一家人的英语是什么 一家人的英语怎么写

1. 我的家人英语作文80左右单词 My Family Everyone has a family. We live in it and feel very warm. There are three persons in my family, my mother, father and I. We live together very happily and there are many interesting stories about my family. My father is a hard-working man. He works as a doctor. He always tries his best to help every, patient and make patients fortable. But soimes he works so hard that he can"t remember the date. My mother is a woman with a bad memory. She always does a lot of housework, but sometimes she makes mistakes out of carelessness. For example, one day, she washed clothes in the washer, after the washer finished the work, she found she hadn"t filled the washer with water. Now let me tell you a funny thing: one day, father wanted to get up early as usual, buthe wasn"t able to do that, because he hadn"t set the alarm clock the night before, so when he got up, he did everything in a hurry. After father left, mother said to me mysteriously, "He will e back soon." "Why?" I was greatly surprised. "Because today is Sunday, his holiday!" Just as mother said, father came back home soon, and went to bed again--he was too tired. You see, what an interesting family have! I hope that you will have one like mine, too. 我的家庭 每个人都有家。 我们大家生活在那里，并从那里获取温暖。我们家有三口人，我妈妈、爸爸，还有我。 我们在一起幸福地生活，我们家有许多有趣的故事。 我爸爸工作认真。 他是一名医生，他总是尽他最大的努力 去帮助每一位病人，尽力使他们感觉舒服。有的时候，他工作太认真以致于忘了日期。 我妈妈是一位记性很不好的人。她总是做很多家务活，但有时却因为她的粗心而做错事。 比如说，有一天，她用洗衣机洗衣服，最后却发现自己忘了在洗衣机中放水。现在让我告诉你一件有趣的事：一天，爸爸想像平常一样早起，但是由于他前天没有设置闹钟，所以他起晚了，当他起床时，他匆匆忙忙地洗漱完毕就去上班了，爸爸离开后，妈妈神秘地对我说：“他一会儿一定会回来的。” “为什么？”我十分惊讶。“因为今天是星期天，他的假日。” 妈妈正说着的时候，不一会儿，爸爸就回来了，并且再一次上床睡觉了——因为他太累了。 你瞧，多么有趣的家庭！我希望你也有一个像我一样的家庭。 2. 介绍我的家人英语作文 I live with every day and their families, very lively My father:41-year-old. Is full of passion, he often point to things on the excitement, but very gentle personality. My mother: Forty-year-old. I highly respect her, but she will be able to see through, I have a mind of the terrible ability oh I: Fourteen-year-old. The beginning of puberty, which is in the eyes of most *** s would give rise to problems of the age. In short - I am a ghost crying. Is a special feeling rich, very simply, that the gas on gas, joking *** ile on people My big sister: Twelve-year-old. The younger sister in school or on the very character admit defeat. Recently, however, like a lot of convergence. My Dadi: Eleven-year-old. He is a terrorist Jiepi the little devil. To this kid, I sometimes had to play his brother. For example, his biological parents as a *** all black love (my dog). My younger brother: 20-year-old. Abnormal rich imagination, not only do a little bit. My young girl: Two-year-old. She has her mother"s and father"s hair looks - especially the eyes, like the 8:20 point of view - very cute. This is my family and I are very lovely family. Fourteen-year-old, the future is what I am looking forward to! My youth has just begun! 3. 【myfamily初一英语作文80词初一】 My family I have a happy family.My family have five poeple:grandpa,grandma,father,mother,and me.My grandparents live in countryside.They have six rooms.The room is big.There are o apple in the ground.They have sixteen goats and three cows.The goat is white.The cow is yellow.They are healthy.My parents and me live in city.My father is a worker.His work is hard.My mother is a high school"s Chinese teacher,She take bicycle go to work at seven"clock.In the afternoon,she doesn"t go home.In the evening,she make supper.The food is delicious.I am a student.I have Chinese,math and English everyday.That is boring.I have many friends.After class,I play with my friends.We are tried,but we are very happy.I love my family译文：我的家庭我有一个幸福的家庭.我的家庭有五口人：爷爷，奶奶，爸爸，妈妈，和我.我的祖父母住在农村.他们有六个房间.这个房间很大.地面上有两个苹果.他们有十六头山羊和三头牛.羊是白色的.牛是黄色的.他们是健康的.我的父母和我住在城市.我的爸爸是一个工人.他的工作是很难的.我的妈妈是一个中学的语文老师，她骑自行车去上班seven"clock.在下午，她不回家.在晚上，她做晚饭.饭菜好吃.我是学生我有语文，数学和英语.这是无聊的.我有很多朋友.下课后，我和我的朋友玩.我们都试过了，但我们很开心.我爱我的家庭。 4. 我的家人英语作文翻译 This is my family. There are four people in my family. My grandmother, my father, my mother and me. My grandmother has short white hair. She looks very nice. My father has short black hair and *** all eyes. He looks very fat, so I often call him “fat man”. He works at a factory. My mother works at a L.D.T. My mother has long black hair. She likes sports and traveling, so I often go on sports with my mother. On holidays my family often go to travel. I study at Guiyuan Primary School. We are very happy. 这是我的家. 有4人在家里. 奶奶、爸爸、妈妈和我.奶奶短白发. 她看起来很漂亮. 爸爸小眼睛，短黑发. 他看起来很肥，所以我常常称呼他为"肥人". 他在一家工厂工作. 妈妈在工程船名妈妈早已黑发. 喜欢运动和旅游，所以经常去体育与妈妈. 假日经常到我家旅行. 我念小学的同志. 我们感到非常高兴。 5. 我的家庭 英语作文

hello everyone! today, i want to talk about my family.i am the youngest in my family.i have two brothers and two sisters.so,i am in a very big family.my perants are too busy,they always busy evry single day.so i play with my sweet brothers and sisters.my oldest borather JONE,his is a tall man,tall and thin.he loves to play baskitball a lot.and the other one,names ALIX,his a hamsome man,a lot a girls loves him,but he didnt have any girl friend yet.he likes to listion to the music the best.ok,let talk about my sisters.the oldest one is very mean. she alway get mad,she dislike evrything,but she loves culor pink,if you send her pink gift,she will be very happy.the second sister,she is very queit,she loves to read.i love my family.and hope you will enjoy you famliy too!

你要干嘛。

Myfamilygoforawal

家人英语的单词

4，加油U0001f4aaU0001f4aa，没有e，是 啊

家人family

　　1、亲戚：relative 2、爸爸：father 3、妈妈：mother 4、爷爷：grandpa 5、奶奶：grandma 6、叔叔：uncle 7、阿姨：aunt 8、哥哥：brother 9、弟弟：brother 10、姐姐：sister 11、儿子：son 12、女儿：daughter 13、妻子：femme 14、丈夫：husband 15、妹妹：sister 16、表兄：cousin 17、侄儿：nephew 18、孙子：grandson 19、孙女：granddaughter

我家里有父母，我的父亲是一个老师，也是一个非常好的老师，我的母亲是一个很善良，很友好的人。I have parents,my father is a teacher,he is a very good teacher,my mother is a very kind people,very friendly.

1. 我的家人英语作文,50个词以上 This is my family . there are ----people in my family .they are ------.l often go shopping with my mother . she sometimes buy a cake for me. l usually go swimming with my father .l like to swim very much.my father likes each other .we are happy!。 2. 写一篇关于家人的英语作文 There are three people in my family .My father ,my mother and me , My father is a teacher . He is very tall and has black hair .My mother is a worker .She is tall ,too . She has long brown hair and she looks very beautiful .I am a boy /girl student .I am in Grade Seven .In my family ,my mother is the busiest .She gets up earliest and she cooks for us every day and does all housework .So I like her best .。 3. 写一篇关于你的家人的英语作文,不少于60词 my home is not far away from my school. so i often ride to school. when it rains, i will take a bus to school. my father works in the hospital. it is a bit far. so he drives to work every day. it takes him about 40 minutes to go to work by car. my mother works in a bank. it is very far from home. she usually takes a subway to work.。 4. 介绍自己家人的英语作文 There are four people in my family . My father"s name is Jeff. My mother"s name is Doris, My sister is 19 years old. Her name is Anna. My name is Bella. I am elve years old. I like my family very much! 下次记得给回答你的问题的人一些悬赏分，不然是不会有人给你发答案的！ 我家有四口人。我爸爸叫Jeff，我妈妈叫Doris我姐姐19岁了，她叫Anna，我叫Bella。我12岁了，我非常爱我的家人！ 5. 我的家人英语作文8句 My family I have a happy family. There are three people in my family, my mom, dad and me. My father is a math teacher, and he teachs in a middle school near my home. He doesn"t like going to movies and watching TV at home, but he likes reading newspaper day by day. My mother is a a nurse, and she works in a hospital. She has a lot of good habits, such as eating fresh vegetables, drinking milk and doing exercise every day. She always says it"s good for her to keep young and it can make her relaxed. Now, I"d like to introduce myself. I am a shy and funny boy. I am good at sports and does well in football. But I am not good at studying my lessons, so I need do my best in my lessons from now. I believe I can do my lessons well in the near future. I love my family. My parents love me, too. 希望帮助到你，若有疑问，可以追问~~~ 祝你学习进步，更上一层楼！（*^__^*） 6. 我要一篇英语作文写家人的 There are four people in my family,my parents,my bother and I.My family is pretty good. I"m really happy. My brother is shy and funny. He is good at sports and does well in volleyball.But he hates studying and his grades are bad. He like telling jokes. He always plays jokes on his friends and my family, and always makes us laugh. My father is a doctor. He works in a hospital of Sanya. He doesn"t like watching TV, but he likes reading newspaper and read it every night. My mother is a waitress. She works in a restaurant. She has good habits. She likes eating vegetables and drinking milk every day. But I don"t like milk. It is awful. She likes watching Beijing Opera at free time. She says it"s good for her to keep young and it can make her relaxed. My families are always doing what is best for me.They are always on my side. I love each person in my family. I love my sweet warm home. 我的家有4个人：我的父母，我的哥哥，和我.我的家庭很棒，我很快乐. 我的哥哥害羞而有趣.他很擅长运动并且在排球运动上犹为突出.但他不喜欢学习并且成绩不好.他喜欢讲笑话，经常和朋友和家人开玩笑并且总能使我们发笑. 我的父亲是一位医生.他在三亚的一家医院工作.他不喜欢看电视，但他很喜欢看报纸并且总是看到很晚. 我的母亲是一位侍者.她在一家餐厅工作.她有良好的习惯.她喜欢每天吃蔬菜和喝牛奶，但我不喜欢牛奶，它遭透了.空闲时间她喜欢看京剧，她说那有利于她保持年轻并且可以使她放松. 我的家人总是做一切对我有利的事.他们总是站在我这边. 我喜欢我的每一个家庭成员，我喜欢这个温暖的家.。 7. 【共五篇英语作文myfamily/study/hobby/favouritesports（满意者追加分 1.My Family There are three people in my family,my father,my mother and I.My father is a engineer,my mother is a nurse.I am a middle school student.I"m 15 years old.I study hard.2.My studyI have a good study in my house.It"s not big but fortable.I like it.There is a book-self and a puter in it.Everyday when I from school,I do some reading and do my homework in it.3.My hobbies I have many hobbies.They are swimming,football and puters and so on.I usually play football after school.In summer I often go swimming.I often play puter games at the weekend.I am very happy.4.My favourite sport My favourite sport is football.It"s very interesting.I play it everyday.It can make me strong.I often play it with my friend Tom.。

My Family　　Everyone has a family. We live in it and feel very warm. There are three persons in my family, my mother, father and I. We live together very happily and there are many interesting stories about my family.　　My father is a hard-working man. He works as a doctor. He always tries his best to help every, patient and make patients comfortable. But sonetimes he works so hard that he can"t remember the date.　　My mother is a woman with a bad memory. She always does a lot of housework, but sometimes she makes mistakes out of carelessness. For example, one day, she washed clothes in the washer, after the washer finished the work, she found she hadn"t filled the washer with water.　　Now let me tell you a funny thing: one day, father wanted to get up early as usual, buthe wasn"t able to do that, because he hadn"t set the alarm clock the night before, so when he got up, he did everything in a hurry. After father left, mother said to me mysteriously, "He will come back soon." "Why?" I was greatly surprised. "Because today is Sunday, his holiday!" Just as mother said, father came back home soon, and went to bed again--he was too tired.　　You see, what an interesting family have! I hope that you will have one like mine, too.　　我的家庭　　每个人都有家。我们大家生活在那里，并从那里获取温暖。我们家有三口人，我妈妈、爸爸，还有我。我们在一起幸福地生活，我们家有许多有趣的故事。　　我爸爸工作认真。他是一名医生，他总是尽他最大的努力 去帮助每一位病人，尽力使他们感觉舒服。有的时候，他工作太认真以致于忘了日期。　　我妈妈是一位记性很不好的人。她总是做很多家务活，但有时却因为她的粗心而做错事。比如说，有一天，她用洗衣机洗衣服，最后却发现自己忘了在洗衣机中放水。现在让我告诉你一件有趣的事：一天，爸爸想像平常一样早起，但是由于他前天没有设置闹钟，所以他起晚了，当他起床时，他匆匆忙忙地洗漱完毕就去上班了，爸爸离开后，妈妈神秘地对我说：“他一会儿一定会回来的。”“为什么?”我十分惊讶。“因为今天是星期天，他的假日。”妈妈正说着的时候，不一会儿，爸爸就回来了，并且再一次上床睡觉了——因为他太累了。　　你瞧，多么有趣的家庭!我希望你也有一个像我一样的家庭。望采纳

要求1.描述家长的特别之处2.描写自己对家想法3.结尾欢迎大家来做客。

Family reunification

father--爸爸grandfather/grandmother--爷爷奶奶/姥姥姥爷aunt/uncle--姑姑婶婶/叔叔舅舅sister--姐妹brother--兄弟malecousin--表兄弟niece/nephew--侄女/侄子------常用的就这么多o(∩_∩)o...

