- 小教板
-
* 回复内容中包含的链接未经审核,可能存在风险,暂不予完整展示!青春晚期心理发展特点
青春晚期心理发展特点
随着生理发育的成熟,社会环境的影响,特别是大学生特有的学习和活动方式,使大学生智力的发展达到了较高的水平,心理发展的水平处于迅速走向成熟的阶段形成了他们这个时期的心理特点。
思维的特点
大学生的思维达到较高和较成熟的程度。
(1)发展辩证思维的初级阶段:
随着大学阶段知识量的急剧增加,理论型的抽象逻辑思维取代经验型思维而占据了主导地位。
他们通过学习和广泛接触社会,通过对外界各种信息的分析,综合、判断、推理、归纳、演绎之后,由感性认识上升为理性认识,对事物内部本质和发展规律有了更深刻的认识。这种系统的论证思维活动发展了青年的抽象思维与理论思维能力,辩证思维也随即发展起来了。
辩证思维要求在对立统一中把握矛盾的各个方面,从矛盾的必然性上去考察对象,从系统结构中发现事物的内在联系,这是一种以辩证法为核的科学思维方式。大学生用辨证思维去认识事物发展规律,对事物进行分析就能因时而异、因人而异,从不同的角度、不同侧面、不同层面把握事物的因果关系,深刻地认识事物的本质及其发展规律。
(2)思维的独立性和批判性增强:
他们喜欢探求事物的根源,常以“小群体”形式争论事物。在思考和解决问题时,不愿沿袭现成的方法,也不愿依赖别人,希望自己独立地去探索新的途径,获得新的结论,求得自己的独创性见解;他们在学习、掌握知识过程中不“唯书”、不“唯上”、不断探索、锐意求新。
(3)创造性思维逐渐确立:
大学生思维具有敢于刻意求新、富有创造精神的重要特征。创造性思维是一种极为复杂的心理过程,我们将其理解为一个人在强烈的创造动机(需要)的推动下,将个体的各认识能力(或称智慧能力)进行发散性思维和集中性思维,从而产生具有一定社会意义的复杂思维过程。创造性思维的渐渐确立是大学生发现、认识、利用规律的一条重要渠道,也是他们思维能力日趋成熟的重要标志。
青春晚期心理发展特点如何?
大学生有着丰富、复杂而又强烈的情感世界。与青年初期相比,虽然他们的情绪体验来得快而强烈,但他们有一定的调节和克制自己情绪的能力,使情绪表现具有文饰的、内隐的、曲折的性质,但较之成人还显得动荡多变,具有不稳定性,既想控制隐藏自己的情绪,又很难控制情绪高昂时的外部表现。
随着年龄增加,担忧及种种想象中的恐惧增多,担忧的内容与青年前期有点类似,主要是事业、前途、经济、人事关系、婚姻、恋爱等。
忧虑过甚会变成焦虑,一种是神经质的焦虑,来源于自感能力不足;一种是社会性焦虑,来源于社会不能满足他们的需要。
焦虑过度可以变为极度紧张与神经质,对什么事都过度反应,也可变为极度淡漠,对什么事都不作反应。
所以此期容易出现心理问题,尤其应当引起注意。 但总的说来,大学生的情绪日趋稳定,对事物不再作表面价值的反应,情感趋向成熟,不再见异思迁或走极端。
自我意识的特点
(1)自我评价日趋完善
首先是自我认识更具主动性。
大学生总是对“我为什么是这样一个人?”“我应该成为怎样的人?”“我的前途究竟如何?”这些问题十分感兴趣而又急切地期待一个满意的答案。大学生的自我认识更具有主动性和自觉性,并上升到更高的水平。他们常独立思考;力图将社会的期望内化为自我的品质,参照周围的老师和同学进行自我评价,设想自己的发展或进行自我设计。
其次,自我评价更符合实际情况。
他们善于根据社会、学校、集体和同学对自己的要求,不断地评价自己的思想和行为,且这时的评价更符合实际情况,自我评价与他人评价无大的差异。
当然,大学生的自我评价仍存在着一定的片面性,一是“高估自我”,有着很强的优越感、自尊心和自信心,思维发展尚有水平不高的一面;二是“低估自我”,这是因为自我期望水平偏高,引起学生对现实的不满,学习与生活缺乏科学的调节,适应能力差,易积累一定的挫折感,产生过强的自尊心等。这都是需要引起注意和避免出现的倾向。
其三、独立意向从个体性向社会性过渡
大学生的独立意向在向高一级水平发展。
过去的独立是个体性的独立,现在的独立是社会性的独立,即自立于家庭、自立于伙伴向自立于社会过渡;渴望成为有益于社会的专业人才。
过去的自尊心表现为以知识分子预备队成员为标准,进一步认识到群体生活的社会意义,懂得人与人之这间要相互尊重,要取得别人的尊重首先要自尊与尊重别人,要善于与人协作的道理,从而使原初的自尊心提高到一个更自觉的水平。
大学时期的人际关系由父子、师生、伙伴关系发展成复杂的范围更广的人际关系。
过去的自信心来自力量的大小和分数的高低,而此期的自信心的确定依据多维标准,如才华、学识、风度、能力、观念等。
过去的自控能力限于听话和不违犯纪律,现在这种他律性自控能力显得很弱,而是需要自觉地按照社会道德原则、道德规范来调节控制自己的行为,他律性在向自律性过渡。
上中学时的奋斗目标是得到一张大学录取通知书,一旦实现后,其内驱力不再发挥作用,确定新的前进目标已成为大学生的当务之急,这时他们多从社会需要的角度来考虑自己的理想及实现的途径。
社会性的发展交友圈扩大,密友圈缩小。
对同性朋友的兴趣开始转向异性朋友。
选择朋友考虑理想、兴趣、价值观上接近的。
社交能力逐渐增强,而且在交往中注意较温和的方式,比如不再粗暴地自夸自大,而是以基本观点表示之。
