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用英语称呼家人亲戚

2023-08-15 07:43:54
TAG: 英语
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家人英语

  父母=parents(父母是2个人,所以要加复数s)

  亲生父母=birth parents

  爸爸=father=dad=papa

  妈妈=mother=mom=mama

  儿子=son

  女儿=daughter

  兄弟姐妹=siblings(一般说兄弟姐妹时不只1个人,所以要加复数s)

  兄弟=brother

  姐妹=sister

  哥哥=older brother=elder brother

  姐姐=older sister=elder sister

  弟弟=younger brother=little brother

  妹妹=younger sister=little sister

  丈夫=husband

  妻子=wife

  近亲

  舅舅/叔叔/伯父=uncle

  姨妈/姑姑=aunt

  堂兄弟姐妹/表兄弟姐妹=cousin

  侄女/外甥女=niece

  侄子/外甥=nephew

  姑妈=aunt on my father"s side

  姨妈=aunt on my mother"s side

  舅舅=uncle on my mother"s side

  叔叔/伯父=uncle on my father"s side

  长辈

  祖父母/外祖父母=grandparents

  外公(姥爷)/爷爷=grandfather=granddad=grandpa

  外婆(姥姥)/奶奶=grandmother=grandma=granny

  孙子/孙女/外孙/外孙女=grandchild

  孙子/外孙=grandson

  孙女/外孙女=granddaughter

  长辈的长辈,记住前缀-great,长一辈就加一个-great

  曾祖父/曾外公=great-grandfather(爸妈的爷爷/姥爷)

  曾祖母/曾外祖母=great-grandmother

  曾曾祖父/曾曾外祖父=great-great-grandfather

  曾孙/曾外孙=great-grandson

  曾孙女/曾外孙女=great-granddaughter

  爸妈的姨妈/姑妈/舅妈/婶婶=great-aunt

  爸妈的舅舅/叔叔/姨夫/姑父=great-uncle

  因为结婚才有的亲戚,注意后缀in-law

  弟妹/嫂子/大姑/小姑=sister-in-law

  大舅子/小舅子/大伯/小叔=brother-in-law

  婆婆/岳母=mother-in-law

  公公/岳父=father-in-law

  女婿=son-in-law

  儿媳=daughter-in-law

  公众号:墨尔本英语学习


家人英语

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英语作文家人

我的家人 My FamiliesI live in lovely family. There are three people in my family, my parents and I. My father is a policeman. He works in the police station of my city. He is always busy with his work and he has business trips often. Sometimes, he would tell something about his job to me. Of course, they are not the dangerous ones. My mother is teacher of a primary school. She teaches math and she was once my teacher, too. She is always kind and patient to her students. Luckily, she doesn"t have to work overtime, so that she has enough time to take good care of me. I am very thankful to my parents and I love them very much.如果您认可我的答案,请采纳。您的采纳,是我答题的动力,O(∩_∩)O谢谢
2023-08-09 05:51:421

Git如何从远程拉取最新代码,并与本地代

到目前为止,你应该已经学会了使用 Git 来完成日常工作。然而,如果想与他人合作,还需要一个远程的 Git 仓库。尽管技术上可以从个人的仓库里推送和拉取修改内容,但我们不鼓励这样做,因为一不留心就很容易弄混其他人的进度。另外,你也一定希望合作者们即使在 自己不开机的时候也能从仓库获取数据 — 拥有一个更稳定的公共仓库十分有用。因此,更好的合作方式是建立一个大家都可以访问的共享仓库,从那里推送和拉取数据。我们将把这个仓库称为 “Git 服务器”;代理一个 Git 仓库只需要花费很少的资源,几乎从不需要整个服务器来支持它的运行。
2023-08-09 05:50:242

注册财务咨询公司需要什么条件

一、先选定(注册地址)办公地址;二、去工商局查企业的名称;三、在注册地址所属区财政局办理代理记账许可证;条件:一个会计师是会计工作的负责人,三个专职的会计(有会计证)。四、等代理证批下来,再到工商局领公司注册登记表办理登记;五、执照下来后刻公章、财务章;六、办理组织机构代码证;七、办理银行基本户开户手续;八、办理国、地税税务登记证;九、买发票;十、开始营业。
2023-08-09 05:50:273

英文感谢信

  在当下社会,感谢信不再是罕见的东西,感谢信可以用来感谢和表扬帮助、支持、关心的人。写感谢信需要注意哪些问题呢?以下是我帮大家整理的英文感谢信9篇,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。 英文感谢信 篇1   I am writing to express my thanks for   我写这封信是为了表达我对的谢意。   I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for   在信中我要为表达我真挚的谢意。   Thank you so much for the gift you sent me. Its one of the most wonderful gifts I ever got.   非常感谢你给我寄来的礼物,这是我收到的最好礼物之一。   Many thanks for all the good things you have done in helping us to   非常感谢您为帮助我们所做的一切。   I would like to take this opportunity to express my great appreciation for your timely help and assistance.   我谨借此机会感谢您给予我们的及时帮助和支持。   On behalf of my whole family,I would like to extend my sincere gratitude for   我谨代表我全家对表示真诚的感激之情。   Nothing will be able to erase our wonderful memories,we will nurture them forever.   没什么能抹掉我们美好的记忆,我们会永远铭刻在心。   Thanks again for your kind help.   对你的帮助再次表示感谢。   My true gratitude is beyond any words description.   任何语言都不能表达我的.真挚谢意。   Please accept my thanks,now and always.   请永远记住我的谢意。   Your help is very much appreciated by each one of us.   我们每个人都非常感谢你。 英文感谢信 篇2   Thank you, Mr. Gibson. I feel deeply indebted to you and I really don"t know how to thank you enough for your help.It"s a great honor to be following in your footsteps as Overseas Sales Manager.   To be honest, this promotion came as quite a surprise. I"d like to think it"s mainly a recognition of the teamwork, above and beyond the call of duty, in my department. On that same note, I"d like to thank all my colleagues in the company for their enthusiasm and hard work. Due to their efforts, we"ve really gotten some overseas projects off the ground for Action.   Looking to the future, I"d still like to maintain contact with everyone, even though I"ll be working at the senior level. Well, what I"m trying to say is I won"t let this step-up go to my head. My door will always be open. Thank you again.   Sept 12,20xx 英文感谢信 篇3 ×××酒店餐饮部×××:   您好!   感谢您给与我公司的合作。   在合作期间您所提供的完美体贴的服务和美味的食品,都给我们留下了深刻的印象。   在此,我公司特别向您和您所领导的餐饮部员工致以最真诚的谢意。同时对贵公司×××、×××、×××员工的全力配合表示衷心感谢。   感谢贵公司对我们工作的支持和帮助。   祝 万事如意!   北京×××公司   日期:××-××-×××× Dear Head Master of F & B Department:   First of all, we thank you for the perfect service and providing delicious foods, which give us a deep impression for everything you done. Here, our company specially thanks you and your team, and sends the best regards and the most sincere gratitude to all of you. At the same time, we specially thank an outstanding employee ------ ×××whom gave the most cooperation during the events.   At the end, we sincerely thank for the all supports from you and your colleagues.   Millions of thanks!   Your Sincerely   Beijing ××× Co., Ltd.   Date: ××-××-×××× 英文感谢信 篇4   Dear Dad and Mom:   Although we can only keep in touch with each other by the telephone or the Internet, I wish I could let you know how much I love you and how much I"ve appreciated the things you"ve done for me. It is never too much to say thank you to you, my dear parents.   First and the most important is that thank you for bringing me to this world. During the 20 years, you have done a lot for me, but I haven"t realized how much I love you until I left home to the university. I understand how much effort you have cost to bring me up. Now, I have grown up, I can look after you.   Second, I want to thank you that you give me a good environment to grow up. There is an old saying “Parents are the first teacher to their children”. In my life, you are the typical ones. Because of your good examples I formed the good habit of learning at an early age which benefits my life.   At last, I want to say “thank you” is that you always support my choice. You never forced me to do anything I was not interested in. You told me to pursuit my own dreams without hesitation and you would support me forever. You also told me to how to be a human. Now I become an optimistic and cheerful girl and I feel happy every day.   I really miss you when I am writing this thank you letter. I can"t wait to go home to share more time together with you.You are my most important people in the world and I will love you forever.   Yours,   XXX 英文感谢信 篇5   Mum :   Such is sons‘ nature,I really do not know how to express my thanks to you.However,I can imagine,on the day 18 years ago,when you gave birth to me,what a complex feeling you had.In the past few years,every day you struggle me up in the morning and prepare breakfast for me,then in the afternoon,you always welcome your only son with delicious foods after a day‘s hardwork.Now your son has been 18 and will go to university soon,like a bird is leaving its parents.   Nevertheless,your footprints on my heart will never ever fade and-----I love you mum!   your son 英文感谢信 篇6   20 july 20xx   dear mr. wang,   thank you for taking the time to write your wonderful letter in support of mcea(maywood chinese education association). your letter clearly articulates all themajor reasons children in maywood will benefit from studying the chinese languagas part of their elementary school education. it provides invaluable support that will help making bilingual chinese education a reality in maywood public schools.thanks again for sending a letter in support of mcea. we will continue to do all we can to realize this program both for families of chinese descent and those with a general interest in participating in the growing economic power of china.   yours sincerely,   george chen   useful expressions   thanks for. . .   it was verynice/good of you to ...   thank you verymuch for. . .   i must thank youfor. . .   i am extremelygrateful for your help. . .   i am mostgrateful for. . . 英文感谢信 篇7   Dea ms。 gasso:   thank you fo inteviewing me at cedit technologies。 i was impessed with the pany and the type of banking sevices the copoation povides。   you ments gave me a good undestanding of the business and you expectations fo the attoney you ae seeking。 i am confident that my backgound and expeience in banking law and my ability to analyze statutes and egulations in detail could be useful to cedit technologies。   if you wee to offe me this position, i believe that i could povide sevices that would meet the high standads of you copoation。   i look fowad to talking again with you soon。   vey tuly yous,   ichad t。 hamilton 英文感谢信 篇8   Dear Prof。 Herthwell,   Many thanks for your kind hospitality and the honor you showed me during our delegation"s recent visit to your university。 It was nice of you to introduce me to so many of your famous professors and celebrated scholars at your university。 We had a safe and sound trip home。 Now we have resumed our work。   Meanwhile, I hope you will someday pay a short visit to our university and give us some lectures on “Modern Western Economics”。   Please have no hesitation in writing to me if you want me to do something for you in China。   With best wishes。   Sincerely yours,   Li Dong 英文感谢信 篇9   dear lin yi,   i would like to sincerely thank you for the time that you spent with me last thursday, briefing me on your company"s background and operations, and interviewing me for the position of administrative assistant.   the interview was quite a pleasant experience for me, and i hope you had the same feeling as i did. now that i have met you and some of your colleagues, and have learned more about the activities of your company, i am even more excited about the possibility of working with you and your team than i was before the interview. i feel that my skills and abilities make me suitable for the job, and that i will definitely be a valuable addition to your company.   if you have any follow-up questions, please don"t hesitate to call me at 15820100808 or send me an e-mail at xxxx@××.com i am looking forward to hearing from you in the near future.
2023-08-09 05:50:321