这个还是要靠自己，考试时不可能有人帮你的

family的复数是families，至多个家庭家人的复数可以用familymembers表示望采纳

写作思路：1.可以介绍家庭成员的年龄、外貌等。例句1:My mother is 37 years old.我的妈妈37岁了。例句2:My grandpa is over 60 years old.我的爷爷60多岁了。例句3:My sister is three years older than me.我的姐姐比我大3岁。例句4:My sister is tall and thin.我的姐姐又高又瘦。例句5:My father wears a pair of glasses.我的爸爸戴着一副眼镜。例句6:My brother is very handsome.我的哥哥很帅。2.可以介绍家庭成员的职业。例句1:My mother is a teacher.我的妈妈是一位老师。例句2:My father is a driver.我的爸爸是一个司机。例句3:My father works in a factory.我的爸爸在一家工厂上班。例句4:My grandpa is a retired policeman.我的爷爷是一名退休警察。3.可以介绍家庭成员的兴趣爱好、习惯等。例句1:My brother likes playing football.我的哥哥喜欢踢足球。例句2:My grandmother likes dancing.我的奶奶喜欢跳舞。例句3:My father always gets up very early in the morning.我的爸爸总是早晨很早起床。例句4:My grandpa often takes me to the park.我的爷爷经常带我去公园。

　　父母=parents(父母是2个人，所以要加复数s) 　　亲生父母=birth parents 　　爸爸=father=dad=papa 　　妈妈=mother=mom=mama 　　儿子=son 　　女儿=daughter 　　兄弟姐妹=siblings(一般说兄弟姐妹时不只1个人，所以要加复数s) 　　兄弟=brother 　　姐妹=sister 　　哥哥=older brother=elder brother 　　姐姐=older sister=elder sister 　　弟弟=younger brother=little brother 　　妹妹=younger sister=little sister 　　丈夫=husband 　　妻子=wife 　　近亲 　　舅舅/叔叔/伯父=uncle 　　姨妈/姑姑=aunt 　　堂兄弟姐妹/表兄弟姐妹=cousin 　　侄女/外甥女=niece 　　侄子/外甥=nephew 　　姑妈=aunt on my father"s side 　　姨妈=aunt on my mother"s side 　　舅舅=uncle on my mother"s side 　　叔叔/伯父=uncle on my father"s side 　　长辈 　　祖父母/外祖父母=grandparents 　　外公(姥爷)/爷爷=grandfather=granddad=grandpa 　　外婆(姥姥)/奶奶=grandmother=grandma=granny 　　孙子/孙女/外孙/外孙女=grandchild 　　孙子/外孙=grandson 　　孙女/外孙女=granddaughter 　　长辈的长辈，记住前缀-great，长一辈就加一个-great 　　曾祖父/曾外公=great-grandfather(爸妈的爷爷/姥爷) 　　曾祖母/曾外祖母=great-grandmother 　　曾曾祖父/曾曾外祖父=great-great-grandfather 　　曾孙/曾外孙=great-grandson 　　曾孙女/曾外孙女=great-granddaughter 　　爸妈的姨妈/姑妈/舅妈/婶婶=great-aunt 　　爸妈的舅舅/叔叔/姨夫/姑父=great-uncle 　　因为结婚才有的亲戚，注意后缀in-law 　　弟妹/嫂子/大姑/小姑=sister-in-law 　　大舅子/小舅子/大伯/小叔=brother-in-law 　　婆婆/岳母=mother-in-law 　　公公/岳父=father-in-law 　　女婿=son-in-law 　　儿媳=daughter-in-law 　　公众号：墨尔本英语学习

问题一：一家人的英文怎么写 All family 问题二：一家人（用英语翻译） The whole family 问题三：一家人的英语怎么写 一家人 [词典] all of the same family; one family; household; [电影] En Familie; [例句]咱们是一家人。 We are of the same family. 问题四：一家人 英语怎么写 一家人 a family 我们是一家人：We are a family. 问题五：我的一家人英语翻译 My families 问题六：幸福的一家人用英文怎么写 happiness family 问题七：Jones一家人 用英文怎么表达 the joneses 这里用the +姓氏的复数表示“。。。。一家” 问题八：我们一家人在一起吃饭 英语怎么写 We have a family to eat together

来哥教你。Currently I live together with my parents. My father is a hard-working and honest employee of the local government taking charge of human resources. During the week I can never enjoy meals with him because he is such a busy man that he always leave home in the morning before I get up and come home late at night when I have already fell asleep. My mom, instead of being surrounded by all kinds works, relavtively has more free time compared with my dad. She is actually a homemaker taking care of me and my dear dad, and sometimes she can even help me to solve some of the academic problems which I have much difficulty tackling with.

family 多层含义。个体名词表示家庭、家族、动植物的科，集合名词表示全家人、动植物的种群、家庭中的子女。

我的家人 My FamiliesI live in lovely family. There are three people in my family, my parents and I. My father is a policeman. He works in the police station of my city. He is always busy with his work and he has business trips often. Sometimes, he would tell something about his job to me. Of course, they are not the dangerous ones. My mother is teacher of a primary school. She teaches math and she was once my teacher, too. She is always kind and patient to her students. Luckily, she doesn"t have to work overtime, so that she has enough time to take good care of me. I am very thankful to my parents and I love them very much.如果您认可我的答案，请采纳。您的采纳，是我答题的动力，O(∩_∩)O谢谢

I am sorry

在经济学中，moore值也称moore结构值，是反映就业结构的变化和产业结构演进相关性的指标。 许多学者利用Moore结构值来研究产业结构演变问题，并考察三个产业不同时期就业结构的变动情况。PS：你看看产业经济学即可，moore值是有计算公式的。

精选英文感谢信模板汇总六篇 　　在现实生活中，越来越多人都去使用感谢信，感谢信是我们用来表达谢意的信件。相信大家又在为写感谢信犯愁了吧！以下是我整理的英文感谢信6篇，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。 英文感谢信 篇1 Dear Sir/Madam 　　I am writing this letter to thank you for you warm hospitality accorded to me and my delegation during our recent visit in the United States. I would also like to thank you for your discussion with me which I have found very informative and useful. 　　During the entire visit, my delegation and I were overwhelmed by the enthusiasm and profession expressed by your business representatives on cooperation with ( ) . I sincerely hope we could have more exchanges like this one when we would be able to continue our interesting discussion, and explore the possibility of bilateral cooperation and hopefully we can establish long-term strategic partnership. 　　I would like to invite you to , and to accept the offer to visite our ( ).I am looking forward to our next meeting at your earliest convenience. 　　With kind personal regards, 　　Faithfully yours, 　　Eva 英文感谢信 篇2 　　i am writing to extend my sincere gratitude for...i am writing to express my thanks for... 　　i am writing to show my sincere appreciation for...i would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for... 　　i feel deeply indebted to you and i really dont know how to thank you enough for your help. 　　感谢信结尾段常用句式和套话 　　i must thank you again for your generous help.i am most grateful for your selfless donation. 　　my true gratitude is beyond the words description.i feel most obliged to thank you once more.please accept my gratitude, now and always.★例： 　　directions: 　　after being involved in an accident, you were looked after by another person. write a letter: 　　1) mentioning what happened in the accident, 　　2) telling the person about your recovery, and 　　3) expressing your thanks. 　　you should write with no less than 100 words on answer sheet 2. do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. use li ming instead. you do not need to write the address. 　　范文： 　　dear john, 　　i am writing to thank you for looking after me after that unfortunate accident the other day, when i was knocked off my bike by a taxi. if it had not been for your assistance in giving me first aid and taking me to a nearby hospital, i fear that the consequences might have been much more serious 　　dear staff， 　　abundant thanks to each one of you for your patience, expertise and genuine concern. it was you who helped me believe in myself and gave me assurance that i could walk again. i would never forget each word you said to me and the things you have done to me. forgive me for the times i lashed out at you in frustration and thank you for understanding and remaining firm with me. 　　never stop your beautiful way of working with people. your help really means a lot to me and anyone who in trouble as well. 　　affectionately, 　　wang fang 　　译文 　　亲爱的全体工作人员： 　　我写这封信是为了表达我对你们的真诚感谢。现在我又可以一个人在家了，我真的非常高兴。我在康复中心接受你们的关照时，就已经决心只要一有时间就给你们写感谢信了。对于你们每个人的耐心、专业精神和关心我表示深深地感谢。是你们使我相信自己能够站着走路。你们说的每一句话、做过的每一件事我都不会忘记。请原谅我在受挫时对你们大发脾气，谢谢你们的.理解和对我的严格要求。 　　继续你们美丽的事业吧。你们的帮助对于我和其他需要帮助的人来说有着非常重要的意义。 　　你们的朋友： 　　王芳 英文感谢信 篇3 　　Sep.6,xxx 　　Dear Mr. John, 　　I am writing to show my thanks to you. You tutored 　　me in my spoken English before you went to Beijing.With your help I made such rapid progress that I won thefirst place in the Spoken English Competition of the city.My achievement is owed to your help. Thank you very mueh. 　　How are things going with you in Beijing? I haveheard that you and your wife will pay a visit to my schoolwhen you are back. I am very glad at the news. In thatcase we can see each other again. I am looking forward toyour coming. 　　I am sending you a telehcope as a small gift. I hope 　　you will like it. 　　All the best! 　　Yours,Li Yuan 英文感谢信 篇4 　　My dearest Mother， 　　The mother‘s day is ing and I would like to say "Happy mother‘s day" in this letter。 I love you and thank you so much for everything you did for me。 This day， I will stay away and can‘t give you my appreciation at home。 I know I will watch myself， so don‘t worry about me。 I am doing very well on my study。 My schoolmates and teachers are all very nice。 Though I can‘t be at home， I hope you have a wonderful mother‘s day。 　　Love， 　　Your son 英文感谢信 篇5 Dear cjassmates 　　thanks for all you help I didn"t know the schoom rules very well.Lucy and lily_______________ 　　November 29, 20xx 　　Tianjin, China 英文感谢信 篇6 　　8 Jan, 20xx 　　Dear Zhang Li, I＇m sending you this short letter of thanks with a small present, which I hope you will like. 　　Thank you very much for helping my father last Sunday,when he broke his legs on the stairs. My father told me that he had fallen and hurt his leg badly. He could not get up or walk. Then you came to help him. You called a taxi for my father, and took him to the nearest hospital. When the doctor told you my father s leg was broken, you phoned me and told me what had happened. My father is already much better now. He will have to stay in hospital for another week, and then he can come home. 　　Once again, my parents and I want to express our gratitude for all you have done for our family. You are such a warm-hearted student. 　　Best wishes, 　　Yours truly, 　　MaHui

【太平洋汽车网】区分phideon辉昂和辉腾方法：1、稀疏字母为辉昂，紧凑字母为辉腾。2、辉腾车身饰有镀铬条，位置比较高，就像是围在腰间的护栏圈。辉昂全车四周有镀铬条，但位置靠近保险杠下缘和侧裙下缘。3、辉腾的英文是“PHAETON”，辉昂的英文是“PHIDEON”。而且辉腾的字母更小更密，辉昂的字母更大更稀疏。辉腾的英文是“PHAETON”，辉昂的英文是“PHIDEON”。辉腾和辉昂本无对比性，辉腾是基于宾利老款飞驰的D1平台打造，而辉昂基于A6L的MLB平台（新款飞驰已转投MSB平台），论级别并不对等。唯一相同的是，它们都分别是不同时期大众汽车家族里豪华汽车。辉昂是继辉腾停产之后的作品。辉寓意光辉夺目，昂寓意气宇轩扬。辉昂新车采用和奥迪A6相同的MLB平台打造，传承了经典的家族特征，辉昂在C级豪华轿车中车身尺寸最宽大，车身长达5074mm，车宽1893mm，车高1489mm。在2016北京车展前的大众之夜上，上汽大众PHIDEON于中国正式首发，中文正式定名为"辉昂"。PHIDEON的名称来源于古罗马的女神“Fides”，象征誓约与信仰，PHIDEON将是大众的首款中大型车，将衔接辉腾与迈腾之间的市场空白。后排豪华气息要比外观强烈多，能触及之处全部由真皮包裹，在座椅边缘能见到在LV和PRADA等奢侈品包包上的滚边设计，搭配椅背的菱形打孔皮的设计，放下后排中央座椅靠背时，能发现一个只有在D级车才会有的配置——车载冰箱。配置有行车安全的“黑科技”HUD平视显示系统和夜视系统，还有电吸门功能。辉昂VW品牌继辉腾之后的新一代继任者，传承德累斯顿的匠心与技艺，成为VW品牌的新旗舰。2015年豪华品牌市场占有率中奥迪、宝马、奔驰占居75%左右情况下，辉昂将凭借自身卓越品质，撬开C级豪华车市场的大门。辉腾是德国大众汽车公司生产的顶级豪华轿车，于2002年正式量产上市。针对家族脸谱的变化，2009辉腾小改款版本对前脸外观等细部进行修饰，并加入了FSI缸内直喷发动机的动力系统。辉腾昂贵的价格在于它搭载了全球轿车罕见的W12发动机。（图/文/摄：太平洋汽车网问答叫兽）