对社会、对同性和异性的鉴赏力增强,能适应各式各样的人,能接受和宽容朋友的不同意见,不试图硬性改变他们,因而争吵减少。
社会性成熟的青年对家里人相敬如宾,尽到作子女的义务,因而家庭的摩擦减少。社会生活使他们感到很快乐,即使在特殊情况下也能自得其乐。
还有
http://kim7619.spaces.l**.com/Blog/cns!E95E58F2E15DA174!3089.entry
你可以看看.
- 里论外几
-
不好意思,中文的地方我不会翻,你就将就将就
Chinese people"s character has the following characteristics:
A: extremely flexible. The people of our country before anything can be demonstrated a remarkable flexibility. Can be of great things can be put into a minor event. The same thing or person, or just negative examples, and now has become the bright large横空born hero. The characters are not lost. And vice versa. To sum up everything for the country, the interests of the people, in fact, in his own interest.
Second: a unified form. In China, a group often thought, actions are consistent. Without any dissenting voices, yes, this person"s top disaster-free bound. Unless he is a wise man, not made to shut up. Of course, it is a private discussion. This is like the temple of the devout men and women, those who kowtow to the people into piety, there are believers, there is no letter, he may be on a meal may also be forced by the situation. In order to defend itself.
III: Group circle. Everywhere in the world is not my original. Chinese characteristics are: the circle of people inside the连杀will be protected, butyl justified. Outside the circle look at the cold, there was no response. If the opponent is to serve ulterior motives于水火save.
D; hollow. Chinese people are usually very focused on the situation and publicity. Covered in this law the functions of zoom in and out, can be of dice. Great Leap Forward, Tai-ming, Da-fang poster. Mao is not the reactive one.
V: moving lookout. Work in China, a very important campaign, popularity is important, not only the essence is very important. Recognizing this point, to be successful.
Six: the number of people speculative, and less investment. Department or whether to do both. Way more than good friends away. And engage in science, the rear end with others easier.
7;成王败寇.马屁精our large hat flying. So: one with all countries, a loss will also be ruined. Therefore, the slide groove实属无奈son, deserve our sympathy. Also be careful to walk, climb up the falls is a hero, unable to stand up again on the ones to suffer.