Moore状态机和Mealy状态机有什么区别?

一、工作过程不同1、Moore型:转换的输出由当前状态决定,,每个节点(状态)都标有输出值。2、Mealy型:转换的输出由当前状态和当前输入的组合决定,每个弧(过渡)都标有输出值。二、特性不同1、Moore型:时钟顺序系统是Moore机器的受限形式,其中状态仅在全局时钟信号改变时改变。当前状态存储在触发器中,并且全局时钟信号连接到触发器的“时钟”输入。时钟顺序系统是解决亚稳态问题的一种方法。2、Mealy型:输出直接受输入信号的当前值影响,而输入信号可能在一个时钟周期内任意时刻变化,这使得Mealy有限状态机对输入的响应发生在当前时钟周期,比Moore有限状态机对输入信号的响应要早一个周期。因此,输入信号的噪声可能影响在输出的信号。三、工作状态不同1、Moore型:在某状态时,列出所有的输出条件。在某状态时,当输入信号是什么则会跳至哪一个状态。 在某状态时,当输入信号是什么则会维持原状态不变。2、Mealy型:现态为s0输入为0时,则次态为s0且输出为0;若现态为s0输入为1时,则次态为s1且输出为1。参考资料来源:百度百科-摩尔型有限状态机参考资料来源:百度百科-Mealy机参考资料来源:百度百科-状态机
2023-08-09 05:50:371

大众phaeton是什么车

辉腾,大众的旗舰车型,78万的起价,4.2的要150万左右,辉腾是全手工制造的,而且可以根据你的需要定做,辉腾的工厂是全玻璃全透明的工厂。在中国辉腾在4个城市有定制中心。
2023-08-09 05:50:393

英文感谢信

  在当下社会,感谢信应用范围愈发广泛,因为在口头表示感谢的同时,还需要感谢信的书面表达。那么感谢信有什么格式呢?以下是我整理的英文感谢信7篇,仅供参考,希望能够帮助到大家。 英文感谢信 篇1   I am writing to express my thanks for   我写这封信是为了表达我对的谢意。   I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for   在信中我要为表达我真挚的谢意。   Thank you so much for the gift you sent me. Its one of the most wonderful gifts I ever got.   非常感谢你给我寄来的礼物,这是我收到的`最好礼物之一。   Many thanks for all the good things you have done in helping us to   非常感谢您为帮助我们所做的一切。   I would like to take this opportunity to express my great appreciation for your timely help and assistance.   我谨借此机会感谢您给予我们的及时帮助和支持。   On behalf of my whole family,I would like to extend my sincere gratitude for   我谨代表我全家对表示真诚的感激之情。   Nothing will be able to erase our wonderful memories,we will nurture them forever.   没什么能抹掉我们美好的记忆,我们会永远铭刻在心。   Thanks again for your kind help.   对你的帮助再次表示感谢。   My true gratitude is beyond any words description.   任何语言都不能表达我的真挚谢意。   Please accept my thanks,now and always.   请永远记住我的谢意。   Your help is very much appreciated by each one of us.   我们每个人都非常感谢你。 英文感谢信 篇2   kamenori foundation thank-you note dear kamenori,i"m very grateful for giving me thisopportunity to kamenori foundation, this is kamenori foundation to give me ascholarship, i can be a chinaand japanexchange student. i am very happy, because my first visit to japan, this is a exchange students i can furtherunderstand japan.perhaps, i still can become friendly relations between china and japan"s representative. because japan is i amlonging for the country.   now, i will go to japan. i heard that japan has a lotof food, such as japanese ramen, sushi, great kanto cook, tuna and many otherfood. of course the japanese kimono is also very beautiful, japanese cherryblossom and mount fuji, this beautiful scenerylet us linger. this time i as an exchange student i can not only learn aboutjapanese culture, school, living habits, i also want to know that i"m moreinterested in japanese anime. i think the japanese anime is not only shows thejapanese culture, but also shows that the japanese unique imagination, such asa block, naruto etc excellent cartoon, not only in the world popular, andjapanese culture of the world, this is very unique.   i hope i go to japan, i will have a very deep memory, there wasa lot of friends, learn about japanese culture, become china and japanthe friendly relations between the witnesses. then i get a scholarship, i ammore sure i will be very good in japan, the japanese family getalong well.   so, iam very grateful to the kamenori foundation to give me a scholarship andopportunity, so that i can be in japan to learn more, learn more,make more friends, and at the same time, this to my future plan has a betterfoundation.   congratulations   afs program students. 英文感谢信 篇3 Dear Dan and Laura,   Jim and I want to thank you for the beautiful salad bowl set. We are looking forward to getting lots of use out of your thoughtful and practical wedding gift.   We are having fun getting organized in our little apartment. Soon we will be ready for company, and we will giving you a call. After all the times you have had us over for dinner, we will get to play host for a change.   Thanks again for the lovely gift.   Fondly,   Minnie 亲爱的夫人戈登:   我想让你知道有多少星期在你对我意味着可爱的房子。我不但开心无比,而且我觉得放松和刷新我没有觉得数月。   请给我喜欢海伦。它是如此的漂亮和她再一起就像我们在学校的时光。   非常感谢你和戈登先生问我。   谨致问候,   吉恩·布朗 英文感谢信 篇4 * * * * * * * Manager:   Hello!   Let us first to you and your company to thank you, thank you for your busy schedule can take for us to carry out a good forum.   The day before, as a senior US face abroad, PubMed, etc., most of the students feel confused and at a loss for their own future. As a result, under the guidance of the head teacher, we were lucky to visit your company and have witnessed the work environment of your office.   We also remember that in the conference room full of all the products of your company, the manager made and demonstrated the slides of your company"s basic profile. We have benefited greatly from this work. We have not only realized the working concept of "passion for work and happy life", but also understood the main issues of foreign trade.   At the same time, we also want to thank your A for giving us detailed introduction to our foreign trade clerk"s work, so that we can deeply appreciate the ability and quality to be a foreign trade salesperson. We would like to thank your company"s B for imparting valuable learning Maxim and work experience, so that we have learned a lot of knowledge that we can"t get from the textbook.   In addition, we also appreciate your hospitality is also close first, Shixiongshijie earnest guidance still can be heard without end. In the end, let us express our sincere thanks to you and your company again.   Hope your company"s future development is more prosperous!    英文感谢信 篇5 Distinguished clerk:   Hello!   XXXXXX Engineering Co., Ltd. has been supported and helped by you since its establishment. Thank you for the support and love of XXXXXX for many years.XXXXXX all the staff to express their sincere wishes and sincere thanks to you and your family, and thank you for the trust and support you have always been to the XXXXXX.   The source of drinking water, we know, attention, trust, support and participation of every bit of progress and success achieved by the decoration department cannot do without the clerk. Your understanding and trust are the powerful motive force of our progress, and your support and participation are the inexhaustible source of our growth. Each of your participation, every suggestion, makes us excited and impels us to keep advancing. Have you, we have endless march forward with confidence and strength; with you all, our business can thrive. It is because of your trust and support that XXXXXX Engineering Co., Ltd. is able to innovate, grow and grow step by step, and become one of the most valuable and potential decorating companies in the market today.   In the years ahead, hoping to continue to get your attention and support, we will provide first-class quality and services more comprehensive and more attentive to customers, get your rewards, let your sweat will not be in vain, to support your efforts to build the Southwest"s top decoration service brand.   Finally, once again thank you for your support and help you, wish you have a healthy body! Family happiness! Business is thriving! Everything goes well! 英文感谢信 篇6 尊敬的人事部lisa:   lisa,您好!在此冒昧占用您几分钟。   我是武娜,来自xx外语外贸大学,14号上午8:50参加了贵公司的group assessment,我想面试者众多,您可能忘了我是谁了,呵呵,不知您有没有印象,那场有位面试者老蹲地上捡胸前名字纸牌。   首先,我很感谢贵公司给我这次group assessment的机会,这是我人生第一次group assessment,让我有机会亲身感受德勤office的工作氛围和气氛,让我真正体念到了团队合作的重要性和技巧性,让我有机会结交新的7位朋友,让我有机会总结自己group assessment的不足和优点,让我对团队工作方式有了更加正确的认识。   同时,我也想借此机会向贵公司提点意见,从我贴胸牌的那一刻起,胸牌就不断地掉,我想是不是我太紧张连我的胸前纸牌也受不了拼着命想溜啊,讨论过程中我不断地压着它,它还是趁机逃跑了好多次,为了把它抓回来,我连掉在地上的铅笔也忘了捡,最后还是我们的manager捡起来的。回到学校后,我又试了下别的粘性物质,发现我的衣服根本粘不住,在此我能否建议贵公司能否将粘性纸牌换成其他形式,比如立体纸牌摆在会议桌上,这样队友更能清楚地看到互相的名字。以防1%的可能出现我这种情况。您觉得呢?   再次感谢贵公司给我group assessment 的机会,让我终生难忘,希望有机会跟您进行更深的交流!   此致 敬礼   武娜   20xx年xx月15日 Dear lisa:   i"m sorry to take up your time, i"m wuna, fromxx university of foreign studies, who had took part in the group assessment with the period of 8:50 on 14th november 15, XX。maybe you can"t figure what i look like, i wonder if you have an impression that there was a candidate whose name card often dropped onto the floor, then i was just that candidate。   to begin with, please allow me to thank your company of giving me the opportunity for group assessment。 honestly speaking, this was the first group assessment in my life。 i"m very pleasured that i have the opportunity to experience the working place and atmosphere of dtt, the opportunity to make new friends with my 7 teammates, the opportunity to learn the importance of teamwork skills, the opportunity to review my weak points and strong points and enhance my understanding of teamwork , all of which i appreciate very much   meanwhile, would you mind that i make a suggestion here, from the moment i stuck the name card on my chest, it began to drop onto the floor, i wonder maybe i was too nervous that even this lovely name card could not stand it, when i got back to my dorm, i tested with other sticky things, it was found that my coat material refused to stick anything, so would you mind my suggestion to replace sticky name card with other ways in case for the 1% possibility of my case, for example, maybe we can use a name card displayed on the roundtable, and also it is more convenient for the teammates to know each other。 how do you think?   thanks again for the chance your company given me to participate this group assessment, which i will keep in my mind throughout my life。 i hope we can have an opportunity for further communications。   best wishes to you and deloitte sincerely   yours sincere   wuna   20xx-xx-15 英文感谢信 篇7 Dear ms。 grasso:   thank you for interviewing me at credit technologies。 i was impressed with the pany and the type of banking services the corporation provides。   your ments gave me a good understanding of the business and your expectations for the attorney you are seeking。 i am confident that my background and experience in banking law and my ability to analyze statutes and regulations in detail could be useful to credit technologies。   if you were to offer me this position, i believe that i could provide services that would meet the high standards of your corporation。   i look forward to talking again with you soon。
2023-08-09 05:50:411

