speaking是什么意思？

decision - making的意思是决策。1.decision-making解释n.决策;理性决策 网络决策的;决定;决策制定 权威英汉双解2.例句①Employees should have a voice in the decision-making process.雇员在决策的过程中应该有发言权。②She wants to see more women involved in decision making她希望看到有更多的女性参与决策。

做出 决定

做决定（名词）

前者是n+v后者可以看成一个整体，当做一个名词来用

从下列ABCD中选择正确答案：广义的决策指什么：A 、衡量决策者水平高低的关键标准；B 、从两个以上的备选方案中选择一个方案的过程；C 、提出问题、设立目标、设计和选择方案的过程；D 、组织结构方式、领导结构的选取。正确答案：选择C

影响做决定啊。structure is obvious

problem-solvingdecision-making属于英语的教学方法中的活动。英语缩略词“PSDM”经常作为“ProblemSolvingandDecisionMaking”的缩写来使用，中文表示：“问题解决与决策”。本文将详细介绍英语缩写词PSDM所代表英文单词，其对应的中文拼音、详细解释以及在英语中的流行度。此外，还有关于缩略词PSDM的分类、应用领域及相关应用示例等。所以，problem-solvingdecision-making属于英语的教学方法中的活动。

决策的词性是：名词。决策的词性是：名词。拼音是：juécè。注音是：ㄐㄩㄝ_ㄘㄜ_。结构是：决(左右结构)策(上下结构)。决策的具体解释是什么呢，我们通过以下几个方面为您介绍：一、词语解释【点此查看计划详细内容】决策juécè。(1)定出计策、办法。二、引证解释⒈亦作“决_”。亦作“决策”。⒉决定计策或办法。引《韩非子·孤愤》：“智者决策於愚人，贤士程行於不肖，则贤智之士羞而人主之论悖矣。”《史记·魏其武安侯列传论》：“魏其、武安皆以外戚重，灌夫用一时决_而名显。”宋曾巩《本朝政要策·黄河》：“然水之为迹，难明久矣，非深考博通，心知其详，固难以臆见决策举事也。”清黄景仁《平定两金川大功告成恭纪》诗：“沉谋密断丑莫侦，万里决策无抢攘。”梁斌《播火记》第二卷二十：“今天开的会，是贾湘农负责召开的决策的会议，人并不多。”⒊决定的计策或办法。引鄢国培《巴山月》第十一章：“以退为攻是最高当局的战略决策。”浩然《艳阳天》第八十章：“这一天当机立断地下了决策，是非常及时又非常正确的。”三、国语词典决定计策。如：「这是公司目前的决策，希望各位同仁支持。」词语翻译英语strategicdecision,decision-making,policydecision,todeterminepolicy德语Entscheidungsfindung(S)_法语prisededécision四、网络解释决策（管理学术语）决策，指决定的策略或办法。是人们为各种事件出主意、做决定的过程。它是一个复杂的思维操作过程，是信息搜集、加工，最后作出判断、得出结论的过程。语出《韩非子·孤愤》：“智者决策於愚人，贤士程行於不肖，则贤智之士羞而人主之论悖矣。”关于决策的近义词计划决议决定关于决策的诗词《过江陵镇登秦申王坟读决策元功精忠粹德碑文有感近事而赋》《彭云翼·决策初如媚灶然》《游南岳风雪未已决策登山用春风楼韵》关于决策的诗句自从决策罢兵来决策下胜峰山侍郎决策甲兵期关于决策的单词executive关于决策的成语运筹画策运策决机磨铅策蹇运筹划策群策群力运筹决策策名就列走为上策策马飞舆发策决科关于决策的词语愚民政策走为上策运筹划策驱霆策电策马飞舆乘坚策肥运筹画策运策决机磨铅策蹇运筹决策关于决策的造句1、在会议上，他一针见血地指出反覆无常的决策，将为公司带来严重的伤害。2、然而孩子具有独立的思维能力固然是重要的，但是在欠缺生活经验的情况下能否正确对身边的事情进行决策，这一点仍是要打一个问号的。所以在这种情况下，适当听取长辈意见还是比较可取的。3、我们做事情，定决策时，不能只打如意算盘，要多考虑人民群众的实际需要。4、王经理做决策时一向深思熟虑，所以很少出错。5、计算机和通信技术的发展使学生访问实际工作部成为可能。他们可以在这种情形下看到关键的人物，依靠电脑屏幕和这个人面对面交流。并靠键盘，跟主要决策者一样，可以获得相同的数据库和信息。点此查看更多关于决策的详细信息

是问make有没有进行时态？有吧。如：Whereisthebeef?Wearemakingit.如果是问make后面能不能接doing，那也是有的。如：Theworkersweremadeworkingfromdawntodark.工人们（不得不）从黎明一直工作到天黑。

分词是加杠

英文翻译如下：充分体现财务管理的战略思想，适应集团不同的组织结构。企业集团财务组织和决策制度要解决机构设置、财务人员配备、财务机构及财务人员职能定位与权限划分。fullyreflectsthestrategicthinkingfinancialmanagement，andthenputdifferentorganizationalstructures toadaptto thegroup.enterprisefinancial organizationsand institutions setup tosolvethe decision-makingsystem,financial staffing, financialinstitutions andthefinancial positionand thedivisionofauthority stafffunctions.

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-SXZB200401001.htm

边际决策

Herbert Simon (1916-2001) is most famous for what is known to economists as the theory of bounded rationality, a theory about economic decision-making that Simon himself preferred to call “satisficing”, a combination of two words: “satisfy” and “suffice”. Contrary to the tenets of classical economics, Simon maintained that individuals do not seek to maximise their benefit from a particular course of action (since they cannot assimilate and digest all the information that would be needed to do such a thing). Not only can they not get access to all the information required, but even if they could, their minds would be unable to process it properly. The human mind necessarily restricts itself. It is, as Simon put it, bounded by “cognitive limits”.Hence people, in many different situations, seek something that is “good enough”, something that is satisfactory. Humans, for example, when in shopping mode, aspire to something that they find acceptable, although that may not necessarily be optimal. They look through things in sequence and when they come across an item that meets their aspiration level they go for it. This real-world behaviour is what Simon called satisficing.He applied the idea to organisations as well as to individuals. Managers do much the same thing as shoppers in a mall. “Whereas economic man maximises, selects the best alternative from among all those available to him,” he wrote, “his cousin, administrative man, satisfices, looks for a course of action that is satisfactory or ‘good enough".” He went on to say: “Because he treats the world as rather empty and ignores the interrelatedness of all things (so stupefying to thought and action), administrative man can make decisions with relatively simple rules of thumb that do not make impossible demands upon his capacity for thought.”The principle of satisficing can also be applied to events such as filling in questionnaires. Respondents often choose satisfactory answers rather than searching for an optimum answer. Satisficing of this kind can dramatically distort the traditional statistical methods of market research.Simon, born and raised in Milwaukee, studied economics at the University of Chicago. “My career,” he said, “was settled at least as much by drift as by choice”, an undergraduate field study developing what became his main field of interest—decision-making within organisations. In 1949 he moved to Pittsburgh to help set up a new graduate school of industrial administration at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. He said that his work had two guiding principles: one was the “hardening of the social sciences”; and the other was to bring about closer co-operation between natural sciences and social sciences.Simon was a man of wide interests. He played the piano well—his mother was an accomplished pianist—and he was also a keen mountain climber. At one time he even taught an undergraduate course on the French Revolution. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for economics in 1978, to considerable surprise, since by then he had not taught economics for two decades.有限理性模型的两种决策方法一、组合的排列法从工作任务的不同组合排列中进行选择，以达到满意结果的一般性决策方法。二、方面排除法这是一种适用于对决策方案进行同时性选择的有效方法。

The Design of DataBase ProgramThe Design and Development of WebsiteFashion manufacture an Administrationso tired....do it yourself

1、表达意思不同recognition：承认，接受；表彰，赞誉；认出，识别；（政府对他国的）外交认可。recognization：认可；识别。2、用法不同recognition：表达意思“作、认出”时用recognition。He glanced briefly towards her but there was no sign of recognition.他瞥了她一眼，但似乎没认出她来。recognization：用在书面上作识别时用recognization。This method has some value in term with other pattern recognization and decision-makingproblems.这种方法对于研究和解决其它模式识别，决策问题具有较高的借鉴意义。3、侧重点不同recognition：recongnition有主观辨别，辨识辨认的意思。recognization：recognization无具体主、客观区别。