VIII: the collective wisdom of individual spend. Mao Zedong Thought is the collective wisdom, you believe it? I do not believe. Revolutionary Communist Party by everyone, not a person"s credit. However, Mao Zedong"s thought is his personal creation. Do not respect intellectual property rights, lack of respect for people, science is not progress.
Nine: peaceful scene, a harmonious atmosphere. This, of course, is a good thing. However, we do not allow for this, some people talk about issues, not that the flaws that the contradictions are not allowed, except for that, and are not allowed to say bad. This peace is weak, he can not because the issues identified and solved in time, leaving for later the scourge. The reason is the ups and downs.
10: the mysterious culture. Is to pretend, to fake and shoddy products as the world"s leading high-tech. To academic scientists called liar.不懂装懂, fool people.
11: yin and yang way, that is, to play ball. Yin-yang from illegal, feign. Leave a favorable and harmful to try to launch.
12: mahjong addiction. People regardless of social status, and regardless of the North and the South, the whole country are Ma.
13; human than days. Teachers and students, comrades, fellow students and so on. In China, this is the best passes, the legal and institutional, is to give way to that end.
14: spoil things by excessive enthusiasm: The Chinese do not respect the laws of nature has always been to educate children, dolls start, do not look at differences in talent, all to be famous to get married, the Beijing University, Tsinghua. Is the destruction of personality. Jackie Chan Fung count variable, the result of irregularities, just the opposite. Great Leap Forward is so. A lot of projects in our country the world"s first, is for this reason.
Advanced features of the psychological development of youth
Advanced features of the psychological development of youth
With the maturation of physiological development, the impact of social environment, especially the college students a unique way of learning and activities so that students achieve the intellectual development of a high level, the level of psychological development in a rapidly moving toward a mature stage of this period they psychological characteristics.
The characteristics of thinking
College students way of thinking to achieve a higher level and the degree of maturity.
(1) the development of dialectical thinking of the primary stage:
University of phase with the dramatic increase in the amount of knowledge, theory-based abstract logical thinking and to replace the experience of thinking has dominated.
Through the learning and extensive contacts with society and the outside world through all kinds of information analysis, synthesis, judge, reasoning, induction, deduction, after rising from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge of things within the laws of nature and the development of a deeper understanding. Demonstration of such a system of youth development thinking of the abstract thinking and theoretical thinking, dialectical thinking was also developed.
Dialectical thinking required to grasp the contradiction between the unity of opposites in all aspects, from the inevitability of contradictions objects up study, found from the system structure of the internal relations of things, this is a dialectics of nuclear science and way of thinking. Students understand the use of dialectical thinking to the development of the law of things, an analysis of things can be varies with time and varies from person to person, from different perspectives, different side of things at different levels to grasp the causal relationship, a deep understanding of the nature of things and their development law.
(2) the independence and critical thinking enhancements:
They like to explore the root causes of things, often the "small group" form of dispute things. Think and solve problems, do not want to follow the method of off-the-shelf, but also do not want to rely on others, want their independence to explore new ways, new conclusions, find their own creative ideas; their learning process to acquire knowledge not "book", not "only on", and constantly explore, novelty is determined.
(3) the gradual establishment of creative thinking:
Students have the courage to deliberately innovative thinking, creative spirit of an important feature. Creative thinking is a very complex psychological process, and we understand it to mean a person to create a strong motivation (need) the impetus to the individual"s cognitive ability (or intellectual ability) to focus on divergent thinking and thinking , resulting in a certain social significance of the complex thought processes. Creative thinking of gradually establishing the university found that awareness of an important use of the law of channels, their thinking ability is also an important indicator of the growing maturity.
Advanced features of the psychological development of youth how to?
Students have a rich, complex and strong emotional world. Compared with the early youth, although their rapid and strong emotional experience, but they have to make some adjustments, and restraint in their own ability to manage the emotions, so that patterns with emotional expression, and the implicit, the nature of twists and turns, but it is also compared with adult volatility, with volatility, not only want to control their emotions hidden, and when it is difficult to control their emotions and external high performance.