唯物史观对文学理论作为一门独立学科建设有什么理论价值和现实意义

 马克思创立的唯物史观,在整个社会科学领域引起了革命,它不仅使社会主义由空想变成了科学,而且为历史学、哲学、伦理学、美学、文艺学等社会科学提供了科学的方法论的基础。马克思在《政治经学批判》序言中所概括的历史唯物主义原理,对各个学科的研究都具有普遍的指导意义。   恩格斯指出:“根据唯物史观,历史过程中的决定性因素归根到底是现实生活的生产和再生产。”[6]人类的物质生产劳动是最基本的实践活动,它决定着其它各种活动的发生和发展。“人的认识,主要地依赖于物质的生产活动,逐渐地了解自然的现象、自然的性质、自然的规律性、人和自然的关系;而且经过生产活动,也在各种不同程度上逐渐地认识了人和人的一定的相互关系。一切这些知识,离开生产活动是不能得到的。”[7]   唯物史观的创立,为文学活动发生学的研究开拓了新思路,提出了新问题,指明了新方向。马克思恩格斯指出:“全部人类历史的第一个前提无疑是有生命的人的存在。因此,第一个需要确认的事实就是这些个人的肉体组织以及由此产生的个人对其他的自然关系。”[8]史前艺术的起源是以原始人类的出现为前提。据考古学的最新研究成果显示:人类史前时代存在着4个关键阶段:第一阶段是人的系统(人科)本身的起源,类似猿的动物变成两足直立行走的物种,时间大约在700万年以前;第二阶段是两足行走的物种繁衍成许多不同的物种,约在700-200万年之间;第三阶段以脑子扩大为标志,这是人属出现的信号,逐渐发展成直立人和智人(Homo sapiens);第四阶段是现代人的起源,已具有语言、意识、艺术想象力和工具的制造。[9]在现代人类出现的过程中,物质生产劳动实践起了关键性的作用。“劳动创造了人本身。”[10]“首先是劳动,然后是语言和劳动一起,成了两个最主要的推动力,在它们的影响下,猿脑就逐渐地过渡到人脑;后者和前者虽然十分相似,但是要大得多和完善得多。”[11]在劳动实践过程中,自然人化与人的本质力量对象化,不仅创造了人赖以生存的基本条件,而且也在实践中改造了人自身。“劳动是从制造工具开始的。”[12]由于手、发音器官和脑的日益发展和完善,原始人除了能够从事打猎和畜牧外,又能从事农业,农业之后又有了纺纱、织布、冶金、制陶器和航行。“伴随着商业和手工业,最后出现了艺术和科学”[13]“以致像魔法一样造就了拉斐尔的绘画、托瓦森的雕刻和帕格尼尼的音乐。”[14]   史前艺术的发生与原始人的思维、观念、意识、语言的产生是相伴而行的,又是与史前的极端艰难困苦的劳动生产实践活动紧密联系在一起的。马克思恩格斯指出:“思想、观念、意识的生产最初是直接与人们的物质活动,与人们的物质交往,与现实生活的语言交织在一起的。人们的想象、思维、精神交往在这里还是人们物质行动的直接的产物。”[15]马克思在关于摩尔根的《古代社会》的人类学笔记中,恩格斯在《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》、《自然辩证法》和马恩合著的《德意志意识形态》等著作中,提出和原则上论述了有关文学艺术活动发生和起源的一系列问题,为后继者指明了进一步研究的方向。这些问题主要有:   第一,明确指明文学活动发生学研究的对象。马克思恩格斯都十分重视摩尔根于1877年出版的《古代社会》,马克思认真地做了大量笔记,并准备写一部专著来研究《古代社会》,但未能如愿,后来由恩格斯写下了《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》。恩格斯在该书的第1版序言中指出:“摩尔根的伟大功绩,就在于他在主要特点上发现和恢复了我们成文史的这种史前的基础,并且在北美印第安人的血族团体中找到了一把解开希腊、罗马和德意志上古史上那些极为重要而至今尚未解决的哑谜的钥匙。”[16]人类的文学艺术活动的发生和起源问题,实际也是一个世界上古史上“至今尚未解决的哑谜”。因此对人类史前史及其各方面情况(包括史前艺术)的研究,就成了研究文学活动发生与起源的基础。马克思恩格斯生前虽未对人类史前艺术作专门研究,但他们在人类学笔记中提出的观点却给后人以启示。德国著名艺术史家格罗塞于1894年发表的《艺术的起源》,对原始艺术的产生、形成和发展及艺术活动与社会经济和精神生活之间的关系,作了详尽的探讨和论证,“他是第一个从艺术领域收集证据”[17]支持马克思恩格斯的观点的,从而在从理论和实践上确立了艺术起源问题研究的对象应是史前社会与史前艺术。   第二,思维的发展与审美意识的发生问题。维柯在《新科学》中曾对原始人类思维的特点作过专门的研究,他认为原始初民的思维是“诗性的智慧”,他们没有推理力,浑身都是旺盛的感觉力和生命的想象力。马克思恩格斯进一步历史唯物地说明了人的思维的发生和发展。马克思指出:“思维过程本身是在一定条件下生成的,它本身是一个自然过程,所以真正能理解的思维永远只能是一样的,只是随着发展的成熟程度(其中也包括思维器官发展的成熟程度)逐渐地表现出区别。其余一切都是废话。”[18]恩格斯也指出:“人的思维最本质和最切近的基础,正是人所引起的自然界的变化,而不单独是自然界本身;人的智力是按照人如何学会改变自然界而发展的。”[19]人的思维发展也是一个历史过程。马克思在读摩尔根《古代社会》时已注意到在史前史的野蛮时代阶段,初民的想象力有很大发展。他说:“对于人类的进步贡献极大的想象力这一伟大的才能,这时已经创造出神话、故事和传说等等口头文学,已经成为人类强大的刺激力。”[20]也正是在生产劳动的实践过程中,在学会如何改变自然、使自然为自身的生存与发展的过程中,那些“主体的、属人的感性的丰富性,即感受音乐的耳朵、感受形式的眼睛,简言之,那些能感受人的快乐和确证自己是属人的本质力量的感觉,才或者发展起来,或者产生出来。”[21]当着原始初民在劳动过程中,体会到如鲁迅所说的“杭育!杭育!”节奏感的愉快时,当他们看到东方日出、雨后彩虹而欢呼雀跃时,当他们听到黄莺百灵的优美、起伏、强弱的鸣叫而特别高兴时,他们的审美意识就开始萌生了。   第三,语言的产生与原始初民文学活动的起源。马克思恩格斯不仅以实践的观点,在多处论述了生产劳动实践在人自身生成过程中的作用,而且明确指出:作为文学活动的载体的语言,也是“从劳动中和劳动一起产生出来的,这个解释是唯一正确的,拿动物来比较,就可以证明。动物,甚至高度发达的动物,彼此要的信息很少,不用分音节的语言就可以互通信息。在自然状态下,没有一种动物会感到不能说话或不能听懂人的语言是一种缺陷。”[22]人是能制造工具的社会动物。人是社会生活中的一个现实的存在者。“语言是存在的家。”[23]马克思恩格斯在《德意志意识形态》中,特别强调语言和意识的不可分性,指出:人并非一开始就具有“纯粹的”意识,“精神”从一开始就很倒霉,受到物质的“纠缠”。物质在这里表现为振动着的空气层、声音,简言之,即语言。“语言和意识具有同样长久的历史;语言是一种实践的、既为别人存在因而也为我自身而存在的、现实的意识。语言和意识一样,只是由于需要,由于和他人交往的迫切需要才产生的。”[24](着重号引者加)语言的产生是原始初民文学活动发生的重要前提条件。语言的产生与审美意识的发生,可以说是同步的。如同海德格尔所说,“语言本身在本质的意义上是诗。……确切地说,诗发生在语言之中,因为语言保护着诗的源始本质。”[25]马克思在关于人类学的笔记中,对于语言的产生与原始文学的发生问题,是联系在一起加以关注的。在人类蒙昧期的低级阶段,即他称之为“人类的童年”时期,“音节清晰的语言”已开始出现。到野蛮期的高级阶段,即“从冶炼铁矿石,使用铁器开始,终止于标音字母的发明,和用文字书写作品。”[26]这中间经过了漫长的岁月。早在野蛮期的低级阶段,“图画文字似乎是在这一时期首次出现的;如果它产生更早,那么在这时已得到很大发展。在这方面相互关联的发明的系列有如下述:(1)手势语言或个人符号语言;图画文字或表意符号;(3)象形文字或约定符号;(4)表音性质的象形文字或按一定使用的表音符号;(5)拼音字母或写音。”[27]这种语言文字发生与形成的过程,实际也就是原始初民文学活动发生的过程,二者是相随而行的。恩格斯通过对摩尔根《古代社会》的研究,对原始艺术的产生作了如下的概括:“野蛮时代是学会经营畜牧业和农业的时期,是学会靠人类的活动来增加天然产物生产的方法的时期。文明时代是学会对天然产物进一步加工的时期,是真正工业和艺术产生的时期。”[28]从马克思恩格斯有关原始初民语言文字的发生、形成与文字书写作品的出现、艺术的产生的论述,人类文学活动的发生大体上应在摩尔根称之为野蛮时代向文明时代过渡的漫长历史过程之中。   