指IC上可容纳的晶体管数目，约每隔18个月便会增加一倍，性能也将提升一倍；由英特尔名誉董事长戈登·摩尔经过长期观察发现得之；内容为：当价格不变时，集成电路上可容纳的元器件的数目，约每隔18至24个月便会增加一倍，性能也将提升一倍。换言之，每一美元所能买到的电脑性能，将每隔18至24个月翻一倍以上。

　　历史唯物主义认为：“人民，只有人民，才是创造世界历史的动力。”人民群众是唯物史观重要的社会历史范畴。它有量的规定性，即指居民中的大多数；同时又有质的规定性，它指一切对社会历史起着推动作用的人们，在阶级社会中，包括一切对历史发展起着促进作用的阶级、阶层和社会集团。不管历史的情况如何变化，人民群众的主体和稳定部分，始终是从事物质资料生产的劳动群众及其知识分子。人民群众对于历史发展具有决定作用，它全面地体现在社会生活的各个方面。人民群众是社会物质财富的创造者，也是社会精神财富的创造者，还是变革社会制度的决定力量。　　唯物史观深刻揭示了人民群众创造活动本身要受社会历史条件的制约。社会历史条件，是指一切现存社会要素的总和，大体上分为经济的、政治的和精神的三种类别。经济条件包括生产力和生产关系，其中生产力对人们创造历史的作用具有决定的意义。在不同的政治制度下，人民群众创造历史的作用是大不相同的。在精神条件中，科学文化占有十分重要的地位。整个社会的科学文化发展水平，特别是广大群众掌握科学文化的程度，对于人民群众创造历史活动的作用有着直接的影响。大力发展科学文化事业，充分发挥人民群众的历史主人翁的作用，是社会主义国家的一项战略任务。　　历史唯物主义反对英雄史观，坚持认为人民群众是历史的创造者，但并不否认历史人物在历史发展中的作用。它主要表现在以下几个方面：历史人物是历史事件的当事人，历史人物往往是重大历史事件的直接参与者、策划者和指挥者，因而他们总要在历史事件上打上自己的烙印。历史人物是历史任务的发起者，他比一般人站得高，看得远，他解决历史任务的愿望比别人强烈，给历史进程的发展指明方向。历史人物是历史进程的影响者，他能够影响甚至决定历史事件，加速或延缓历史任务的解决。但是，唯物史观也不夸大历史人物的作用，而且认为历史人物的作用要受到社会历史条件的制约。因为，历史人物的出现是一定的社会历史条件的产物，即时势造英雄。一定的时势造就的英雄必然带有时代的特征。也就是说，任何历史人物都有其历史的局限性。在阶级社会中，历史人物都具有阶级的制约性。因此，评价历史人物要坚持两条基本原则：即历史唯物主义的科学态度和阶级分析的方法。

电脑提示Windows许可证即将到期，于是自己就在网上找了一些教程，但是并没有激活成功，反而由即将到期变为了通知状态，尝试了各种密钥都不行，也下载了激活工具如暴风激活工具，KMS都不管用，尝试了好多方法都失败了。。。。最后通过下面的方法终于激活成功：（此方法与之前失败方法的最大区别在于先卸载了密钥，又重新安装新密钥） （1）、首先，我们先查看一下Win10正式专业版系统的激活状态：按住win+r键，运行命令提示符，输入slmgr.vbs -xpr，点击确定，查看系统的状态是什么时候到期或者是处于通知状态。 （2）、按住win+x键，选择“命令提示符（管理员）”点击出现界面后，在此界面中，依次输出以下命令： slmgr.vbs /upk （此时弹出窗口显未“已成功卸载了产品密钥”） slmgr /ipk W269N-WFGWX-YVC9B-4J6C9-T83GX （弹出窗口提示：“成功的安装了产品密钥”） slmgr /skms zh.us.to （弹出窗口提示：“密钥管理服务计算机名成功的设置为zh.us.to”） slmgr /ato （此时将弹出窗口提示：“成功的激活了产品”） （3）、最后就可以再次查看当前Win10正式专业版系统的激活状态啦。如图所示，表明已成功激活Win10正式专业版系统。

moore型时序逻辑电路的输出是只与电路当前状态有关。根据公开信息查询，物理电路的种类有很多，其中moore型时序逻辑电路的输出所在电路所控制的，是只与电路当前状态有关，不同的电路受到不同的使用场景，很多物理爱好者愿意去研究电路。

辉腾。大众phaeton是大众汽车公司旗下的一款顶级豪华轿车，中文名译为辉腾。作为大众的顶端产品，辉腾在操控感受上有很明显的大众烙印。入弯准确稳定，非常线性渐进，不急躁，底盘的设定也非常成熟而且功力深湛。车辆参数：发动机最大输出功率分别是177千瓦／241马力、246千瓦／335马力和309千瓦／420马力。在选择将何种发动机装配于这一全新的轿车中时，辉腾非同一般的舒适性和动力性以及大众汽车品牌的技术潜力被表露无遗。上市车型所采用的发动机有：3.2升v6发动机，输出功率177千瓦／241马力，最大扭矩315牛米，配备tiptronic六速手／自动变速箱。4.2升v8发动机，输出功率246千瓦／335马力，最大扭矩430牛米，配备tiptronic六速手／自动变速箱；最高级别的是6升w12发动机，输出功率309千瓦／420马力，最大扭矩550牛米。

　　随着感恩文化的传播，在很多情况下我们需要用到感谢信，我们在写感谢信的时候要注意态度要真挚。可能你现在对怎么写感谢信毫无头绪吧，下面是我帮大家整理的英文感谢信7篇，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。 英文感谢信 篇1 　　 感谢信结构要点: 　　感谢信是就某事向收信人表示感谢的"信件，分为三个部分： 　　1． 指出对方帮助自己的事情，表示感谢； 　　2． 展开叙述这件事； 　　3． 再次感谢，并可表示希望回报对方。 　　Directions 7 　　Suppose you were taken good care of by Doctor Liu when you were in hospital. Write a letter in about 100 words to him to show your gratitude. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead. 　　Sample: 　　Dear Doctor Liu, 　　It is a great pleasure to extend my sincere thanks to you for your careful treatment and attendance when I was in hospital this March. 　　On that night, I got acute appendicitis and was sent to your hospital by my roommates. Yet I was very lucky to have you, an experienced and skillful doctor, on duty. You immediately diagnosed my disease, hospitalized me and arranged a timely operation for me. In the following days you took good care of me and talked to me from time to time to release my pain. 　　It was all because of your attendance and perfect professional skills that I could recover so soon. Therefore, thank you again and I wish I would have the chance to pay you back for all your kindness. 　　Yours faithfully, 　　Li Ming 英文感谢信 篇2 　　 Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name: 　　I very much enjoyed speaking with you about the opportunity to work with your company in the role of sales executive. My experience in sales and management seem to be a good match for the position you described. The organization of your sales teams is forward thinking, and I believe, one where I could contribute a great deal. 　　I bring with me to the position an extensive knowledge of the market, and strong communications skills. In addition, my ability to motivate my team while working within our budget will provide your company with an edge over others in the market. 　　My presentation skills allow me to communicate effectively with directors, as well as keep my team up to date on our progress. During my interview, I neglected to mention the series of classes I took in public speaking at the local University. It was very interesting, and provided me with the confidence I possess now while organizing and presenting a project. 　　Thank you for taking the time to speak with me. If you have any additional questions, please feel free to contact me. I look forward to hearing from you about this position. 　　in order to be familiar with the us as soon as possible, yan han joins the basketball team and the cross country long-distance running team under the help of american parents. and they accompanied yan han to some interesting places such as amusement park and kansas state, etc. american father and mother also often talk openly with our daughter. when finding some difficulties in study and life, they help her solve promptly. 　　Best Regards, 　　Your Name 英文感谢信 篇3 　　Dear Zhangxuan: 　　I am writing this letter to thank. First, I must thank the god, for letting me meet with you, my best friend throughout my life. And then, thank you very much for staying with me all the time. 　　From the time we know each other, every time when I meet with troubles, you always try your best to help me. When I am sad or unhappy, you always comfort me to make me forget the sad things. And you usually share your good and happy experiences with meAll these make me delighted. Although you are in Tianjin now, I believe we still stay together. 　　Because of you, I feel the life is wonderful. Meeting with you is really a good thing. At last, I have only a sentence want to sayMy dear friend, thank you. 　　Sincerely, 　　Linluo 英文感谢信 篇4 Dear friends, 　　Words just cannot express how much I appreciate your kindness and devotion to us. 　　Your generous help and professional teaching made all the students at this small school located in the remote area achieve great improvement and transformed a normal volunteer teaching activity into a unforgettable experience. We are pleased to see that they (all the children and other teachers) are showing more eagerness to knowledge and having a more positive mind towards life, and all of these are a credit to you all. 　　I do hope that you can come back to see us in the near future and therefore we can have a chance to show you around in our beautiful land. Once again, thank you very much for what you have done. 　　Truly yours, 　　Li Ming 英文感谢信 篇5 　　Dear Jim, 　　I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude. I am referring to that unfortunate accident the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi. 　　If it had not been for your timely assistance in giving me first aid, I fear that the Consequences might have been much more serious. Everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome. 　　Although nowadays people in mounting numbers talk about the need to be unselfish, we see very few people practice what they preach. If there were more people like you, this world would be a much nicer place. 　　Yours sincerely, 　　Li Ming 英文感谢信 篇6 　　 最佳活用 句式 　　1、Please accept my profound appreciation for .I wish to express my sincere appreciation for ....I am most （sincerely / truly）grateful to you for .... 　　2、At the outset, I want to thank you for your kindness to me and for your compliments. 　　3、 It is a hopeless (definite/ positive) understatement to say that I am deeply (sincerely/ truly) grateful.这就是说“。 　　4、It is generous of you to show me so much consideration（to take so much interest in my work/ to give me so much of your time）. 　　5、I regret very much that I did not have an opportunity to thank you personally for ... As soon as I opened your package, I felt that I must sit right down and tell you ... Expected gifts are a pleasure to receive, but unexpected remembrances are even greater joy.10) You couldn"t have given me anything that I wanted（would enjoy）more. 　　6、This is to thank you again for your wonderful hospitality and to tell you how much I enjoyed seeing you once more.I don"t know when I have had such a delightful 　　7、(pleasant/memorable/ enjoyable) weekend as the one …13) Thank you for one of the most enjoyable visits we have had in many months. 　　8、 Thank you for contributing so much to the pleasure of our stay inSydney. 　　9、Your note of congratulations is deeply appreciated (gives me a greatdeal of pleasure). 　　10、Many thanks for remembering our anniversary (my birthday) and for your very flattering remarks.17) There is nothing more gratifying to me than your encouraging words. 　　11、We deeply appreciate your good wishes and congratulation.Your lovely Christmas card was most welcome. 　　 一般致谢用语： 　　1、Thank you very much (very, very much; ever so much; most 　　2、sincerely; indeed; from the bottom of my heart).Many thanks for your kind and warm letter.感3． Thanks a million (ever so much). 　　3、Please accept ( I wish to express) my sincere (grateful; profound) 　　4、appreciation for …I sincerely (deeply; warmly) appreciate …I am sincerely (most; truly) grateful to you for …There is nothing more important (satisfying; gratifying) to me that 　　5、to receive one of your letters.Your letters are so much fun (comfort; entertainment; company). 　　Your most courteous (considerate; delightful) letter…10．I cannot tell you how much your letter delighted (relieved; amused enchanted me. 　　6、I love the way you say (put) in your letters. You make even the smallest incident seem so interesting (important; charming; mysterious).It is good (fine; charming; thoughtful; more than kind) of you …13．At the outset, I want to thank you for your kindness to me and for your compliments. 　　7、We were deeply touched by … It is a hopeless (definite; positive) understatement to say that I am deeply (sincerely; truly) grateful.16．It is generous of you to take so much interest in my work (to give me so much of your time; to show me so much consideration). 　　8、We are indebted to you …18．Thank you without end … 　　9、I regret very much that I did not have an opportunity to thank you 　　10、personally for …b-1谢帮助（Thanking a friend for help regards 　　 问候,表达这类感情的美好祝愿 　　1、Give the family my best regards.祝您全家幸福 　　2、with best regards谨致问候 　　 感谢帮助用语 　　I appreciate very much your … 　　2. I realize that the task took a great deal of your precious time. 　　3. Thank you for doing me a real favor. 　　4. Your generous spirit of cooperation …… 　　5. Your offer of assistance … 　　6、You may be sure that I appreciate … 英文感谢信 篇7 　　Mrs***: I am so thankful to write the letter to you to express my admiration to you!You have helped me a lot in studying.I will never forget the help you give me.Now I am captable of learning well.But when I am your student first,I was so awkward.Although I am eager to learn well and to be a super student,I worked hard improving few! 　　You are so temperate and guide me with great patient.Although you are very stricked to us,you never criticized us whenever we made mistakes.I am so moved by you.The best way is to study hard using the method you teach me.I acknownledge that learning anything is not a kind of mechanical work. There must be something associated with another.Method is no less important.Now I am so delighted and pleased with the mark granted! 　　It is self-evident that you helped me a lot.Whenever I meet any Waterloo,your encouraging is always remind me of the word you told me.Now I knew nothing can frustrate me any more that is because of you. Thanks a lot! 　　Best wishes 　　your sincerely 　　*****