Increase with age, to imagine all sorts of worries and fears of increased concerns about the content is somewhat similar to the early youth, mainly the cause of the future, the economy, human relations, marriage, love and so on.
Concerns have become very anxious, nervous anxiety is, from a lack of self-inductance; a kind of social anxiety, from the community can not meet their needs.
Excessive anxiety can become extremely tense and nervous, what happened to all over-reaction, but also a very indifferent, and nothing for the response.
So this is easy to suffer from psychological issues, in particular, should be attention. Overall, however, the mood of university students become increasingly stable, the surface of things is no longer value for the reaction, emotional maturity, and is no longer见异思迁or extremes.
The characteristics of self-consciousness
(1) improved self-evaluation
The first is more self-awareness initiative.
Students are always on the "why I was such a person?" "I should be what kind of person?" "I am the future of what?" Very interested in these issues and eagerly look forward to a satisfactory answer. College students are more self-awareness and awareness initiatives, and increased to a higher level. They often think independently; trying to the expectations of the community into the quality of self-reference to the teachers and students around the self-evaluation, it is envisaged to carry out their own self-development or design.
Second, the self-evaluation more in line with the actual situation.
They are creatures of society, schools, the collective and the demands of their students, and continuously evaluate their own thoughts and actions, and evaluation at this time more in line with the actual situation, self-evaluation and the others are no major differences in the evaluation.
Of course, self-evaluation of university students there are still some one-sidedness, the other is "self-overvalued," there is a strong sense of superiority, self-esteem and self-confidence, they think there is a high level; the second is "self-underestimated" This is because the level of high self-expectations, the real cause of the dissatisfaction of students, lack of scientific study and regulation of life, poor adaptability, easy accumulation of a certain degree of frustration, have been strong, such as self-esteem. This is the need for attention and a tendency to avoid.
Third, independent of intent from the individual inclinations of the transitional society
Independent college students to high-level intention level.
Independence is the last of the independent individual, and now is an independent community of independent, that is, self-reliance in the family, has become a partner in the transition to self-reliance; aspire to be beneficial to the community professionals.
The past performance of self-esteem as a reserve member of the intellectuals as a standard, and further recognized that the social significance of a group of people living, people know this to be of mutual respect, respect for other people to get the first self-esteem and respect for others, we should be good with people The reason for collaboration, so that the original self-esteem to a more conscious level.
University by the father and son relationship during the period, the teachers and students, the partnership has developed into a wider range of complex interpersonal relationships.
Self-confidence from the past the size and strength of the high and low scores, and this period of self-determination in accordance with the standard multi-dimensional, such as talent, knowledge, grace, ability, concepts.
Limited ability to control the past obedient and non-violation of discipline, self control他律性now appears very weak, but the need to consciously in accordance with the principles of social morality, ethics to regulate the control of their behavior,他律性the transition to self-discipline .
On the objective of school is a university admission notice, once, we can no longer play a role in its drive to identify new target ahead of university students has become a top priority, then they need more from a social point of view the realization of their ideals and ways.
Dating the development of social circle expanded narrow circle close friend.
Interest on same-sex friends turned friends of the opposite sex.
Consider the ideal choice of friends, interests, values close.
Gradually build up their social skills, but also in exchanges of attention to a more moderate approach, for example, are no longer grossly arrogant boast, but that"s the basic point of view.
On society and the same-sex and opposite sex to enhance the taste, can adapt to a wide range of people can accept and tolerance of different views on friends, do not try to hard to change, so they reduce the quarrel.
Community of young people become sexually mature相敬如宾family and do for their children"s obligations to, and thus to reduce family friction. Social life and make them feel very happy, even if in exceptional circumstances can lot.