Title: How Parents Can Help Children Develop IndependenceIntroduction:Parents play a crucial role in helping their children develop independence and become self-reliant individuals. In this essay, I will discuss some ways in which parents can support their children"s journey towards independence.1. Encouraging Decision-Making:Parents can foster independence by encouraging their children to make decisions. They can involve them in age-appropriate choices, such as selecting their own clothes or deciding what extracurricular activities to pursue. This allows children to develop decision-making skills, gain confidence, and take ownership of their choices.2. Allowing Room for Mistakes:Parents should create a supportive environment where children feel safe to make mistakes and learn from them. Instead of rescuing them from every difficulty, parents can offer guidance and let children face challenges independently. This helps them develop problem-solving skills and resilience.3. Teaching Life Skills:Parents can teach practical life skills that contribute to independence, such as cooking, doing laundry, managing finances, or basic household chores. By gradually transferring these responsibilities to their children, parents empower them to take care of themselves and their environment.4. Promoting Responsibility:Parents can assign age-appropriate responsibilities to their children, such as taking care of their belongings, completing homework, or contributing to household tasks. This instills a sense of responsibility and accountability, promoting independence and self-discipline.5. Encouraging Goal Setting:Parents can help children set and achieve goals. By teaching them the importance of setting targets and working towards them, parents foster a sense of purpose and motivation. This allows children to take ownership of their aspirations and develop self-driven habits.Conclusion:In conclusion, parents have a significant role in fostering independence in their children. By encouraging decision-making, allowing room for mistakes, teaching life skills, promoting responsibility, and encouraging goal setting, parents empower their children to become self-reliant individuals. It is through these actions that parents can support their children"s growth towards independence, enabling them to thrive in the world beyond childhood.Word count: 295

浙江高考英语阅读精选题附答案 　　阅读能力是浙江高考英语考察的重要英语能力，提高英语阅读能力十分重要。下面我为大家带来浙江高考英语阅读精选题，欢迎同学们阅读练习。 　　浙江高考英语阅读精选题(一) 　　I was due to take my driving test at 11：30 am.It was a rainy morning with low clouds and as I approached the driving school at 9：50 am，my heart sank.My driving instructor. Stan，said something，trying to drive away my fears，but I was not impressed 　　We set off for the test centre with an hour to go I wanted a run round the test circuit (圈)，but we got stuck in a traffic jam，and could only drive no faster than walking. 　　We arrived at the test centre at 11 am.Stan made me watch a group of six learners emerging from the building with their respective(各自的)examiners.Their instructors were looking out from two windows.We watched them drive off They must have been feeling very nervous 　　Stan took me round the probable test track，pointing out the traps.The weather became even worse It seemed to make me feel worse too.I had developed a couldn"t-care-less mood，and was almost calm We returned to the test centre in time to see the six unfortunates returning.Their nerves must have been in a terrible state. 　　I sat in the waiting room until six examiners came in to call out our respective names. Mine showed no emotion as he asked me to go to my car I showed none either，but the tension began mounting again. 　　1.On their way to the test center，Stan tried to comfort the author_________ 　　A.but it made the author"s heart sink deeper 　　B.but the words produced no effect 　　C.so that the author could drive to the center with no fears 　　D.so that they could prepare for all he flaps 　　2.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? 　　A.Six learners would be tested at the same time. 　　B.The learners were tested in the presence of their instructors 　　C.None of the six learners passed the test in the end. 　　D The instructors were as nervous as the learners 　　3.When the author was sitting in the waiting room，he was quite_________ 　　A.upset B.nervous C.frightened D.relaxed 　　4.When it was his turn to take the test，the author went to his car with___________ 　　A.firm confidence B mixed emotions C.increased nervousness D.perfect calmness 　　5.The passage is mainly about___________ 　　A.the influence of bad weather upon a test taker 　　B the feelings of a learner before his driving test 　　C the preparations before a driving test 　　D.an unforgettable day 　　 浙江高考英语阅读精选题答案 　　1.B 　　2.A 　　3.D 　　4.C 　　5.B 　　浙江高考英语阅读精选题(二) 　　The evidence for harmony may not be obvious in some families. But it seems that four out of five young people now get on with their parents, which is the opposite of the popularly-held image(形象)of unhappy teenagers locked in their room after endless family quarrels. 　　An important new study into teenage attitudes surprisingly shows that their family life is more harmonious than it has ever been in the past."We were surprised by just how positive today"s young people seem to be about their families," said one member of the research team. "They"re expected to be rebellious(叛逆的)and selfish, but actually they have other things on their minds: they want a car and material goods, and they worry about whether school is serving them well. There"s more negotiation(商议)and discussion between parents and children, and children expect to take part in the family decision-making process. They don"t want to rock the boat." 　　So it seems that this generation of parents is much more likely than parents of 30 years ago to treat their children as friends."My parents are happy to discuss things with me and willing to listen to me," says 17-year-old Daniel Lazall. "I always tell them when I"m going out clubbing. As long as they know what I"m doing, they"re fine with it." Susan Crome, who is now 21, agrees. "Looking back on the last 10 years, there was a lot of what you could call negotiation. For example, as long as I"d done all my homework, I could go out on a Saturday night. But I think my grandparents were a lot stricter with my parents than that." 　　Maybe this positive view of family life should not be unexpected. It is possible that the idea of teenage rebellion is not rooted in real facts. A researcher comments,"Our surprise that teenagers say they get along well with their parents comes because of a brief period in our social history when teenagers were regarded as different beings. But that idea of rebelling and breaking away from their parents really only happened during that one time in the 1960s when everyone rebelled. The normal situation throughout history has been a smooth change from helping out with the family business to taking it over." 　　1.What is the popular image of teenagers today? 　　A.They worry about school. 　　B.They dislike living with their parents. 　　C.They have to be locked in to avoid troubles. 　　D.They quarrel a lot with other family members. 　　2.The study shows that teenagers don"t want to__________ . 　　A.share family responsibility 　　B.cause trouble in their families 　　C.go boating with their family 　　D.make family decisions 　　3.Compared with parents of 30 years ago, today"s parents__________ . 　　A.go to clubs more often with their children 　　B.are much stricter with their children 　　C.care less about their children"s life 　　D.give their children more freedom 　　4.According to the author, teenage rebellion__________ . 　　A.may be a false belief 　　B.is common nowadays 　　C.existed only in the 1960s 　　D.resulted from changes in families 　　5.What is the passage mainly about? 　　A.Negotiation in family. 　　B.Education in family. 　　C.Harmony in family. 　　D.Teenage trouble in family. 　　 浙江高考英语阅读精选题答案 　　1.D 　　2.B 　　3.D 　　4.A 　　5.C ;

发送了 注意查收 给分！！！

Translation as a Decision-Making Process.By Jiri Levy，1967参见维普数据库----中文期刊·专业文章《译者主体性的文化界定——再读吉里·列维的<翻译是一个抉择过程>》刘艳 辽宁师范大学

同意楼上的意见我上次帮同学翻译了毕业论文摘要他还要死要活的非要请我吃饭

翻译成英语?

Topic: From Bill Gates" dropout ,can we tell that college education means nothing to one"s success?Pros: college education helps little in achieving one"s success. Acoording to Bill Gates" experience, we find that making knowledge ulitized to make a difference in the reality is more important for being successful compared with having a well-rounded but not necessarily well-qualified education process. This statement is made simply because we don"t judge personal success depending on one"s final results and credit reports, but one"s abality of getting problems done and making oneself known. To be more precise, better social status can only be gained when you"re highly qualified in social performance rather than acadamic performance. Undeniably, we beccome a rational thinker when we have been studying in the school yard. However, no one at all can say it for sure that a rational thinker can make a success. Acutually, that"s way far from being well-known. Statisics suggests that successful celebrities in all existence should have several elements as follows:1. The ability of transfering theoratical concepts into practical basis.2. The ability of good decision-making when the future outlook is uncertain.3. Personal charisma such as being graceful, well-mannered, self-confident, etc. All those things mentioned above are not really achieved from the education process but from the society. To sum up, we believe the current college education system can hardly lead to students" success in the coming future.Cons: college education helps a lot to one"s success Although it is true that Bill Gates has gotten great achievement not only in respect of the richest ones but also in terms of the focus of the public after he dropped out from college. But it does"t mean college education does"t work on his success. Instead, he had learned the knowledge of computer when he was in high school and more importantly, he tried to build up a complex operating system when he was in college. So we find that it is the college education that provided Bill Gates the opportunity to have a dream and the opportunity of trying to realize it. I think I needn"t try to emphasize the importance of this at all. The reasons why we can not ignore the effect of college education are as follows:1. The college education provides a relatively more focused education service on the field where you are aiming to, dreaming at or interested in, which is needed to have further achievements.2. The college education offers a diverse but generally helpful atomosphere of learning and using knowledge, leading to a healthy upgrowing of personal prospects.3. The college education tends to be more socialized in order to help students to get social abilities. So to sum up, we firmly believe that college education is essential in becoming a successful person.

