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求翻译内容

2023-06-25 06:48:59
共2条回复
我不懂运营

{我看懂了,这是一个官司,内容大概是如下}

特里尼达和多巴哥

这项协议是在这的6月中旬签订的,在这一年我们之间的拉梅什和尤德夫先生(东) 673号海湾认为,香格里拉仍然一方和 焦家柳先生(承办)南土地商场,和谐的大厅,在岛内的特利尼达和多巴哥的其他部分。

现在,这个协议如下:

1 。东主在此从事承建商就已完成,他们与众议院计划,他们打算兴建。 (素描其中有一些已经被看到,讨论和商定) 。

2 。成本计划应十万美元(11万美元)应缴纳的进步。

3 。在事件焦家柳先生(承包商)是成功的承办商,建立和树立说,财产的话,十万美元( 100000.00美元)将退还给他的东主 。

{后面是签名,没什么好翻译的了}

coco

特里尼达和多巴哥

这项协议是在这一天的OD 6月,在这一年我们的主2008之间的拉梅什和尤德夫seebalack (东) 673号海湾认为,香格里拉仍然一方和焦jialiong (承办)南土地商场,和谐的大厅,在岛内的特利尼达和多巴哥的另一部分。

现在,这个协议witnesseth如下: -

1 。东主在此从事承建商就已完成,他们与众议院计划,他们打算兴建。 (素描其中有一些已经被看到,讨论并同意后) 。

2 。成本计划应十万美元(一十万点○○美元)缴付在前进。

3 。在事件mr.jiao jialiong (承包商)是成功的承办商,建立和树立说,财产的话,十万美元( 100000.00美元)将退还给他的东主) 。

以昭信守各缔约方有hereunto设置其手中的当天和今年第一hereinabove书面。

签署了由内部命名)

拉梅什seebalack和)

尤德夫seebalack )

inthe驻留)

签署了由内部命名)

焦jialiong ,在)

在场的)

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2023-06-25 00:48:022

"Witnesseth" 此字用於买卖合约中, 请问是什麼意思? 字典中查无此字. 谢了!

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2023-06-25 00:48:183

witnessedth在合同里是什么意思

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翻译保密协议

补充:兹证明:
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△英文翻译

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2023-06-25 00:48:511

你好!想求教一下合同中 Witnesseth翻成中文是什么?网上有很多版本,不知道你的意见如何?谢谢!

嗯,对于合同我不是太专业,你可以问问学法律的同学。然后分类改成法律,而不是英语。呵呵
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convenants

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B. 限定时间英译与时间有关的文字,都应非常严格慎重地处理,因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时,常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。   2.1 双介词 用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。   例3:自9月20日起,甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。   Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.   例4:我公司的条件是,3个月内,即不得晚于5月1日,支付现金。   Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.3.2.2 not no later than用“not no later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。   例5:本合同签字之日一个月内,即不迟于12月15日,你方须将货物装船。   Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December 15.   2.2 include的相应形式   常用include的相应形式:inclusive、including和included来限定含当日在内的时间。   例6:本证在北京议付,有效期至1月1日。   This credit expires till January 1inclusive for negotiation in Beijing. or This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing. 如果不包括1月1日在内,英译为till and not including January 1。   3.1 大写文字重复金额英译金额须在小写之后,在括号内用大写文字重复该金额,即使原文合同中没有大写,英译时也必须加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”,意为“大写”;在最后加上“ONLY”意思为“整”。必须注意:小写与大写的金额数量要一致。例7:聘方须每月付给受聘方美元500元整。   Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY.   3.2. 正确使用货币符号   英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“£”不仅代表“英镑”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币。必须注意:当金额用数字书写时,金额数字必须紧靠货币符号,例如:Can $891,568,不能写成:Can $ 891,568。另外,翻译时还要特别注意金额中是小数点.还是分节号,,因为这两个符号极易引起笔误,稍有疏忽,其后果是不堪设想的。   综上所述,本文从英文合同的定义、结构特点、以及从英文合同翻译的用词特点、注意事项等四个方面着手,使我们对合同自身的特点有了一定的了解,包括其构成的基本要素,在翻译过程中容易疏忽之处;从而为更好地做好英文合同翻译打下基础,并使我们在合同翻译中能够得心应手。   参考文献:   [1]邱建芳.中国加入WTO与涉外经济合同的翻译[J].社会科学学报增刊,2000,82.   [2]傅伟良.英文合同写作指要[M].北京:商务印分馆国际有限公司,2002.   [3]葛亚军,齐恩平.合同英语[M].天津:科技翻译出版公司,2002.   [4][6]李正中.国际经贸英汉翻译.北京中国国际广播出版社,1997.   [5]戚云方.新编外经贸英语函电与谈判.浙江大学出版社,2002.5.   [6]张莉莉.经贸翻译的多视角.外语研究,2004.   篇2   旅游资料英文翻译方法   摘要:由于在英汉两种语言文化间的存在差异,不利于翻译,而旅游资料的翻译从一定程度上讲就是向外国游客介绍一个国家独特的文化,因此,研究翻译的方法突显重要。本文分析音译、增补、简化、借喻等方法,来进一步提高旅游资料的翻译的准确性。   关键词:旅游资料 翻译 方法   来中国旅游的国外游客一般是通过阅读旅游资料,包括景点介绍、民俗风情画册、告示标牌、图片、古迹楹联解说等内容来了解我国的奇观异景。隐含文字特征的旅游资料,其译文质量直接影响外国游客对中国的了解,也是翻译的重点和难点,影响我国文化的传播。由此看来,进一步提高旅游资料翻译的准确性显得尤为重要,本文就旅游资料的英译过程中可以采用的方法进行探讨。   1、旅游英语翻译中的中西方文化差异   中西方民族在长期的社会实践中形成了不同的文化心理和思维方式,反映在语言中就是谋篇布局、写作方式等行为习惯。中文写作的功能与价值都强调“表达”,而英文写作的功能与价值都注重“阐释”。强调表达的中文写作传统使中文写作充满了主观的意识、想象和情绪。而强调阐释的英文写作传统则使英文写作充满了客观的反映、分析、推演和论证。英汉两种思维的差异,易导致翻译错误。英汉两种文化的差异,导致汉语中有些旅游词汇在英语中找不到对等词汇,中国独有的文化遗产、古迹、历史传说、典故、民族风情、宗教信仰和思维模式等,相关词语出现缺失现象。如“紫禁城”没有对等翻译。   2、旅游英语翻译方法   为了加强旅游英语翻译过程中外国旅游者对我国民族文化的理解,更直观、准确地进行语言和文字的交流与沟通,应灵活运用各种翻译技巧,进行文字的转换与文化的传播。   2.1音译法   在中国的人文景观的名称前常用汉语拼音方法给出英语对等词语。例如:岳阳楼,Yueyang Tower;峨眉山的宝光寺,Bao Guang Monastery Divine Light Monastery等。因其文化内涵需要解释性词语加以说明,有时不可避免地需要音译,音译是外国人和中国人对中国思维模式和名胜古迹的认同。   2.2增补法   因文化差异,英文读者对富含文化背景的译文往往难以理解。因此,在进行旅游资料英译时,译者可以增加相应的文化背景解释,努力将原文中的特色文化传达到译文中,即增添适当的理解原文所必需的背景知识,如历史事件发生年代,名人身份及其在历史上的贡献等。以满足国外游客对中国文化的好奇心理,从而吸引更多的游客。如:“岳阳楼”中的“岳阳”是指古时一个地名,因此得名岳阳楼。三月三节,可译为“San Yue San Festival a festival that usually takes place on the third day of the lunar third month, when minority people, especially the young get together for folk song contest or making friends with each other ”。三月三节是我国少数民族的一个传统节日,极具民族色彩,在农历三月初三的日子,青年男女聚在一起举行歌舞大赛,并借此交朋友。如果不加上解释性翻译,国外游客很难理解其真正含义。   2.3减化法   在旅游文字惯用的表达方式中,许多汉语词语往往只是为了渲染气氛或顺应行文习惯的需要,本身并无多大实际意义,而在英语中,这些介绍往往让人觉得繁琐冗长,抓不到重点。因此翻译时可以省略那些华而不实的“溢美之词”,省略原文中累赘或不重要的资讯,进行适当地简化可以使译文简洁明了。   例:崂山,林木苍翠,繁花似锦,到处生机盎然,春天绿芽红花,夏日浓廕庇日,秋天遍谷金黄,严冬则玉树琼花。其中,更不乏古树名木。景区内,古树名木有近300株,50%以上为国家一类保护植物,著名的有银杏,桧柏等。   译:Laoshna ScenicAreaisthickly covered wihttrees of many species,which add credit for its scenery.Among them over 300 ale considered rare and percious,half of which ale plants under top-level protection.Themostf~tnlous species include gingko an d cypress.   原文用许多夸张性词语形容崂山的景色,如“林木苍翠”、“繁花似锦”、“玉树琼花”。在西方人眼里,这些形容词缺乏实际内容,夸张余而真实感不足。因此,译者将这些虚化朦胧的词语省略,只译出原文主要内容,使译文景物描 *** 实客观,符合英语读者的审美习惯。   2.4 借喻法   借喻法就是借用英语文化中人们比较熟悉的人物事件,来解释中国文化中特有的内容。可以借西方文化来比喻中国文化,从而国外游客加深印象,更好地理解中国文化。例如,在翻译梁山伯与祝英台的时候,我们用“Chinese Romeo and Juliet”要比“Love legend of Liang and Zhu”好得多。这种类比的翻译可以让游客联想到罗密欧和朱丽叶凄美的爱情故事,而梁山伯与祝英台的爱情故事与此有许多类似之处,这样可以使读者在自己的文化基础之上接受异国文化,加强文化交流。   3、总结   翻译不是简单的语言的对等,而是一种文化的对接和转换,对旅游资料的翻译要和国际接轨,我们应该把重点放在译文,利用文中提到的适用翻译方法,地道的表达,才能被外国游客理解,语言才能有效传递文化资讯,将我们的传统文化有效地宣传,从而让世界更好地了解中国。   参考文献:   [1]邓红顺.旅游文字翻译与中国文化的传播[J].赤峰学院学报:汉文哲学社会科学版,2010年 第3期   [2]喻颖,龙婷.浅谈旅游英语翻译中的修辞和中西方文化差异[J].今日湖北下半月,?2011年第1期   [3]赵晓丰.?谈旅游文化资讯翻译的原则和方法[J].商业时代,2009年16期
2023-06-25 00:49:581