马克思恩格斯虽然没有给后人留下关于艺术起源和文学活动发生问题的学术专著,仅从上面这些有关的观点和论述中,我们就可以从中得到很大的启示。马克思恩格斯的这些观点和论述,无疑为文学活动发生学的研究开辟了一个新局面。   三   马克思恩格斯之后,普列汉诺夫对文学活动发生学研究做出了新的贡献。他运用唯物史观多方面地研究了原始艺术,批判地吸取了格罗塞研究成果,在回答劳动与游戏何者在先、何者在后问题的同时,鲜明地提出了艺术发生与起源于劳动的观点。普列汉诺夫(1856-1918) 是俄国第一个马克思主义理论家、美学家和文艺理论家。他以书信的形式撰写的《没有地址的信〔1899-1900〕》是第一部以唯物史观研究文学艺术活动发生与起源的学术专著。难能可贵的是,普列汉诺夫是在生前并没有看到马克思的《1844年经济学哲学手稿》、关于人类学的笔记和恩格斯的《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》、《劳动在从猿到人的转变中的作用》以及马恩合著的《德意志意识形态》的情况下,通过自己的研究,在文学艺术起源的许多观点上,得出了与马克思恩格斯一致的结论。普列汉诺夫在文学活动发生学研究上的特殊贡献有以下几点:   第一,研究方法上的革命。在世界艺术史研究领域,普列汉诺夫是第一个自觉地将马克思创立的历史唯物主义原理运用于原始艺术研究的理论家。他在《没有地址的信》第一封信中写道:“在这里我毫不含糊地说,我对于艺术,就象对于一切社会现象一样,是从唯物史观的观点来观察的。”[29]普列汉诺夫创造性地阐发了历史唯物主义,他说:“从今以后,批评(更确切些说,美学的科学理论)只有依据唯物史观,才能够向前迈进。”[30]对于唯物史观原理,他作了具体阐发,提出了著名的社会结构“五层次”说,即:①生产力的状况;②被生产力所制约的经济关系;③在一定的经济“基础”上生长起来的社会政治制度;④一部分由经济直接所决定的,一部分由生长在经济上的全部社会政治制度所决定的社会中的人的心理;⑤反映这种心理特性的各种思想体系。[31]他把“社会心理”看作是艺术与社会生活关系的中介,认为要了解一个民族的思想史和艺术史,只知道它的经济是不够的,必须进一步研究社会心理。不研究社会心理,要想对艺术史进行历史唯物主义的解释是不可能的。普列汉诺夫运用唯物史观全面地审视了西方人类学家、考古学家和艺术史家关于文学艺术活动发生与起源的各种不同学说,批判了其中的唯心的、形而上学成分,吸取其有价值内容。普列汉诺夫在高度评价了达尔文做出的杰出贡献的同时,又实事求是地批评了研究文学活动发生学中的达尔文生物学的观点。在达尔文主义者看来,美感是人与动物所共有的,人的审美意识的发生是从动物哪里发展而来的。[32]普列汉诺夫认为,达尔文是把人类的起源当作物种的起源来看待的。历史唯物主义者研究的着眼点“恰恰开始于达尔文主义者的研究领域终结的地方。他们的工作不能替代达尔文主义者所给予我们的东西,同样地,达尔文主义者最光辉的发现也不能替代他们的研究,而只能为他们准备好基础”。[33]普氏认为,对美感的起源不能用生物学观点来解释,应以生产劳动实践为中心内容的社会学观点来解释。动物对色彩、光线、节奏的辨别能力,只是一种发展成美感的“可能性”,而不是现实性。而人的美感的产生,恰恰是人赖以生存的许多客观条件。“这就决定于他们在其影响下受教育、生活和行动的那些条件。人的本性使他能够有审美的趣味和概念。他周围的条件决定着这个可能性怎样转变为现实;这些条件说明了一定的社会的人(即一定的社会、一定的民族、一定的阶级)正是有着这些而非其他的审美趣味和概念。”[34]动物由于不可以有人通过生产劳动创造的生产力、生产关系等诸多的产生美感的条件,因此它们所具有的色彩、声响、节奏的感觉的可能性,也就不可能变为同人一样的现实性。   第二,“劳动说”的确立。普列汉诺夫在格罗塞《艺术的起源》研究的基础上,从游戏与劳动的关系何者在先何者在后的问题入手,运用唯物史观,提出了不同于“游戏说”、“巫术说”的“劳动说”。在格罗塞那里,已注意将艺术起源的研究与原始初民的生产方式联系起来。他说:“生产事业真是所谓一切文化形式的命根;它给予其他的文化因子以最深刻最不可抵抗的影响,……我们可以相当肯定地说,生产方式是最基本的文化现象,和它比较起来,一切其他文化现象都只是派生性的、次要的。”[35]但格罗塞的艺术史观留有二元论倾向,在谈到艺术活动发生的条件时,他又把“游戏说”的倡导者提出的“艺术冲动”看作是艺术活动发生的“首要条件”。格罗塞最终在历史唯物主义的门前止步了。普列汉诺夫正是在格罗塞提出的问题的基础上,提出了“劳动说”的主张。他认为,“解决劳动和游戏――或者也可以说,游戏和劳动――的关系问题,在阐明艺术的起源上极为重要的。”[36]他吸取了心理学家威廉·冯特关于“游戏是劳动的产儿”的观点,进一步指出:“我坚决地相信,如果我们不把握下面这个思想,那末我们将一点也不懂得原始艺术的历史:劳动先于艺术,总之,人最初是从功利观点来观察事物和现象,只是后来才站到审美的观点上来看待它们。”[37]普列汉诺夫研究了各种原始艺术产生的历史条件后指出:原始社会中,因为生活的需要迫使人去劳动,人在劳动中逐渐地把自己力量的实际使用看作是一种快乐。“游戏是由于要把力量的实际使用所引起的快乐再度体验一番的冲动而产生的。”[38]先民们的审美趣味,也总是“随着生产发展而发展的,因此,不论在这里和那里,审美趣味的状况总可以成为生产力状况的准确的标志。”[39]   对于普列汉诺夫提出和论证的“劳动说”的理由,学界也并非完全赞同。有的学者已经对他的关于先民最初从功利观点来看待事物、后来才站到审美观点上来的看法提出了质疑。认为这只说对了问题的一半。比如,原始初民在进行生产工具制作时,他们的创造活动。就显示出了两重性:一是他意识到自己活动的实用目的,二是他意识不到他的活动的美,意识不到他制作的工具已含有按照“美的规律”进行创造的因素。所以后人从原始的工具上感觉到的美,对于那些制造工具的原始人来讲还只是一种潜在的形态,只是一种具有必然性的无意识表现。“这就是问题的特殊性所在,也是它的实质所在。”[40]这一关键性的问题,普列汉诺夫并没有给以理论上的说明。   四   普列汉诺夫运用唯物史观研究原始艺术提出的“劳动说”,毕竟是具有开创性的,因而它在世界上产生了广泛的影响。在中国鲁迅接受马克思主义,开始就是从翻译普氏的《艺术论》(即《没有地址的信》)入手的。鲁迅认为,普列汉诺夫“是用马克斯主义的锄锹,掘通了文艺领域的第一个。”[41]他说:“蒲力汗诺夫也给马克斯主义艺术理论放下了基础。他的艺术论虽然还未能俨然成一个体系,但所遗留的含有方法和成果的著作,却不只作为后人研究的对象,也不愧称为建立马克斯主义艺术理论,社会学底美学的古典底文献的了。”[42]过去谈文学艺术的起源和发生,广为流传的是蒲氏的“劳动说”,提到鲁迅也仅是举出“杭育!杭育!”的一段话以印证“劳动说”的正确。实际上鲁迅对文学活动发生学的研究,既继承和借鉴了普列汉诺夫的方法与观点,批判地吸取“游戏说”、“巫术说”、“宗教说”和列夫·托尔斯泰提出的感情体验传达说中有价值的成分,又紧密地结合中国文学艺术发生、发展的实际,提出了富有中国特色的文学活动发生论的新观点。鲁迅的著作中涉及文学活动发生论的主要有《中国小说史略》、《中国小说的历史的变迁》、《汉文学史纲要》、《门外文谈》、《艺术论》中译本序等。综合鲁迅的观点,他对文学活动发生、起源的主张可概括为:“劳动―宗教(巫术)―休闲”论。最能代表他的观点的是下面一段话:   我想,在文艺作品发生的次序中,恐怕是诗歌在先,小说在后的。诗歌起源于劳动和宗教。其一,因劳动时,一面工作,一面唱歌,可以忘却劳苦,所以单从呼叫发展开去,直到发挥自己的心意和感情,并偕有自然的韵调;其二,是因为原始民族对于神明,渐因畏惧而生敬仰,于是歌颂其威灵,赞叹其功烈,也就成了诗歌的起源。至于小说,我以为倒是起于休息的。人在劳动时,既用歌吟以自娱,借它忘却劳苦了,则到休息时,亦必要寻一种事情以消遣闲暇。这种事情,就是彼此谈论故事,而这谈论故事,正就是小说的起源。--所以诗歌是韵文,从劳动时发生的;小说是散文,从休息时发生的。[43]   关于“劳动说”,鲁迅作的重要补充是文艺起源于劳动,要有条件,不能过度,进而引发出“劳动--休闲”说。他说:“劳动虽说是发生文艺的一个源头,但也有条件:就是不要过度。劳逸均适,或者小觉劳苦,才能发生种种的诗歌,略有余暇,就讲小说。假使劳动太多,休息时少,没有恢复疲劳的余裕,则眠食尚且不睱,更不必提什么文艺了。”[44]鲁迅讲的诗歌起源的第二个原因宗教,着重指的是巫术。他认为,“中国本来信鬼神的,而鬼神与人乃是隔离的,因欲人与鬼神交通,于是乎就有巫出来。”
2023-08-09 05:50:421