回想一下，我们描述了决策和自我调节的相关关系他们的选区为执行控制元件。很明显，我们的意思是由决策主动式期权，称重，高层次的处理，是在schmei工作研究—澈等人。2003。故意从事控制自己似乎将发挥—在选择的形式在环境控制。这个要怎么分析啊。。。从什么角度？

决策的造句有：决策一词的意思就是为了到达一定目标，利用已知信息进行方案或方法确定的过程。在会议上，他一针见血地指出反覆无常的决策，将为公司带来严重的伤害。决策的造句有：然而孩子具有独立的思维能力固然是重要的，但是在欠缺生活经验的情况下能否正确对身边的事情进行决策，这一点仍是要打一个问号的。所以在这种情况下，适当听取长辈意见还是比较可取的。我们做事情，定决策时，不能只打如意算盘，要多考虑人民群众的实际需要。结构是：决(左右结构)策(上下结构)。注音是：ㄐㄩㄝ_ㄘㄜ_。拼音是：juécè。词性是：名词。决策的具体解释是什么呢，我们通过以下几个方面为您介绍：一、词语解释【点此查看计划详细内容】决策juécè。(1)定出计策、办法。二、引证解释⒈亦作“决_”。亦作“决策”。⒉决定计策或办法。引《韩非子·孤愤》：“智者决策於愚人，贤士程行於不肖，则贤智之士羞而人主之论悖矣。”《史记·魏其武安侯列传论》：“魏其、武安皆以外戚重，灌夫用一时决_而名显。”宋曾巩《本朝政要策·黄河》：“然水之为迹，难明久矣，非深考博通，心知其详，固难以臆见决策举事也。”清黄景仁《平定两金川大功告成恭纪》诗：“沉谋密断丑莫侦，万里决策无抢攘。”梁斌《播火记》第二卷二十：“今天开的会，是贾湘农负责召开的决策的会议，人并不多。”⒊决定的计策或办法。引鄢国培《巴山月》第十一章：“以退为攻是最高当局的战略决策。”浩然《艳阳天》第八十章：“这一天当机立断地下了决策，是非常及时又非常正确的。”三、国语词典决定计策。如：「这是公司目前的决策，希望各位同仁支持。」词语翻译英语strategicdecision,decision-making,policydecision,todeterminepolicy德语Entscheidungsfindung(S)_法语prisededécision四、网络解释决策（管理学术语）决策，指决定的策略或办法。是人们为各种事件出主意、做决定的过程。它是一个复杂的思维操作过程，是信息搜集、加工，最后作出判断、得出结论的过程。语出《韩非子·孤愤》：“智者决策於愚人，贤士程行於不肖，则贤智之士羞而人主之论悖矣。”关于决策的近义词计划决定决议关于决策的诗词《彭云翼·决策初如媚灶然》《过江陵镇登秦申王坟读决策元功精忠粹德碑文有感近事而赋》《游南岳风雪未已决策登山用敬夫春风楼韵》关于决策的诗句决策下胜峰山决策天同力决策西山游关于决策的单词executive关于决策的成语群策群力运筹划策乘坚策肥策马飞舆磨铅策蹇策名就列运策决机走为上策发策决科驱霆策电关于决策的词语运筹决策乘坚策肥策名就列走为上策发策决科计然之策运筹划策驱霆策电愚民政策运策决机点此查看更多关于决策的详细信息

【答案】：The decision-making process consists of eight steps: (1) identify problem; (2) identify decision criteria; (3) weight the crater; (4) develop attributive; (5) analyze affirmatives; (6) select alternative; (7) implement alternative; and (8) evaluate decision effectiveness.

决策的读音是：juécè。决策的拼音是：juécè。结构是：决(左右结构)策(上下结构)。注音是：ㄐㄩㄝ_ㄘㄜ_。词性是：名词。决策的具体解释是什么呢，我们通过以下几个方面为您介绍：一、词语解释【点此查看计划详细内容】决策juécè。(1)定出计策、办法。二、引证解释⒈亦作“决_”。亦作“决策”。⒉决定计策或办法。引《韩非子·孤愤》：“智者决策於愚人，贤士程行於不肖，则贤智之士羞而人主之论悖矣。”《史记·魏其武安侯列传论》：“魏其、武安皆以外戚重，灌夫用一时决_而名显。”宋曾巩《本朝政要策·黄河》：“然水之为迹，难明久矣，非深考博通，心知其详，固难以臆见决策举事也。”清黄景仁《平定两金川大功告成恭纪》诗：“沉谋密断丑莫侦，万里决策无抢攘。”梁斌《播火记》第二卷二十：“今天开的会，是贾湘农负责召开的决策的会议，人并不多。”⒊决定的计策或办法。引鄢国培《巴山月》第十一章：“以退为攻是最高当局的战略决策。”浩然《艳阳天》第八十章：“这一天当机立断地下了决策，是非常及时又非常正确的。”三、国语词典决定计策。如：「这是公司目前的决策，希望各位同仁支持。」词语翻译英语strategicdecision,decision-making,policydecision,todeterminepolicy德语Entscheidungsfindung(S)_法语prisededécision四、网络解释决策（管理学术语）决策，指决定的策略或办法。是人们为各种事件出主意、做决定的过程。它是一个复杂的思维操作过程，是信息搜集、加工，最后作出判断、得出结论的过程。语出《韩非子·孤愤》：“智者决策於愚人，贤士程行於不肖，则贤智之士羞而人主之论悖矣。”关于决策的近义词计划决议决定关于决策的诗词《种山·决策平吴霸业成》《彭云翼·决策初如媚灶然》《游南岳风雪未已决策登山用敬夫春风楼韵》关于决策的诗句决策西狩殊匆草决策西山游决策曾闻利不穷关于决策的单词executive关于决策的成语运筹决策群策群力发策决科策马飞舆运策决机驱霆策电运筹划策运筹画策乘坚策肥策名就列关于决策的词语运筹划策驱霆策电决策千里运筹画策计然之策运策决机走为上策愚民政策乘坚策肥发策决科关于决策的造句1、王经理做决策时一向深思熟虑，所以很少出错。2、决策一词的意思就是为了到达一定目标，利用已知信息进行方案或方法确定的过程。3、然而孩子具有独立的思维能力固然是重要的，但是在欠缺生活经验的情况下能否正确对身边的事情进行决策，这一点仍是要打一个问号的。所以在这种情况下，适当听取长辈意见还是比较可取的。4、部领导高瞻远瞩，并作出英明决策，加强干部外语培训。5、只有知己知彼，在尔虞我诈的商场中才能做出正确的决策。点此查看更多关于决策的详细信息