一篇英文协议,请高手翻译

这是一份只有义务没有权利的合同, 提供服务(报告厂家情况时常情报)却没有收费, 也没有期效, 没有违约责任、解决争议的约定 。这样的合同还要翻译吗?【参考:《中华人民共和国合同法》第十二条合同的内容由当事人约定,一般包括以下条款:(一)当事人的名称或者姓名和住所;(二)标的;(三)数量;(四)质量;(五)价款或者报酬;(六)履行期限、地点和方式;(七)违约责任;(八)解决争议的方法。】
2023-06-25 00:50:061

法律英语:英语合同特点

(一)Contract 与 Agreement的区别   在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement.   1.何谓"contract"?   1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations".根据这一定义,合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。   Steven H.Gifts编著的"Law Dictionary"中将contract 定义为"contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty."根据这一定义,合同是一种,违反可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该看做是一种补偿。   L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典"A Dictionary of Law"给contract的定义:"Contract is a legally binding agreement"根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。   综合起来,有一个相同点,就是"Contract is an agreement",即可将合同说成是"An agreement which binds the parties concerned"或者说合同说成是"An agreement which is enforceable by law",也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce.   2.何谓"Agreement"?   L.B "A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done."根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。   Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是:"A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance"根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。   另一个是:"The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation."根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。   3.Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢?   合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。   L.B Curzon编著的"A Diction of Law"提到:"Contract generally involves":   1.offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受);   2.consensus ad idem (意思表示一致,也叫meeting of minds);   3.intention to create legal relations(建立合同关系的意愿);   4.genuineness of consent(同意的真实性);   5.contractual capacity of the parties(合同当事人的缔约能力);   6.legality of object(标的物的合法性);   7.possibility of performance(履行的可能性);   8.certainty of terms(条款的确定性);   9.valuable consideration(等价有偿)。   Black "Law Dictionary" 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g.an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact."即"协议"和"合同"经常用作同义词,但"协议"这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。   实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。   1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是:   1.title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址);   2.contract object(标的);   3.quantity(数量);   4.quality(质量);   5.price or remuneration(价款或者报酬);   6.time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式);   7.liability for breach of contract(违约责任);   8.methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法)。   上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。   (二)结构特点合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。   中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头:   This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ")   然后是开始陈述:   WHEREAS…THEREFORE…   It is hereby agreed as follows:   或以:   WITNESSETH, WHEREAS…   NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:   接着是正文,最后是证明部分:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.   随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字,签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。   下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。   1.新加坡   Agreement   THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569(hereinafter called "The Company")of the part and JACK Wong(NRIC No._________ /A)of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinafter called "The Manager")of the other part. WHEREAS:   1.The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.   2.   …   NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:   1.The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company"s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September   2.   …   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO Duties of Manger   1.To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.   2.   3.   SIGNED by Roger Tan For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD   In the presence of   SIGNED by TERESA WONG   In the presence of   新加坡的通用合同分五部分:   第一部分:称为parties,主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地/国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为:THIS AGREEMENT is made the ——__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company")of the part and B______,(hereinafter called "The Manager")of the other part.句子开头THIS AGREEMENT或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用"of"和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用"having its registered office at"和其后注册地址相连。   第二部分:称为recital.以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。   第三部分:称为habendum,正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为:IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.这段作用相当于中文合同的"双方签字盖章,特此为证"。   第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。   第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用"SIGNED by __" 英文写作翻译;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分"In the presence of ____";当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是"SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____",然后才是In the presence of _______。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。   第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达:   As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____, in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One. Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named In the presence of Signature Address Occupation.   上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。  2.美国   APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR   AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address)(hereinafter referred to as the Contractor)of the other part.   WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:   1.THAT the Company shall …   2.This agreement shall commence on   …   3.   4.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned   SIGNED BY Name :   Designation :   For and on behalf of :(signature)   Contractor :   Designation :   For and on behalf of :(signature)   本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了 "职务",即designation(有的合同还惯用position)。   3.香港   CONTRACT   CONTACT NO.   SIGNING DATE/PLACE   THE BUYER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   THE SELLER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.   1.NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT   2.PRICE   3.PAYMENT   4.PACKING   5.   IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.   THE BUYER THE SELLER   ___________ ___________   By:__________ By:__________   Date:——_________ Date:——_________   THE END USER ___________   By: __________   Date: ——____-_________   比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。   4.日本   SERVICE AGREEMENT   This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st, 2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD.((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B")   WITNESSTH:   WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b;and   WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B"s request)   NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:   1.   2.   3.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first hereinabove written.   ______ Ltd.________ Co., Ltd.(signature) (signature)   MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR   该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位直接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。   相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。  (三)用词特点(formal term)   合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:   1.May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 ,May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。   may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),Shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do 不能说成can do, shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not, 但绝不能用can not do或must not )例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说:   The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.   Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People"s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.   本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性"约定",如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样? 前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好像一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。   本句可译为:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成一致的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。   2.正式用语(formal term)   合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。例如:   "因为"的短语多用"by virtue of",远远多于"due to"一般不用"because of ";   "财务年度末"一般用"at the close of the fiscal year",而不用"in the end of the fiscal year";   "在……之前"一般用"prior to",而不用"before";   "关于"常用"as regards", "concerning"或"relating to",而不会用"about";   "事实上"用"in effect",而不用"in fact";   "开始"用"commencement",而不用"start"或"begin";   "停止做"用"cease to do",而不用"stop to do";   "何时开会并由某某主持"的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.;其中"召开"不用"hold 或call",而用"convene";"主持"不用"chair"或"be in charge of ",而用"preside";   "其他事项"用"miscellaneous", 而不用"other matters/events";   "理解合同"用"construe a contract" 或"comprehend a contract",而不用"understand a contract";   "认为"用"deem",用"consider"少,不用"think"或"believe";   "愿意做"用"intend to do"或"desire to do",而不用"want to do", "wish to do".   3.用词专业(technical terms)   合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的"瑕疵"、 "救济"、 "不可抗力"、 "管辖"、"损毁"、 "灭失"等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect, remedy, force majeure/Act of God, jurisdiction, damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as, whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。其它例子还有:   "赔偿"用"indemnities",而不用"compensation" ;   "不动产转让"用"conveyance",而不用"transfer of real estate" ;   "房屋出租"用"tenancy",而"财产出租"用"lease of property" ;   "停业"用"wind up a business"或"cease (名词是cessation) a business",而不用"end/stop a business" ;   专利许可中的"特许权使用费"只用"royalities";   还款或专利申请的"宽限期"英文"grace";   "当事人在破产中的和解"用"composition" ;   以实物出资为"investment in kind" ;   "依照合同相关规定"一般说"pursuant to provisions contained herein"或"as provided herein"等,不说"according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract";   "合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同"英文表述为"Neither party hereto may assign this contract",其中"hereto"表示"to the contract",选用"Neither party to the contract"较少。   4.同义词、近义词、相关词的序列   FOR value RECEIVED, the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______, a copy of which is annexed hereto.   在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over, right和tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如:   This
2023-06-25 00:50:121

英译汉 一个协议

6. OBLIGATIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL: 6. 负责人的权限:6.1 The Principal shall during the term of this Agreement; 6.1 负责人在协议期间须6.2 Act dutifully and in good faith towards the Sole Distributor. 6.2 行使责任,对独销商诚实守信。6.3 Promptly supply the Sole Distributor upon request with such quantities of Product samples, catalogues, instruction manuals, advertising, promotional and selling materials, literature and information translated where required. 6.3 及时为独销商提供所需数量的货物样品,目录,使用说明书,广告传单,宣传和促销资料,必要时翻译相关文字和信息。6.4 Use its reasonable endeavors to prevent or stop any infringement by any third party in the India of any trade or brand name or other Intellectual Property which the Sole Distributor has been assigned. 6.4 通过合法途径防止或避免印度的第三方出现违规,或避免任何商标和其他知识产权被侵犯,这些权利只授权给独销商。6.5 In the event of any claims by any third party of whatsoever nature, including but not limited to, defective supply, breach of warranty etc in respect of any product of the Principal sold by the Sole Distributor, the dispute shall be solved by mutual discussions between the parties hereto, the sole agent will confirm shipping samples before each delivery. 6.5 任何性质的第三方提出的索赔要求,包括但不限于:货物本身出现质量问题,违反合约等,包括独销商售出的由负责人提供的所有商品。出现上述争议时,须经双方协商解决,独家代理商须在每次正式发货前,确认船运样品正确无误。6.6 Confidentiality: 6.6 保密协议:Each party shall keep and procure to be kept secret belonging to the other party disclosed or obtained as a result of the relationship of the parties under this Agreement and shall not use nor disclose the same save for the purposes of the proper performance of this Agreement or with the prior written consent of the other party. 双方均须保守另一方的商业机密,在此协议下,双方不得泄露或获取对方机密,并且不能以执行协议为目的,或以对方书面同意为借口而使用或泄露对方机密。6.7 The principal keep the right to increase price according to the market situation, principal will inform the sole distributor of this information 3 weeks ahead. 6.7 负责人拥有根据市场情况而提高价格的权利,且须提前3周通知独销商。7. FORCE MAJEURE 7. 不可杭力This agreement shall be subject to Force Majeure. IN WITNESSETH WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hands to this Agreement on the same day, month and year mentioned first above.此协议适用不可抗力,以资证明,双方须在同一天在此协议上签字,具体年月日在此前已经提到。
2023-06-25 00:50:191