eclipse 中使用 git pull 后出现红色方块是什么意思

表示你拉取远程代码之后和本地代码出现了冲突
2023-08-09 05:50:431

财务咨询和会计事务所有什么不同?

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2023-08-09 05:50:441

各位贴吧大神,win10怎么激活

激活工具就行了,win10系统激活工具激活: 1、下载小马win10正式版激活工具KMS10(永久免费) 2、下载后运行并点击“一键永久激活Windows和Office”; 3、数秒钟后Win10正式版激活成功。 win10激活工具下载http://tieba.baidu.com/p/3965822018
2023-08-09 05:50:481

英文感谢信

  随着个人的素质不断提高,我们越来越经常使用感谢信,感谢信可以用来感谢和表扬帮助、支持、关心的人。如何写出一个充满真情实感的感谢信?下面是我收集整理的英文感谢信9篇,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。 英文感谢信 篇1 Dear Sue,   I am writing to express my heart felt gratitudeto you for your kindest help when I was involved in that terrible trafficaccident.   You saw how seriously I had been hurt when yourushed me to the hospital. I was hit from the back by a taxi and was thrownforward for at least three meters. Though I did not lose my consciousness, thesharp pain was really killing me. If it had not been for your timelyassistance, giving me first aid and sent me to hospital right away, I fear thatthe consequences might have been much more serious.   The doctor said that my wounds are healingquickly and that I would be able to stand up again in a week"s time. Inaddition, the taxi company has agreed to pay my hospital bills.   Anyway, everyone agrees that it was yourquick-witted response in this emergency that has led to this satisfactoryresult. I feel I owe you so much, so please accept my most sincere thanks.   Best wishes,   Ken 英文感谢信 篇2   Dear ms.grasso,   Thank you for interviewing me at credit technologies。 i was impressed with the pany and the type of banking services the corporation provides。   Your ments gave me a good understanding of the business and your expectations for the attorney you are seeking。 i am confident that my background and experience in banking law and my ability to analyze statutes and regulations in detail could be useful to credit technologies。   If you were to offer me this position, i believe that i could provide services that would meet the high standards of your corporation。   I look forward to talking again with you soon。   Very truly yours,   Richard t.amilton 英文感谢信 篇3 Dear Xiaolu,   I must write and thank for your having invited me to your home during this National Holiday.I am very grateful for the hospitality you and your family showed to me.Your hometown leaves a deep impression on me.I appreciated very much your efforts in making my stay as pleasant as possible.   Thanks again for everything you and your family have done for me! Please come to my home if you have time.   Your sincerely,   Xiao Do 英文感谢信 篇4   Your Name   Your Addre Name Your City, State, Zip Code   Your Phone Number Organization Your Email Addre Date (右上角) City, State, Zip Code   Dear First Name, (or Mr./Ms.Last Name if you don"t know them well)   Thank you for all the help you have given me with my job search.I especially   appreciate the information and advice you have provided, and the contacts you have shared with me.   Your aistance has been invaluable to me during this proce.Again, thank you so much.I greatly appreciate your generosity.Best Regards,   Yours sincerely, (signature) 英文感谢信 篇5 Dear Mr. Rogers,   It is my great pleasure to show my hearty thanks to you for your hospitality and   courtesy to me during my stay in London.   Originally I only wanted to call on you and gave my father"s regards to you, as it   had been three years since you and he last saw each other. But you insisted that I stay in your house during my visit in London and took good care of my life as if I were a family member of you instead of the daughter of one of your friends. You really added greatly to my convenience and pleasure of the whole trip.   Thank you again for your kindness and I hope that I will have the opportunity to return your charming hospitality.   Yours faithfully,   Wu Ting 英文感谢信 篇6   Dear Mrs. Gorden,   I"d like you to know how much the week at your lovely house meant to me. I not only enjoyed myself immensely, but also I felt relaxed a   nd refreshed as I haven"t felt for months.   Please give my love to Helen. It was so nice being with her again just like our old days together at school.   Many thanks to you and Mr. Gordon for asking me.   Sincerely yours,   Jean Brown 英文感谢信 篇7   He was such a happy dog when we got home. We knew he must have had lots of loving attention. When we picked up him from the kennel in your home he would whimper and carry on for hours.   Respected XX of XX   Greetings, I am writing this letter to thank you for your kind understanding of our moderate adjustments to our pricing policies. As you may have already known, the cost of the raw materials necessary to our production has moved up greatly in the last few years, and considering the fact that it is to the interests of both of our companies" that we maintain a cooperation relationship, we have been by far trying to supprethe rise of product prices as best we can. But with the recent increase of labor cost, it has become impossible for us to leave prices the way they were, and thus the new pricing policy. You have shown great understanding when we announced our new price list, and that is certain to help increase our future cooperation, once again you have my thanks on behalf of the whole company. You are very welcome to continue ordering our products, we look forward to in depth cooperation between our two companies. 英文感谢信 篇8 Dear Mr Life ,   Thank you for your last lesson in which you managed to teach me how to face the adversity bravely when there is no one to turn to .Yeah,it is just your very lesson that encourage me to try to keep optimistic and engtic.Thanks to it, I swear that henceforth seldom will I feel frustrated and bored no matter how tough and difficult the condition is .   A side from this lesson,there also exsit tens of thousands of reasons why i should show my gratefuiness to you .here,let me express my heartfelt appreciaton from the bottom of my brain.Beacause it is you who push me to treasure the every mintue ,every second in my life .do you still remember the unforgotable experience?it is in a cold morning in the winter ,you punished me heavily just because i failed to value my time .   And it it you who hoaxed me .thourgh this event ,I learned to be full of vigour and smile to every cheater.Just as Alexander Puskin put it : If by life you were daceived, don not be dismal ,dont be wild . in the day of grief , be mild . merry days will come ,believe. Heart is living in tomorrow ;present is dejected here, in a moment , please sorrow, that which passes will be dear.   Finally,I wish you may stay happy every day so as not to bother to disturb me with trouble.   Yours sincerely   A small patato in the world 英文感谢信 篇9 尊敬的丹麦工会领导:   尊敬的丹麦澳利威工会领导:   我代表烟台澳利威工会(以下简称我工会),首先向您们长期以来给予我们的及时有效帮助表示衷心的感谢。   当您们收到我工会的求援后,就立即开始找澳利威老板以及丹麦工厂的`有关负责人谈话,并找澳利威的客户予以施加压力,尤其是您们在北欧媒体上能公正客观揭露澳利威老板在中国的工厂打压迫害工会一事,希望迫使澳利威老板能遵守中国的法律,这都给澳利威老板带来极大的压力,也极大的声援和支持了我工会的正义*行为,并最终迫使澳利威老板做出了一定的让步,迫使烟台澳利威公司与我工会平等的坐在谈判桌上。   烟台澳利威公司已经做出了一点让步,已经把拖欠6工人的部分生活费和劳动保险合计2至3个月发放下来,这当然与6工人的合法要求远远不够,我工会将会继续采取相应的法律措施来继续追缴余下的大部分欠款。但这毕竟已经是取得了一个阶段性胜利,如果没有您们的帮助,我工会绝不会取得这一胜利的。   我工会非常羡慕贵国工会力量的强大,虽然我工会与您们相隔一万七千里,但却依然能给予我工会的有效帮助就充分的说明这一点   澳利威(烟台)电子有限公司工会委员会   顾问:张军   20xx年11月17日   I will like to inform you that last week the dismissed six collected a small part of our compensation claim, amounting to twoorthree months wages for each of them. In average it means around 1000 RMB each. This is still a long way from our original claim of one to two years wages. While refusing to give up our claim we decided to take the partial compensation first. We will continue to press the company to pay the rest of the compensation, in addition to continue to demand the return of the employment files of dismissed workers an various others legitimate claims.   The company"s partial concession is the result of your support to us, which is essential in bringing enough pressure on the company through media exposure, without which the company would not even considering the payment of this small sum of compensation to us. Allow me to thank you once again for your support. Though we are separated by more than ten thousand miles it has not stopped you from coming forward to offer help to us. We hope both sides can maintain contact from time to time.   Best wishes   Zhang Jun
2023-08-09 05:50:491