记忆当中是mind，单数~

information criteria信息标准，信息准则

深大的

应收账款管理 Management of Account Receivable http://www.gov.ns.ca/tpb/manuals/PDF/200/20801-06.pdf Accounts receivable is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of customers who owe money to a person, company or organization for goods and services that have been provided to the customer. In most business entities this is typically done by generating an invoice and mailing or electronically delivering it to the customer, who in turn must pay it within an established timeframe called credit or payment terms. An example of a common payment term is Net30, meaning payment is due in the amount of the invoice 30 days from the date of invoice. Other common payment terms include Net45 & Net60 but could in reality be for any time period agreed upon by the vendor and client. While booking a receivable is accomplished by a simple accounting transaction, the process of maintaining and collecting payments on the accounts receivable subsidiary account balances can be a full time proposition. Depending on the industry in practice, accounts receivable payments can be received up to 10 - 15 days after the due date has been reached. These types of payment practices are sometimes developed by industry standards, corporate policy, or because of the financial condition of the client. On a company"s balance sheet, accounts receivable is the amount that customers owe to that company. Sometimes called trade receivables, they are classified as current assets. To record a journal entry for a sale on account, one must debit a receivable and credit a revenue account. When the customer pays off their accounts, one debits cash and credits the receivable in the journal entry. The ending balance on the trial balance sheet for accounts receivable is always debit. Business organizations which have become too large to perform such tasks by hand (or small ones that could but prefer not to do them by hand) will generally use accounting software on a computer to perform this task. Associated accounting issues include recognizing accounts receivable, valuing accounts receivable, and disposing of accounts receivable. Accounts receivable departments use the sales ledger. Other types of accounting transactions include accounts payable, payroll, and trial balance. Since not all customer debts will be collected, businesses typically record an allowance for bad debts which is subtracted from total accounts receivable. When accounts receivable are not paid, some companies turn them over to third party collection agencies or collection attorneys who will attempt to recover the debt via negotiating payment plans, settlement offers or legal action. Outstanding advances are part of accounts receivables : If a company gets an order from its customers with advance agreed in payment terms. Since no billing is being done to claim the advances several times this area of collectible is not reflected in Accounts Receivables. Ideally, since advance payment is mutually agreed term, it is the responsibility of the accounts department to take out periodically the statement showing advance collectible and should be provided to sales & marketing for collection of advances. The payment of accounts receivable can be protected either by a letter of credit or by Trade Credit Insurance. Companies can use their accounts receivable as collateral when obtaining a loan (Asset-based lending) or sell them through Factoring (finance). Pools or portfolios of accounts receivable can be sold in the capital markets through a Securitization. [edit] Bookkeeping for Accounts Receivable Companies have two methods available to them for measuring the net value of account receivables, which is computed by subtracting the balance of an allowance account from the accounts receivable account. The first method is the allowance method, which establishes a contra asset account, allowance for doubtful accounts, or more simply, allowance, as the offset to accounts receivable. Allowance is a contra asset that offsets the accounts receivable account to derive the net accounts receivable depicted in the balance sheet. The amount of the allowance can be computed in two ways; through the analysis based on sales method and analysis based on accounts receivable method. The reason a contra asset receivable account is necessary is to adhere to the matching principle of accounting, which mandates that accrual basis companies match all revenues and expenses with the period in which expense, and crediting the allowance contra asset account. Once it has been deemed that a particular account is uncollectible, it would be necessary to take the account off a company"s books by debiting allowance for doubtful accounts and crediting the associated accounts receivable account. The second method, known as the direct write off method, is simpler than the allowance method in that allows for one simple entry to reduce accounts receivable to its net realizable value. The entry would consist of debiting an uncollectible expense account and crediting the respective account receivable. For tax reporting purposes, the direct write-off method must be used; however, for financial reporting purposes, it is necessary to use the allowance method because it is a period"s revenue with associated expenses-a fundamental concept of accounting known as the matching principle. 应收帐款（Accounts receivable，又为应收账款）於会计原理上，专指因出售商品或劳务，进而对顾客所发生的债权，且该债权且尚未接受任何形式的书面承诺。 该科目重点於对象为顾客，若非顾客，即撇开此科目适用。 Factoring is a word often misused synonymously with accounts receivable financing. Factoring is a financial transaction whereby a business sells its accounts receivable (i.e., invoices) at a discount. Factoring differs from a bank loan in three main ways. First, the emphasis is on the value of the receivables, not the firm"s credit worthiness. Secondly, factoring is not a loan – it is the purchase of an asset (the receivable). Finally, a bank loan involves two parties whereas factoring involves three. OBS: In Europe the term Factoring typically mean accounts receivable financing. Here the correct word for this article is: American factoring. The three parties directly involved are: the seller, debtor, and the factor. The seller is owed money (usually for work performed or goods sold) by the second party, the debtor. The seller then sells one or more of its invoices at a discount to the third party, the specialized financial organization (aka the factor) to obtain cash. The debtor then directly pays the factor the full value of the invoice. Reason A company sells its invoices, even at a discount to their face value, when it calculates that it will be better off using the proceeds to bolster its own growth than it would be by effectively functioning as its "customer"s bank." In other words, it figures that the return on the proceeds will exceed the income on the receivables. Differences from bank loans Factors make funds available, even when banks would not do so, because factors focus first on the credit worthiness of the debtor, the party who is obligated to pay the invoices for goods or services delivered by the seller. In contrast, the fundamental emphasis in a bank lending relationship is on the creditworthiness of the small firm, not that of its customers. While bank lending offers funds to small companies at a lower cost than factoring, the key terms and conditions under which the small firm must operate differ significantly. Bank relationships provide a more limited availability of funds and none of the bundle of services that factors offer. From a combined cost and availability of funds and services perspective, factoring creates wealth for some but not all small businesses. For small businesses, their choice is slowing their growth or the use of external funds beyond the banks. In choosing to use external funds beyond the banks the rapidly growing firm"s choice is between seeking angel investors (i.e., equity) or the lower cost of selling invoices to finance their growth.The latter is also easier to access and can be obtained in a matter of a week or two, versus the six months plus that securing funds from angel investment typically takes. Factoring is also used as bridge financing while the firm pursues angel investors and in conjunction with angel financing to provide a lower average cost of funds than would equity financing alone. Firms can also combine the three types of financing, angel/venture, factoring and bank line of credit to further reduce their total cost of funds. In this they can emulate larger firms. As with any technique, factoring solves some problems but not all. Businesses with a small spread between the revenue from a sale and the cost of a sale, should limit their use of factoring to sales above their breakeven sales level where the revenue less the direct cost of the sale plus the cost of factoring is positive. While factoring is an attractive alternative to raising equity for small innovative fast-growing firms, the same financial technique can be used to turn around a fundamentally good business whose management has encountered a perfect storm or made significant business mistakes which have made it impossible for the firm to work within the constraints of a bank line"s credit terms and conditions(i.e, covenants). The value of using factoring for this purpose is that it provides management time to implement the changes required to turn the business around. The firm is paying to have the option of a future the owners control. The association of factoring with troubled situations accounts for the half truth of it being labeled "last resort" financing. However, use of the technique when there is only a modest spread between the revenue from a sale and its cost is not advisable for turnarounds. Nor are turnarounds usually able to recreate wealth for the owners in this situation. 应收账款保理,指企业将应收账款按一定折扣卖给第三方（保理机构），获得相应的融资款，以利於现金的尽快取得。 Abstract: Account receivable is the fund that should be received from the purchasing or labor hiring entity for an enterprise"s sale of its commodities or products as well as its providing of labor service. Under the circumstances of market economy, using its credit standing to exert the labor benefaction is an unavoidable business behavior, which may be treated as a major method for enterprises to enlarge its business and raise its market share. However, by the influences of marketplace economic system and project management as well as engineering construction, the Account receivable increases rapidly year by year, so as to make the difficulties in enterprise"s capital turnover. Those hard situations even made the employees can"t get their full pay of the salary. By analysis of the cause and the advantages and disadvantages of it, this article introduced some way of how to minimize the Account receivable. 关键词key words：应收账款Account receivable；工程施工Engineering construction；合同管理The management of contracts 摘 要：应收账款是企业因销售商品、产品、提供劳务等，应向购货单位或劳务单位收取的款项。在市场经济条件下利用自身的商业信用，施舍劳务是不可避免的商业行为，通过先施舍劳务可使企业更多地承揽业务、扩大市场份额，是企业提高市场占有率的必要手段。但是近年来由于市场经济体制及工程管理和工程施工过程中的种种原因，造成应收账款迅速膨胀，逐年增加，致使企业资金周转困难，甚至连工资都难以正常发放。本文分析了应收账款形成的原因及利弊，提出了如何减少应收账款的途径。 关键词：应收账款；工程施工；合同管理 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoring_%28finance%29

含义是"聆听"

objective function意思是：目标函数According to the advantages and disadvantages of the human resource management outsourcing, thethesis establishes the object system of investment decision-making in human resource managementoutsourcing, including the set of condition, the set of result, the set of inhere function, the set of objectivefunction and the set of relations. （双语例句）依据人力资源管理外包的项目、外包的优势及风险,利用消错学理论与方法,本文建立了人力资源管理外包的投资决策的对象系统,包括条件集、结论集、固有功能集、目的功能集和关系集。

