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为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO26(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Energy and the Industrial Revolution，希望大家喜欢!
托福阅读原文
【1】For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power. Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.
【2】In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain"s most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.
【3】The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.
【4】Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. Also, the availability of jobs in railway construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.
托福阅读试题
1.Why does the author provide the information that “Great Britain had large amounts of coal”(paragraph 1)?
A.To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth century.
B.To explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteenth-century Britain.
C.To indicate that Britain"s energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuel.
D.To explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century.
2.What was “the problem of energy" that had to be solved to make the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century possible?
A.Water and wind could not be used efficiently.
B.There was no efficient way to power machinery.
C.Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in short supply.
D.Neither humans nor animals were strong enough to provide the power required for industrial application.
3.Which of the following is NOT mentionedin paragraph 2 as a development in cotton mills brought about by Watt"s steamengine?
A.The importing of huge quantities of raw cotton by Britain.
B.Increased mechanization.
C.More possibilities for mill location.
D.Smaller mills.
4.The phrase “apparent in” in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to
A.clearly seen in.
B.aided by.
C.associated with.
D.followed by.
5.According to paragraph 2, what was Britain"s most important export by 1850?
A.Raw cotton.
B.Cotton cloth.
C.Steam-powered pumps.
D.Coal.
6.The word “consequent”(paragraph 2)in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.resulting.
B.encouraging.
C.well documented.
D.immediate.
7.What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole?
A.It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries, British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production.
B.It explains how the production of mechanical energy and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain.
C.It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution.
D.It illustrates why historians have assigned great importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution.
8.According to paragraph 3, why was the use of coke important for the ironindustry?
A.It helped make wood into charcoal.
B.It reduced the dependency on steam-powered machines used for the production of iron.
C.It replaced charcoal in the production of raw and refined iron.
D.It powered the machines used to extract coal in coal mines.
9.According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of the ironindustry in Great Britain during the 1800s EXCEPT
A.Steam-driven bellows were used to produce raw iron.
B.By the 1850s Britain was the world"s largest producer of iron.
C.Steam-powered mills made it possible to produce iron of different shapes and sizes.
D.Greater demand for higher-quality iron increased its price.
10.The word “initiated”in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.anticipated.
B.accelerated.
C.spread.
D.started.
11.Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation inrail transportation?
A.Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers, unemployment increased among urban workers.
B.It resulted in more trade within the country, but less trade with markets that could be reached only by ocean shipping.
C.It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive.
D.It resulted in higher wages for factory workers.
12.The phrase “accustomed to" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.in need of.
B.used to.
C.tired of.
D.encouraged by.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. The first steam-powered locomotives were slow but they rapidly improved in speed and carrying capacity.
Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turnhad further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. ■【A】However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. ■【B】As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. ■【C】Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. ■【D】Also, the availability of jobs in railway construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed,many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The coming of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britaindepended on the development of the steam engine to power machinery.
A.For years, historians disregarded the issue of energy as a major element in the rise of the Industrial Revolution and focused instead on technological developments and increased production.
B.The introduction and growth of steam-powered rail transport was a major factor in Britain"s economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution.
C.An expansion of the Industrial Revolution outside Great Britain occurred when British industries began to import raw cotton and high-quality iron.
D.By 1850, the use of steam power in Britain"s mills, mines, and iron industry made Britain a world leader in the production of cotton cloth and iron.
E.Since the basic infrastructure was in place, the Industrial Revolution fueled itself with enlarging markets requiring ever more expansion of factories and workforce.
F.By the end of the 1800s, railway construction attracted so many laborers that factories could not find enough workers to keep up with increasing sales.