高中政治中历史唯物主义包括哪些知识

历史唯物主义、人生价值观 一、常考原理及方法论适用表述 (一)历史观(唯物史观) 1、社会存在与社会意识的辨证关系: ①社会存在决定社会意识,社会意识是对社会存在的反映. ②社会意识具有相对的独立性,对社会存在具有反作用.先进的社会意识可以预见社会发展的方向和趋势,对社会发展具有积极的推动作用,落后的社会意识对社会的发展具有阻碍作用. 2、两大基本规律的矛盾运动原理: (1)生产力决定生产关系,生产关系对生产力具有反作用.当生产关系适合生产力发展状况时,就会推动生产力的发展;反之,就会阻碍生产力的发展,这就是生产关系一定适合生产力发展状况的规律,要求我们改革和调整生产关系中与生产力发展不相适应的部分,使之与生产力发展水平相适应,从而促进我国生产力水平的提高. (2)经济基础决定上层建筑,上层建筑对经济基础具有反作用.当上层建筑适合经济基础状况时,就会促进经济基础的巩固和完善;反之,就会阻碍经济基础的发展和变革,这是上层建筑一定要适合经济基础发展的规律,要求我们改革和调整上层建筑中与经济基础不相适应的部分,使之与经济基础状况相适应,从而更好地为经济基础服务. 3、人民群众是历史的创造者原理: 人民群众是历史的创造者,人民群众是社会物质财富和精神财富的创造者,是社会变革的决定力量,要求我们坚持群众观点和群众路线. (二)价值观、人生观 4、价值观具有导向作用(价值观): 价值观对人们的行为具有重要的驱动、制约和导向作用(对人们认识世界和改造世界的活动有重要的导向作用;对人生道路的选择具有重要的导向作用),要求我们树立正确的价值观,作出正确的价值判断和价值选择. 5、作出正确的价值判断与价值选择,就必须坚持真理,遵循社会发展的客观规律,走历史的必由之路;自觉地站在最广大人民的立场上,把人民群众的利益作为最高的价值标准. 6、人的价值及其实现(价值观与人生观): 人的价值就在于创造价值,在于对社会的责任和贡献.(对一个人价值的评价主要看他对社会的贡献),要求我们(1)在劳动和奉献中创造价值,积极地投身到为人民服务的实践中去;(2)在个人与社会的统一中实现价值,充分利用社会提供的客观条件;(3)在砥砺自我中走向成功.①实现人生价值,需要充分发挥主观能动性,需要顽强拼搏、自强不息的精神;②实现人生价值,需要努力发展自己的才能,全面提高个人素质;③实现人生价值,需要有坚定的理想信念,需要正确的价值观的指导,需要克服拜金主义、享乐主义等错误思想和社会消极因素的冲击.
2023-08-09 05:50:491

Moore和Mealy型时序电路的本质区别是什么?

Moore型状态机的转向只取决于当前的状态,Meeley型不同。Moore型状态机的输出信号是直接由状态寄存器译码得到,而Mealy型状态机则是以现时的输入信号结合即将变成次态的现态,编码成输出信号Moore状态机的输出只与有限状态自动机的当前状态有关,与输入信号的当前值无关。Moore有限状态机在时钟CLOCK脉冲的有效边沿后的有限个门延后,输个出达到稳定值。即使在一时钟周期内输入信号发生变化,输出也会在一个完整的时钟周期内保持稳定值而不变。输入对输出的影响要到下一个时钟周期才能反映出来。Moore有限状态机最重要的特点就是将输入与输出信号隔离开来。
2023-08-09 05:50:532