上个月，当我从学校放学回家后我们家的小狗过来欢迎我。他想要我带他出去散步，可是我太疲劳了。我放下我的书包然后走向了客厅。当我刚坐在电视机前妈妈就向我走了过来，说:“你可以带狗狗出去溜一圈吗？”“我可以先看一会儿电视吗？”我问到。“不可以!”她生气的回答说，“你天天就知道看电视，回家了也从来不会帮忙打扫卫生。我不可能每天都白天工作晚上还要回家打扫卫生。”“好，我每天白天在学校也要一直学习上课。我和你一样劳累。”我回吼道。妈妈没有再说什么直接走开了。整整一个星期，她没有做任何家务活，我也没有。最终，我没办法找到一只干净的盘子或一件干净的衬衫。第二天妈妈下班回家发现屋子里干净又整洁。“发生了什么?”她惊讶得问道。“我很抱歉，妈妈。我终于明白了一件事，我们需要一同做家务以拥有一个干净又舒适的家。”我回复道。扩展资料文章中的重点词汇month 月 月份welcome 欢迎 迎接tired 疲劳的 劳累的living room 客厅the minute 一……就……顷刻间reply 回复 回答angrily 生气地evening 晚上 傍晚shout 吼 大声叫housework 家务活happened 发生understand 理解 明白share 分享 共享

马克思是如何建立“历史唯物主义"这个概念的摘要：历史唯物主义：是关于人类社会发展普遍规律的科学，是无产阶级的历史观。关键词：历史唯物主义；如何建立一、历史唯物主义的概念历史唯物主义：是关于人类社会发展普遍规律的科学，是无产阶级的历史观。历史唯物主义认为，社会历史的发展有其自身固有的客观规律。认为：物质生活的生产方式决定社会生活、政治生活和精神生活的一般过程；社会存在决定社会意识，社会意识又反作用于社会存在；生产力和生产关系之间的矛盾、经济基础与上层建筑之间的矛盾，是推动一切社会发展的基本矛盾；在阶级社会中，社会基本矛盾表现为阶级斗争，阶级斗争是阶级社会发展的直接动力；阶级斗争的最高形式是进行社会革命，夺取国家政权；社会发展的历史是人民群众的实践活动的历史，人民群众是历史的创造者，但人民群众创造历史的活动和作用总是受到一定历史阶段的经济、政治和思想文化条件的制约。历史唯物主义的提出马克思指出：“从前的一切唯物主义——包括费尔巴哈的唯物主义——的主要缺点是：对对象、现实、感性，只是从客体的或者直观的形式去理解，而不是把它们当作人的感性活动，当作实践去理解，不是从主观方面去理解。”可见，不理解实践活动是其主要缺点。而把世界的物质性和人的能动实践辩证统一起来，是马克思主义哲学高出以往哲学的地方。受达尔文的自然进化论的深刻影响，作为哲学家，其思想体系当然要把这么重大的科学发现概括进来。在自然界，不同时期，发展出不同物种与生态。而社会形式也是不断地发展，这些都是促成概念形成的重要依据。以此为基础，自然扩展得到了历史唯物主义。不足的地方，马克思没有发展处历史圆满的精神。但是对于那个时代，这个概念已经是自然界以及社会形式演变的最高的概括了。马克思主义唯物史观创立及意义我国理论界有一个公认的观点，即认为马克思在1859年1 月为他的《政治经济学批判》一书所写的序言中第一次对唯物史观作了经典表述。其实，这一观点是不准确的。笔者以为，早在1845——1846年马克思和恩格斯合著的《德意志意识形态》中，就有对唯物史观所作的经典表述。这一表述在马克思主义理论宝库中占有极其重要的地位，对历史唯物主义理论体系的确立及其基本原理的规定有着非常重要的作用。 众所周知，《德意志意识形态》（以下简称为《形态》）是马、恩创立历史唯物主义理论体系的一部巨著。在这部巨著中，马、恩对费尔巴哈、鲍威尔和施蒂纳为代表的各式各样唯心史观的思想进行了深刻的分析和批判，并在此基础上，阐述了唯物史观的基本内容。这部巨著标志着唯物史观的创立。作为唯物史观创立标志的这部巨著，其第一卷“对费尔巴哈、鲍威尔和施蒂纳所代表的现代德国哲学的批判”第一章“费尔巴哈u2022唯物主义观点和唯心主义观点的对立”中，在论述第一个问题，即“A，一般意识形态，德意志意识形态”时， 对唯物史观作了在马克思主义哲学史上真正是“第一次”的经典表述。 为了分析研究之便，这里先把《形态》中对唯物史观所作的近1000字的表述抄引如下： “这种历史观就在于：从直接生活的物质生产出发来考察现实的生产过程，并把与该生产方式相联系的、它所产生的交往形式，即各个不同阶段上的市民社会，理解为整个历史的基础；然后必须在国家生活的范围内描述市民社会的活动，同时从市民社会出发来阐明各种不同的理论产物和意识形态，如宗教、哲学、道德等等，并在这个基础上追溯它们产生的过程。这样做当然就能够完整地描述全部过程（因而也就能够描述这个过程的各个不同方面之间的相互作用）了。这种历史观和唯心主义历史观不同，它不是在每个时代中寻找某种范畴，而是始终站在现实历史的基础上，不是从观念出发来解释实践，而是从物质实践出发来解释观念的东西，由此还可得出下述结论：意识的一切形式和产物不是可以用精神的批判来消灭的，也不是可以通过把它们消融在‘自我意识"中或化为‘幽灵"、‘怪影"、‘怪想"等等来消灭的，而只有实际地推翻这一切唯心主义谬论所由产生的现实的社会关系，才能把它们消灭；历史的动力以及宗教、哲学和任何其他理论的动力是革命，而不是批判。这种观点表明：历史并不是作为‘产生于精神的精神"消融在‘自我意识"中，历史的每一阶段都遇到有一定的物质结果、一定数量的生产力总和，人和自然以及人与之间在历史上形成的关系，都遇到有前一代传给后一代的大量生产力、资金和环境，尽管一方面这些生产力、资金和环境为新的一代所改变，但另一方面，它们也预先规定新的一代的生活条件，使它得到一定的发展和具有特殊的性质。由此可见，这种观点表明：人创造环境，同样环境也创造人。每个个人和每一代当作现成的东西承受下来的生产力、资金和社会交往形式的总和，是哲学家们想象为‘实体"和‘人的本质"的东西的现实基础，是他们神化了的并与之作斗争的东西的现实基础，这种基础尽管遭到以‘自我意识"和‘唯一者"的身份出现的哲学家们的反抗，但它对人们的发展所起的作用和影响却丝毫也不因此而有所削弱。各代所面临的生活条件还决定着这样一些情况：历史上周期性地重演着的革命震荡是否强大到足以摧毁现存一切的基础：如果还没有具备这些实行全面变革的物质因素，就是说，一方面还没有一定的生产力，另一方面还没有形成不仅反抗旧社会的某种个别方面，而且反抗旧的‘生活生产"本身、反抗旧社会所依据的‘总和活动"的革命群众，那末，正如共产主义的历史所证明的，尽管这种变革的思想已经表述过千百次，但这一点对于实际发展没有任何意义。”〔1〕 从上面抄引的表述中，我们不难理解，尽管在这段文字中有的用词借用了当时德国流行的哲学术语，但对唯物史观的基本内容则阐明得非常清楚。在这里，马克思、恩格斯提出了生产力、生产关系（交往形式）、生产方式、经济基础（市民社会）及社会革命、人民群众等唯物史观的基本范畴，并运用这些范畴系统阐释了历史唯物主义基本原理。分析《形态》中的上述对唯物史观的表述，可以得出其阐释的历史唯物主义基本原理： 第一，人类的物质生产是整个历史发展的出发点。人类社会是一个极其复杂的有机体，其历史发展的出发点在哪里呢？唯物史观和唯心史观的看法是绝然不同的。唯心史观把从头脑中产生出来的范畴、观念做为历史发展的出发点，唯物史观则把人类的物质生产做为历史发展出发点。如何确定历史发展的出发点，直接影响能否正确认识极其复杂的人类社会有机体，能否客观揭示人类社会发展的规律及推动社会发展的根本动力。我们说，唯心史观是一种对社会历史的错误想象，对人类社会及社会发展规律的认识是根本错误的，而唯物史观是科学的历史观，是社会有机体普遍本质的理论再现，其原因，就在于对历史发展的出发点的理解不同。由此，马、恩特别重视并在对唯物史观的表述中首先明确指出考察社会历史要“从直接生活的物质生产出发”。 第二，人们在生产中结成的物质关系是整个社会历史的基础，它决定了整个社会的基本结构和基本矛盾的形成。马克思主义的历史唯物主义基本理论告诉我们，社会现象是复杂的，人们在社会交往中所结成的关系是多种多样的，而人们在生产中所产生的交往形式，即生产关系，则是人类一切社会关系的基础，它决定了人与人之间的一切社会关系，决定了整个社会历史的发展，决定了历史发展的各个不同阶段的性质。只有以这样一种物质关系、经济关系作为整个历史的基础，作为一种历史观，才能再现社会有机体的普遍本质，才能揭示出生产力和生产关系、经济基础和上层建筑之间的矛盾运动，才能把握人类社会发展的客观规律。对这一内容，马、恩在上述表述中是阐述得非常清楚的。马、恩在指出整个历史的基础的同时，还把“与该生产方式相联系的，它所产生的交往形式”和“各个不同阶段上的市民社会”理解为同等意义的概念，这不仅说明了生产关系和经济基础这两个历史唯物主义基本范畴之间的联系，而且还揭示了唯物史观关于社会的基本结构和基本矛盾的原理。 第三，社会存在决定社会意识，物质实践是社会历史发展及社会意识诸形式产生、发展的动力。历史观的基本问题是社会存在和社会意识的关系问题。如何回答这个问题，是划分唯物史观和唯心史观的唯一标准。在上述表述中，马、恩以“从市民社会出发来阐明各种不同的理论产物和意识形式，如宗教、哲学、道德等等，并在这个基础上追溯它们产生的过程”回答了历史观的基本问题，即社会存在决定社会意识。马、恩还明确指出，只有坚持社会存在决定社会意识这一原理，才能够完整地描述其全部过程及这个过程的各个不同方面之间的相互作用。在具体说明社会存在决定社会意识的原理中，马、恩向我们指出了物质实践是社会历史发展及社会意识诸形式产生、发展的动力，不能从范畴、观念出发来解释实践，而是要始终站在现实历史的基础上，从实践出发来解释观念的东西。这也就是说，任何一种观念的东西，只要把它放在社会实践中加以考察，就能弄清楚它的来龙去脉和真实面目；错误的观念及一切唯心史观的谬论，都有其产生的社会基础，只有通过实践，才能推翻这一社会基础，以致消灭由之产生的错误的观念和唯心史观的谬论。这里，马、恩科学地解决了社会意识和社会存在的辩证关系，说明了社会意识对社会存在的依赖关系，社会存在对社会意识的决定性作用。 第四，物质资料的生产方式决定历史的每一阶段发展和特殊的性质。在上述表述中，马、恩明确指出，人类的物质生产是历史发展的出发点，生产关系是整个历史的基础，而这一切，都和物质资料的生产方式相联系。同时，马、恩还指出，生产方式规定了历史的每一阶段的生活条件，决定了其发展和特殊的性质。“人创造环境，同样环境也创造人。”这里的环境指“一定的物质结果，一定数量的生产力总和，人和自然以及人与人之间在历史上形成的关系”，即生产方式。一定的历史阶段的生产方式都是由前一代传给后一代的，当然它也为新的一代所改变，但是，它“也预先规定新的一代的生活条件，使它得到一定的发展和具有特殊的性质”。生产方式是社会生存的基础和发展的源泉，决定并制约着人的全部活动以及全部社会生活的领域和过程。作为社会实践主体的人，只有在一定的生产方式中才能发挥作用，才有自身的发展。马、恩明确指出，生产方式作为“人的本质”的现实基础，决不因为遭到历史唯心主义者的反抗，而对人们的发展所起的作用和影响有丝毫削弱。 第五，一定的生产力和积极参与反抗旧社会活动的革命群众是社会革命的物质因素。作为唯物史观，在说明历史发展的规律中，必然要论及社会革命。在这里，马、恩从生产力和革命群众两方面阐明了社会革命发生的不可缺少的物质因素。一方面，生产力的发展，致使生产力和生产关系矛盾的激化，导致社会革命的爆发。因此，一定的生产力是社会革命的物质前提，生产力和生产关系的矛盾是社会革命的根源。另一方面，革命群众是推动历史发展的决定力量，作为社会革命的主体，革命群众起着任何其他因素所无法取代的作用。没有革命群众的积极参与，任何变革的思想都没有意义，因为革命群众“不仅反抗旧社会的某种个别方面，而且反抗旧的‘生活生产"本身、反抗旧社会所依据的‘总和活动"”，是社会变革的决定力量。很显然，历史唯物主义的人民群众创造历史的基本原理在上述表述中是阐释得非常明确和清楚的。 应该指出，《形态》的上述对唯物史观的表述是为了清算马、恩以前的哲学信仰，达到自己弄清问题的目的而概括出来的。恩格斯在《路德维希u2022费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》一书的“1888年单行本序言”中曾说，《形态》中对唯物主义历史观的解释，“表明当时我们在经济史方面的知识还多么不够”。〔2〕正是为了克服这一不足，马克思以后一直潜心于政治经济学研究，并为此而付出了极其艰苦的劳动，经过15年的研究，终于在《政治经济学批判u2022序言》中，又一次对唯物史观作了表述。（这一表述也就是理论界称为的“经典性表述”）比较《形态》和《序言》中对唯物史观的两次表述，其差异还是存在的：前者的出发点是批判旧哲学，清算以往的哲学信仰，后者则是研究政治经济学的成果总结；前者侧重于对历史的现实基础的阐述，后者则侧重于对物质生产关系的解剖。但二者的共同性更是明显：都揭示出唯物史观的实质性内容，强调了人类全部历史的现实基础及发展的基本规律，得出了要根源于物质的生活关系来认识历史及历史发展的结论；都体现了社会存在和社会意识的辩证关系、生产力和生产关系的矛盾、社会革命发生的根源及物质因素等唯物史观的基本原理内容。从二者之间的联系而言，我们以为，《形态》对唯物史观的表述是规定其基本内容，搭框架，而《序言》对唯物史观的表述是在前者的基础上作深刻剖析，为其提供充实的论据。因而，二者都可谓“经典”。二者的结合，构成了马克思、恩格斯对唯物史观的最完整、最准确，也是最完善的表述。 还需指出，《形态》的上述对唯物史观的表述尽管没能把唯物史观的所有内容都概述出来，对一些基本原理、基本范畴也未作详尽的解释，但它仍不失为“经典”。列宁曾指出：“发现唯物主义历史观，或更确切地说，彻底发挥唯物主义，即把唯物主义运用于社会现象，就消除了以往的历史理论的两个主要缺点。第一，以往的历史理论，至多是考察了人们历史活动的思想动机，而没有考究产生这些动机的原因，没有摸到社会关系体系发展的客观规律性，没有看出物质生产发展程度是这种关系的根源；第二，过去的历史理论恰恰没有说明人民群众的活动，只有历史唯物主义才第一次使我们能以自然史的精确性去考察群众生活的社会条件以及这些条件的变更。”〔3 〕从前面本文对《形态》中的唯物史观表述所分析得出的五个方面的历史唯物主义基本原理，我们不难看出，以往历史理论的两个主要缺点，即：只停留在思想动机上而没能从物质生活方面去考察历史发展和没有说明人民群众的活动，在这里已完全被消除。马、恩从历史发展的出发点、历史的现实基础、社会生活的本质、社会生存和发展的决定因素、社会革命的物质因素等方面，彻底发挥了唯物主义，揭示出产生人们历史活动的思想动机的物质原因，指出了社会关系体系发展的客观规律性和物质根源，说明了人民群众的推动历史发展、进行社会革命的决定作用。这一切，足以标示唯物史观的形成。摘要: 《列宁选集》，1960年、1975年，人民出版社。 　　《马克思恩格斯全集》，2002年，人民出版社。