现在翻译真不值钱啊。我们公司翻译这种东西收费300RMB，靠100分求翻译估计没人会给你翻译的。MM还是自己翻译吧，还能学到东西。GOOD LUCK

这不是一个完整的句子，后面应该还有主句。仅在这里，making作谓语，progress作宾语。

常用广告英语词汇汇总 　　告是为了某种特定的需要，通过一定形式的媒体，公开而广泛地向公众传递信息的宣传手段，广告有广义和狭义之分。以下是我·整理的常用广告英语词汇汇总，希望大家喜欢。 　　1.advertising Agency广告公司 　　2.advertising Agent广告代理人 　　3.advertising Research广告调研 　　4.anatomy of a Sale销售分析 　　5.art Director美术指导 　　6.bill Boards路牌广告 　　7.body Copy广告正文 　　8.broadcast Advertising广播广告 　　9.buying motive购买动机 　　10.classified Advertising分类广告 　　11.commercial Advertising商业广告 　　1 2.consumer Advertising消费者广告 　　13.creative platform创意大纲 　　14.direct Mail邮寄广告 　　15.display Advertising陈列广告 　　1 6.electric Media电子媒介 　　17.industrial Advertising工业广告 　　1 8.international Advertising国际广告 　　19.media Service广告媒介代理 　　20.noncommercial Advertising非商业广告 　　2 I.nonproduct Advertising非产品广告 　　22.outdoor Advertising户外广告 　　23.point.of-Purchase Advertising销售现场广告 　　24.prirne prospect目标消费群 　　25.public relation公共关系 　　26.radio/TV Production广播电视节目制作 　　27.recruitment Advertising招聘广告 　　28.retail Advertising零售广告 　　29.sale Advertising销售广告 　　30.share of Market市场份额 　　3 1.target Market目标市场 　　32.task Budgeting广告预算 　　33.time Spot广告时间 　　34.USP(the Unity Selling Proposition)营销组合 　　35.Cl(Corporatc Identity)企业识别 　　36.MI(Mind Identity)理念识别 　　37.Bl(Behavior Identityl行为识别 　　38.VI(Visual Identity)视觉识别 　　39.advertising广告 　　40.appropriation广告预算分配 　　4 1.audience广告对象 　　42.catalog商品说明书 　　43.consumers消费者 　　44.copy广告正文 　　45.copywriter广告撰稿人 　　46.1ayout广告布局 　　47.media媒介 　　48.motivation动机 　　49.positioning市场定位 　　50.promotion促销 　　51.rebating折扣 　　52.slogan广告口号 　　53.television advertising电视广告 　　54.consumer advertising消费品广告 　　55.film advertising电影广告 　　56.sky advertising空中广告 　　57.postcard advertising明信片广告 　　58.specialty advertising纪念品广告 　　59.product advertising商品广告 　　60.professional advertising商品服务广告 　　61.industrial advertising工业品广告 　　62.corporate advertising公司广告 　　63.one shot报刊上的一次性广告 　　64.display advertisement造型广告 　　65.advertising budget广告支出预算 　　66.advertising media广告传播媒介 　　67.international advertising agency国际广告公司 　　68.full service advertising agency(提供)全套服务的`广告公司 　　69.advertising agency network广告公司网络 　　70.1ay.out ofan advertisement广告设计模型 　　71.buying space购买广告权 　　72.directory advertising在各种手册中刊登广告 　　73.size ofan advertisement广告规格 　　74.advertisement originator]一告编制人 　　75.repeat an advertisement重复广告，重播(重登)广告 　　76.place all advertisement,put up an advertisement登广告 　　77.advertising material，advertising literature广告材料 　　78.Advertising Association广告协会(英国机构，旨在维持广告的水平，保护广告客户及代理商的利益) 　　79.the Advertising Standards Authority广告标准管理局(英国机构，旨在保护公众利益) 　　拓展： 　　广告专业的英语词汇 　　态度 attitude 　　品牌兴趣 brand interest 　　品牌忠诚 brand loyalty 　　企业市场 business markets 　　影响中心 centers of influence 　　有意劝服路径 central route to persuasion 　　认知 cognition 　　消费行为 consumer behavior 　　消费者决策过程 consumer decision making process 　　消费者市场 consumer markets 　　文化 culture 　　现有顾客 current customers 　　详尽可能性模型 Elaboration Likelihood Model 　　环境因素 environment 　　选择评估 evaluation of alternatives 　　评估标准 evaluative criteria 　　参考组 evoked set 　　交换 exchange 　　政府市场 government markets 　　习惯 habit 　　需要层次 hierachy of needs 　　工业市场 industrial markets 　　信息性动 机 informational motives 　　人际影响 interpersonal influences 　　认知 learning 　　市场 market 　　卖主 marketers 　　营销 marketing 　　大脑档案 mental files 　　动机 motivation 　　需要 needs 　　被动生成动机 negatively originated motives 　　非人员影响 nonpersonal influences ;

我也想要啊，4号就考试了！555，只找到课后题的题目，没翻译，给你分享啦~~第1章 Explain the five parts of an information system.解释信息系统的5个部分。 What part do people play in this system?做什么的一部分人在这个系统中扮演什么角色？ What is system software?什么是系统软件？ What kinds of programs are included in system software?什么类型的程序都包括在系统软件？ Define and compare basic and specialized application software.定义和比较基本和专门应用软件。 Describe some different types of basic applications.描述基本的应用有不同的类型。 Describe some types of specialized applications.描述了某些类型的专门应用。 Describe the different types of computers.描述了不同类型的计算机。 What is the most common type?什么是最常见的类型？ What are the types of microcomputers?微型计算机是什么类型的？ What is connectivity?什么是连接？ How are the wireless revolution and connectivity related?如何无线革命和连接相关？ What is a computer network?什么是计算机网络？ What are the Internet and the Web?什么样的互联网和Web？ Chapter 2 第2章 Discuss the uses of the Internet.讨论互联网的使用。 Which activities have you participated in?哪些活动你参加了？ Which one do you think is the most popular?哪一种你认为最流行？ Explain the differences between the three types of providers.说明提供者之间的三种类型的差异。 What are the basic elements of an e-mail message?什么是电子邮件消息的基本要素？ What are the types of discussion groups?什么是小组讨论的类型？Describe any groups you participate in.请描述你参加任何团体英寸 Describe the different types of search engines.描述的搜索引擎的不同类型。 Give an example of the type of search each engine is best for.举一个类型的搜索引擎是每个最好的例子。 Chapter 3 第3章 Explain the difference between general-purpose and special-purpose applications.解释一下，一般用途和特殊用途的应用差异。 What is the difference between a function and a formula?是什么之间的函数和公式的区别？ How is a formula related to what-if analysis?如何与假设分析公式？ What are presentation graphics programs?什么是演示图形程序？ How are they used?他们如何使用？ Explain the difference between a linked object and an embedded object?解释之间的链接对象和嵌入的对象不同？ What are the advantages of OLE? OLE的是什么优势？ What is the difference between an integrated package and a software suite?什么是综合性的一揽子之间和套装软件的区别？ What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?有哪些优点和缺点？ Chapter 4 第4章 Describe graphics, including desktop publishers, image editors, illustration programs, image galleries, and graphics suites.描述图形，包括桌面出版，图像编辑，插图程序，图象画廊，和图形套房。 Discuss audio and video editing software.讨论音频和视频编辑软件。 What is multimedia?什么是多媒体？ How are multimedia presentations developed?多媒体演示如何发展？ Describe Web authoring, including Web site design and Web authoring programs.描述网站包括网站设计和网页制作软件创作。 Discuss three areas of artificial intelligence.讨论三个人工智能领域。 Chapter 5 第5章 Describe system software.描述系统软件。 What are the four types of system programs?什么是系统程序的四种类型？ What are the basic functions of every operating system?什么是每一个操作系统的基本功能？ What are the three basic operating system categories?什么是三个基本的操作系统类别？ Explain the differences and similarities between Windows, Mac OS , and Linux.解释之间的差异和在Windows，Mac 操作系统相似，和Linux。 Discuss utilities.讨论工具。 What are the five most essential utilities?什么是五个最重要的事业吗？ What is a utility suite?什么是实用工具套件？ Explain the role of device drivers.解释设备驱动程序的作用。 Discuss the Add Printer Wizard and Windows Update.讨论添加打印机向导和Windows Update。 Chapter 6 第6章 Describe the four basic types of system units.描述系统的四个基本类型的单位。 Describe the two basic components of the CPU.描述了两个CPU的基本组成部分。 What are the differences and similarities between the three types of memory?有什么区别和记忆之间的三种类型相似的呢？ Identify five expansion cards and describe the function of each.确定5个扩展卡和描述每个功能。 Identify and describe four standard ports and three specialized ports.确定并描述四个标准端口和三个专门端口。 Chapter 7 第7章 Define input and output devices.定义输入和输出设备。 Describe the different types of pointing, scanning, image capturing, and audio-input devices.描述指向的不同类型，扫描，图像捕捉，音频输入设备。 Describe the three categories of output devices.描述的输出设备三类。 Define output and output devices.定义输出和输出设备。 What are combination input and output devices?什么是组合的输入和输出设备？ Describe four such devices.描述四个这样的设备。 Chapter 8 第8章 Discuss the traditional and high-capacity floppy disks.论传统和高容量软盘。 What are the three types of hard disks?什么是硬盘的三种类型？ Describe three ways to improve hard disk performance.描述三种方法来提高硬盘性能。 What are the two most common optical disc formats?什么是最常见的两种光盘格式？ What is hi def?什么是高科技高清？ Describe the basic types for each format.每种格式描述的基本类型。 Discuss solid-state storage, Internet hard drives, and magnetic tape.讨论固态存储，网络硬盘和磁带。What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?有哪些优点和缺点？ Discuss mass storage, enterprise storage systems, and mass storage devices.讨论海量存储，企业级存储系统，以及大容量存储设备。 Chapter 9 第9章 Define and discuss connectivity, the wireless revolution, and communications.定义和讨论的连接，无线革命和通讯。 Identify and describe the various physical and wireless communication channels.查明和说明各种物理和无线通信渠道。 Identify the standard Internet protocol and discuss its essential features.确定标准的Internet协议，并讨论其基本特点。 Define and discuss the four principal network topologies.定义并讨论四个主要的网络拓扑。 Define and discuss the three most common network strategies.定义并讨论三种最常用的网络战略。 Chapter 10 第10章 Discuss the relationship between databases and privacy.讨论数据库和隐私之间的关系。 Discuss the Code of Fair Information Act.讨论展会信息法码。 Why has this Act not been made into law?为什么还没有成为法律本法？ Discuss the various kinds of computer criminals.讨论计算机的各种犯罪分子。 What are the principal measures used to protect computer security?哪些主要措施来保护计算机安全？ What is encryption?什么是加密？ How is it used by corporations and individuals?它是怎样由企业和个人使用？ What is ergonomics?什么是人体工程学？ How does computer use impact mental health?如何使用电脑的心理健康的影响？ Physical health?身体健康？ Chapter 11 第11章 Name and discuss the five common functions of most organizations.名称和讨论最多的5个组织的共同职责。 Discuss the roles of the three kinds of management in a corporation.讨论在公司的管理的三种角色。 What are the four most common computer-based information systems?什么是四种最常见的电脑为基础的信息系统？ Describe the different reports and their roles in managerial decision making.描述了不同的报告和管理决策中的作用。 What is the difference between an office automation system and a knowledge work system?是什么之间的办公自动化系统和知识工作系统的区别？ chapter 12 第12章 Describe the five logical data groups or categories.描述逻辑数据的五个群体或类别。 What is the difference between batch processing and real-time processing?之间有什么批处理和实时处理的区别？ Identify and define the five parts of DBMS programs.查明和确定项目的数据库管理系统的5个部分。 What are the five types of databases?什么是数据库的5类？ Why does more than one kind of database exist?为什么多个类型的数据库存在？ What are some of the benefits and limitations of databases?有什么好处和数据库的一些限制？ Why is security a concern?为什么是安全的关注？ Chapter 13 第13章 What is a system?什么是系统？ What are the six phases of the systems life cycle?什么是系统生命周期的六个阶段？ Why do corporations undergo this process?为什么公司经过这一进程？ What are the tools used in the analysis phase?什么是在分析阶段使用的工具？ What is top-down analysis?什么是自上而下的分析？ How is it used?它是如何使用？ Describe each type of system conversion.描述每个系统的转换类型。 Which is the most commonly used?这是最常用的？ What is system maintenance?什么是系统维护？ When does it occur?什么时候发生？ Explain prototyping and RAD.解释原型和RAD。 When might they be used by corporations?当他们可能会被利用公司呢？ Chapter 14 第14章 Identify and discuss each of the six steps of programming.确定并讨论节目的六个每个步骤。 Describe CASE tools and OOP.描述和面向对象的CASE工具。 How does CASE assist programmers?案例如何帮助程序员？ What is meant by “generation” in reference to programming languages?什么是“一代人在提到编程语言”？ What is the difference between low-level and high-level languages?之间有什么低级和高级语言的区别？ What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter?什么是编译器之间的差异和翻译？ What role would these tools have in programming with natural languages?什么样的作用将这些工具与自然语言编程？ What are logic structures?什么是逻辑结构？ Describe the differences between the three types.描述三种类型之间的差异。 Chapter 15 第15章 Why is strategy important to individual success in the information age?为什么战略的重要的信息时代的个人成功？ What is your strategy?你的战略是什么？ Describe how technology changes the nature of competition.描述技术如何改变了竞争的性质。 How can your computer competencies and knowledge help you get ahead in today"s market?如何才能在个人电脑的能力和知识，帮助您在今天的市场领先？ What does proactive mean?主动意味着什么？ What is a proactive computer user?什么是积极的计算机用户？ What advantages does this type of user have over the other types?哪些优点这种类型的用户具有比其他类型的？ Discuss several different careers in information technology.信息技术的讨论几种不同的职业。 Which are of interest to you?哪些是您感兴趣的？