- 牛云
-
首先要说到早期中国和国外其他地区的发展变化。100多年前中国才强硬的进入了社会主义阶段,问题有很多得不到解决,目前为止,稍有改善,但效果任不明显。原因归根结底就是因为5000年的封建文化积压。而国外大部分地区则是以奴隶制度萌芽的,这一点基本上共通,但由于不同地区解决方式不同。国外得到自由的人民害怕被欺压而拒绝专政统治,以至于形成了多党执政与君主制度,而国内得到自由的人名却因为害怕自己太弱小而需要一个专政保护。以此可以看出两个及其明显的心理态度区别:外国的特点是,自力更生,而中国则是依赖思想。 简单的说,外国人正在玩的是大型角色扮演网络游戏,而国内则是道具收费的网络游戏。
- 马老四
-
我可以说出一点:
欧美人对于不认识的人在谈到心事是非常愿意的,因为他们觉得对于不认识的人没有压力;相反,在中国,人们更喜欢将隐私告诉自己认识的人,而不是陌生人。。。应该是与文化有关的。。。
- cloudcone
-
http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED433233&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED433233
这篇可能是你需要的
- 陶小凡
-
你好 我现在住在外国还是比较了解的
首先的说外国心理哪里不同呢 外国人崇尚交流 开放 不像中国人一样 就像心理学是从德国心理学之父 威廉 冯特 那里首次被世界注重的.
你只要往这方面发展就OK了
- 苏州马小云
-
Generic = 不迷信品牌,偏向务实主义的国民性.
今天在一篇外国文章(大前研一)里看到的....
- Chen
-
中西方教育心理学上的对比
. 师生关系 中国的教师强调对学生严格要求,强调纪律性、听话、努力学习,师生之间是“管”与“被管”的关系;西方则是平等、尊重的关系,学生的环境比较自由、宽松,强调顺其自然的发展,师生关系甚至包含着一种平等的“契约”关系,就是大家商量着办,学生的意见也算数。
2. 文化传统 中国崇尚东方集体主义文化,每个人是集体一分子,强调集体荣誉感、共性和趋同性,个人利益被置于抽象的“国家”、“集体”利益之下;西方是个体主义文化,强调每个人是独立的、完整的、有价值的个人,个人利益受到保护。
3. 道德教育 中国强调爱国主义、集体主义教育,提倡雷锋精神,现在又进行“行为规范”教育,但这些内容,要么脱离实际,要么只强调外在的形式化的教育,而忽视在日常道德活动中、以道德情感为基础的、内化的德育;西方的道德教育除一部分由宗教教育来完成之外,学校组织的德育活动也比较贴近实际生活,使孩子们从小形成了发自内心的、有情感支持的、内化的东西。如诚实、公正、分享、合作、利他、同情,以及对人的尊重,这些道德品质能在西方孩子们身上实实在在地表现出来。虽然西方人也有“德行”不好的人,但其居民的平均道德水平,比中国高得多。这种差距不仅仅是居民平均文化水平造成的。
4. 个性发展 平均来说,中国的文化传统和教育体系,使中国学生更内向,抱负水平低,依赖性强,笃信权威,求同、保守,但相对地比较能吃苦,任劳任怨,忍受压迫的能力强;西方学生明显地更加外向,抱负高,从小注重雄心壮志的培养,具有较好的独立性、主体性、创造性、求新求异性。但责任感略差,不能忍受压迫。