请帮忙翻译合同。不胜感激。

DISTRIBUTORSHIP AGREEMENT(draft) 经销协议(拟稿)This Agreement, made and entered into this date day of month、year by and between USHIO SHENZHEN, INC., a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of People"s Republic of China and having its principal place of business at SuitesA,E,10/F,Building A, Honglong Century Plaza, NO.3001, HePing Road, LuoHu District, ShenZhen, People"s Republic of China (518001) (hereinafter called “Supplier”) and The trading partner"s company name , a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of People"s Republic of China and having its principal place of business at The trading partner"s company address , (hereinafter called “Distributor”),本协议由XXX公司(依据中华人民共和国法律成立和存在的公司,主要营业地址位于中华人民共和国深圳市罗湖区和平路3001号鸿隆世纪广场A座10楼A/E室,以下简称”供应商“)和XXX公司(依据中华人民共和国法律成立和存在的公司,主要营业地址位于xxx, 以下简称”经销商“)于_年_月_日达成并订立。WITNESSETH:兹证明如下:WHEREAS, Supplier is engaged in the sale of certain products hereinafter defined, andWHEREAS, Distributor is desirous of buying from Supplier and reselling the said products in the territory hereinafter defined.供应商出售下文定义的特定产品,经销商期望从供应商处购买并在下文定义的区域内销售所述产品。NOW, THEREFORE, it is mutually agreed as follows:现双方达成一致如下:Article 1. Definitions 第1条 定义Unless otherwise specified in this Agreement: 本协议中另有规定的除外:1.1 “Territory” means People"s Republic of China.”区域“系指中华人民共和国1.2 “Products” means product"s name made by productor"s name .”产品“系指厂家生产的产品名称。1.3 “Individual Sales Contract” means the individual and separate sale and purchase contract for Products to be made on the basis of this Agreement.”单独销售合同“系指依据本协议生产之产品的单独和独立销售与购买合同。Article 2. Individual Sales Contract 第2条 单独销售合同2.1 (Orders and Acceptance) No Individual Sales Contract shall be effective except by Supplier"s written acceptance of each order submitted by Distributor. Notwithstanding any provisions of Distributor"s order, each contract of sale shall be subject to the terms and conditions contained in this Agreement and in Supplier"s acceptance sheet. Supplier shall use its best efforts to fill orders received by Distributor.(订单和接受)由经销商提交每份订单未经供应商书面接受,单独销售合同不得生效。即便存在任何经销商订单条款,每份销售合同仍应以本协议项下及供应商接受文件中的条款为准。供应商应尽量接受从经销商处获得的订单。2.2 (Discontinuance or Change of Products) Supplier reserves the right to discontinue the sale of Products and to change the formula, contents or packaging thereof. Supplier shall not incur any liability thereby or any obligation to change, or repurchase Products previously sold by Supplier to Distributor.(产品中止或变更)供应商保留中止产品销售及变更产品配方、内容或包装的权利。供应商不承担由此引发的任何责任,也不承担任何变更或买回先前供应商出售给经销商之产品的义务。。。。。。。。。。。。
2023-06-25 00:50:361

哪里有正式合同英语的中文翻译参考啊?

合同英语合同英语 出处: 作者:(转载) FanE『翻译中国』 2004-3-4 22:35:31 合同英语——一、概述 1 Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别 在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement。 何谓“contract”? 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: A contact in t his Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is ,between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations”。根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者氢说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”, 也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。 何谓“Agreement”? L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.” 根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。 Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。 另一个是:“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。 Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢? 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和承诺构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到:“Contract generally involves” 1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受) 2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致, 也叫meeting of minds) 3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿) 4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性) 5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力) 6. legality of object(标的物的合法性) 7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性) 8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性) 9. valuable consideration(等价有偿) Black "Law Dictionary" 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。 实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。 1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是: 1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址) 2. contract object(标的) 3. quantity(数量) 4. quality(质量) 5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬) 6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式) 7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任) 8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法) 上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。 合同英语——二、合同英语的特点(1) 1.结构特点 合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头: This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ") 然后是开始陈述: WHEREAS…THEREFORE … It is hereby agreed as follows: 或以: WITNESSETH, WHEREAS… NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 接着是正文,最后是证明部分,: IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written. 随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。 下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。 A. 新加坡 Agreement THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinfater called "The Mangager") of the other part. WHEREAS: 1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business. 2. …. NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows: 1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company"s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September 2. …. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO Duties of Manger 1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company. 2. 3. SIGNED by Roger Tan For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD In the presence of SIGNED by TERESA WONG In the presence of 新加坡的通用合同分五部分: 第一部分:称为parties, 主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为: THIS AGREEMENT is made the ---------__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part. 句子开头THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。 第二部分:称为recital。以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。 第三部分:称为habendum,正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为: IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. 这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。 第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。 第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by __” ;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。 第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达“ As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One. Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named In the presence of Signature Address Occupation 上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。 B. 美国 APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part. WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS: 1. THAT the Company shall … 2. This agreement shall commence on …. 3. 4. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned SIGNED BY Name : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) Contractor : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) 本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯用position). C. 香港 CONTRACT CONTACT NO. SIGNING DATE/PLACE THE BUYER: Name Legal Address Contact THE SELLER: Name Legal Address Contact This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller. Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions. 1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 2. PRICE 3. PAYMENT 4. PACKING 5. IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written. THE BUYER THE SELLER ___________ ___________ By:__________ By:__________ Date:------------_________ Date:------------_________ THE END USER ___________ By: __________ Date: --------____-_________ 比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。 D. 日本 SERVICE AGREEMENT This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B") WITNESSTH: WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B"s request) NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows: 1. 2. 3. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written. ______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd. (signature) (signature) MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR 该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同最大的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。 相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达 合同英语——二、合同英语的特点(2) 2.用词特点(formal term) 合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面: 1. May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。 may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),Shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do ., 不能说成can do, shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not ) 例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说, The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People"s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall 调换位置会怎么样? 前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好象一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。 本句可译:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。 2. 正式用语(formal term) 合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。 例如: “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ",远远多于“due to”一般不用“because of ”; “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”; “在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”; “关于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”; “事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”; “开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”; “停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”; “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”; “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”; “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”; “认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”; “愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desrie to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。 三、用词专业(technical terms) 合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、 “救济”、 “不可抗力”、 “管辖”、 “损毁”、 “灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。 其它例子还有: “赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation” “不动产转让”用“conveyance”,而不用“trnasfer of real estate” “房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“lease of property” “停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business” 专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities” 还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”, “当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition” 以实物出资为“investment in kind” “依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract” “合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。 3. 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列 FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______,a copy of which is annexed hereto. 在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如: This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。 For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”, “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。 The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions” 再例如: “Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the feective date”,一句中的“realease”和“discharge”意思几乎相同。 并列的词还有: ships and vessels support and maintenance licenses and permits charges, fees, costs and expenses any and all any duties, obligations or liabilities the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns control and management of the partnership applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules 5. 拉丁词 在国外合同中,拉丁词仍然是很常见: 比例税率:用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多 从事慈善性服务的律师:pro bono lawyer,不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance 委托代理人:多用agent ad litem 不可抗力: force majuere.
2023-06-25 00:50:431

翻译英文合同需要注意的地方有哪些

在实践翻译英文合同中最容易出现差错的地方,一般不是大的陈述性条款。而是一些关键的细目.比如:金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错,在英文翻译合同时,常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。1、限定责任合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围,常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。限定时间英译与时间有关的文字,都应非常严格慎重地处理,因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。 2、限定金额为避免金额数量的差漏、伪造或涂改,英译时常用以下措施严格把关。3、正确使用货币符号  英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“£”不仅代表“英镑”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币。必须注意:当金额用数字书写时,金额数字必须紧靠货币符号。另外,翻译的还要特别注意金额中是小数点还是分节号,因为这两个符号极易引起笔误,稍有疏忽,其后果是不堪设想的。4、结构特点合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头。
2023-06-25 00:51:032

