- wpBeta
-
100. If anything: 如果有什么的话;要说有什么的话
e.g. Of course, the OFC is not required for all learning; clearly, other brain areas can acquire new representations without input from the OFC. Indeed, much learning —including initial discrimination learning and simple Pavlovian learning — is unaffected by OFC damage. One possible explanation for this preserved learning is that these situations, which involve new learning, do not require expectancies for the production of error signals. If anything , expectancies would actually impede learning by reducing the size of the teaching signal as learning progressed. So it is not surprising that the OFC is not necessary for all learning.
99. half the battle: n. 成功了一半(有助于成功的条件)
e.g. Half the battle to finding an ingenious and creative solution is to ask the right question.
98. swap: [swɑːp]: v. 交换;用 ... 作交易
n. 交换;适合交换的东西
E.g. Reading regularly and broadly will expand your exposure to questions and solutions. Feel free to delve deeper when you fi nd topics of interest. But never swap depth for breadth. Broad- based knowledge exposure will almost surely get you thinking about new questions, new answers, and new possibilities.
97. provisionally: [prə"vɪʒənəli] adv. 暂时地;临时地
e.g. The three Urbach-Wiethe Disease subjects showed significant working memory facilitation relative to controls. Control measures showed no group anxiety differences. Results are provisionally interpreted in terms of a ‘ cooperation through competition " networks model that may account for the observed paradoxical functional facilitation effect.
96. surveillance: [sɜː"veɪləns] n. 监视;监督
e.g. This suggests that ongoing salience surveillance by the BLA exacts a tonic cost on executive attentional resources at the expense of working memory. The present study is to our knowledge the clearest evidence to date that the BLA is an essential node mediating competition between salience and executive networks for attentional resources in the brain.
34. inertia: [ɪ"nɜːʃə] n. 惯性;惰性
e.g. To overcome the inertia against innovation, start with yourself.
33. oversight: n. 疏忽;失察;监管;看管
e.g. She is an activist for creative business environments. Some of her advice is to avoid rigid oversight , refrain from judgment, and build an environment that is generally pleasant.
32. get around: vt. 规避;说服
e.g. To get around this problem, a few studies have either held the value of one option stable while varying the other or they have sequentially presented the options for choice, allowing option values to be dissociated temporally
31. discerning: adj. 有见识的
discern:v. 辨别;看出;察觉
e.g. Despite the complicated design of the Antikythera mechanism—a product of the thousands of years of astronomy and engineering— discerning its inner workings and function was cracked within a century once the tools became available to do so.
30. where the rubber meets the road:
The point at which someone"s or something"s efforts, resolve, or viability are put to the test; the point at which things become truly or meaningfully challenging.
e.g. Now is the time to Meld your single- best idea back into the process of normal science. This step is where the rubber meets the road.
29. catapult: ["kætəpʌlt] 猛掷;
catapult sb to fame / stardom etc :使某人一举成名
E.g. The hope is to catapult you out of your frames and to add further generative possibilities to the PIG In MuD innovation process.
28.run the risk of: vt. 冒 ... 的危险
E.g. Questions phrased too narrowly on the one hand or too fantastically or broadly on the other, run the risk of generating answers that take us nowhere .
27. far afield from:adv. 远离着(家乡);在或去远处;在野外
E.g. Fascinating articles arrive regularly to the inboxes of his friends on topics far afield from Kuller"s own interests .
26.flip through: vt. 浏览;草草翻阅
lie around: 分散在各处,四处乱丢,闲着不干事
E.g. If you flip through any of the scores of journals lying around the office, you find that Kuller has underlined many passages, showing that he has read each paper in each and every publication.
25. quandary: ["kwɒndəri] n. 困惑;迷惑;为难
meek: adj. 温顺的;谦恭的
E.g. Meeting with him presents quite a quandary —the meek simply stand rather than trying to fi gure out if it is okay to move a stack .
24. mind-expanding
E.g. Few things in life are more mind-expanding than reading.
23. legitimate:adj. 合法的;世袭的;婚生的;正当的;合理的 vt. 使合法;授权;宣布 ... 为合法
e.g. However, another far more intriguing possibility is that the divergent findings reflect a legitimate difference between the encoding properties of dopamine neurons in SN and those in the VTA.