5. 智力发展 据美国权威心理学家报告,中国人和犹太人的智商测验分数是全世界各种族中最高的,其次是昂格鲁-萨克逊白人及其在美洲的移民,最后是黑人和棕色人种。但如果把所有诺贝尔奖金获得者按其种族分析,华人获奖者在各种族平均数之下,而犹太人是这个平均数的28倍,法国人是6.3倍,日尔曼人是4.4倍,意大利人是1.6倍。为什么中国小学生的学习成绩比美国孩子好得多,中学生也连连获得国际中学生奥林匹克数理化竞赛金牌,而中国人获诺贝尔奖金的人数这样少呢?我认为不是社会政治体制问题,而在于文化传统。和中国有相似文化传统的日本、韩国、新加坡等国家也没有多少诺贝尔奖获得者,就是一个证明。中国的教育体制注重所谓的“博闻强记”,注重脑的操作和训练,强调繁琐、复杂、脱离实际的计算能力的培养。中国人12年的中小学学习生活,可以用八个字来概括,就是“死记硬背,勤学苦练”,在这种教育体制下,人的内在兴趣、动机和自发行为,受到严重的压抑,而这些却是获得诺贝尔奖(即高水平的发明创造)所必需的;相形之下,西方从家庭到学校教育都重视手的操作,让学生大量阅读课外书,扩大知识面,培养发散型思维和解决实际问题的能力。虽然他们的中小学生的成绩不如中国学生,但当他们进入大学以后,其自主性、自发性、对问题的兴趣和内在动机的作用就凸显出来,使得美国大学生和研究生中出类拔萃的人才大量涌现。中国人的智力水平虽然不低,但由于缺乏自主性、创造性,不敢想,不敢说,所以中国人受教育之后容易拿到饭碗,也容易成为平庸的科学工作者和大学教授,却很少有人成为世界一流水平的人才。
6. 语言能力 语言发展的关键期在3-10岁,也就是幼儿期到小学中年级之间,中国在这个时期不重视孩子们的语言训练和阅读水平的提高,据中美跨文化心理学比较,中国幼儿的阅读水平比美国儿童低1-1.5年。中国儿童普遍地不善言词,不善于情绪表达(台湾、日本人也如此),中国的外语教学与学习效率非常低,学生在学校学了十年英语,仍然不能和人对话。而欧洲的大学生,普遍能用三、四种外语与人对话,其原因主要并不在于拼音文字的共通性,而在于文化传统、对外语的重视程度和外语教学水平,包括教材、内容和方法。
7. 家庭教育 中国的家长文化素质普遍较低,大多采取“专制型”教育,即大量地提要求,但不和孩子商量,也缺乏情感沟通和具体指导。家长只关心孩子能否考高分,能不能上重点学校,能否考上大学,家长亲自为孩子设计成长蓝图。这一点,即使是在外国留学的中国人家长身上也同样如此;而西方家长的普遍文化素质较高,其文化传统使其家庭教育方式,特别是中产阶级以上的家庭,大多采取“权威型”教育方式,即向孩子提要求,但和孩子商量,和孩子有情感沟通,也有具体的指导。家长关心孩子的情绪、社会性发展胜过关心他们的学习成绩,尊重孩子的个人意愿,让孩子自己为自己设计成长蓝图。
8. 中环境 社会生态学把儿童所处的两个小环境之间的相互作用称为中环境,如家庭与学校之间的相互作用就属于中环境。在这方面,中国是很差的,学校和家庭很少有“平等对话”;而在西方(包括日本),家长的意见在教育中起很大的作用。由家长和教师联合组成的“家长委员会”可以决定学校的许多重要事项。
9. 学生生活 中国的中小学生的生活像采蜜的“工蜂”,他们对学校生活充满厌倦和压力感,但又无可奈何,否则,来自父母的压力将使他们无法生存。而西方的孩子们过的是真正孩子般的生活,学生喜欢去学校,喜欢那里的环境。从中国到国外读书的中小学生百分之百地不愿意回国读书,是一个最好的证明,也是对我们当前中小学教育体制的一种最具讽刺的评价。
10. 最终结果 中国的教育体制之下,培养出来的大多是平庸之才。虽然中国的大学生的智商也许是世界上最高的(因为中国的大学入学率只有3.4%,即只有智力最优秀的学生才能入学),但是中国的大学毕业生里很少有出类拔萃的人才,他们只能满足国家科学技术的一般发展,而不能适应激烈的国际高科技竞争的需要。相形之下,西方国家的教育,平庸之才较少,而失败者和成功者都比中国多。我访问过的墨尔本大学,每年的大学毕业生有30%拿不到学士学位,他们不得不再学一、两年,才能拿到学位。中国的大学毕业生拿到学士学位的高达99%。但这些“学士”们大多只是为了获得自己的饭碗,有献身科学的雄心壮志、打算为人类、民族和国家奋斗终生的人并不多。