翻译英文合同需要注意的地方有哪些

合同翻译是一种专业的翻译,翻译的时候一定要慎重,很多细节需要注意一下。在英文合同翻译中,前提条件是弄懂合同的定义,包括合同中应有的基本要素。第一,英文合同的定义  在英文中,合同一般称为Contract或者Agreement。合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。  合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。  它们(要约和承诺构成的)由协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。      第二,英文合同的结构特点  合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文缜密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头:   This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ______day of______(month),______(year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called “ Party A ”)and Party B(hereinafter called “ Party B ”)  然后是开始陈述: WHEREAS...THEREFORE  ... It is hereby agreed as follows或以: WITNESSETH, WHEREAS... NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:   接着是正文,最后是证明部分: IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.   随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同里搬弄是非是找不到的。     第三,英文合同翻译的用词特点(formal term)   合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:may,shall,must,may not(或shall not)的使用;may,shall, must,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人来说再熟悉不过了,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。 权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。 may旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候),must用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。may do不能说成can do,shall do,不能说成should do或ought to do, may not do 正式用语(formal term) 合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有着很大不同之处。例如: “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ”,远远多于“due to”,一般不用“because of ”; “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”; “在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”; “关于”用“regards”,“concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”; “事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;“开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin"; “停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”; “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”,而不用“other matters/events”; “理解合同”用“construe a contract”或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”; “认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”; 用词专业(technical terms) 合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,用以上英语表达分别为defect,remedy,force majeure /Act of God,jurisdiction,damage and/or loss。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as ,such... as ,whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词,就其中几个细说: 比如:1. Hereby: by means of; by reason of this之意,即特此,因此,兹等意。常用于法律文件、合同协议的正式文件的开头语,在条款中需要强调时也可用。举原文说明,如:The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 文中: ★hereby意为 by reason of this,特此的意思。 ★ therein意为in the Works在本工程中。 ★ such...as是关系代词,相当于that, which,把要限定的词置于such与as之间使要限定的名词十分明确,避免合同双方在理解上发生争议。 其它的还有: “赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation” “不动产出让”用“conveyance”,而不用“transfer of real estate”“房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“lease of property”“停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”。 还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文为“grace”, “当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition” “依照合同相关规定”一般说成“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说成“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”。“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。2.同义词、近义词、相关词的序列   FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to _____all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated_____, 19 _____by and between the undersigned and _____,a copy of which is annexed hereto.   在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如: This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。   For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”, “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思,都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”  再例如:“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”,一句的“release”和“discharge”的意思几乎相同。并列的词还有: ships and vessels ,support and maintenance ,licenses and permits ,charges, fees, costs and expenses, any and all ,any duties, obligations or liabilities ,the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns 。     第四,英文合同翻译中的注意事项   实践证明,英文合同中容易出现差错的地方,一般来说不是大的陈述性条款,而恰恰是一些关键的细目。比如:金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错,在英译合同时,常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。A. 限定责任 众所周知,合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围,常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。and/or常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容,这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。  例1:如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其它货物造成任何损害,托运人应负全责。 The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board.  by and between 常用by and between强调合同是由“双方”签订的,因此双方必须严格履行合同的责任。例2:买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。 This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below. B. 限定时间英译与时间有关的文字,都应非常严格慎重地处理,因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时,常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。双介词 用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。 例3:自9月20日起,甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20. 例4:我公司的条件是,3个月内,即不得晚于5月1日,支付现金。 Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.3.2.2 not (no) later than用“not (no) later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。例5:本合同签字之日一个月内,即不迟于12月15日,你方须将货物装船。Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December 15.include的相应形式 。常用include的相应形式:inclusive、including和included来限定含当日在内的时间。例6:本证在北京议付,有效期至1月1日。   This credit expires till January 1(inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 如果不包括1月1日在内,英译为till and not including January 1。大写文字重复金额英译金额须在小写之后,在括号内用大写文字重复该金额,即使原文合同中没有大写,英译时也必须加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”,意为“大写”;在最后加上“ONLY”意思为“整”。必须注意:小写与大写的金额数量要一致。例7:聘方须每月付给受聘方美元500元整。 Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).  正确使用货币符号 。英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“£”不仅代表“英镑”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币。必须注意:当金额用数字书写时,金额数字必须紧靠货币符号,例如:Can $891,568,不能写成:Can $ 891,568。另外,翻译时还要特别注意金额中是小数点(.)还是分节号(,),因为这两个符号极易引起笔误,稍有疏忽,其后果是不堪设想的。 希望采纳哦!
2023-06-25 00:51:111

翻译英文合同需要注意的地方有哪些

  合同翻译是一种专业的翻译,翻译的时候一定要慎重,很多细节需要注意一下.你可以找专业的合同翻译公司---语美多翻译公司,帮助你翻译这些合同文件.一下是翻译英文合同注意的一些事项,你可以看下.在英文合同翻译中,前提条件是弄懂合同的定义,包括合同中应有的基本要素.第一,英文合同的定义
2023-06-25 00:51:203

翻译英文合同需要注意的地方有哪些

商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体,重在记实,用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。 一、酌情使用公文语惯用副词   商务合同属于法律性公文,所以英译时,有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词,就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现,这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替,从而影响到译文的质量。   实际上,这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多,而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由 here、there、where 等副词分别加上 after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副词,构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如: 从此以后、今后:hereafter; 此后、以后:thereafter; 在其上:thereonthereupon; 在其下:thereunder; 对于这个:hereto; 对于那个:whereto; 在上文:hereinabovehereinbefore; 在下文:hereinafterhereinbelow; 在上文中、在上一部分中:thereinbefore; 在下文中、在下一部分中:thereinafter. 现用两个实例,说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。 例 1:本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder. 例 2:下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品,其品牌以此为合适。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China. 二、慎重处理合同的关键细目   实践证明,英译合同中容易出现差错的地方,一般来说,不是大的陈述性条款。而恰恰是一些关键的细目.比如:金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错,在英译合同时,常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。 3.1 限定责任 3.1.1 and/or 常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容,这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。 例 9:如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其它货物造成任何损害,托运人应负全责。  The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on buard. 3.1.2 by and between 常用 by and between 强调合同是由“双方”签订的,因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋于的责任。 例 10:买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。  This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 3.2 限定时间 英译与时间有关的文字,都应非常严格慎重地处理,因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时,常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。 3.2.1 双介词 用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。 例 11;自9月2O日起,甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。  Party Ashall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20. 例 12:我公司的条件是,3 个月内,即不得晚于5月1日,支付现金。  Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1. 3.2.2 not(no)later than   用“not (no) later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。 例 13:本合同签字之日一个月内,即不迟于12月15日,你方须将货物装船。  Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December 15. 3.2.3 include 的相应形式 常用 include 的相应形式:inclusive、including 和 included,来限定含当日在内的时间。 例 14:本证在北京议付,有效期至1月1日。  This credit expires till January 1(inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or:This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 如果不包括1月1日在内,英译为 till and not including January 1。 3.3 限定金额   为避免金额数量的差漏、伪造或涂改,英译时常用以下措施严格把关。 3.3.1.大写文字重复金额   英译金额须在小写之后,在括号内用大写文字重复该金额,即使原文合同中没有大写,英译时也有必要加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”,意为“大写”;在最后加上“ONLY”。意思为“整”。必须注意:小写与大写的金额数量要一致。 例 16:聘方须每月付给受聘方美元 500 元整。  Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY). 3.3.2. 正确使用货币符号   英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“£”不仅代表“英镑”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币。   必须注意:当金额用数字书写时,金额数字必须紧靠货币符号,例如:Can $891,568,不能写成:Can $ 891,568。另外,翻译的还要特别注意金额中是小数点 (.) 还是分节号(,),因为这两个符号极易引起笔误,稍有疏忽,其后果是不堪设想的
2023-06-25 00:51:281