Urban Planning in ChinaThe dominance of ideology, state control and economic planning on urban planning and development in China is rapidly diminishing after economic reforms in 1978. With the declining role of state enterprises in the economy and investment in cities, the introduction of housing and land reform, and the opening up of Chinese cities to foreign investment, the state and centrally-planned economy have less significant roles to play in influencing the development of cities. Past urban planning practices, which were legitimized by the socialist ideology of planned growth, are now fundamentally challenged. Economic reforms have triggered reorganization of the economy and society on which urban planning operates. Decentralization of decision making, market-led urban development initiatives, retreat from socialist ideology, deregulation and increase in the number of actors and conflicts of interests in land development have fundamentally challenged the practice of urban planning. The deficiency of the conventional urban planning system has been recognized. The enactment of the 1989 City Planning Act is a major milestone that tries to re-establish and formalize the urban planning system in China to meet the challenges. But, there are still many deficiencies of the urban planning system in dealing with the rapidly changing socio-economic environment. Some of these deficiencies can be traced to the legacies of past planning practice and some are deficiencies of the City Planning Act. Experiments are taking place in Chinese cities which aim to provide better guidance to urban planning and development control from a centrally-planned to transitional economy. These include urban district plans, detailed development control plans and zoning. From a broader examination of current global challenges that confront urban planning in various countries, it can be seen that the problems in China stem from the reorganization of state and market in urban planning. Urban planning in China is now at a crossroads. The urban planning system needs to undergo both institutional and philosophical reforms, such as the setting up of an urban planning commission, making the detailed development control plan statutory, setting up an independent planning appeal system, better coordination between development control and land leasing, increase in public participation, training of planners and strengthening of professionalism, in order for it to achieve its role in guiding urban development into the 21st century. 中国的城市规划 主导思想、国家控制的经济计划在城市规划与发展是我国经济改革后迅速减少。下降的作用和国有企业的经济和投资在城市中,引入房屋土地改革、开放的中国城市的外商投资、国家和centrally-planned经济有较次要的角色扮演影响城市的发展。过去的城市规划实践,以社会主义意识形态的合法化,现在基本上计划增长的挑战。经济改革已经引发了重组的社会和经济上的城市规划。分散决策、市场导向的城市发展的举措,从社会主义意识形态、反常规和数量的增长和利益冲突的演员在土地开发已经从根本上挑战练习的城市规划。传统的不足的城市规划体系已被认可。 1989年制定城市规划行动是一个重要的里程碑,试图重建的城市规划体系,在中国,迎接挑战。但是,仍然有很多的不足之处,城市规划制度在处理这个瞬息万变的社会经济环境。其中的一些不足之处,可以追溯到继承过去规划实践、有些不足的城市规划的行为。试验是在中国城市的发生,旨在提供更好的指导,城市规划与发展,从一个centrally-planned控制过渡经济。这些包括市区发展计划,详细的控制方案和分区。从更广泛的考试的全球性挑战,面对当前城市规划在各个国家,可以看出问题的重组,中国国家和市场在城市规划。摘要我国城市规划在十字路口。 城市规划体系需要进行制度和哲学的改革都,如建立一个城市规划委员会,使详细控制计划,发展建立一个独立的规划上诉制度,更好地控制和协调发展,提高环境影响评价中,公众参与租赁、培训、加强专业化,规划者以使其达到它在指导城市发展推向二十一世纪。

流行病。“能”这个词传播恐惧、亿万过夜。少数公共卫生条件plotlines出好莱坞噩梦。字面上的意思是“所有的人,“流感是一种独特的全球健康活动中,是一种流行传染病蔓延到地区和潜在整个行星。埃博拉病毒,禽流感,“非典”——每一个有潜力传播得很快,各人得了非凡的过程中应注意过去的几年里。虽然他们并没有导致全球大规模伤亡,所有行恐惧。在人类历史进程的肆虐,流感大流行。1918年流感大流行可能已经杀害了超过20万人。即便如此,50%的死亡率差异可以归因于各国单因素:人均收入。因此,最贫穷的国家打、印度、遭受最严重的了,而丹麦最小的。然而,差,尚未做出吸引人的公共政策。毕竟,科学具有里程碑意义的突破了20世纪初,经常运用科学的了解过去几个世纪创新的方法来控制的,而对于天花、消除疾病。但在天的多孔的边界和前所未有的环球旅行,病毒和其他病原体可能再次上风。桌子上的关键问题是:将下一次传染病的比先前的更利害了我们目前的脸吗?认为从那里我住在卢旺达,很明显,纯粹的忽视贫困人群的健康了一个理想的基础传播流感大流行多年来一劫,逃避监督和,就像这样HIV / AIDS,b型进入我们的领空,机构有了一个惊人的速度。全球健康的历史表明,发达国家的快速反应戏剧性,像埃博拉病毒或禽流感爆发。不幸的是,今天穷人与富人国家一样的脸大流行行动迟缓,不一定显露症状在最初几年中感染的发生。今天的大流行已进化到捕食我们最大的弱点:我们不能工资持续这次要对抗的是紧迫的健康问题。这创造了一个更加具有挑战性的情况,在这样一个世界,在那里通常疾病socioeconomically分层。有钱人通常不会生病于疟疾和肺结核(TB),所以这些疾病,每年杀死数百万人——直到最近收到的关注far-less应得的惩罚。但现在富裕国家和贫穷国家之间的界限,富人和穷人在国家,是不透明。危险的感染,例如抗药性肺结核可以跨越全球空运在几小时。这些是新的,迅速移动向量的疾病,并且也带给人们一个之间的直线传播的most-vulnerable和地球上的人least-healthy和最富有和healthiest.问题补充:它周围最坏的打算,健康系统,为穷人有失败来产生质量和责任需要提出甚至most-basic医疗体制。当一个贫穷的国家失去了30%,它的成人爱滋病或流感流行?有丰富的军事评估决策模型,当一个国家受到攻击时被敌人,但很少有人模型来评估混沌挡住了社会各部门的一种疾病的时候充当的敌人。计划也没有充分考虑快速变化的影响对疾病传播。最贫穷的,正是那些最危险,重塑最快的,所以这个机会广泛流行的增长快于数字可能表面上展示。当然,普遍的大城市意味着更多的穷人住在靠近对方有更多的机会——在疾病的传播。