方法如下：电脑：华为MateBook14系统：Windows10软件：本地设置10.0、office20221、首先我们需要确认系统是否已经成功激活。2、Windows10激活后，点击屏幕左下角“开始”按钮，在菜单右侧可看到到“Word”，“Excel”，“PowerPoint”，“OneNote”的图标，点击任意图标均可。3、在弹出的窗口上，点击“激活”。4、Office家庭和学生版2016需要与您的微软账户进行绑定。如您有微软账户，请直接输入。如您没有微软账户，请点击“创建一个”，按提示进行注册即可。5、在国家选项中选择“中国”，语言选择“中文”。6、待脾牢场Office部署完毕后，会弹出“首要事项”窗口，请点击“接受”。待一切就绪，请点击“开始使用Word”。7、可通过Office组件内“文件”——“账户”查看激活状态。如还显示“需要激活”，请点击下面的“Office更新”。待更新结束爬冲后，请重新启动Office组件。8、可通过Office组件内“文件”——“账户”查看激活状态。如还显示“需要激活”，请点击下面的“Office更新”。待更新结束后，请重新启动Office组件。

标准的黑科技

区别：激活就是正版，不激活就是盗版。WIN10正版：性能更出色，提升游戏性能等。安全性更高：减少恶意软件，病毒入侵，个人信息泄露等。1年内免费升级。WIN10盗版：桌面会出现一个水印。即使用户再升级后依然是非正版，盗版会增加恶意软件、诈骗——包括身份盗窃、信用卡盗窃等——个人隐私信息曝光的风险，同时还会增加设备性能较差或者发生故障的风险。”

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Moore型状态机的转向只取决于当前的状态，Meeley型不同。Moore型状态机的输出信号是直接由状态寄存器译码得到，而Mealy型状态机则是以现时的输入信号结合即将变成次态的现态，编码成输出信号Moore状态机的输出只与有限状态自动机的当前状态有关，与输入信号的当前值无关。Moore有限状态机在时钟CLOCK脉冲的有效边沿后的有限个门延后，输个出达到稳定值。即使在一时钟周期内输入信号发生变化,输出也会在一个完整的时钟周期内保持稳定值而不变。输入对输出的影响要到下一个时钟周期才能反映出来。Moore有限状态机最重要的特点就是将输入与输出信号隔离开来。

历史唯物主义、人生价值观 一、常考原理及方法论适用表述 （一）历史观（唯物史观） 1、社会存在与社会意识的辨证关系： ①社会存在决定社会意识,社会意识是对社会存在的反映. ②社会意识具有相对的独立性,对社会存在具有反作用.先进的社会意识可以预见社会发展的方向和趋势,对社会发展具有积极的推动作用,落后的社会意识对社会的发展具有阻碍作用. 2、两大基本规律的矛盾运动原理： （1）生产力决定生产关系,生产关系对生产力具有反作用.当生产关系适合生产力发展状况时,就会推动生产力的发展；反之,就会阻碍生产力的发展,这就是生产关系一定适合生产力发展状况的规律,要求我们改革和调整生产关系中与生产力发展不相适应的部分,使之与生产力发展水平相适应,从而促进我国生产力水平的提高. （2）经济基础决定上层建筑,上层建筑对经济基础具有反作用.当上层建筑适合经济基础状况时,就会促进经济基础的巩固和完善；反之,就会阻碍经济基础的发展和变革,这是上层建筑一定要适合经济基础发展的规律,要求我们改革和调整上层建筑中与经济基础不相适应的部分,使之与经济基础状况相适应,从而更好地为经济基础服务. 3、人民群众是历史的创造者原理： 人民群众是历史的创造者,人民群众是社会物质财富和精神财富的创造者,是社会变革的决定力量,要求我们坚持群众观点和群众路线. （二）价值观、人生观 4、价值观具有导向作用（价值观）： 价值观对人们的行为具有重要的驱动、制约和导向作用（对人们认识世界和改造世界的活动有重要的导向作用；对人生道路的选择具有重要的导向作用）,要求我们树立正确的价值观,作出正确的价值判断和价值选择. 5、作出正确的价值判断与价值选择,就必须坚持真理,遵循社会发展的客观规律,走历史的必由之路；自觉地站在最广大人民的立场上,把人民群众的利益作为最高的价值标准. 6、人的价值及其实现（价值观与人生观）： 人的价值就在于创造价值,在于对社会的责任和贡献.（对一个人价值的评价主要看他对社会的贡献）,要求我们（1）在劳动和奉献中创造价值,积极地投身到为人民服务的实践中去；（2）在个人与社会的统一中实现价值,充分利用社会提供的客观条件；（3）在砥砺自我中走向成功.①实现人生价值,需要充分发挥主观能动性,需要顽强拼搏、自强不息的精神；②实现人生价值,需要努力发展自己的才能,全面提高个人素质；③实现人生价值,需要有坚定的理想信念,需要正确的价值观的指导,需要克服拜金主义、享乐主义等错误思想和社会消极因素的冲击.

　　随着个人的素质不断提高，我们越来越经常使用感谢信，感谢信可以用来感谢和表扬帮助、支持、关心的人。如何写出一个充满真情实感的感谢信？下面是我收集整理的英文感谢信9篇，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。 英文感谢信 篇1 Dear Sue, 　　I am writing to express my heart felt gratitudeto you for your kindest help when I was involved in that terrible trafficaccident. 　　You saw how seriously I had been hurt when yourushed me to the hospital. I was hit from the back by a taxi and was thrownforward for at least three meters. Though I did not lose my consciousness, thesharp pain was really killing me. If it had not been for your timelyassistance, giving me first aid and sent me to hospital right away, I fear thatthe consequences might have been much more serious. 　　The doctor said that my wounds are healingquickly and that I would be able to stand up again in a week"s time. Inaddition, the taxi company has agreed to pay my hospital bills. 　　Anyway, everyone agrees that it was yourquick-witted response in this emergency that has led to this satisfactoryresult. I feel I owe you so much, so please accept my most sincere thanks. 　　Best wishes, 　　Ken 英文感谢信 篇2 　　Dear ms.grasso， 　　Thank you for interviewing me at credit technologies。 i was impressed with the pany and the type of banking services the corporation provides。 　　Your ments gave me a good understanding of the business and your expectations for the attorney you are seeking。 i am confident that my background and experience in banking law and my ability to analyze statutes and regulations in detail could be useful to credit technologies。 　　If you were to offer me this position， i believe that i could provide services that would meet the high standards of your corporation。 　　I look forward to talking again with you soon。 　　Very truly yours， 　　Richard t.amilton 英文感谢信 篇3 Dear Xiaolu， 　　I must write and thank for your having invited me to your home during this National Holiday.I am very grateful for the hospitality you and your family showed to me.Your hometown leaves a deep impression on me.I appreciated very much your efforts in making my stay as pleasant as possible. 　　Thanks again for everything you and your family have done for me! Please come to my home if you have time. 　　Your sincerely， 　　Xiao Do 英文感谢信 篇4 　　Your Name 　　Your Addre Name Your City, State, Zip Code 　　Your Phone Number Organization Your Email Addre Date (右上角) City, State, Zip Code 　　Dear First Name, (or Mr./Ms.Last Name if you don"t know them well) 　　Thank you for all the help you have given me with my job search.I especially 　　appreciate the information and advice you have provided, and the contacts you have shared with me. 　　Your aistance has been invaluable to me during this proce.Again, thank you so much.I greatly appreciate your generosity.Best Regards, 　　Yours sincerely, (signature) 英文感谢信 篇5 Dear Mr. Rogers, 　　It is my great pleasure to show my hearty thanks to you for your hospitality and 　　courtesy to me during my stay in London. 　　Originally I only wanted to call on you and gave my father"s regards to you, as it 　　had been three years since you and he last saw each other. But you insisted that I stay in your house during my visit in London and took good care of my life as if I were a family member of you instead of the daughter of one of your friends. You really added greatly to my convenience and pleasure of the whole trip. 　　Thank you again for your kindness and I hope that I will have the opportunity to return your charming hospitality. 　　Yours faithfully, 　　Wu Ting 英文感谢信 篇6 　　Dear Mrs. Gorden, 　　I"d like you to know how much the week at your lovely house meant to me. I not only enjoyed myself immensely, but also I felt relaxed a 　　nd refreshed as I haven"t felt for months. 　　Please give my love to Helen. It was so nice being with her again just like our old days together at school. 　　Many thanks to you and Mr. Gordon for asking me. 　　Sincerely yours， 　　Jean Brown 英文感谢信 篇7 　　He was such a happy dog when we got home. We knew he must have had lots of loving attention. When we picked up him from the kennel in your home he would whimper and carry on for hours. 　　Respected XX of XX 　　Greetings, I am writing this letter to thank you for your kind understanding of our moderate adjustments to our pricing policies. As you may have already known, the cost of the raw materials necessary to our production has moved up greatly in the last few years, and considering the fact that it is to the interests of both of our companies" that we maintain a cooperation relationship, we have been by far trying to supprethe rise of product prices as best we can. But with the recent increase of labor cost, it has become impossible for us to leave prices the way they were, and thus the new pricing policy. You have shown great understanding when we announced our new price list, and that is certain to help increase our future cooperation, once again you have my thanks on behalf of the whole company. You are very welcome to continue ordering our products, we look forward to in depth cooperation between our two companies. 英文感谢信 篇8 Dear Mr Life , 　　Thank you for your last lesson in which you managed to teach me how to face the adversity bravely when there is no one to turn to .Yeah,it is just your very lesson that encourage me to try to keep optimistic and engtic.Thanks to it, I swear that henceforth seldom will I feel frustrated and bored no matter how tough and difficult the condition is . 　　A side from this lesson,there also exsit tens of thousands of reasons why i should show my gratefuiness to you .here,let me express my heartfelt appreciaton from the bottom of my brain.Beacause it is you who push me to treasure the every mintue ,every second in my life .do you still remember the unforgotable experience?it is in a cold morning in the winter ,you punished me heavily just because i failed to value my time . 　　And it it you who hoaxed me .thourgh this event ,I learned to be full of vigour and smile to every cheater.Just as Alexander Puskin put it : If by life you were daceived, don not be dismal ,dont be wild . in the day of grief , be mild . merry days will come ,believe. Heart is living in tomorrow ;present is dejected here, in a moment , please sorrow, that which passes will be dear. 　　Finally,I wish you may stay happy every day so as not to bother to disturb me with trouble. 　　Yours sincerely 　　A small patato in the world 英文感谢信 篇9 尊敬的丹麦工会领导： 　　尊敬的丹麦澳利威工会领导： 　　我代表烟台澳利威工会（以下简称我工会），首先向您们长期以来给予我们的及时有效帮助表示衷心的感谢。 　　当您们收到我工会的求援后，就立即开始找澳利威老板以及丹麦工厂的`有关负责人谈话，并找澳利威的客户予以施加压力，尤其是您们在北欧媒体上能公正客观揭露澳利威老板在中国的工厂打压迫害工会一事，希望迫使澳利威老板能遵守中国的法律，这都给澳利威老板带来极大的压力，也极大的声援和支持了我工会的正义*行为，并最终迫使澳利威老板做出了一定的让步，迫使烟台澳利威公司与我工会平等的坐在谈判桌上。 　　烟台澳利威公司已经做出了一点让步，已经把拖欠6工人的部分生活费和劳动保险合计2至3个月发放下来，这当然与6工人的合法要求远远不够，我工会将会继续采取相应的法律措施来继续追缴余下的大部分欠款。但这毕竟已经是取得了一个阶段性胜利，如果没有您们的帮助，我工会绝不会取得这一胜利的。 　　我工会非常羡慕贵国工会力量的强大，虽然我工会与您们相隔一万七千里，但却依然能给予我工会的有效帮助就充分的说明这一点 　　澳利威（烟台）电子有限公司工会委员会 　　顾问：张军 　　20xx年11月17日 　　I will like to inform you that last week the dismissed six collected a small part of our compensation claim, amounting to twoorthree months wages for each of them. In average it means around 1000 RMB each. This is still a long way from our original claim of one to two years wages. While refusing to give up our claim we decided to take the partial compensation first. We will continue to press the company to pay the rest of the compensation, in addition to continue to demand the return of the employment files of dismissed workers an various others legitimate claims. 　　The company"s partial concession is the result of your support to us, which is essential in bringing enough pressure on the company through media exposure, without which the company would not even considering the payment of this small sum of compensation to us. Allow me to thank you once again for your support. Though we are separated by more than ten thousand miles it has not stopped you from coming forward to offer help to us. We hope both sides can maintain contact from time to time. 　　Best wishes 　　Zhang Jun