托福 阅读答案
1.目的题，读highlight所在句，说英国有煤，但没法变成能量来运行机器，选项C同时说了由煤木有能量，是正确答案。A错在不是reject，原文承认缺能量，A说反;B错在原文没讲other energy resources怎么样;D错在coal mining变成重要行业没讲。
2.以the problem of energy做关键词定位至第二句，但这句话没有内容，于是往后看，下一句讲依靠动植物和人作为能量的来源，看完这句话最大的可能是选D，但原文没说动植物和人的能源不够，所以D不对。排除法，A说风和水能没有有效利用，而原文第四句说越来越多的使用，所以A错;C跟上一题相反，错;B跟上一题相同，正确。
3.A的huge quantity of raw cotton定位至倒数第三句，说进口增加了230倍，正确，不选;B定位至第五句，说机械化越来越多，正确，不选;C的mill location定位至第四句，说mill不用在水边了，也就是C说的更多可能的位置，正确，不选;也同样在这句话里说大的mills，跟D说的相反，所以D错，选。
4.apparent in明显，所以正确答案是A的clearly seen in。词根是pare，意思是可见，想想透明transparent和appear。代入，原文讲转向不断增加的mechanization是什么样的通过进口raw cotton，紧接着后面就用数字讲进口cotton怎么怎么样，说明很显著。B帮忙和C相关明显不通。前后两句没有明显的先后关系，所以follow不通。
5.以most important export和1850做关键词定位至倒数第二句和倒数第三句，说raw cotton进口增加了230倍，cotton cloth变成了最重要的产品，占了出口的一半，所以正确答案是B的cotton cloth。注意A的raw cotton是进口的。
6.consequent结果的，所以正确答案是resulting。之前有讲蒸汽机的成功result in了煤炭需求的增加，和consequent煤炭生产的增加，需求增加当然导致生产增加，所以正确答案是A，C和D完全不对，A和B相比A更好。
7.问整段的，看首尾。首句讲1700年代瓦特发明了蒸汽机，随着越来越便宜，应用越来越广;尾句说steam engine的成功导致煤炭需求和生产的增加。MS没有正确答案，可采用排除法，首先没讲除英国之外的其他国家，所以A和B都不对，C说一个行业不能引起工业革命，原文也没讲。D正确的原因是煤炭的应用解决了能源问题，正确，不记得的话看看第一段的末尾。
8.以coke做关键词定位至第二句，讲在制铁的过程中，coke替代了charcoal，但没讲coke能干嘛，所以往下看，说impurity随着coke的使用被烧掉了，也就是除杂质，所以正确答案是C，B和D的machine没讲;A说把木头变成charcoal，原文也没说。
9.A的steam-driven bellows定位至第二句，正确，不选;B的1850s和Britain定位至第五句，说英国的产量等于其他国家产量之和，当然是最大生产国，所以B正确，不选;C的different shapes and sizes定位至第四句，正确，不选;D的price没讲，错，选。
10.initiated开始，所以正确答案是D。代入，说steam engine的到来怎么了铁路运输的彻底改变，能说得通的只有B和D。因为之前没有说到变化，所以不是加速，开始了一种全新的变化更好些。
11.以transformation in rail transportation做关键词定位至第四句和第五句，说随着transportation改善，能到达更远更大的国内市场，导致更大的销量和更大的工厂，所以正确答案是C。A的rural laborers，B的ocean shipping和D的wage原文都没有有说。
12.accustomed to习惯，所以正确答案是B，used to意思完全一样。不认识的同学看custom，风俗习惯，前面的ac前缀和后面的ed均没有实际意义。代入，说铁路建设提供的工作机会吸引了工人，这些工人是怎么样季节性迁徙的，C厌倦和D鼓励说不通。A需要和B习惯就要看词汇量了。
13.此题名词过渡不容易找，只能找到动词improve，所以正确答案非B即C。B之后有as transportation improved，也就是给出improve之后的结果，应该是先有improve后有结果，所以正确答案是B。
14.For years选项与首段第二句相反，错。The introduction选项对应最后一段，正确。An expansion选项中的outside Great Britain怎么样原文没讲，错。By 1850选项对应原文第二段和第三段，正确。Since the basic选项对应原文最后一段后半部分，正确。By the end选项中的工厂找不到工人跟上incr
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