，而使用细碎程度不同的不溶液性惰性材料。 转化膜 conversion coating 金属经化学或电化学处理所形成的含有该金属化合物的表面膜层，例如锌或镉上的铬酸盐膜或钢上的氧化膜。 着色 colouring 让有机或无机染料吸附在多孔的阳极氧化膜上使之呈现各种颜色的过程。 着色能力 dyeing power 染料在阳极氧化膜或镀层上的附着能力。 阻化剂 inhibitor 能减小化学反应或电化学反应速率的物质，例如强浸蚀中使用的缓蚀剂。 最新合金电镀 new developed alloy plating process

保时捷邦德是詹森凡龙克拉克血统  保时捷.邦德是从一名冠军鸽转变成一羽超级种鸽的。在1996年，保时捷.邦德赢得了两次比赛冠军，并且当年被1300会员的Amalgamation评为鸽王。保时捷.邦德是著名的邦得007全球范围内最好的后代之一，是邦得007最好的孙代之一。保时捷.邦德战绩现在“保时捷.邦得”已经成为一羽出色的种鸽。其后代取得的成绩主要有：“邦得先生”2001年波治国家赛10221羽冠军“烟花-阿玛拉”2003年依托斯10281羽冠军“安东尼娅小姐”2004年波治国家赛10040羽冠军“若奥.平脱”波治国家赛9106羽第8名“加勒比.邦得”99年长距离鸽王“玛丽斯.琼斯”3年内42次获奖，平均6000羽参赛鸽的比赛中3次进入前10名