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财务咨询的涵义应当是十分宽泛的，无论是接受委托提供专业服务的财务咨询，还是从属于全面管理提供咨询服务的附属性财务咨询，都应是不可或缺的。 财务咨询范围： 1.代理记帐、财务顾问； 2.税务代理、税务咨询； 3.代理验资、审计、税务报告； 4.代理证照年检； 5.代理工商注册； 6.代理商标、商誉注册； 7.代理合同 ； 8.财务人员培训； 9.其他企业管理咨询及信息咨询。二、会计师事务所 是指依法独立承担注册会计师业务的中介服务机构。是由有一定会计专业水平、经考核取得证书的会计师（如中国的注册会计师、美国的执业会计师、英国的特许会计师、日本的公认会计士等）组成的、受当事人委托承办有关审计、会计、咨询、税务等方面业务的组织。会计师事务所经营范围： 1、审查企业会计报表 2、出具审计报告 3、验证企业资本 4、出具验资报告 5、办理企业合并、分立、清算事宜中的审计业务，出具有关报告 6、基本建设年度财务决算审计 7、代理记账 8、会计咨询 9、税务咨询 10、管理咨询 11、会计培训 12、法律、法规规定的其他业务（企业经营涉及行政许可的，凭许可证经营）。三、针对自己所学特长，选择适合你的单位。

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　马克思创立的唯物史观，在整个社会科学领域引起了革命，它不仅使社会主义由空想变成了科学，而且为历史学、哲学、伦理学、美学、文艺学等社会科学提供了科学的方法论的基础。马克思在《政治经学批判》序言中所概括的历史唯物主义原理，对各个学科的研究都具有普遍的指导意义。 　　恩格斯指出：“根据唯物史观，历史过程中的决定性因素归根到底是现实生活的生产和再生产。”[6]人类的物质生产劳动是最基本的实践活动，它决定着其它各种活动的发生和发展。“人的认识，主要地依赖于物质的生产活动，逐渐地了解自然的现象、自然的性质、自然的规律性、人和自然的关系；而且经过生产活动，也在各种不同程度上逐渐地认识了人和人的一定的相互关系。一切这些知识，离开生产活动是不能得到的。”[7] 　　唯物史观的创立，为文学活动发生学的研究开拓了新思路，提出了新问题，指明了新方向。马克思恩格斯指出：“全部人类历史的第一个前提无疑是有生命的人的存在。因此，第一个需要确认的事实就是这些个人的肉体组织以及由此产生的个人对其他的自然关系。”[8]史前艺术的起源是以原始人类的出现为前提。据考古学的最新研究成果显示：人类史前时代存在着4个关键阶段：第一阶段是人的系统(人科)本身的起源，类似猿的动物变成两足直立行走的物种，时间大约在700万年以前；第二阶段是两足行走的物种繁衍成许多不同的物种，约在700－200万年之间；第三阶段以脑子扩大为标志，这是人属出现的信号，逐渐发展成直立人和智人(Homo sapiens)；第四阶段是现代人的起源，已具有语言、意识、艺术想象力和工具的制造。[9]在现代人类出现的过程中，物质生产劳动实践起了关键性的作用。“劳动创造了人本身。”[10]“首先是劳动，然后是语言和劳动一起，成了两个最主要的推动力，在它们的影响下，猿脑就逐渐地过渡到人脑；后者和前者虽然十分相似，但是要大得多和完善得多。”[11]在劳动实践过程中，自然人化与人的本质力量对象化，不仅创造了人赖以生存的基本条件，而且也在实践中改造了人自身。“劳动是从制造工具开始的。”[12]由于手、发音器官和脑的日益发展和完善，原始人除了能够从事打猎和畜牧外，又能从事农业，农业之后又有了纺纱、织布、冶金、制陶器和航行。“伴随着商业和手工业，最后出现了艺术和科学”[13]“以致像魔法一样造就了拉斐尔的绘画、托瓦森的雕刻和帕格尼尼的音乐。”[14] 　　史前艺术的发生与原始人的思维、观念、意识、语言的产生是相伴而行的，又是与史前的极端艰难困苦的劳动生产实践活动紧密联系在一起的。马克思恩格斯指出：“思想、观念、意识的生产最初是直接与人们的物质活动，与人们的物质交往，与现实生活的语言交织在一起的。人们的想象、思维、精神交往在这里还是人们物质行动的直接的产物。”[15]马克思在关于摩尔根的《古代社会》的人类学笔记中，恩格斯在《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》、《自然辩证法》和马恩合著的《德意志意识形态》等著作中，提出和原则上论述了有关文学艺术活动发生和起源的一系列问题，为后继者指明了进一步研究的方向。这些问题主要有： 　　第一，明确指明文学活动发生学研究的对象。马克思恩格斯都十分重视摩尔根于1877年出版的《古代社会》，马克思认真地做了大量笔记，并准备写一部专著来研究《古代社会》，但未能如愿，后来由恩格斯写下了《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》。恩格斯在该书的第1版序言中指出：“摩尔根的伟大功绩，就在于他在主要特点上发现和恢复了我们成文史的这种史前的基础，并且在北美印第安人的血族团体中找到了一把解开希腊、罗马和德意志上古史上那些极为重要而至今尚未解决的哑谜的钥匙。”[16]人类的文学艺术活动的发生和起源问题，实际也是一个世界上古史上“至今尚未解决的哑谜”。因此对人类史前史及其各方面情况(包括史前艺术)的研究，就成了研究文学活动发生与起源的基础。马克思恩格斯生前虽未对人类史前艺术作专门研究，但他们在人类学笔记中提出的观点却给后人以启示。德国著名艺术史家格罗塞于1894年发表的《艺术的起源》，对原始艺术的产生、形成和发展及艺术活动与社会经济和精神生活之间的关系，作了详尽的探讨和论证，“他是第一个从艺术领域收集证据”[17]支持马克思恩格斯的观点的，从而在从理论和实践上确立了艺术起源问题研究的对象应是史前社会与史前艺术。 　　第二，思维的发展与审美意识的发生问题。维柯在《新科学》中曾对原始人类思维的特点作过专门的研究，他认为原始初民的思维是“诗性的智慧”，他们没有推理力，浑身都是旺盛的感觉力和生命的想象力。马克思恩格斯进一步历史唯物地说明了人的思维的发生和发展。马克思指出：“思维过程本身是在一定条件下生成的，它本身是一个自然过程，所以真正能理解的思维永远只能是一样的，只是随着发展的成熟程度（其中也包括思维器官发展的成熟程度）逐渐地表现出区别。其余一切都是废话。”[18]恩格斯也指出：“人的思维最本质和最切近的基础，正是人所引起的自然界的变化，而不单独是自然界本身；人的智力是按照人如何学会改变自然界而发展的。”[19]人的思维发展也是一个历史过程。马克思在读摩尔根《古代社会》时已注意到在史前史的野蛮时代阶段，初民的想象力有很大发展。他说：“对于人类的进步贡献极大的想象力这一伟大的才能，这时已经创造出神话、故事和传说等等口头文学，已经成为人类强大的刺激力。”[20]也正是在生产劳动的实践过程中，在学会如何改变自然、使自然为自身的生存与发展的过程中，那些“主体的、属人的感性的丰富性，即感受音乐的耳朵、感受形式的眼睛，简言之，那些能感受人的快乐和确证自己是属人的本质力量的感觉，才或者发展起来，或者产生出来。”[21]当着原始初民在劳动过程中，体会到如鲁迅所说的“杭育！杭育！”节奏感的愉快时，当他们看到东方日出、雨后彩虹而欢呼雀跃时，当他们听到黄莺百灵的优美、起伏、强弱的鸣叫而特别高兴时，他们的审美意识就开始萌生了。 　　第三，语言的产生与原始初民文学活动的起源。马克思恩格斯不仅以实践的观点，在多处论述了生产劳动实践在人自身生成过程中的作用，而且明确指出：作为文学活动的载体的语言，也是“从劳动中和劳动一起产生出来的，这个解释是唯一正确的，拿动物来比较，就可以证明。动物，甚至高度发达的动物，彼此要的信息很少，不用分音节的语言就可以互通信息。在自然状态下，没有一种动物会感到不能说话或不能听懂人的语言是一种缺陷。”[22]人是能制造工具的社会动物。人是社会生活中的一个现实的存在者。“语言是存在的家。”[23]马克思恩格斯在《德意志意识形态》中，特别强调语言和意识的不可分性，指出：人并非一开始就具有“纯粹的”意识，“精神”从一开始就很倒霉，受到物质的“纠缠”。物质在这里表现为振动着的空气层、声音，简言之，即语言。“语言和意识具有同样长久的历史；语言是一种实践的、既为别人存在因而也为我自身而存在的、现实的意识。语言和意识一样，只是由于需要，由于和他人交往的迫切需要才产生的。”[24]（着重号引者加）语言的产生是原始初民文学活动发生的重要前提条件。语言的产生与审美意识的发生，可以说是同步的。如同海德格尔所说，“语言本身在本质的意义上是诗。……确切地说，诗发生在语言之中，因为语言保护着诗的源始本质。”[25]马克思在关于人类学的笔记中，对于语言的产生与原始文学的发生问题，是联系在一起加以关注的。在人类蒙昧期的低级阶段，即他称之为“人类的童年”时期，“音节清晰的语言”已开始出现。到野蛮期的高级阶段，即“从冶炼铁矿石，使用铁器开始，终止于标音字母的发明，和用文字书写作品。”[26]这中间经过了漫长的岁月。早在野蛮期的低级阶段，“图画文字似乎是在这一时期首次出现的；如果它产生更早，那么在这时已得到很大发展。在这方面相互关联的发明的系列有如下述：（1）手势语言或个人符号语言；图画文字或表意符号；（3）象形文字或约定符号；（4）表音性质的象形文字或按一定使用的表音符号；（5）拼音字母或写音。”[27]这种语言文字发生与形成的过程，实际也就是原始初民文学活动发生的过程，二者是相随而行的。恩格斯通过对摩尔根《古代社会》的研究，对原始艺术的产生作了如下的概括：“野蛮时代是学会经营畜牧业和农业的时期，是学会靠人类的活动来增加天然产物生产的方法的时期。文明时代是学会对天然产物进一步加工的时期，是真正工业和艺术产生的时期。”[28]从马克思恩格斯有关原始初民语言文字的发生、形成与文字书写作品的出现、艺术的产生的论述，人类文学活动的发生大体上应在摩尔根称之为野蛮时代向文明时代过渡的漫长历史过程之中。 　　马克思恩格斯虽然没有给后人留下关于艺术起源和文学活动发生问题的学术专著，仅从上面这些有关的观点和论述中，我们就可以从中得到很大的启示。马克思恩格斯的这些观点和论述，无疑为文学活动发生学的研究开辟了一个新局面。 　　三 　　马克思恩格斯之后，普列汉诺夫对文学活动发生学研究做出了新的贡献。他运用唯物史观多方面地研究了原始艺术，批判地吸取了格罗塞研究成果，在回答劳动与游戏何者在先、何者在后问题的同时，鲜明地提出了艺术发生与起源于劳动的观点。普列汉诺夫(1856-1918) 是俄国第一个马克思主义理论家、美学家和文艺理论家。他以书信的形式撰写的《没有地址的信〔1899－1900〕》是第一部以唯物史观研究文学艺术活动发生与起源的学术专著。难能可贵的是，普列汉诺夫是在生前并没有看到马克思的《1844年经济学哲学手稿》、关于人类学的笔记和恩格斯的《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》、《劳动在从猿到人的转变中的作用》以及马恩合著的《德意志意识形态》的情况下，通过自己的研究，在文学艺术起源的许多观点上，得出了与马克思恩格斯一致的结论。普列汉诺夫在文学活动发生学研究上的特殊贡献有以下几点： 　　第一，研究方法上的革命。在世界艺术史研究领域，普列汉诺夫是第一个自觉地将马克思创立的历史唯物主义原理运用于原始艺术研究的理论家。他在《没有地址的信》第一封信中写道：“在这里我毫不含糊地说，我对于艺术，就象对于一切社会现象一样，是从唯物史观的观点来观察的。”[29]普列汉诺夫创造性地阐发了历史唯物主义，他说：“从今以后，批评（更确切些说，美学的科学理论）只有依据唯物史观，才能够向前迈进。”[30]对于唯物史观原理，他作了具体阐发，提出了著名的社会结构“五层次”说，即：①生产力的状况；②被生产力所制约的经济关系；③在一定的经济“基础”上生长起来的社会政治制度；④一部分由经济直接所决定的，一部分由生长在经济上的全部社会政治制度所决定的社会中的人的心理；⑤反映这种心理特性的各种思想体系。[31]他把“社会心理”看作是艺术与社会生活关系的中介，认为要了解一个民族的思想史和艺术史，只知道它的经济是不够的，必须进一步研究社会心理。不研究社会心理，要想对艺术史进行历史唯物主义的解释是不可能的。普列汉诺夫运用唯物史观全面地审视了西方人类学家、考古学家和艺术史家关于文学艺术活动发生与起源的各种不同学说，批判了其中的唯心的、形而上学成分，吸取其有价值内容。普列汉诺夫在高度评价了达尔文做出的杰出贡献的同时，又实事求是地批评了研究文学活动发生学中的达尔文生物学的观点。在达尔文主义者看来，美感是人与动物所共有的，人的审美意识的发生是从动物哪里发展而来的。[32]普列汉诺夫认为，达尔文是把人类的起源当作物种的起源来看待的。历史唯物主义者研究的着眼点“恰恰开始于达尔文主义者的研究领域终结的地方。他们的工作不能替代达尔文主义者所给予我们的东西，同样地，达尔文主义者最光辉的发现也不能替代他们的研究，而只能为他们准备好基础”。[33]普氏认为，对美感的起源不能用生物学观点来解释，应以生产劳动实践为中心内容的社会学观点来解释。动物对色彩、光线、节奏的辨别能力，只是一种发展成美感的“可能性”，而不是现实性。而人的美感的产生，恰恰是人赖以生存的许多客观条件。“这就决定于他们在其影响下受教育、生活和行动的那些条件。人的本性使他能够有审美的趣味和概念。他周围的条件决定着这个可能性怎样转变为现实；这些条件说明了一定的社会的人（即一定的社会、一定的民族、一定的阶级）正是有着这些而非其他的审美趣味和概念。”[34]动物由于不可以有人通过生产劳动创造的生产力、生产关系等诸多的产生美感的条件，因此它们所具有的色彩、声响、节奏的感觉的可能性，也就不可能变为同人一样的现实性。 　　第二，“劳动说”的确立。普列汉诺夫在格罗塞《艺术的起源》研究的基础上，从游戏与劳动的关系何者在先何者在后的问题入手，运用唯物史观，提出了不同于“游戏说”、“巫术说”的“劳动说”。在格罗塞那里，已注意将艺术起源的研究与原始初民的生产方式联系起来。他说：“生产事业真是所谓一切文化形式的命根；它给予其他的文化因子以最深刻最不可抵抗的影响，……我们可以相当肯定地说，生产方式是最基本的文化现象，和它比较起来，一切其他文化现象都只是派生性的、次要的。”[35]但格罗塞的艺术史观留有二元论倾向，在谈到艺术活动发生的条件时，他又把“游戏说”的倡导者提出的“艺术冲动”看作是艺术活动发生的“首要条件”。格罗塞最终在历史唯物主义的门前止步了。普列汉诺夫正是在格罗塞提出的问题的基础上，提出了“劳动说”的主张。他认为，“解决劳动和游戏――或者也可以说，游戏和劳动――的关系问题，在阐明艺术的起源上极为重要的。”[36]他吸取了心理学家威廉·冯特关于“游戏是劳动的产儿”的观点，进一步指出：“我坚决地相信，如果我们不把握下面这个思想，那末我们将一点也不懂得原始艺术的历史：劳动先于艺术，总之，人最初是从功利观点来观察事物和现象，只是后来才站到审美的观点上来看待它们。”[37]普列汉诺夫研究了各种原始艺术产生的历史条件后指出：原始社会中，因为生活的需要迫使人去劳动，人在劳动中逐渐地把自己力量的实际使用看作是一种快乐。“游戏是由于要把力量的实际使用所引起的快乐再度体验一番的冲动而产生的。”[38]先民们的审美趣味，也总是“随着生产发展而发展的，因此，不论在这里和那里，审美趣味的状况总可以成为生产力状况的准确的标志。”[39] 　　对于普列汉诺夫提出和论证的“劳动说”的理由，学界也并非完全赞同。有的学者已经对他的关于先民最初从功利观点来看待事物、后来才站到审美观点上来的看法提出了质疑。认为这只说对了问题的一半。比如，原始初民在进行生产工具制作时，他们的创造活动。就显示出了两重性：一是他意识到自己活动的实用目的，二是他意识不到他的活动的美，意识不到他制作的工具已含有按照“美的规律”进行创造的因素。所以后人从原始的工具上感觉到的美，对于那些制造工具的原始人来讲还只是一种潜在的形态，只是一种具有必然性的无意识表现。“这就是问题的特殊性所在，也是它的实质所在。”[40]这一关键性的问题，普列汉诺夫并没有给以理论上的说明。 　　四 　　普列汉诺夫运用唯物史观研究原始艺术提出的“劳动说”，毕竟是具有开创性的，因而它在世界上产生了广泛的影响。在中国鲁迅接受马克思主义，开始就是从翻译普氏的《艺术论》（即《没有地址的信》）入手的。鲁迅认为，普列汉诺夫“是用马克斯主义的锄锹，掘通了文艺领域的第一个。”[41]他说：“蒲力汗诺夫也给马克斯主义艺术理论放下了基础。他的艺术论虽然还未能俨然成一个体系，但所遗留的含有方法和成果的著作，却不只作为后人研究的对象，也不愧称为建立马克斯主义艺术理论，社会学底美学的古典底文献的了。”[42]过去谈文学艺术的起源和发生，广为流传的是蒲氏的“劳动说”，提到鲁迅也仅是举出“杭育！杭育！”的一段话以印证“劳动说”的正确。实际上鲁迅对文学活动发生学的研究，既继承和借鉴了普列汉诺夫的方法与观点，批判地吸取“游戏说”、“巫术说”、“宗教说”和列夫·托尔斯泰提出的感情体验传达说中有价值的成分，又紧密地结合中国文学艺术发生、发展的实际，提出了富有中国特色的文学活动发生论的新观点。鲁迅的著作中涉及文学活动发生论的主要有《中国小说史略》、《中国小说的历史的变迁》、《汉文学史纲要》、《门外文谈》、《艺术论》中译本序等。综合鲁迅的观点，他对文学活动发生、起源的主张可概括为：“劳动―宗教（巫术）―休闲”论。最能代表他的观点的是下面一段话： 　　我想，在文艺作品发生的次序中，恐怕是诗歌在先，小说在后的。诗歌起源于劳动和宗教。其一，因劳动时，一面工作，一面唱歌，可以忘却劳苦，所以单从呼叫发展开去，直到发挥自己的心意和感情，并偕有自然的韵调；其二，是因为原始民族对于神明，渐因畏惧而生敬仰，于是歌颂其威灵，赞叹其功烈，也就成了诗歌的起源。至于小说，我以为倒是起于休息的。人在劳动时，既用歌吟以自娱，借它忘却劳苦了，则到休息时，亦必要寻一种事情以消遣闲暇。这种事情，就是彼此谈论故事，而这谈论故事，正就是小说的起源。－－所以诗歌是韵文，从劳动时发生的；小说是散文，从休息时发生的。[43] 　　关于“劳动说”，鲁迅作的重要补充是文艺起源于劳动，要有条件，不能过度，进而引发出“劳动－－休闲”说。他说：“劳动虽说是发生文艺的一个源头，但也有条件：就是不要过度。劳逸均适，或者小觉劳苦，才能发生种种的诗歌，略有余暇，就讲小说。假使劳动太多，休息时少，没有恢复疲劳的余裕，则眠食尚且不睱，更不必提什么文艺了。”[44]鲁迅讲的诗歌起源的第二个原因宗教，着重指的是巫术。他认为，“中国本来信鬼神的，而鬼神与人乃是隔离的，因欲人与鬼神交通，于是乎就有巫出来。”