我想知道好的学习法律英语的网站

我的网站,看一下网站文章题目列表就知道是否专业原创法律英语翻译网站2010年10月文章一览217 Foreign company与foreign-based company有何区别及foreign的翻译216谈法律(英语)文书中的标点符号(2)书名号的英译215“变更名称”中的“变更”可以译为alteration吗?214经典优秀恐怖片惊悚片推荐213女性电影推荐212优秀经典同志电影片推荐之女同志电影211转载资料库变更域名 网址http://www.lawelites.com/zhuan 9月文章列表 www.lawelites.com/post/34.html 转载文章一览2010年10月67常用法律英语词汇笺注(13)P-W 完66 《美国民事诉讼法译序》中的词汇翻译部分 转载65 日常及专业法律英语常用短句集锦 转载64 专利翻译63 怎样做中国的自由译者62如何阅读美国的法律引证61常见法律英语词汇笺注(9) 60常见法律英语词汇笺注(10)59 常见法律英语词汇(12)58 专利文献某些惯用语和句子的译法57被遗忘三十年的法律精英56“自由贸易区”该如何翻译55答陈老师有关“Civil Action”一问 54 first cousin once removed 的翻译 转载53社会呼唤高质量涉外法律翻译作品 -----小议法律翻译的标准 52论“民事法律行为”命名的谬误51美国证券法律蓝本对实务界、法律英语和翻译学的价值 转载资料库文章一览2010年9月共50篇原文地址:http://www.lawelites.com/post/34.html 50与法律有关的名人名言49从“翻译法律”到“法律翻译”———法律翻译主体“适格”论 节选 48英语法律文本中主要情态动词的作用及其翻译 47国际合同涉及的担保物权种种! 46法律英语证书(LEC)全国统一考试样题45论债的更新44法律文书翻译三步曲 43软件许可协议翻译1首部 42TRADOS新手必读(一) 转载41我国法律名称英译现状述评 申海平 40我的法律翻译之路 转载自 天涯社区39翻译市场准入之我见 作者 boffin 38天涯法律英语论战37《法律语言与翻译》创刊暨征稿启事36大陆法对英美法上LIEN制度的误解及LIEN的本意探源(上)转载35大陆法对英美法上LIEN制度的误解及LIEN的本意探源(下)转载34jury是裁判团,而不是陪审团 转载33如何阅读英文案例 转载322007~2008我国翻译服务领域现状浅析31创业板IPO存量发行法律制度研究 30一个句子结构的讨论(与IPO有关)29还是政府最大方——法律英语译审最低千字千元 不知都是哪些专家。正文无内容 链接见http://lawelites.ycool.com/post.4159619.html28 国务院办公厅关于做好行政法规英文正式译本翻译、审定工作的通知27“拆迁”一词作为法律词语的英译问题(转)26第三届UIBE杯法律英语翻译大赛初赛试题25法律翻译的困难 转载24《中华人民共和国合同法》部分条款英语译文研究 转载23《现代知识产权法的演进:英国的历程(1760-1911年)》译跋22关于美国律师资格考试制度的考察报告 作者:吕宫思21西方“新东方”--美国纽约州律师速成60天小记(1) 转载20西方“新东方”--美国纽约州律师速成60天小记(2)转载19西方“新东方”--美国纽约州律师速成60天小记(3)转载18西方“新东方”--美国纽约州律师速成60天小记(4)转载17法律英语翻译招聘 2010年16常见法律英语词汇笺注(八)15常见法律英语词汇笺注(二)14用Trados的点滴经验13略论英美法律语言中的求同型近义词 杨颖浩12规范性法律文件名称英语翻译若干问题的思考 转11因特网在翻译中的妙用 作者 李长栓10with or without the passage of time该如何翻译什么意思9纽约律师考试各类资料小总 转载8《知识产权法的经济结构》译后记 转载7是“补偿”、“赔偿”还是“免责”?---浅谈indemnity一词的中文表述6法律英语(2) 作者:魏焕华(《英语世界》杂志)5法律英语(1)作者:魏焕华(《英语世界》杂志)4法律英语翻译之 “法人”英语译名的确定 转载3揭穿***法律英语培训班的骗局(转载)2法律翻译人才招聘信息一览 2006年1法律英语论文一览 本文禁止转载(除非另有声明)本文来源于刘素林法律英语翻译 http://www.lawelites.com/ , 原文地址:http://www.lawelites.com/post/34.html 本人法律翻译新网站2010年9月文章一览转载资料库变更域名网址http://www.lawelites.com/zhuan 欢迎各位浏览。210宋雷的《英汉法律用语大词典》,国内最好的法律词典?209我出的“思想道德修养与法律基础”试题A卷下208我出的“思想道德修养与法律基础”试题A卷上207老刘解读英文合同(4)合同首部之consideration206老刘解读英文合同(3)合同首部之witnesseth205delegation/delegate与novation/novate的区别204孙万彪《英汉法律翻译教程》笔记之一 assingnment/transfer 203孙万彪《英汉法律翻译教程》笔记 之二 breach and infringement 全202孙万彪《英汉法律翻译教程》笔记 之三 confidentiality 201孙万彪《英汉法律翻译教程》笔记 之四 definition and interpretation200孙万彪《英汉法律翻译教程》笔记之五 governing law and dispute resolution199孙万彪《英汉法律翻译教程》笔记 之六 第八章insurance198 做好法律英语翻译工作的前提 付费文档199 本站文章一览2010年8月共36篇197 你是否遇compensation就译“赔偿”?196 证券术语1 存量发行含义及其翻译195 陈世美雇凶杀妻——必要或可取的情况下neccessary or desirable194 谈《A序列优先股购买协议》中的一个句子的理解193 法庭口译资料下载192 一英文句子该如何理解和翻译的讨论191 翻译杂谈 两则190 我们该如何悼念189 挣钱不过是享受翻译乐趣的副产品 兼谈新学期计划188 与翻译有关的国家标准 下载 不定期更新187 法律金融证券英语翻译转载资料库已经开通网址http://www.lawelites.com/zhuan 欢迎各位浏览。186 中国法律的篇章结构体系用语——立法法释义 本人法律翻译新网站2010年8月文章一览185 在某论坛对招募伙伴贴回复的回复184 法、法律、法案词义辨析及其英文翻译183 与专业者合作,人生一大快事182 优秀经典同志电影片推荐 之男同志电影181 the appeal is allowed, allowing the appeal 啥意思180 如果有一份54万字的业务放在你的面前——招募法律和金融英语翻译高手179 美国法律法规下载(不定期更新)附美国法典简介 178 非法律专业人士在翻译法律文书时易犯的错误177 美国2010年金融监管改革法目录翻译11—16编176 美国2010年金融监管改革法目录翻译第10编175 美国2010年金融监管改革法目录翻译8—9编174 成为有钱人的20种捷径(下)173 成为有钱人的20种捷径(上)172 美国2010年金融监管改革法目录翻译5—7编171 美国2010年金融监管改革法目录翻译3—4编170 美国2010年金融监管改革法目录翻译第1—2编169 法 律 英 语 课 程 设 计 初 探168 法律英语词汇翻译中存在的若干问题167 Queen"s Bench 女王/王座/后座/御座/皇座/皇家?法庭/法院?166 孙万彪 汉英法律翻译教程 下载165 代扣代缴车船税的翻译164 法律英语/翻译培训调查结果 付费文档163 王道庚《新编英汉法律翻译教程》中的all...not162 谈法律文书中“于”的用法161 从《李文说理》中的文字看国人中文水平之差160法律英语翻译吹毛求疵之3 当事人?当事方?缔约方?缔约人?(上)159 infee simple=轻易收取资财?158 “法院”和“法庭”是不同的157 从Nationwide Building Society的翻译看翻译常犯的错误——望文生义156 从贵州警察枪击两村民看法律语言分析的重要性155 法律英语/翻译 学海无涯 人生苦短154 “甲方乙方”该如何翻译153 纽约律师考试2008复习要点 下载152 本站文章一览2010年7月共25篇151法律英语翻译文章(3)“法人”英语译名的确定150 烟台旅游指南 本人法律翻译新网站2010年7月文章一览149 绿色建筑:生态 节能 减废 健康 图书推荐148 中英文合同起草审查写作方面的书籍推荐147 说下某英文合同的草拟水平146 The Office of Fair Trading 公平贸易局?公平交易局?145 给《南方周末》挑错144 美国金融改革监管法 全文下载143 翻译,法律文书存在问题的发现者142 出资、股份、股权、股本、股票的区别联系及英文翻译(2)出资(转让)的英文翻译 141 美国金融监管改革法相关资料下载140 出资、股份、股权、股本、股票的区别联系及英文翻译(1)出资(转让)139 北大没怎么——对《北大怎么了》一文的不同观点 138 老刘解读英文合同(2)英文合同的结构 概述137 法律英语翻译点评3 评《英语笔译实务二级》中的翻译136 孙万彪 英汉法律翻译教程 下载135 与投票有关的一些术语的英文翻译134 judgment-proof该如何翻译133 我的理想史——谨以此文献给在职业上找不着北的同学132 奥斯卡历届最佳影片一览131 法律英语翻译点评2 评《中国法律透视》中的翻译130 “还欠款*元”是啥意思(上)129 涉外法律函电英文写作范例 下载128 起诉书与起诉状的不同及其英文翻译127 谈juridical acts 的翻译126 经典优秀政治电影片推荐125 美国合同法简介系列(5)要约与承诺概述 之概念 本人法律翻译新网站文章一览2010年6月网站地址www.lawelites.com 124 站长简介与简历及对本人培训能力疑问的答复下略
2023-06-25 00:51:351

NOW THIS DEED WITNESSETH AS FOLLOWS:的翻译是:什么意思

now this deed witnesseth as follows 翻译结果:现在这事给如下followsn. 跟随;遵照(follow的复数);v. 跟随;追逐;领会(follow的第三人称单数);n. (Follows)人名;(英)福洛斯更多释义>>[网络短语]follows 以下,跟随,遵循what follows 下列所述Form follows 形式追随功能
2023-06-25 00:51:421

职场英语:英语合同的特点1

Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别   在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement。   何谓“Contract”?   1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为:A contact in t his Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is ,between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations. 根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。   Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种,违反可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该看做是一种补偿。   L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。   综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”,也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。   何谓“Agreement”?   L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。   Black “Law Dictionary”有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。   另一个是:The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。   Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢?   合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。   L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到“Contract generally involves”   1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受)   2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致,也叫meeting of minds)   3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿)   4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性)   5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力)   6. legality of object(标的物的合法性)   7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)   8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性)   9. valuable consideration(等价有偿)   Black “Law Dictionary” 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。   实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。   1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是:   1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址)   2. contract object(标的)   3. quantity(数量)   4. quality(质量)   5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬)   6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式)   7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任)   8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法)   上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。   结构特点   合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。   中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头:   This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ")   然后是开始陈述:   WHEREAS...THEREFORE   … It is hereby agreed as follows:   或以:   WITNESSETH, WHEREAS…   NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:   接着是正文,最后是证明部分,:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.   随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。   下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。   A. 新加坡   Agreement   THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinfater called "The Mangager") of the other part.   WHEREAS:   1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.   2.   ….   NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:   1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company"s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September   2.   ….   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.   THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO   Duties of Manger   1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.   SIGNED by Roger Tan   For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD   In the presence of   SIGNED by TERESA WONG   In the presence of   新加坡的通用合同分五部分:   第一部分:称为parties,主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为:   THIS AGREEMENT is made the ---------__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part.   句子开头THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。   第二部分:称为recital。以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。   第三部分:称为habendum 具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.   这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。   第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。   第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by __”;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。  第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达   As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.   Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named   In the presence of   Signature   Address   Occupation   上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。   B. 美国   APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR   AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part.   WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:   1. THAT the Company shall …   2. This agreement shall commence on ….   3.   4.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned   SIGNED BY   Name :   Designation :   For and on behalf of : (signature)     Contractor :   Designation :   For and on behalf of : (signature)   本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯用position).   C. 香港   CONTRACT   CONTACT NO.   SIGNING DATE/PLACE   THE BUYER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   THE SELLER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller. Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.  1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT   2. PRICE   3. PAYMENT   4. PACKING   5.   IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.   THE BUYER THE SELLER   ___________ ___________   By:__________ By:__________   Date:------------_________ Date:------------_________   THE END USER ___________   By: __________   Date: --------____-_________   比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。   D. 日本   SERVICE AGREEMENT   This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B") WITNESSTH:   WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and   WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B"s request)   NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows:   1.   2.   3.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.   ______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd.   (signature) (signature)   MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR   该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。   相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。   
2023-06-25 00:51:491

英语合同的特点(1)

Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别 在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement。 何谓“Contract”? 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为:A contact in t his Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is ,between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations. 根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”,也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。 何谓“Agreement”? L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。 Black “Law Dictionary”有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。 另一个是:The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。 Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢? 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和承诺构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到“Contract generally involves” 1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受) 2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致,也叫meeting of minds) 3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿) 4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性) 5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力) 6. legality of object(标的物的合法性) 7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性) 8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性) 9. valuable consideration(等价有偿) Black “Law Dictionary” 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。 实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。 1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是: 1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址) 2. contract object(标的) 3. quantity(数量) 4. quality(质量) 5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬) 6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式) 7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任) 8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法) 上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。 结构特点 合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头: This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ") 然后是开始陈述: WHEREAS...THEREFORE … It is hereby agreed as follows: 或以: WITNESSETH, WHEREAS… NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 接着是正文,最后是证明部分,: IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written. 随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。 下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。 A. 新加坡 Agreement THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinfater called "The Mangager") of the other part. WHEREAS: 1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business. 2. …. NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows: 1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company"s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September 2. …. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO Duties of Manger 1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company. SIGNED by Roger Tan For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD In the presence of SIGNED by TERESA WONG In the presence of 新加坡的通用合同分五部分: 第一部分:称为parties,主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为: THIS AGREEMENT is made the ---------__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part. 句子开头THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。 第二部分:称为recital。以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。 第三部分:称为habendum 具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为: IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. 这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。 第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。 第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by __” ;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。 第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达 As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One. Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named In the presence of Signature Address Occupation 上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。 B. 美国 APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part. WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS: 1. THAT the Company shall … 2. This agreement shall commence on …. 3. 4. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned SIGNED BY Name : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) Contractor : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) 本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯用position). C. 香港 CONTRACT CONTACT NO. SIGNING DATE/PLACE THE BUYER: Name Legal Address Contact THE SELLER: Name Legal Address Contact This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller. Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions. 1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 2. PRICE 3. PAYMENT 4. PACKING 5. IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written. THE BUYER THE SELLER ___________ ___________ By:__________ By:__________ Date:------------_________ Date:------------_________ THE END USER ___________ By: __________ Date: --------____-_________ 比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。 D. 日本 SERVICE AGREEMENT This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B") WITNESSTH: WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B"s request) NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows: 1. 2. 3. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written. ______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd. (signature) (signature) MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR   该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。   相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。
2023-06-25 00:52:071

合同与协议的区别

在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement.   何谓“contract”?   1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations“。根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。   Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种,违反可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该看做是一种补偿。   L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。   综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”, 也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce.   何谓“Agreement”?   L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”   根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。   Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。   另一个是:“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。   Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢?   合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。   L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到:“Contract generally involves”   1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受)   2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致, 也叫meeting of minds)   3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿)   4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性)   5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力)   6. legality of object(标的物的合法性)   7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)   8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性)   9. valuable consideration(等价有偿)   Black "Law Dictionary" 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact."   即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。   实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。   1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是:   1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址)   2. contract object(标的)   3. quantity(数量)   4. quality(质量)   5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬)   6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式)   7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任)   8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法)   上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。   结构特点   合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 ,   中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头:   This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ")   然后是开始陈述:   WHERE… It is hereby agreed as follows:   或以:   WITNESSETH, WHEREAS…   NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:   接着是正文,最后是证明部分:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.   随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。   下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。   A. 新加坡   Agreement   THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinafter called "The Mangager") of the other part.   WHEREAS:   1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.   2.   …。   NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:   1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company"s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September   2.   …。   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.   THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO   Duties of Manger   1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.   2.   3.   SIGNED by Roger Tan   For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD   In the presence of   SIGNED by TERESA WONG   In the presence of   新加坡的通用合同分五部分:   第一部分:称为parties, 主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为:   THIS AGREEMENT is made the ——__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part.   句子开头THIS AGREEMENT   或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。   第二部分:称为recital.以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。   第三部分:称为habendum,正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. ,   这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。   第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。   第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by __” 英文写作翻译;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______.与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。   第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达“As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.   Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named   In the presence of   Signature   Address   Occupation   上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。   B. 美国 ,   APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR   AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part.   WHEREBY   IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:   1. THAT the Company shall …   2. This agreement shall commence on …。   3.   4.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned   SIGNED BY   Name :   Designation :   For and on behalf of : (signature)   Contractor :   Designation :   For and on behalf of : (signature)   本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯用position)。   C. 香港   CONTRACT   CONTACT NO.   SIGNING DATE/PLACE   THE BUYER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   THE SELLER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.   Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.   1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT   2. PRICE   3. PAYMENT译   4. PACKING   5.   IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.   THE BUYER THE SELLER   ___________ ___________   By:__________ By:__________   Date:——_________ Date:——_________   THE END USER   ___________   By: __________   Date: ——____-_________   比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED   BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。   D. 日本   SERVICE AGREEMENT   This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B")   WITNESSTH:   WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and   WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B"s request)   NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows:   1.   2.   3.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.   ______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd.   (signature) (signature)   MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR   该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。   相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。   用词特点(formal term)   合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:   1. May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 ,May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。   may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),Shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do 不能说成can do, shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not ) 例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说   The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.   Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People"s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.   本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样? 前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好象一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。   本句可译:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。   2. 正式用语(formal term)   合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。   例如:   “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ",远远多于”due to“一般不用”because of “;   “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”;   “在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”;   “关于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”;   “事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;   “开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;   “停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”;   “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.   其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”;   “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”;   “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”;   “认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”;   “愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。   三、用词专业(technical terms)   合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、 “救济”、 “不可抗力”、 “管辖”、“损毁”、 “灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。   其它例子还有:   “赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation”   “不动产转让”用“conveyance”,而不用“transfer of real estate”   “房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“lease of property”   “停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”   专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities”   还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”   “当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition”   以实物出资为“investment in kind”   “依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”   “合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。   3. 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列   FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile
2023-06-25 00:52:171

合同与协议的区别是是吗?

在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement.   何谓“contract”?   1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations“。根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。   Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种,违反可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该看做是一种补偿。   L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。   综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”, 也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce.   何谓“Agreement”?   L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”   根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。   Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。   另一个是:“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。   Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢?   合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。   L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到:“Contract generally involves”   1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受)   2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致, 也叫meeting of minds)   3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿)   4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性)   5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力)   6. legality of object(标的物的合法性)   7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)   8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性)   9. valuable consideration(等价有偿)   Black "Law Dictionary" 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact."   即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。   实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。   1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是:   1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址)   2. contract object(标的)   3. quantity(数量)   4. quality(质量)   5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬)   6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式)   7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任)   8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法)   上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。   结构特点   合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 ,   中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头:   This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ")   然后是开始陈述:   WHERE… It is hereby agreed as follows:   或以:   WITNESSETH, WHEREAS…   NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:   接着是正文,最后是证明部分:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.   随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。   下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。   A. 新加坡   Agreement   THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinafter called "The Mangager") of the other part.   WHEREAS:   1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.   2.   …。   NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:   1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company"s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September   2.   …。   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.   THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO   Duties of Manger   1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.   2.   3.   SIGNED by Roger Tan   For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD   In the presence of   SIGNED by TERESA WONG   In the presence of   新加坡的通用合同分五部分:   第一部分:称为parties, 主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为:   THIS AGREEMENT is made the ——__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part.   句子开头THIS AGREEMENT   或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。   第二部分:称为recital.以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。   第三部分:称为habendum,正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. ,   这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。   第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。   第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by __” 英文写作翻译;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______.与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。   第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达“As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.   Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named   In the presence of   Signature   Address   Occupation   上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。   B. 美国 ,   APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR   AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part.   WHEREBY   IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:   1. THAT the Company shall …   2. This agreement shall commence on …。   3.   4.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned   SIGNED BY   Name :   Designation :   For and on behalf of : (signature)   Contractor :   Designation :   For and on behalf of : (signature)   本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯用position)。   C. 香港   CONTRACT   CONTACT NO.   SIGNING DATE/PLACE   THE BUYER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   THE SELLER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.   Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.   1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT   2. PRICE   3. PAYMENT译   4. PACKING   5.   IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.   THE BUYER THE SELLER   ___________ ___________   By:__________ By:__________   Date:——_________ Date:——_________   THE END USER   ___________   By: __________   Date: ——____-_________   比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED   BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。   D. 日本   SERVICE AGREEMENT   This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B")   WITNESSTH:   WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and   WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B"s request)   NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows:   1.   2.   3.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.   ______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd.   (signature) (signature)   MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR   该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。   相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。   用词特点(formal term)   合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:   1. May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 ,May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。   may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),Shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do 不能说成can do, shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not ) 例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说   The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.   Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People"s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.   本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样? 前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好象一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。   本句可译:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。   2. 正式用语(formal term)   合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。   例如:   “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ",远远多于”due to“一般不用”because of “;   “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”;   “在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”;   “关于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”;   “事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;   “开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;   “停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”;   “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.   其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”;   “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”;   “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”;   “认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”;   “愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。   三、用词专业(technical terms)   合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、 “救济”、 “不可抗力”、 “管辖”、“损毁”、 “灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。   其它例子还有:   “赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation”   “不动产转让”用“conveyance”,而不用“transfer of real estate”   “房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“lease of property”   “停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”   专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities”   还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”   “当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition”   以实物出资为“investment in kind”   “依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”   “合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。   3. 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列   FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and inte
2023-06-25 00:52:361

这是什么虫

星天牛中文学名:星天牛拉丁学名:Anoplophora chinensis别称:花角虫、牛角、虫、水牛娘、水牛仔、钻木虫、铁炮虫、倒根虫二名法:Anoplophora chinensis界:动物界门:节肢动物门Arthropoda纲:昆虫纲Insecta目:鞘翅目Coleoptera科:天牛科Cerambycidae亚科:沟胫天牛亚科 Lamiinae属:星天牛属 Anoplophora种:星天牛 A. chinensishttp://baike.baidu.com/view/126336.htm
2023-06-25 00:49:151