22. amass: Vt. 积聚;收集
e.g. Just as you have begun to practice keener observation, so knowledge must be gained from amassing and understanding the observations of others.
21. outdo: [ˌaʊt"duː] v. 超过;胜过
20. consequential: adj. 重要的;间接的;随之发生的;自高自大的
e.g. How do you know what is consequential ?
19. frivolous: ["frɪvələs] adj. 轻佻的;妄动的;琐碎的;无足轻重的
e.g. No one wants to spend a lot of time working on an interest that is irrelevant or, worse, frivolous .
18. come alive: 睡醒; 活跃起来
e.g. Yet it is only through getting to know them that they truly come alive .
17. formality: [fɔː"mæləti] n. 礼节;程序;拘谨
pepper: 接二连三地提问; 加胡椒粉于,
e.g. After formalities , he peppered his Vital Statistics colleagues with questions. “How is birth weight recorded? Who enters them into the database?”
16. bulge: n. 膨胀;暴增 v. 膨胀;充满
e.g. If the normal distribution was shifted downward in total, then it could mean one thing; if he saw a bulge in the lower birth weights, then it would mean another.
15. sit back:宽舒地休息; 不采取行动
e.g. Despite the need to respond quickly to such a politically charged emergency, he sat back and asked: Is there a problem?
14. slipping down: 失足; 成绩下滑
e.g. Think of it: Ontario might be slipping down the slope of its profligate neighbor to the south.
13. revel in: vt. 深爱;酷爱;着迷
12. grind away: 发出摩擦之声, 刻苦地学习
11.opus magnum: 代表作,主要作品
10. cobble ["kɒbl]: n. 圆石;鹅卵石;(常用复数)卵石路 v. 铺鹅卵石;修补(鞋);粗制滥造
cobble together: [匆忙而草率地]拼凑
e.g. Moreover, although it would be possible to cobble together a heterogeneous population of OFC neurons to encode the error term, this population would constitute a small, hand-selected minority of the neurons in OFC. Thus we do not believe OFC is directly signaling prediction errors in any meaningful way.
9. institute: 实施,采取,开始实行; 制定,规定; 设立,创立,建立
e.g Specifically we would expect positive prediction errors at the start of blocks 2sh, 3bg, and 4bg, when an unexpected reward is instituted , and negative prediction errors at the start of blocks 2lo and 4sm, when an expected reward is omitted.
8. materialize: [mə"tɪəriəlaɪz] v. 成为现实;成有形;实现;具体化;出现
e.g. Moreover, neither account can easily explain the current results, since both predict no effect of reversible inactivation during the compound training phase on subsequent performance in the probe test. Instead, our results suggest that OFC is necessary for learning from differences between actual and expected outcomes, as occurs on the compound trials when the summed expected outcome fails to materialize.
7. in moderation: 适度
e.g. Your advice to your patients continues to be, “All things in moderation .”
6. left over:留下, 剩下, 推迟处理
e.g. Passing on having everything in one Smartphone (rather than having to switch between cell and iPod) may be a little less convenient but it is worth it in order to feel that I have enough funds left over to go out on a date this week.
5. perpetuate: [pə"petʃueɪt] vt. 使永存;使不朽
e.g. Edward de Bono, in his book Lateral Thinking (1990), argues that your mind tends to perpetuate a given thought system and to resist change and novelty.
4. if only: 要是 ... 多好; 只要; 但愿
e.g. If only overcoming cognitive biases were as easy as reading about them!
3. clairvoyant: [kleə"vɔɪənt] adj. 千里眼的;透视的;有洞察力的 n. 有洞察力的人;千里眼
hindsight: ["haɪndsaɪt] n. 事后聪明,后见之明;枪的照门
e.g. Your sense of reality is constructed around memories. In hindsight , you are clairvoyant .
2. hold on to
e.g. Perseverance bias occurs when, even after information has been proved to be utterly falsified, people hold on to their original beliefs.
1. No wonder: 难怪; 怪不得
e.g. What is safe and familiar is valued and chosen. No wonder that innovation, which is risky and unfamiliar, is difficult to decide to pursue.