　　在当下社会，感谢信应用范围愈发广泛，因为在口头表示感谢的同时，还需要感谢信的书面表达。那么感谢信有什么格式呢？以下是我整理的英文感谢信7篇，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。 英文感谢信 篇1 　　I am writing to express my thanks for 　　我写这封信是为了表达我对的谢意。 　　I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for 　　在信中我要为表达我真挚的谢意。 　　Thank you so much for the gift you sent me. Its one of the most wonderful gifts I ever got. 　　非常感谢你给我寄来的礼物，这是我收到的`最好礼物之一。 　　Many thanks for all the good things you have done in helping us to 　　非常感谢您为帮助我们所做的一切。 　　I would like to take this opportunity to express my great appreciation for your timely help and assistance. 　　我谨借此机会感谢您给予我们的及时帮助和支持。 　　On behalf of my whole family，I would like to extend my sincere gratitude for 　　我谨代表我全家对表示真诚的感激之情。 　　Nothing will be able to erase our wonderful memories，we will nurture them forever. 　　没什么能抹掉我们美好的记忆，我们会永远铭刻在心。 　　Thanks again for your kind help. 　　对你的帮助再次表示感谢。 　　My true gratitude is beyond any words description. 　　任何语言都不能表达我的真挚谢意。 　　Please accept my thanks，now and always. 　　请永远记住我的谢意。 　　Your help is very much appreciated by each one of us. 　　我们每个人都非常感谢你。 英文感谢信 篇2 　　kamenori foundation thank-you note dear kamenori,i"m very grateful for giving me thisopportunity to kamenori foundation, this is kamenori foundation to give me ascholarship, i can be a chinaand japanexchange student. i am very happy, because my first visit to japan, this is a exchange students i can furtherunderstand japan.perhaps, i still can become friendly relations between china and japan"s representative. because japan is i amlonging for the country. 　　now, i will go to japan. i heard that japan has a lotof food, such as japanese ramen, sushi, great kanto cook, tuna and many otherfood. of course the japanese kimono is also very beautiful, japanese cherryblossom and mount fuji, this beautiful scenerylet us linger. this time i as an exchange student i can not only learn aboutjapanese culture, school, living habits, i also want to know that i"m moreinterested in japanese anime. i think the japanese anime is not only shows thejapanese culture, but also shows that the japanese unique imagination, such asa block, naruto etc excellent cartoon, not only in the world popular, andjapanese culture of the world, this is very unique. 　　i hope i go to japan, i will have a very deep memory, there wasa lot of friends, learn about japanese culture, become china and japanthe friendly relations between the witnesses. then i get a scholarship, i ammore sure i will be very good in japan, the japanese family getalong well. 　　so, iam very grateful to the kamenori foundation to give me a scholarship andopportunity, so that i can be in japan to learn more, learn more,make more friends, and at the same time, this to my future plan has a betterfoundation. 　　congratulations 　　afs program students. 英文感谢信 篇3 Dear Dan and Laura, 　　Jim and I want to thank you for the beautiful salad bowl set. We are looking forward to getting lots of use out of your thoughtful and practical wedding gift. 　　We are having fun getting organized in our little apartment. Soon we will be ready for company, and we will giving you a call. After all the times you have had us over for dinner, we will get to play host for a change. 　　Thanks again for the lovely gift. 　　Fondly, 　　Minnie 亲爱的夫人戈登： 　　我想让你知道有多少星期在你对我意味着可爱的房子。我不但开心无比,而且我觉得放松和刷新我没有觉得数月。 　　请给我喜欢海伦。它是如此的漂亮和她再一起就像我们在学校的时光。 　　非常感谢你和戈登先生问我。 　　谨致问候, 　　吉恩·布朗 英文感谢信 篇4 * * * * * * * Manager: 　　Hello! 　　Let us first to you and your company to thank you, thank you for your busy schedule can take for us to carry out a good forum. 　　The day before, as a senior US face abroad, PubMed, etc., most of the students feel confused and at a loss for their own future. As a result, under the guidance of the head teacher, we were lucky to visit your company and have witnessed the work environment of your office. 　　We also remember that in the conference room full of all the products of your company, the manager made and demonstrated the slides of your company"s basic profile. We have benefited greatly from this work. We have not only realized the working concept of "passion for work and happy life", but also understood the main issues of foreign trade. 　　At the same time, we also want to thank your A for giving us detailed introduction to our foreign trade clerk"s work, so that we can deeply appreciate the ability and quality to be a foreign trade salesperson. We would like to thank your company"s B for imparting valuable learning Maxim and work experience, so that we have learned a lot of knowledge that we can"t get from the textbook. 　　In addition, we also appreciate your hospitality is also close first, Shixiongshijie earnest guidance still can be heard without end. In the end, let us express our sincere thanks to you and your company again. 　　Hope your company"s future development is more prosperous! 　　 英文感谢信 篇5 Distinguished clerk: 　　Hello！ 　　XXXXXX Engineering Co., Ltd. has been supported and helped by you since its establishment. Thank you for the support and love of XXXXXX for many years.XXXXXX all the staff to express their sincere wishes and sincere thanks to you and your family, and thank you for the trust and support you have always been to the XXXXXX. 　　The source of drinking water, we know, attention, trust, support and participation of every bit of progress and success achieved by the decoration department cannot do without the clerk. Your understanding and trust are the powerful motive force of our progress, and your support and participation are the inexhaustible source of our growth. Each of your participation, every suggestion, makes us excited and impels us to keep advancing. Have you, we have endless march forward with confidence and strength; with you all, our business can thrive. It is because of your trust and support that XXXXXX Engineering Co., Ltd. is able to innovate, grow and grow step by step, and become one of the most valuable and potential decorating companies in the market today. 　　In the years ahead, hoping to continue to get your attention and support, we will provide first-class quality and services more comprehensive and more attentive to customers, get your rewards, let your sweat will not be in vain, to support your efforts to build the Southwest"s top decoration service brand. 　　Finally, once again thank you for your support and help you, wish you have a healthy body! Family happiness! Business is thriving! Everything goes well！ 英文感谢信 篇6 尊敬的人事部lisa: 　　lisa，您好!在此冒昧占用您几分钟。 　　我是武娜，来自xx外语外贸大学，14号上午8:50参加了贵公司的group assessment，我想面试者众多，您可能忘了我是谁了，呵呵，不知您有没有印象，那场有位面试者老蹲地上捡胸前名字纸牌。 　　首先，我很感谢贵公司给我这次group assessment的机会，这是我人生第一次group assessment，让我有机会亲身感受德勤office的工作氛围和气氛，让我真正体念到了团队合作的重要性和技巧性，让我有机会结交新的7位朋友，让我有机会总结自己group assessment的不足和优点，让我对团队工作方式有了更加正确的认识。 　　同时，我也想借此机会向贵公司提点意见，从我贴胸牌的那一刻起，胸牌就不断地掉，我想是不是我太紧张连我的胸前纸牌也受不了拼着命想溜啊，讨论过程中我不断地压着它，它还是趁机逃跑了好多次，为了把它抓回来，我连掉在地上的铅笔也忘了捡，最后还是我们的manager捡起来的。回到学校后，我又试了下别的粘性物质，发现我的衣服根本粘不住，在此我能否建议贵公司能否将粘性纸牌换成其他形式，比如立体纸牌摆在会议桌上，这样队友更能清楚地看到互相的名字。以防1%的可能出现我这种情况。您觉得呢? 　　再次感谢贵公司给我group assessment 的机会，让我终生难忘，希望有机会跟您进行更深的交流! 　　此致 敬礼 　　武娜 　　20xx年xx月15日 Dear lisa: 　　i"m sorry to take up your time， i"m wuna， fromxx university of foreign studies， who had took part in the group assessment with the period of 8:50 on 14th november 15， XX。maybe you can"t figure what i look like， i wonder if you have an impression that there was a candidate whose name card often dropped onto the floor， then i was just that candidate。 　　to begin with， please allow me to thank your company of giving me the opportunity for group assessment。 honestly speaking， this was the first group assessment in my life。 i"m very pleasured that i have the opportunity to experience the working place and atmosphere of dtt， the opportunity to make new friends with my 7 teammates， the opportunity to learn the importance of teamwork skills， the opportunity to review my weak points and strong points and enhance my understanding of teamwork ， all of which i appreciate very much 　　meanwhile， would you mind that i make a suggestion here， from the moment i stuck the name card on my chest， it began to drop onto the floor， i wonder maybe i was too nervous that even this lovely name card could not stand it， when i got back to my dorm， i tested with other sticky things， it was found that my coat material refused to stick anything， so would you mind my suggestion to replace sticky name card with other ways in case for the 1% possibility of my case， for example， maybe we can use a name card displayed on the roundtable， and also it is more convenient for the teammates to know each other。 how do you think? 　　thanks again for the chance your company given me to participate this group assessment， which i will keep in my mind throughout my life。 i hope we can have an opportunity for further communications。 　　best wishes to you and deloitte sincerely 　　yours sincere 　　wuna 　　20xx-xx-15 英文感谢信 篇7 Dear ms。 grasso: 　　thank you for interviewing me at credit technologies。 i was impressed with the pany and the type of banking services the corporation provides。 　　your ments gave me a good understanding of the business and your expectations for the attorney you are seeking。 i am confident that my background and experience in banking law and my ability to analyze statutes and regulations in detail could be useful to credit technologies。 　　if you were to offer me this position， i believe that i could provide services that would meet the high standards of your corporation。 　　i look forward to talking again with you soon。