文__是谁

文__文__,中国内地原创女歌手,ME-JOY乐队主唱,内蒙古呼伦贝尔人,毕业于首都师范大学。2014年发行首张EP《亲爱的自己》,并为《听不见的告白》和《云端恋人》等多部电影创作并演唱主题曲;2015年为电影《世界上的另一个你》创作并演唱主题曲《只等一个人》,发行古风EP《箫声何处》;2016年电影《诛仙番外之铃心剑魄》创作并演唱主题曲《不可得》;发行古风EP《长歌》;2017年,发行原创专辑《文__》。中文名:文__外文名:phoebe民族:蒙古族出生地:内蒙古呼伦贝尔职业:歌手、词曲作者毕业院校:首都师范大学代表作品:《晚风》《长歌》《听不见》《只等一个人》《箫声何处》演艺经历2013年任Me-joy乐队主唱,创作歌曲《破晓》《危机》《所在之地》等;11月担任长春SOSHOW跨年夜演出嘉宾;12月在69咖啡和蜗牛的家举办“__音乐专场”。2014年发行首张EP《亲爱的自己》,并为《听不见的告白》和《云端恋人》等多部电影创作并演唱主题曲;担任“龙的传人”台湾旅游文化节演唱嘉宾、天通苑夏日啤酒音乐节演唱嘉宾、海峡摄影节演唱嘉宾。2015年为电影《世界上的另一个你》创作并演唱主题曲《只等一个人》,为电影《倩女箫魂》创作并演唱主题曲《箫声何处》;2016年电影《诛仙番外之铃心剑魄》创作并演唱主题曲《不可得》;为电影《箫魂传》创作并演唱主题曲《长歌》;2017年,发行同名专辑《文__》,收录了包括《四叶草》《晚风》《enjoy》《Agirlwhorunawayfromhome》等在内的十首原创歌曲。评价文__在词曲创作方面,能够张弛有度的诠释歌曲中所要表达的情感,很好的控制音乐表现的力道。(新浪音乐评)音乐作品
2023-06-25 00:49:261

地质英语

地质英语是geology。地质英语例句:1、National Geoparks--Sacred Places Of Geology And Common Wealth Of China。国家地质公园——地质圣地 共同财富。2、The Chronology Of The Earth"s History As Determined By Geologic Events。地质年代学以地质事件测定的地质历史年代学。3、Class B: Hydrogeology Survey; Engineering Geology Survey; Environment Geology Survey。乙级:水文地质调查;工程地质调查;环境地质调查。4、Class C: Hydrogeology Servey; Engineering Geology Survey; Environment Geology Survey。丙级:水文地质调查;工程地质调查;环境地质调查。5、Superincumbent Bed。复层, 叠层。6、Cryogenic Period。低温冻结期。
2023-06-25 00:49:301

谁能告诉我这是什么虫子?家里的,黑色圆形,有硬壳,腿长像蜘蛛,花椒粒大小,好恶心。

甲虫
2023-06-25 00:49:362

北京有没有专门卖高达模型的店?

唔。。。我我知道的还不错的有家叫好玩,英文名goodtoy,你可以上官网看看,x宝有店,也有实体店面。东西挺全,价格也还公道。
2023-06-25 00:49:377

如何最好,不用打针吃药的祛去脸上的痘痘啊,希望能给我个最好,最有效的祛痘方法,谢谢各位了,请帮助我哦

美人就是你那里有很多不错的,你可以去看看
2023-06-25 00:49:515

geologies为什么这个geology有复数?怎么用?

拼错了?geologists 地质学家可以有复数。 上下文是什么?
2023-06-25 00:49:511

这是什么虫子,有毒吗,会有传染病吗?

这种虫子学名叫做~衣鱼,在家庭中很常见,无毒,也不会传染病害。
2023-06-25 00:49:524

奥特曼的衣服哪有买?

不知道北京哪有~我只知道邯郸有买的.
2023-06-25 00:49:524

请问一下在哪可以找到一首韩国歌曲《回家》是一个男的用韩文唱的????速求!!

想爱singer:waxMy love My falth 虽然你离开我身边My love My falth ma megapeso morozobaqima 但是我无法让你这么容易离开我mana maru kurokeshige bona suga obso为什么对我这么残忍 真的要这样吗megewaironu goya jiamaireya harendoni我们的爱不只是简单几句就可以结束kucuyomadi marodakunaboni saranu harijiana请你回到我身边 让我重新爱你tashi megeru turawazu moman saranhasoedolo若你离开了太久也许我的心也会变jigon bideronarabayadodamia dipanbennaijiduomuraMy heart My dream 或许你已经忘记了我My heart My dream ma boso maru yitsujin nuwapu但是我无法让你离开我身边ajin nanu maregapasan kumesagoopso为什么要离开我 是否你已经变了心wanna donayamapasan wannimarumipiahandoya每晚让我流泪也不会讨厌你mayibamaru hakugewurodo shirojuzhi annude请你回到我身边 求求你不要太迟tashimegerotorawajia chebai romuruji akulu若太迟也许我不会在那里megelu turawasufe kujiajiye kuderosijidomona请你回到我身边 让我只渴望你的爱tashimegeru dorawajo nobabaramutsuidoro 让我等太久会干枯我的爱omegenarimejijia nesanani nemarujiyatoro希望再次被拥抱于你的胸怀dashi hanbon moyegasume angabugushipu saranhakushipu参考资料:http://www.soshow.org/bbs/printpage.asp?BoardID=34&ID=6135
2023-06-25 00:49:591

地质学英文

地质学英文:geology地质学是研究地球的物质组成、内部构造、外部特征、各层圈之间的相互作用和演变历史的知识体系,主要研究对象为地球的固体硬壳---地壳或岩石圈。作为研究地球及其演变的一门自然科学,地质学与数学、物理、化学、生物并列为自然科学五大基础学科。地球自形成以来,经历了约46亿年的演化过程,进行过错综复杂的物理、化学变化,同时还受天文变化的影响,所以各个层圈均在不断演变。约在35亿年前,地球上出现了生命现象,于是生物成为一种地质营力。最晚在距今200~300万年前,开始有人类出现。人类为了生存和发展,一直在努力适应和改变周围的环境。利用坚硬岩石作为用具和工具,从矿石中提取铜、铁等金属,对人类社会的历史产生过划时代的影响。地质学的产生源于人类社会对石油、煤炭、金属、非金属等矿产资源的需求,由地质学所指导的地质矿产资源勘探是人类社会生存与发展的根本源泉。随着社会生产力的发展,人类活动对地球的影响越来越大,地质环境对人类的制约作用也越来越明显。如何合理有效的利用地球资源、维护人类生存的环境,已成为当今世界所共同关注的问题。因此,地质学研究领域进一步拓展到人地相互作用。
2023-06-25 00:50:001

中国胸罩品牌大全排行榜(文胸的品牌有哪些牌子,中国十大品牌文胸有那些)

全国十大内衣品牌:古今gujin爱慕Aimer婷美内衣黛安芬Ttiumph红豆HOdo猫人内衣AB内衣三枪内衣曼妮芬安莉芳Embry全国十大内衣品牌:古今gujin爱慕Aimer婷美内衣黛安芬Ttiumph红豆HOdo猫人内衣AB内衣三枪内衣曼妮芬安莉芳Embry
2023-06-25 00:50:011

寻求英文舞曲,要经典,好听~~~

crazy baby everytime we touch floorfiller
2023-06-25 00:49:102

在北京有卖名侦探柯南剧场版徽章的吗?要详细地址。谢谢

那个……新世界附近有个soshow(是这么写吗),7层,全是动漫,我在那里买的
2023-06-25 00:49:084

什么牌子的睡衣套装质量好

我知道的睡衣品牌感觉阪 织 屋倒是不错,套装睡裙都有,风格款式也多,不同的系列,不同的设计风格。面料也很软,穿着很舒服。某宝上面就有官方旗舰店哦,价格也实惠,可以看看有没有你喜欢的类型。
2023-06-25 00:49:0312

寻几首节奏感强的音乐、、、特别是篮球场上的、、

1 hey oh(很经典的,都听过哦!) 2 嘟啊嘟 3 walking in the sun(这个大家也听过,后面还会有很多,相信你会喜欢)4 i saw you walking in the rain5 sound of my dream(空间常用)6 nana dreams(这首歌和lonly是一个风格的)7 golden sky smile(金色年华,不知道的人应该很少)8 turtles assa(这歌在百度好像找不到,要换成“酒轿 芭合捞”才有)9 stronger(冰河时代里面的歌)10 rise and fall意大利经典舞曲)11 耶耶耶(这个不用我说)12 boom ba la (蹦巴啦)13 always come back to your love14 lollipop batte forte(凤舞久天经典开场曲)15 give me more16 time to rock17 gabry ponte geordie
2023-06-25 00:49:021

国瑞城店铺1层有个服装店叫什么督?

国瑞城店铺1层有个服装店有督字的是叫欧督。欧督是深圳天享成信贸易有限公司旗下品牌,知名度很高,在业内算一线品牌。衣服设计的挺有个性,它家的衣服用料感觉很好,样子也比较好看,穿上感觉确实效果不错,价格小贵。国瑞城商业国瑞城项目位于北京市中心最繁华的商业区崇文商业区的核心地段,临近CBD,王府井和金融街,具有得天独厚的地理优势。东临北花市大街前称北京站南街,西接崇文门外大街,北依崇文门东大街,南靠花市大街,总占地面积20公顷,总建筑面积80万平方米,包含大型购物广场,五星级酒店,甲级办公楼,商务公寓,四合院以及高档住宅小区等多种建筑形态,是北京二环内最大规模的综合建筑集群。项目介绍项目地处环线地铁和5号线地铁的交汇处,周边有长安街,两广路,崇外大街,二环路等多条交通干线和23,716,801等50多条公交线路,交通便捷,四通八达。东方广场,新世界商场,搜秀城等多个大型商场和周边的医院,邮局,学校为业主的生活提供了全面而完备的配套。项目地处市中心极其珍贵的地段,不可复制的土地,让项目拥有巨大的增值潜力。本项目是北京国瑞兴业地产有限公司在成功运做了高档居住社区富贵园之后的开发又一个大型地产项目。国瑞中心采纳国际最流行的店中店形式,集超市,百货,300家品牌店,几十家特色餐饮店,几十家健身,娱乐,休闲,酒吧,电影院于一体。以构筑舒适怡人的购物空间,通过丰富商场的总体功能,凝聚大量人流,成就集购物,餐饮,娱乐,休闲,服务等多种功能于一体的大型购物中心,更与周边新世界商场,SOSHOW城,盛兴购物广场构筑城市中心繁荣时尚版图。
2023-06-25 00:48:531

这是什么昆虫

中文名:黄花蝶角蛉黄花蝶角蛉拉丁学名:Ascalaphus sibiricus Eversmann纲:昆虫纲Insecta目:脉翅目Neuroptera科:蝶角蛉科Ascalaphidae参考图片蝶角蛉的特征是头像蜻蜓,部分品种翅膀也很像蜻蜓,触角像蝴蝶。自己比较吧。尽快采纳。谢谢!
2023-06-25 00:48:531

George 中文是什么意思?