网上这些是没有的，主管部门也不公布的，我也找了很久，也咨询过很多人，得出结论就是：自己看书吧，好好努力考试！祝你好运！自考的孩子伤不起啊！！！

The advantages of group decision making:(1) provide more complete information and knowledge;(2) three stooges are better than Zhu Geliang;(3) provide more diverse experiences and perspectives;(4) more feasible schemes can be developed (alternatives);(5) increase the acceptance of solutions;(6) increase legitimacy

英明决定。informed本意是指有学问的，消息灵通的，见多识广的，具备这些要素的决定，就不是草率决定喽，是英明决定，深思熟虑的决策。 1. All those who are immediately involved will be informed of the decision. 把这个决定通知所有直接有关的人.2. He informed me of your decision. 他把你的决定告诉了我.3. However, we never have sufficient information to a fully informed decision. 可是, 我们从来都得不到充足的信息来做出完全有见地的决策.4. These features make the data easier for use in informed decision making. 这些特点使得数据容易用于见多识广的决策.5. All this is good to know so you can make a more informed decision. 知道这一点是很好的,因为你可以做更明智的决断.希望能帮助你，祝你学习进步如有问题请追问，如有其他问题请求助我如果对我得回答满意***************************************************请点击选为满意回答这是你对我最大的肯定，谢谢！

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好不u容易找到的凑合着看吧O(∩_∩)O Supermarkets need to deal with a lot of inventory 。rmation, but also time to update sales 。rmation, and constantly add 。rmation goods。 Face different types of 。rmation, the need to rationalize the structure of the database to save 。rmation, the need for effective program structure to support the implementation of a variety of data manipulation。 Store automation of product management in Europe and the United States and other countries have already realized, is the retail management。 It is characterized by the most important to real-time and accurate control of the sale of the shop。 If you can master the sales process in real time and sales, you can effectively accelerate the turnover of 。modities and improve service quality, and can not reduce prices and other issues arising。 Consumption requirements of the customer is shopping in the supermarket can basically be able to purchase the necessary goods, and also ensures the quality of goods would also like to enjoy high-quality, convenient service。 Abstract With the development of small-scale supermarkets expanding number of 。modities, a sharp increase in the amount of 。rmation relating to a variety of 。modities has also doubled。 Always need to store all kinds of 。rmation products for statistical analysis。 Management of a large supermarket system is too cumbersome to operate a strong and resulted in reducing the efficiency of the small supermarket。 Supermarket Management System is the market"s most popular supermarket on one 。monly used system, it mainly includes the following modules: system privileges settings, the original data entry, data aggregation and inquiry。 Thus, the realization of the purchase, sales and employee 。rmation, such as a 。prehensive, dynamic and timely management。 In this paper, a systematic analysis of the software development process in the background; first introduced the software development environment, then introduced the detailed design of the software process: database design, each module of the Design and Implementation, as well as the specific interface design and functionality。 Keywords: Supermarket Management Information System Chapter I Introduction 4。1 Social Background With the modern development of science and technology, 。puter technology has infiltrated the field of elder brother to be。e an indispensable tool for all sectors, especially the Internet and 。rmation technology to promote the establishment of the highway, so that IT industry more 。petitive in the market shows that its unique advantage, into the 。rmation age, there are huge waiting for data processing and transmission, which makes the book database for the further development and use will be。e more necessary。 Some of the domestic market as small and medium-sized supermarkets, they are in the process of 。rmation to be lagging behind the pace of large and medium-sized supermarket, and for these enterprises, resource management, 。rmation storage and processing also appears an urgent need to adapt to market 。petition, it needs efficient handling and management methods, so to speed up the process of the supermarket is the 。rmation will be small。 During the internship, we survey the market for small and medium-sized supermarkets in various business operations and personnel management of the actual needs, has developed a set of supermarket management system。 In the development process, we focused on the current characteristics of the management of the supermarket and the actual level of technical staff, based on the Windows graphical user interface easy to learn and use the operating environment in the system design process, we as far as possible people who understand accessibility machine interface, enables users to fully grasp in the short term。 We have always made the correctness of the system in the first place to deal with data integrity and correctness。 On this basis to optimize program code to speed up the system and reduce the occupancy of the system resources。 Supermarket 7。0 Background Supermarkets in China in the 40th century, the formation of the early 60"s, and now has be。e an important form of retail, the development of the national economy played an important role。 With the rapid development of supermarkets, and its management has be。e increasingly 。plex, the early form of salespersonsalready can not meet the current development of sales, so that the urgent need to introduce new management techniques。 Supermarket form a number of advantages, but under the present circumstances, it is still shared by the retail business side behind, such as: You can not effectively manage all kinds of 。modities, clearing receivables slow turnover prone to error, not suitable for 。modity price , the efficiency of low inventory, but also in day-to-day management of the supermarket, 。modity import and sell, keep, such as experience-based decision-making, the lack of real-time analysis capabilities, management of requests for 。rmation transmitted in a timely manner can not be met consistently。 Su Che form of the rapid development of supermarkets, and its management has be。e increasingly 。plex, day-to-day need to be addressed by gradually increasing the amount of data, business operation more and more intermediate links, the original has not managed to deal with this 。plex market。 To this end, in the selection process, I chose the subject of supermarket management system design, relying on modern 。puter 。rmation processing technology to manage the supermarket, saving a great deal of manpower and material resources to improve the working conditions of employees, reducing the labor intensity, and can quickly reflect the merchandise import and sell a variety of deposit and other conditions and analysis of feedback 。rmation to managers on the market quickly to make the corresponding changes in the decision-making, to speed up the operation and management efficiency of the supermarket。 Feasibility study chapter 3。0 Technical Feasibility Study Practitioners in the IT industry, the staff are generally asked to master 。puter technology, hardware and software has a certain basis, will use a variety of management software, familiar with IT products。 Because some of the supermarket staff is relatively high quality of the requirements, from sales management to the following personnel requirements based on a certain 。puter, so when the new system put into use, as long as a small number of staff training, system functions and Basically, use the method to the smooth operation of the system。 2。2 Economic Feasibility Study Due to sales 。rmation through the network transmission limitations can not distance, so can borrow a lot of human and material resources to facilitate the management, which can reduce unnecessary expenses, while the system can improve the efficiency of the supermarket sales, which increased the economic Supermarket effectiveness, so is economically feasible。 (8) supermarkets be able to bear the cost of system development The development of the new system is a 。plex task interval, and its investment is investment in human and material resources。 The developers of the system, its major investment in both human and material resources。 If this is the arrangement of manpower to develop their own enterprise system, its principal or investment in human resources, the business needs from the system to a systematic analysis to investigate the production code require enormous human input。 Software 。panies as a short high-tech industries, the requirements of their employees than the general business requirements higher, but also for the development of systems and software industry to understand more, so in self-development and management system, enterprise more easily their own arrangements for manual Such enterprises can borrow most of the additional expenditure。 At the same time, the software on other products, are high-end industry, whether it is the quality of products or higher prices, products and business dealers or merchants are required to have strong financial support。 Therefore, the development process in the system, enterprises are able to assume full development costs。 (6) The new system will bring economic benefits to enterprises Is an 。rmation management system, intelligence and advanced management concept of the collection。 Management is a dynamic process, in the course of its operation a number of measures to be taken。 Therefore, to gain economic benefits in the management of a 。prehensive benefits to its direct 。parison of quantitative analysis is difficult。 The general economic benefits of the new system is brief, and its most important performance is to reduce the cost of the enterprise management and human spending。 And other food through the red tape to be analyzed in the new system to resolve, not only saves a great deal of time, but also the decision-making for the enterprise has provided valuable data to generate huge economic benefits for enterprises。 1。8 Feasibility Study for the operation The system uses a Windows-based graphical user interface, and the system is well-known operating system, for those who have general knowledge of 。puters can easily get started on。 And the whole management system stores the most friendly interface, brief and clear, no need to conduct an in-depth understanding of the database。 Thus, the operation of the system is feasible, it is necessary to develop the system。 Based on the above three aspects, the system has a higher degree of development of the feasibility, whether it is technically or economically or operationally。 Therefore, we can design the system data flow diagram to set up a data dictionary。 Chapter III Analysis of System Requirements 5。8 user workflow Purchase or sale of goods, the user or salesto check a single review and registration; users to obtain purchase, sales, inventory 。rmation, to purchase, the sale of inventory query and print。 0。2 user business needs (7) The inventory management software will tea products 。rmation management and statistics, product sales and productsingle entry to the management and statistics; (4) The management software will be based on the user"s need to purchase, sales, inventory inquiries, and can print detailed 。rmation; (3) The management software will provide users with account management tool to enable users to manage accounts, specifically to add users, delete users, modify user passwords; (4) the management of enterprise management software, to manage the classification of employees, as well as new employees join the staff of the deletion, modification and other functions into the 。rmation。 Supermarket management of the whole structure of the function of the system shown in Figure 2011-10-28 19:51:52

不就是....