会计师事务所 、 代理记账公司、 财务咨询公司,分别有什么区别呢

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2023-08-09 05:50:559

历史唯物主义的群众史观

人民群众是实践主体历史创造者。要求坚持群众观点走群众路线:1 从群众中来到群众中去2相信群众依靠群众3为群众利益奋斗
2023-08-09 05:50:212

英文感谢信

关于英文感谢信汇总七篇   随着人们自身素质提升,我们使用感谢信的情况越来越多,感谢信跟其他书信一样,也是表情达意的一种工具。还是对感谢信一筹莫展吗?以下是我收集整理的英文感谢信7篇,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。 英文感谢信 篇1 Hello, my parents!   Today I am writing to thank you for everything you have done for me in the past. First I want to thank you for taking the trouble to bring me up.   I know it is really difficult. Second I want to thank you for giving me so much encouragement especially when I am in trouble or depressed.You both giave me anything not only in spirit but also in physics.   You both spent not only much time but also much money on me .So you are great and generou.I am proud of you. I would like to be your child and I will try my best to live up to your expectations and to be a child that you would like me to be . I love you!   thank you!   给父母的英文感谢信【3】 Dear Mom and Dad,   Although we can keep in virtual touch every day by means of MSN or e-mails, I still feel it not enough to let you know how much I love you and how much Ive appreciated the things youve done for me. I find that it will never be too much to say Thank You to you, my beloved parents.   First, I want to thank you for making all your efforts to bring me up. I was told that you were short of money when I was born and it became even more difficult for a young couple to raise a child without any help from elder generation. So I appreciate your careful nursing very much for giving me a good health and the feeling of being loved.   Second, I want to thank you for your good education on me. There is an old saying goes like this Parents are the first teacher to their children. Yes, you are the typical ones. You were so strict with me that I told my kindergarten teacher of my wonder about whether I was the child of yours, not the one picked up from street. Touching on this soft spot deeply in my heart, vivid memories came flooding back. I wont forget the scene of my first and also the last lie found out by you. I couldnt stop trembling all over. I was ashamed to cry when you beat me. I thought I deserved this punishment and told myself to keep away from telling lies from then on.   I wont forget how much youve impressed on me to love books and reading. Even in the most difficult time, you still spared me some money for the books I was fond of. My love of books never diminished and later led me toward writing articles myself. So many times, I have felt a sense of content when I saw your smiling faces on reading my articles, good or bad. In fact, this graduated into one of my habits of sharing everything I achieved with you and feeling content with your smiles Im so foolish to try to write all the things youve done in my favor. If it is possible, this letter must be endless.   So, the most important thing that I want to say Thank you for is your great admiration on my own freedom. You never forced me to do anything I was not interested in, even you had already known that I would regret not doing it. You never forbade me to do anything I was truly interested in and supported me financially and mentally. You told me to look over the horizons and to pursuit my own dreams without hesitation. You also told me to consider everything carefully before getting start. Oh, wherever I go, I can see your eager eyes ; whenever I am, I can touch your genuine hearts. Youve been loving me heart and soul, how can I repay your marvelous love to me?   I really feel that my pen fails me when I am writing this thank you letter. Luckily, May holiday is coming. It will give me the most excellent opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to you----coming home and share more time together with you. Yours   Wang Minyuan 英文感谢信 篇2   Hi Mr.Wang.   I am very happy to hear from you. I really appreciate you arrangement and the time you took for my interview.   It was very enjoyable to speak with you and other engineers last Friday. The job position seems to be an excellent match for my professional skills and interests. It is my belief that my professional skills and background would prove to be a valuable asset to your company.   I am looking for a career that will utilize my extensive knowledge and current skills, while allowing me to grow and learn more working with an industry leader. After getting more infomation about XXX company and this job position, I believe this would be a successful match for both of us.   I am very interested in working for you and looking forward to hearing from you regarding the next step in the recruiting process.   Thanks & Best Regards   Sincerely yours,   Wang YH 英文感谢信 篇3   Dear Susan,   I"m glad to be your student, and I am very happy to learn the course I like best under your help.   English is an important tool, through which we can share it with the world. I treasure the chance of learning English, and I enjoy the happiness from this course.   This Thursday is Thanksgiving Day. On this special day, I want to express my deepest thanks to you!   Yours sincerely. 英文感谢信 篇4 dear______:   i am writing toextend my sincere gratitude for _________ (感谢的原因). if it had not been for yourassistance in ___________ (对方给你的具体帮助), i fear that i would havebeen_________(没有对方帮助时的.后果).every one agreesthat it was you who______________(给出细节).again, i would like to express my warmthanks to you! please accept my gratitude.   yours sincerely   你的姓名   extend [kstend]   vt. 延伸;扩大;   推广;伸出;给予;使竭尽全力;对?估价 vi. 延伸;扩大;伸展;使疏开   gratitude   n. 感谢(的心情);感激   assistance   n. 援助,帮助;辅助设备 英文感谢信 篇5   Dear **,   Thanks for your support to our company in the last year.   We really appreciate our cooperation.   and we hope we can continue our good business relationship and interactivity for the next year.   Sincerely,   **   **position   **company 英文感谢信 篇6 Dear Mr. Woods,   How are you doing these days/ How"s everything going these days?   It has been a year since I came back to China, but the exciting and wonderful days in America still stay fresh in my mind (记忆犹新,历历在目). I owe a lot of thanks to you/ I can"t thank you enough/ I really be grateful for your kindness during my stay in America/ I really appreciate being kindly treated while in America. Without your kindness and timely (及时的) help, my stay there would have been quite difficult . It is you that/ who have opened a new world to me and taught me to see the world from different perspectives (视野,角度), and to be grateful to people who once helped me. Never had I known a language could be taught and learned that way, which, up to this day, remains a guide to my English study and an inspiration for my future development.   I really hope you can visit China and come to my home someday/ I"m looking forward to your visiting China and I will host you sincerely   Best Wishes!   Yours,   Lihua 英文感谢信 篇7 Dear Saar,   I would like to thank you for interviewing me for the position of Communications Manager in STE Bank. I would specially like to express thanks for taking out the time to explain the job profile and the organizational structure in such detail.   After interacting with you, I am confident that my previous experience in Public Relations will enable me to execute the job responsibilities successfully. During the interview, I neglected to mention that I also have experience of handling crisis management, something that will be an asset to the organization in the current scenario.   I would love to have an opportunity to work in a reputed organization like STE Bank. A first class   Masters degree in Public Relations, with over 6 years experience in this industry, will help me execute the job responsibilities successfully. I will also be able to leverage my wide network of contacts to get more publicity for the organization.   I once again wish to thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to hearing from you regarding the interview.   Sincerely ,   KevDie ;
2023-08-09 05:50:171

表示道歉的英语

表示道歉的英语如下:1、I really must apologize for...我真得为……道歉。2、I am sorry for any inconvenience this may have caused you.我对由此给您带来的麻烦表示歉意。3、I would like to express my apologies for...我要为……表达我的歉意。4.、It is with great regret that...非常抱歉。5、I regret that I have caused you...我为给你造成的……道歉。6、I hope you will forgive me for...我希望你能就……之事原谅我。7、I am writing to apologize for...我为……之事写信道歉。8、I am writing to express my apology for...我为……之事特此写信表达歉意。9、Please accept my apology for...请接受我就……之事的道歉。10、My apologies for not being able to...我为未能……道歉。
2023-08-09 05:50:141

求关于Git使用过程当中本地远程版本不一致时候的PULL上传故障指导

<稳妥> 为了怕你担忧,稳妥起见,在本地commit的这个分支上,创建一个新的分支 temp, 如果合并或者推送出了其他问题,这个分支还在,就表示你做的工作成果还是在的,git checkout -b temp然后,你再把分支切回来git checkout master(如果你还是非常担心,你就把这个temp推送上去,就永远不会丢了)git push -u origin temp--- 注意: 重点来了----针对你的描述,我们需要做的是:拉取远端master的,自动和本地的master合并,然后,再提交上去。这里有两种情况①拉取的时候, 如果有冲突,就修改冲突,修改完以后再推送。完整命令:git pull origin【修改冲突代码】git add -A .git commit -am "提交说明"git push origim master②拉取的时候没有冲突,拉完后直接推送。完整命令:git pull origingit push origin master--------------------------------------在执行 git pull origin 后, 根据命令行里面的提示来判断有没有冲突
2023-08-09 05:50:142

马克思是如何建立“历史唯物主义”这个概念的?

脑残之后建立的
2023-08-09 05:50:144

摩尔的含义是什么。它是衡量什么的?

摩尔,旧称克分子、克原子,是国际单位制7个基本单位之一,表示物质的量,符号为mol。每1摩尔任何物质含有阿伏加德罗常数(约6.02×10^23)个微粒。使用摩尔时基本微粒应予指明,可以是原子、分子、离子及其他粒子,或这些粒子的特定组合体。
2023-08-09 05:50:132

德勤财务咨询具体干什么

1、财务组织架构建设和财务人员能力培养,增强财务组织的领导力和影响力2、对企业财务管理能力和潜在风险进行分析和诊断并提供改进方案3、加强管理会计职能,量化分析业务成果,为管理决策提供支持4、建立完善全面预算管理体系,确保达成经营目标5、建立健全内部控制风险防范体系,梳理分析业务流程6、通过税收筹划为企业创造价值7、营运资金效率分析与提升8、全价值链成本策略与控制9、ERP诊断与咨询10、信用控制体系建设与评估11、内部审计系统的建立与完善12、项目投资分析决策与评估管理13、出具专业管理评价报告及建议14、高层管理者财务能力养成与专业指导15、针对咨询内容的专项培训,推动咨询成果的转化与落地
2023-08-09 05:50:111

大众带字母是什么意思

据网上搜索,大众品牌的车标下面有字母的只有“辉腾”和“辉昂”两款车型。“辉腾”是大众的旗舰车型,在车尾的大众标志下面有一行字母PHAETON,辉腾是一款采用的纯手工打造的车型。顶级版本搭载一台6.0L的W12缸发动机,最便宜的版本落地价差不多要一百多万,最贵的辉腾落地将近300万了。“辉昂”在车尾的大众标志下面有一行字母PHIDEON,采用双离合变速箱在外形设计、内饰用料、配置等方面都让人无可挑剔,辉昂填补了辉腾的旗舰空缺,同时国产化之后的售价也会更加的亲民。
2023-08-09 05:50:118