乔治,人名?
2023-06-25 00:48:522

求如何快速去痘印

祛痘痘特别操心呀,但近三个月的坚持不懈,用了一款好东西,我终于看到了曙光,没事不要用手去碰你的脸,进头像主页看看。
2023-06-25 00:48:517

Sailing To Philadelphia 歌词

歌曲名:Sailing To Philadelphia歌手:Mark Knopfler专辑:Sailing To PhiladelphiaSailing to PhiladelphiaMark KnopflerI"m Jeremiah DixonI am a Geordie boyA glass of wine with you, sirAnd the ladies I"ll enjoyAll Durham and NorthumberlandIs measured up by my own handIt was my fate from birthTo make my mark upon the earth...He calls me Charlie MasonA stargazer am IIt seems that I was bornTo chart the evening skyThey"d cut me out for baking breadBut I had other dreams insteadThis baker"s boy from the west countryWould join the Royal Society...We are sailing to PhiladelphiaA world away from the coaly TyneSailing to PhiladelphiaTo draw the lineThe Mason-Dixon lineNow you"re a good surveyor, DixonBut I swear you"ll make me madThe West will kill us bothYou gullible Geordie ladYou talk of libertyHow can America be freeA Geordie and a baker"s boyIn the forest of the Iroquois...Now hold your head up, MasonSee America lies thereThe morning tide has raisedThe capes of DelawareCome up and feel the sunA new morning is begunAnother day will make it clearWhy your stars should guide us here...We are sailing to PhiladelphiaA world away from the coaly TyneSailing to PhiladelphiaTo draw the lineThe Mason-Dixon linehttp://music.baidu.com/song/1569958
2023-06-25 00:48:451

寒冬“6宝”花,能耐极寒,冬天-20度,一样开大花

入秋以后,各种花花草草进入萧条的景色,大部分的树叶便会一溜烟地掉下,只剩下光溜溜的树干,十分冷清,这是我朋友圈里面一个花友发表的动态,此话一出,大家纷纷反对:“泱泱华夏,物产丰富,多的是不怕冻的植物,冬天怎么可能萧条呢?”那么,冬天尤其是北方地区,有什么耐冻的花卉树木,可以历经严寒的冬天,还能绽放花朵,叶片油绿呢,当然有了,这几种比较耐旱的花卉,在北方地区的冬天,也可以轻松养活。一、菊花,不怕冷,秋冬开花,英姿飒爽菊花生出了很多品种,要说适合在冬天可以种植的,首当其冲就是寒菊了。它傲雪而开,11月到1月的是它的花期,虽然开得并不久,但是如果照顾得好,它能开出爆盆的效果,会让您惊叹不已。在北方地区,也可以地栽,当然了,大部分的菊花品种,在北方地区,都可以地栽的,在秋天开花一大片,香气扑鼻,英姿飒爽,美不胜收,盆栽带花苞带花室外花园耐寒千头菊淘宝月销量500¥19.78¥22.22购买要达到这样一个爆盆的效果,最立竿见影的做法就是帮它摘心。当它植株有10厘米高的时候,就要进行这样一个操作。等到新的枝条长出来以后,再重复个三次。之后再撒上花多多1号来促生长,等到它要开花的时候再改用花多多2号三次,每次间隔时间一个星期,这样就能实现花开爆盆的效果了。但是要记住,不管是使用1号还是2号,溶液的比例浓度要高于1:1000,不能太高。二、茶梅,不怕冷,冬春开花,娇艳美丽茶梅通常被用到园林造景,打造色块和节点上。生长比较泼辣,比一般的茶花泼辣爱开花,它个头不高,枝干生得柔软纤细,适宜种植的地方有庭院、小区。它是一种抗寒性很高的植物,新品种茶梅球可以在冬天开出美丽的花来。若是用它来点缀庭院,看起来特别的绮丽。但是,北方非常寒冷的地方,冬天还是要做好保温措施的。您要是心动了,可以买一些苗子回来种到地上。等花期一到,花便会开放。它花开持续的时间特别久,5个月花开不辍,不仅是冬天,更不会昙花一现。家中有一片茶梅,便占据了小院景色的半壁江山。三、矾根,不怕冷,叶片斑斓,大雪不落叶春瑞9CM盆矾根耐寒植物观叶盆栽阳台庭院花园四季变色多年生宿根花卉不含盆灰色_红妆魅影京东好评率100%无理由退换旗舰店¥19购买矾根是非常耐寒的,虽然它是观叶的植物,但是,叶片五彩斑斓,比花还好看,在秋冬季节,温度低了也不落叶,甚至大雪天里的叶片颜色依旧艳丽,在外国很多地方,冬天的庭院里,总是用矾根来装点,而且它受众很广,花色繁多,被誉为上帝的调色板,但是尺有所短,这种植物不能承受炎热。但是这并非重点,反正我们只要冬天院子里不萧条就行了。当您看一眼矾根,相信会觉得除却巫山不是云,别的花卉都没有看头了。到了秋冬时节,它颜色会变得更绮丽,别的花都会黯然失色。这就是矾根,可以大杀四方,所以它绝对是您不容错过的一个花卉品种。四、郁金香,不怕冷,初春开花,高端大气,香气足郁金香属于种球花的一种,它的种球深埋在土壤中,甚至零下30度的严寒都奈何不了它。它的抗寒能力那是妥妥的,秋天是适合入手的时候,这个时候市场上卖得特别多,您可以趁这个时候买一棵种球回来。【开时果】荷兰进口郁金香种球精品水养水培植物盆栽郁金香重瓣四季绿植室内土培鲜花卉郁金香球根花种子京东月销量500好评率99%官方店旗舰店¥9.9购买您要是把它种在院子里面,数量少了没有什么感觉,种多了就会感到进入了公园。初春,春寒料峭的时候,郁金香成片开放,各种花色,各种景象,把寒冷的大地装点的生机勃勃,要是把各种花色混合种,那更加是五彩缤纷炫,漂亮极了。五、红豆杉,不怕冷,株型漂亮,被称作植物界的大熊猫红豆(Hodo)红豆杉曼地亚盆景客厅卧室办公室桌面绿植苗木花卉盆栽自动吸水常绿植物带盆栽好白色南京东好评率95%旗舰店¥47购买院子如果想一直保持绿色,可以种棵红豆杉,它可以做到让您的院子永葆生机。红豆杉的品种里面适合作为家庭种植的品种,有曼地亚红豆杉和南方红豆杉曼,前者可以忍受-30度的超低温。但是一山还有一山高,东北红豆杉在耐寒能力方面比它都还要强。如果您觉得冬天银装素裹没有意思,那就多种几棵红豆杉,它能坐果,果子是红色的,能让冬天变得不再单调。假如您没有院子,那也有别的方法,用花盆种红豆杉,然后把它摆在阳台上,它可以发挥驱蚊的功效。平常管理也很容易,记得把它放在通风的环境下,要不然对它生长不利。六、羽衣甘蓝,不怕冷,秋冬生长,颜色艳丽,能吃能看凤鸣雅世食用羽衣甘蓝蔬菜种子食用甘蓝蔬菜孑种籽阳台四季盆栽雨衣语衣羽叶紫玛瑙羽衣甘蓝种子100粒京东月销量100好评率97%京东配送旗舰店¥15购买如果您觉得上面那些品种都还不够多,那么您可以栽种羽衣甘蓝。春天和秋天是播种它的最好时机,温度低,甚至大雪纷飞也没事,它可以忍受零下15度的低温,而且种下之后就不用怎么管。并且这种植物价格亲民,一棵苗两三块钱,对您来说是九牛一毛。它的叶片颜色非常斑斓,在寒冬季节依然不落叶,不黄叶,经常作为绿化带的观赏植物,冬天搭配在北方的街道花园边,这种植物,整个一冬天,都非常漂亮,越冷越鲜艳,它还是一种菜,可以吃,可以看,如果养2年,就像一个多头的玫瑰一般。写在最后:入冬以后,院子变得一片凋敝,了无生气,如果种上上面几种花,保证会让您的院子大变样,您家有没有种耐寒的花呢?
2023-06-25 00:48:351

世界著名舞曲?

经典英文DJ:全是精选出来的,三个通宵的成果全在这里,拿来和大家分享。A Teens-floorfiller Ann Winsborn-la la love on my mind Club-Oye ma na Dale Arden -come baby Audition- Yo DJ Baha Men-who let the dogs out Dancefloor-Tied Vagyok eddy wata-In your mind gabry ponte-geordie In grid-Im folle de toi jimmy gomma-funky beat karma-amore Mio King-let"s talk about a man Koyote-korea song X Boys-The Dragon King modern talking-brother louie modern talking-cha cha cha Paramore-hello hello modern talking-cheri cheri lady Nana-loney Rainman-Ooh Oh Oh Ooh rainman-la bom ba Solid Base-You and Me sweetbox-dont push me smile-golden sky smile-kissy kissy Tiggy-Abracadabra tina inez-stronger travis-walking in the sky Unlimited-No Limit Valentina-bom bom bom zone-dragostea din tei Samira-I saw you walking in the rain Bodies Without Organs-Sunshine In The Rain 下载地址: http://cid-6fcb90af4d46a40a.skydrive.live.com/home.aspx我的网盘下载,怕大家找不到,下载方式: 先点劲爆舞曲,再用右键点击要下载的歌曲,选择打开链接,会弹出迅雷下载提示,选取消, 页面就自动跳转到你要下载的曲目页,点下载就可以下载到MP3文件了
2023-06-25 00:48:322

北京哪里有动漫店啊???

我知道中关村有个动漫城 就在海龙侧面
2023-06-25 00:48:3113