辉腾，大众的旗舰车型，78万的起价，4.2的要150万左右，辉腾是全手工制造的，而且可以根据你的需要定做，辉腾的工厂是全玻璃全透明的工厂。在中国辉腾在4个城市有定制中心。

一、工作过程不同1、Moore型：转换的输出由当前状态决定，，每个节点（状态）都标有输出值。2、Mealy型：转换的输出由当前状态和当前输入的组合决定，每个弧（过渡）都标有输出值。二、特性不同1、Moore型：时钟顺序系统是Moore机器的受限形式，其中状态仅在全局时钟信号改变时改变。当前状态存储在触发器中，并且全局时钟信号连接到触发器的“时钟”输入。时钟顺序系统是解决亚稳态问题的一种方法。2、Mealy型：输出直接受输入信号的当前值影响，而输入信号可能在一个时钟周期内任意时刻变化，这使得Mealy有限状态机对输入的响应发生在当前时钟周期，比Moore有限状态机对输入信号的响应要早一个周期。因此，输入信号的噪声可能影响在输出的信号。三、工作状态不同1、Moore型：在某状态时，列出所有的输出条件。在某状态时，当输入信号是什么则会跳至哪一个状态。 在某状态时，当输入信号是什么则会维持原状态不变。2、Mealy型：现态为s0输入为0时，则次态为s0且输出为0；若现态为s0输入为1时，则次态为s1且输出为1。参考资料来源：百度百科-摩尔型有限状态机参考资料来源：百度百科-Mealy机参考资料来源：百度百科-状态机

　　在当下社会，感谢信不再是罕见的东西，感谢信可以用来感谢和表扬帮助、支持、关心的人。写感谢信需要注意哪些问题呢？以下是我帮大家整理的英文感谢信9篇，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。 英文感谢信 篇1 　　I am writing to express my thanks for 　　我写这封信是为了表达我对的谢意。 　　I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for 　　在信中我要为表达我真挚的谢意。 　　Thank you so much for the gift you sent me. Its one of the most wonderful gifts I ever got. 　　非常感谢你给我寄来的礼物，这是我收到的最好礼物之一。 　　Many thanks for all the good things you have done in helping us to 　　非常感谢您为帮助我们所做的一切。 　　I would like to take this opportunity to express my great appreciation for your timely help and assistance. 　　我谨借此机会感谢您给予我们的及时帮助和支持。 　　On behalf of my whole family，I would like to extend my sincere gratitude for 　　我谨代表我全家对表示真诚的感激之情。 　　Nothing will be able to erase our wonderful memories，we will nurture them forever. 　　没什么能抹掉我们美好的记忆，我们会永远铭刻在心。 　　Thanks again for your kind help. 　　对你的帮助再次表示感谢。 　　My true gratitude is beyond any words description. 　　任何语言都不能表达我的.真挚谢意。 　　Please accept my thanks，now and always. 　　请永远记住我的谢意。 　　Your help is very much appreciated by each one of us. 　　我们每个人都非常感谢你。 英文感谢信 篇2 　　Thank you, Mr. Gibson. I feel deeply indebted to you and I really don"t know how to thank you enough for your help.It"s a great honor to be following in your footsteps as Overseas Sales Manager. 　　To be honest, this promotion came as quite a surprise. I"d like to think it"s mainly a recognition of the teamwork, above and beyond the call of duty, in my department. On that same note, I"d like to thank all my colleagues in the company for their enthusiasm and hard work. Due to their efforts, we"ve really gotten some overseas projects off the ground for Action. 　　Looking to the future, I"d still like to maintain contact with everyone, even though I"ll be working at the senior level. Well, what I"m trying to say is I won"t let this step-up go to my head. My door will always be open. Thank you again. 　　Sept 12,20xx 英文感谢信 篇3 ×××酒店餐饮部×××： 　　您好！ 　　感谢您给与我公司的合作。 　　在合作期间您所提供的完美体贴的服务和美味的食品，都给我们留下了深刻的印象。 　　在此，我公司特别向您和您所领导的餐饮部员工致以最真诚的谢意。同时对贵公司×××、×××、×××员工的全力配合表示衷心感谢。 　　感谢贵公司对我们工作的支持和帮助。 　　祝 万事如意！ 　　北京×××公司 　　日期：××-××-×××× Dear Head Master of F & B Department: 　　First of all, we thank you for the perfect service and providing delicious foods, which give us a deep impression for everything you done. Here, our company specially thanks you and your team, and sends the best regards and the most sincere gratitude to all of you. At the same time, we specially thank an outstanding employee ------ ×××whom gave the most cooperation during the events. 　　At the end, we sincerely thank for the all supports from you and your colleagues. 　　Millions of thanks! 　　Your Sincerely 　　Beijing ××× Co., Ltd. 　　Date: ××-××-×××× 英文感谢信 篇4 　　Dear Dad and Mom： 　　Although we can only keep in touch with each other by the telephone or the Internet, I wish I could let you know how much I love you and how much I"ve appreciated the things you"ve done for me. It is never too much to say thank you to you, my dear parents. 　　First and the most important is that thank you for bringing me to this world. During the 20 years, you have done a lot for me, but I haven"t realized how much I love you until I left home to the university. I understand how much effort you have cost to bring me up. Now, I have grown up, I can look after you. 　　Second, I want to thank you that you give me a good environment to grow up. There is an old saying “Parents are the first teacher to their children”. In my life, you are the typical ones. Because of your good examples I formed the good habit of learning at an early age which benefits my life. 　　At last, I want to say “thank you” is that you always support my choice. You never forced me to do anything I was not interested in. You told me to pursuit my own dreams without hesitation and you would support me forever. You also told me to how to be a human. Now I become an optimistic and cheerful girl and I feel happy every day. 　　I really miss you when I am writing this thank you letter. I can"t wait to go home to share more time together with you.You are my most important people in the world and I will love you forever. 　　Yours, 　　XXX 英文感谢信 篇5 　　Mum ： 　　Such is sons‘ nature,I really do not know how to express my thanks to you.However,I can imagine,on the day 18 years ago,when you gave birth to me,what a complex feeling you had.In the past few years,every day you struggle me up in the morning and prepare breakfast for me,then in the afternoon,you always welcome your only son with delicious foods after a day‘s hardwork.Now your son has been 18 and will go to university soon,like a bird is leaving its parents. 　　Nevertheless,your footprints on my heart will never ever fade and-----I love you mum! 　　your son 英文感谢信 篇6 　　20 july 20xx 　　dear mr. wang, 　　thank you for taking the time to write your wonderful letter in support of mcea(maywood chinese education association). your letter clearly articulates all themajor reasons children in maywood will benefit from studying the chinese languagas part of their elementary school education. it provides invaluable support that will help making bilingual chinese education a reality in maywood public schools.thanks again for sending a letter in support of mcea. we will continue to do all we can to realize this program both for families of chinese descent and those with a general interest in participating in the growing economic power of china. 　　yours sincerely, 　　george chen 　　useful expressions 　　thanks for. . . 　　it was verynice/good of you to ... 　　thank you verymuch for. . . 　　i must thank youfor. . . 　　i am extremelygrateful for your help. . . 　　i am mostgrateful for. . . 英文感谢信 篇7 　　Dea ms。 gasso: 　　thank you fo inteviewing me at cedit technologies。 i was impessed with the pany and the type of banking sevices the copoation povides。 　　you ments gave me a good undestanding of the business and you expectations fo the attoney you ae seeking。 i am confident that my backgound and expeience in banking law and my ability to analyze statutes and egulations in detail could be useful to cedit technologies。 　　if you wee to offe me this position， i believe that i could povide sevices that would meet the high standads of you copoation。 　　i look fowad to talking again with you soon。 　　vey tuly yous， 　　ichad t。 hamilton 英文感谢信 篇8 　　Dear Prof。 Herthwell， 　　Many thanks for your kind hospitality and the honor you showed me during our delegation"s recent visit to your university。 It was nice of you to introduce me to so many of your famous professors and celebrated scholars at your university。 We had a safe and sound trip home。 Now we have resumed our work。 　　Meanwhile， I hope you will someday pay a short visit to our university and give us some lectures on “Modern Western Economics”。 　　Please have no hesitation in writing to me if you want me to do something for you in China。 　　With best wishes。 　　Sincerely yours， 　　Li Dong 英文感谢信 篇9 　　dear lin yi, 　　i would like to sincerely thank you for the time that you spent with me last thursday, briefing me on your company"s background and operations, and interviewing me for the position of administrative assistant. 　　the interview was quite a pleasant experience for me, and i hope you had the same feeling as i did. now that i have met you and some of your colleagues, and have learned more about the activities of your company, i am even more excited about the possibility of working with you and your team than i was before the interview. i feel that my skills and abilities make me suitable for the job, and that i will definitely be a valuable addition to your company. 　　if you have any follow-up questions, please don"t hesitate to call me at 15820100808 or send me an e-mail at xxxx@××.com i am looking forward to hearing from you in the near future.

一、先选定(注册地址）办公地址；二、去工商局查企业的名称；三、在注册地址所属区财政局办理代理记账许可证；条件：一个会计师是会计工作的负责人，三个专职的会计（有会计证）。四、等代理证批下来，再到工商局领公司注册登记表办理登记；五、执照下来后刻公章、财务章；六、办理组织机构代码证；七、办理银行基本户开户手续；八、办理国、地税税务登记证；九、买发票；十、开始营业。