英文感谢信

  在不断进步的时代,感谢信在现实生活中使用广泛,写感谢信的时候要注意感谢内容的完整。相信大家又在为写感谢信犯愁了吧!下面是我整理的英文感谢信6篇,欢迎阅读,希望大家能够喜欢。 英文感谢信 篇1 dear mr and mrs johnson,   i am wu gang.i have been backhome inchina.iam too eager to write a letter to you and your family the moment my feet hitthe land of china. in the past four years,you have treated me like yourown child,caring about my study and life. whenever i was in trouble,you were always giving me ahand.whenever i made progress,you were always sharing with me my joy.i am so grateful.thank youvery much.   over the four years,i have been well aware of thedifferences of family education between the two countries.for example,in china,our parents tend to doeverything for their children.in the usa,children are encouraged to develop working attitude andindependenceliving ability.   now i am making every effort to apply for ajob.welcome to china.if you come,i can act as a guide and you will enjoy yourselves.   best wishes!   yours,   wu gang 英文感谢信 篇2 Dear Mr. Rogers,   It is my great pleasure to show my hearty thanks to you for your hospitality and   courtesy to me during my stay in London.   Originally I only wanted to call on you and gave my father"s regards to you, as it   had been three years since you and he last saw each other. But you insisted that I stay in your house during my visit in London and took good care of my life as if I were a family member of you instead of the daughter of one of your friends. You really added greatly to my convenience and pleasure of the whole trip.   Thank you again for your kindness and I hope that I will have the opportunity to return your charming hospitality.   Yours faithfully,   Wu Ting 英文感谢信 篇3   Dear Dad and Mom:   Although we can only keep in touch with each other by the telephone or the Internet, I wish I could let you know how much I love you and how much I"ve appreciated the things you"ve done for me. It is never too much to say thank you to you, my dear parents.   First and the most important is that thank you for bringing me to this world. During the 20 years, you have done a lot for me, but I haven"t realized how much I love you until I left home to the university. I understand how much effort you have cost to bring me up. Now, I have grown up, I can look after you.   Second, I want to thank you that you give me a good environment to grow up. There is an old saying “Parents are the first teacher to their children”. In my life, you are the typical ones. Because of your good examples I formed the good habit of learning at an early age which benefits my life.   At last, I want to say “thank you” is that you always support my choice. You never forced me to do anything I was not interested in. You told me to pursuit my own dreams without hesitation and you would support me forever. You also told me to how to be a human. Now I become an optimistic and cheerful girl and I feel happy every day.   I really miss you when I am writing this thank you letter. I can"t wait to go home to share more time together with you.You are my most important people in the world and I will love you forever.   Yours,   XXX 英文感谢信 篇4 dear sirs:   thanks for your visit to our company,i hope our administrative model andproduct"s quality level have impressed you.   in xxx(此处替换成你公司所在城市),it is still hot these days,but it does not prevent your comming here,we were touched deeply and appreciated for your efforts and time.we believe that our joint efforts could lead to a fruitful cooperation.and your visit would be a hopeful start.   in fact,since XX,our company proceeded to extend business on european andamerican market.our products gained glory by its quality and our prompt and considerate service.so ,we hope we could serve you similarly to gain benefits forboth of us.action speaks louder than speak,we are looking forward to our in-deapthcooperation,we believe that our establishing relation will be lead to a bright and hopeful future. again,thanks for your visit and efforts.if any question or further information about us,pls do not hesitate to contact with us,for your convenience,following is   our contact methods:   此处写你联系方式   looking forward to your prompt reply ,thank you .   yours faithfull 英文感谢信 篇5 dear parents,   now i know clearly that you both are expecting me anxiously. i can say nothing but thanks to you both on this special occasion, because words have failed me when i want to express my thanks to you both for the loving care you have shown for me, especially since i went to senior three. these days i have be   en studying hard and have made some progress. and everything has got along well with my college entrance examination. i have performed my ability in this exam. i hope you both can set your mind at rest.   after this exam, i intend to help you do some housework which i have seldom done before. and i also mean to learn to cook in order to prepare a dinner for you both in person.   my dear parents, everything is going on well with me and do have a rest!   Dear Dad:   Today is father"s day, for so many years I"ve been seekig a way to express my heartfelt thanks for all you have done for me. Here comes it!   Thank you for always being there sharing my life when I need you most. Whenever I encounter difficulties, I never feel alone and vulnerable, because you will keep me on the right path. I"m blessed to have you.   Thank you for offering me education and teaching me how to be a man. You always inspire me not by words, but by what you have done! Your efforts in the work, your loyalty to your friends, your responsibility for the family and your persistence in the life have already set me good examples in my own life.   Thank you for always appreciating my work, no matter how tiny it is! You have made me realize that it"s capacity not scores that really counts.   Dad, I love you and I will love you forever!   Yours beloved, 英文感谢信 篇6   I am writing this to express my sincere gratitude to your kindness.It is very nice of you to pay a visit when I stayed in hospital,I felt warm and relieved when I saw you.I attribute my quick recovery to your care.I wish to keep our friendship forever!   Thanks again and take care!   Yours,   XX   
2023-08-09 05:50:091

git push 之前忘记 git pull,已经commit了怎么办

push之前忘记pull会产生一个后果,就是你现在再push会产生冲突(错误提示大概是线上版本和本地版本不同步,需要合并),push失败。然后你需要pull下来,merge,然后后会提示冲突,然后解决完冲突,再push。当然如果是个人的小项目,确认没问题,也可以加 -f 强制提交。后果是强制覆盖线上版本(多人协作千万不要这样用!多人协作千万不要这样用!多人协作千万不要这样用!)
2023-08-09 05:50:051

历史唯物主义对人类社会历史是如何认识的?

以研究社会发展的一般规律为对象,揭示社会发展的客观规律、关于社会发展一般规律的科学论述的学说,称为历史唯物主义,也称为唯物史观,由马克思、恩格斯共同研究与创造的。 研究社会发展的规律,要把一般规律和特殊规律区分开来:一般规律是在一切社会形态都普遍发生作用的规律;特殊规律首先是指某些社会形态中长期起作用的规律,此外还包括只在某一社会形态中起作用的规律,以及在社会生活中各个不同领域中起作用的规律。这类特殊规律也可叫个别规律,它们不是历史唯物主义的研究对象,而是各门社会科学的研究对象。历史唯物主义和各门具体社会科学的关系,也是既联系又相互区别、相互作用的。 历史唯物主义是唯一科学的社会历史观,它的创立是科学思想中的最大成果,是社会历史观的一场深刻革命。 在马克思主义产生以前,唯物主义的自然观早已存在并不断发展着,但是在社会历史领域中,虽然已产生了历史唯物主义的思想萌芽,可总的来说,对社会历史的认识,人们却长期陷入混乱之中,对社会历史未作出科学的解释,唯物史观一直未建立起来。 历史唯物主义在社会历史观上所实现的变革,最根本的就在于它第一次正确解决了社会历史观的基本问题,即社会存在和社会意识的关系问题。马克思指出:不是人们的社会意识决定人们的社会存在,相反,正是人们的社会存在决定人们的社会意识。这是唯物史观的基本原理。同时,马克思主义在阐述这一原理时又指出,社会意识对社会存在又具有能动的反作用。这在理论上和实践上都具有重要意义: 首先,社会存在决定社会意识原理的制定,唯物史观的形成,彻底克服了旧的社会历史理论的根本缺陷,结束了唯心史观长期独占的统治地位,从根本上宣告了唯心史观的破产。这是马克思主义对社会历史观的划时代的贡献。这样,过去对社会历史所持的极其混乱的、片面和武断的见解,为一种极其严密的科学所代替,使社会历史理论第一次成为真正的科学。从此,人们不仅有了从总体上认识社会历史及其一般规律的科学历史观,而且有了指导具体社会科学研究的科学方法论。 其次,历史唯物主义克服了以往唯物哲学的不彻底性,使它飞跃、发展为彻底的、完备的唯物主义。马克思主义以前的唯物主义是半截子唯物主义,即在自然观上的唯物而在社会历史观上的唯心主义。唯物史观的创立,使哲学唯物主义的发展发生了巨大的飞跃,从此形成了彻底唯物主义的世界观。这就是以唯物论和辨证法、自然观和历史观相统一的马克思主义哲学。这集中地体现在辨证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的不可分割的联系中,这个由一块钢铁铸成的马克思主义哲学,正是以存在决定意识这个唯物主义的一般原理和社会存在决定社会意识这个历史唯物主义的原理为其思想基础的。这两个原理的内在统一,正是辨证唯物主义和历史唯物主义之间,以及马克思主义哲学各组成部分,各原理之间相互贯通、相互补充的中心线索。 第三,唯物史观和剩余价值学说一起,使社会主义从空想变成了科学,这是历史唯物主义最富于革命实践意义的伟大贡献。唯物史观和剩余价值学说是马克思主义的两个伟大发现。唯物史观的发现揭示了社会发展的一般规律,在分析资本主义的经济关系、社会矛盾的基础上,指明了资本主义灭亡的不可避免性,社会主义、共产主义胜利的必然性。 因此,历史唯物主义是科学社会主义的理论基础,它不仅胜利地指导了过去,而且也是指导我们在社会主义初期阶段进行改革开放的理论依据。 相互交流。
2023-08-09 05:50:053

摩尔是谁?

黛咪.莫尔:一个歌手
2023-08-09 05:50:043

英语中的“很抱歉”怎么说?

很抱歉I"m sorry常见释义英[aɪm ˈsɒri]美[aɪm ˈsɑːri]例句很抱歉,我并没有说教的意思。I"m sorry, I didn"t mean to preach.
2023-08-09 05:50:011

怎样用c#从gitlab pull代码

拉取远程仓库:$ git pull [remoteName] [localBranchName]git pull:从其他的版本库(既可以是远程的也可以是本地的)将代码更新到本地,例如:"git pull origin master"就是将origin这个版本库的代码更新到本地的master主枝,该功能类似于SVN的update
2023-08-09 05:49:582