您好， 无形资产投资(Intangible- assets Investment/ Investment of Intangible Assets) What is the investment in intangible assets? Intangible assets refer to investments of investors in order to have the patent rights, non-patent technology, trademarks, land-use rights as an investment. The two sides should agree to determine the amount of the value of intangible assets, but also the need to deal with the document as a basis. Intangible assets to invest, according to the amount of its investment in China"s financial system, enterprises should not exceed 20% of registered capital; case the special needs of more than 20% by the relevant departments for examination and approval should be the maximum not more than 30%. Business investment in intangible assets received, debit, "intangible assets" accounts, credit "paid-up capital" account. Intangible asset investment is feature: non-investment entities, a long payback period, investment risk, higher return on investment.What is the intangible asset? Intangible assets: refers to the business did not have the kind of shape will enable the companies to obtain long-term over-income assets. (1) and intangible characteristics: 1, there is no physical shape. Usually pass special rights. 2, to bring excess profits. 3, for a long time to play a role. Because it can have long-term. (2), intangible assets, including: 1, patents 2, know-how 3, the franchise 4, the right to use the premises 5, trademark 6, goodwill (C), the classification of intangible assets: 1, according to the validity of the points: (1), a period of intangible assets: the law provides for a maximum validity period, not extended to protect the (2), no period of intangible assets 2, according to whether or not there may refer to: (1), there may be referring to the intangible assets: to identify the individual, separate access. If the patent (business) and so on. (2), does not refer to the intangible assets: alone can not identify, can not be achieved separately, together with the enterprise can only be purchased net assets. Such as goodwill. 3, according to whether or not protected by law: (1), the right to assets: protection of the law, such as patents, copyrights and so on. (2), the rights of non-assets: protected by law, such as goodwill, know-how. Analysis of intangible investment: Investment is the largest investment in intangible assets, long, multi-link, the risks of systems engineering. In a knowledge-based economy under the conditions of intangible assets represent over profitability would be to create a source of competitive advantage. According to statistics, some of the OECD-the-art enterprise tangible assets and intangible assets ratio has reached 1:2 to 1:3. The United States in 1995, many enterprises intangible assets ratio of 50% to 60%. An enterprise has a number of intangible assets of how much value is high or low technical level and competitiveness of the mark. In our country, not only in the corporate intangible assets in the proportion of the total assets on the low side, but also in the composition of intangible assets, technology assets, in particular low. Investment management of intangible assets: Intangible asset investment decision-making methods and decision-making investment in fixed assets the same way. Also need to calculate the decision-making targets. However, it is more complex than the investment in fixed assets. Because: 1, intangible assets are invested in various forms. 2, intangible assets and the investment period has been over-time earnings is difficult to predict. 3, intangible assets increased over the proceeds of uncertainty there. The day-to-day control of intangible assets: include the following: 1, an increase of intangible assets management Whether purchased, the self-built, or other inputs, for all legal procedures, according to the actual cost, or by the rating agencies to assess valuation. 2, amortization of intangible assets management (1) the effective useful life of intangible assets: ① law and the provisions of the contract are valid in accordance with the principles of the short side. ② no legal provisions of the contract, according to the provisions of the contract determine the number of years. ③ not provided for by not less than 10 years to determine the validity. 3, the calculation of the amount of amortization of intangible assets: = Amortization in the amount of the original price / effective service life 4, the use of intangible assets management: (1) potential to improve the utilization of intangible assets. (2) to implement centralized management at different levels. Such as patents, technology must be managed by the technology sector, the franchise, the right to use the site to the production and marketing departments. Sales by the trademark management, in order to clear responsibility to enhance the effectiveness of the use. Intangible assets investment accounts and tax-related issues to deal with: According to the intangible assets to obtain a different way, namely by the following provisions to deal with. "Enterprise Accounting System," the 44th article stipulates: "The business acquired intangible assets, measures should be based on actual costs. Made at the time of the actual cost should be determined in the following way: (A) acquired intangible assets, according to the actual price paid for the actual cost. (B) investors into the intangible assets, investment by the parties identified as the value of the actual cost. However, for the first time to issue shares and investors to accept the input of intangible assets, intangible assets should be in the investor"s book value as the actual cost. (C) the business of the debtor to accept non-cash assets to cover liabilities of the acquired intangible assets, or debt-for-entry due to intangible assets, according to the book value of accounts receivable claims to be paid together with the related taxes and fees, as the actual cost. Involved in premium, according to the following provisions of the transferee to determine the actual cost of intangible assets: 1. Receipt of the premium, according to the book value of the debt receivable less the premium, plus related taxes and fees should be paid, as the actual cost; 2. To pay the premium, according to the book value of the debt receivable plus the premium paid and to pay related taxes and fees, as the actual cost. (D) to non-monetary transactions for the entry of intangible assets, according to the assets of the combined book value should pay the relevant taxes and fees, as the actual cost. Involved in premium, according to the following requirements for entry to determine the actual cost of intangible assets: 1. Receipt of the premium, according to the assets of the combined book value should be recognized in the income and pay less taxes and fees related to the balance of payment of a premium, as the actual cost; 2. To pay the premium, according to the assets of the combined book value should pay the relevant taxes and fees and premium, as the actual cost. (E) to accept donations of intangible assets, the following provisions shall determine the actual costs: 1. Donation to provide relevant evidence, according to the evidence indicating the amount to be paid together with the related taxes and fees, as the actual cost. 2. Donor did not provide such evidence, according to the following order to determine the actual costs: (1) the same or similar intangible assets of the existence of an active market, according to the same or similar intangible assets is estimated that the amount of market prices, together with the related taxes and fees should be paid, as the actual cost; (2) the same or similar intangible assets no active market, according to accept the donation of intangible assets is expected to present value of future cash flows, as the actual cost. " The 45th article stipulates that: "in accordance with legal procedures to apply for self-developed intangible assets acquired, according to the law made when the registration fee, lawyer fees, as the actual cost of intangible assets. Occur in the course of research and development of materials Cost of personnel directly involved in the development of wages and welfare, development occurred in rent, the cost of borrowing, and so on, into direct current profit and loss. Periods have been included in the cost of research and development costs, and the success of the intangible assets in accordance with the law The right to apply, no longer have been included in the original cost of the capitalization of research and development costs. " The 47th article stipulates: "The corporate purchase or sell gold to cover the cost of land acquisition of land use rights, not yet in the development or use of the construction project, accounting for intangible assets in accordance with the present system of the period provided for a phased amortization. Room Real estate development companies to develop real estate, land-use rights should be the book value into all development costs; business as a result of the use of land for the construction of a project for their own use, land-use rights to the book value into all-in-progress costs. " Enterprises with investment from outside of intangible assets, the same non-monetary transaction regulations. Guoshuifa [1993] No. 149: "Investment in real estate shares, investors accept to participate in the distribution of profits, the share of investment risk, do not levy sales tax." "With regard to equity investment business income tax notice of a number of issues" (Guoshuifa [2000 ] No. 118) article 3, paragraph 1, a "business to business activities of some non-monetary assets of foreign investments, including shares of the company"s shareholders for its corporate operations in non-monetary assets to buy shares of company stock allocation should be Investment in the transaction occurs, will be broken down into its fair value based on sales of non-monetary assets and economic investment in the two operations to deal with income tax, calculated in accordance with the provisions of the asset transfer income or loss. "Based on the above provisions to intangible assets outside Investment, from paying business tax, but be required to pay income tax.希望对您有帮助。

正如它塑造你的个人决定能力

当污染程度超过了管理部门规定的界限以后,转移水以改进水质量就变得必要.要从自然储水池中释放出来的水量取决于水文----环境模式.另外,决策过程要求,为了减少干净水源的压力,从储水池中释放出来的水量一定要尽可能少以使河流中的水的质量与标准相符.在决策过程中,该模型只会在水质量过给定的界限时,用来计算干净水的释放,并且该计算会持续到水质量符合给定标准 为冲淡污染而释放的水量因此就可以确定.图5给了几个例子,演示了2004年度和2005年度被监测的水的质量.图6显示了以联机监测信息为基础的水释放图表的一个例子.

是的

公司的决策过程是一个公司的战略机密，无法直询，也不会外泄。