英语 简单的主语从句分析

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　　课件（courseware）是根据教学大纲的要求，经过教学目标确定，教学内容和任务分析，教学活动结构及界面设计等环节，而加以制作的课程软件。它与课程内容有着直接联系。我带来的宾语从句初中英语课件。 　　宾语从句初中英语练习题 　　1. They don"t know ______their parents are. 　　A that B what C why D which 　　2. Please tell me ______what last year. 　　A. where does your sister work B where did your sister work 　　C where your sister works D where your sister worked 　　3. She asked me if I knew ______. 　　A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it 　　4. You must remember ________. 　　A. what your mother said B. what did your mother say 　　C. your mother said what D. what has your mother said 　　5 Did you know ____? 　　A. who he was looking after B. who was he looking for 　　C. who he is looking for D. who he is looking after 　　6 Could you tell me ___? 　　A. when will they leave Beijing B. when would they leave Beijing 　　C. when they will leave Beijing D. when did they leave Beijing 　　答案： 1-6 B D B A A 　　宾语从句初中英语课件 　　宾语从句(object clauses) 　　1、概述用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的位置与陈述句基本结构中的宾语相同。宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可以作介词和非谓语动词（动词不定式、动名词、分词）和某些形容词的宾语。宾语从句可以由从属连词that whether、if，关系代词what, who, whose, which和关系副词when、where、how、why等引导。 　　He said he wanted to go to town. 他说他想去城里。 　　I hope you"ll be better soon.我希望你能很快好起来。 　　I"m so glad that you were able to come to this party.你能设法抽空出席这个交际会，我很高兴。 　　I know nothing about it except what I have read in the papers.除了在报上读到的以外,我对这件事一无所知。 　　Most of the Chinese people usually go to work on the bike except when it rains.除了雨天,大多数中国人一般都骑自行车上班。 　　He asked me whether she was coming. 他问我，她来还是不来。 　　2、作动词宾语 　　（1）由从属连词that引导的宾语从句。that引导宾语从句时，只起引导词作用，在句中不做成分，在口语和非正式文体中常省去。 　　I think (that) he"ll be right in a few days.我认为他几天后就会好的。 　　I wish （that） she would understand me.我希望她理解我。 　　（2）由关系代词what, who, whose, which引导的宾语从句，在句中作成分，即主语、宾语、表语和定语，关系代词在句中不能省略。 　　A computer can only do what you have instructed it to do．计算机只能按人的指令去做。 　　Do you know whom they are waiting for?你知道他们在等谁吗？ 　　He asked whose dictionary it was.他问这是谁的字典。 　　He can"t tell which method they will use for the experiment.他不能断定他们会用哪一种方法做实验。 　　（3）关系副词when，where，how，why等引导宾语从句。关系副词 when，where，how，why 既有疑问意义，又起连接作用，而且在宾语从句中充当各种状语，分别表时间、地点、方式、原因。在句中不能省略。 　　Please tell me when we shall discuss our plan.请告诉我我们将何时讨论计划。 　　I don"t know where we are going to have the meeting.我不知道我们将在哪里开会。 　　Will you tell me how I can get to the station？你能告诉我如何能到车站吗？ 　　Do you know why he said that?你知道他为什么说那件事吗？ 　　I remember when this used to be a quiet village．我记得这里曾经是一个僻静的村庄。 　　（4）由从属连词whether或if引导的宾语从句。 　　I wonder whether (if) daughters are valued as much as sons in the countryside.我想知道在农村女儿是否和儿子一样受到重视。 　　I don"t know whether (if) you are willing to help me.我不知道你是否愿意帮我。注意：whether 和if的区别，请参考概述部分。 　　（5）动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。动词如：advise, ask, inform, promise, question, remind, show, teach, tell, warn等，宾语从句前可以有一个间接宾语，这个宾语有时可以省略，有的不能省略。 　　He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.他已经通知我们将什么时候讨论我的建议。(me不可省略) 　　She promised (us) that she would give us more help later on.她答应以后给我们更多的帮助。(us可省略) 　　3、作介词宾语 　　It depends on whether he is coming or not.这要看他是否会来。 　　I was curious as to what we could do next.我想知道下一步我们该做什么。注意：that引导的宾语从句只在in, but, except, besides等少数介词后作宾语，形成固定搭配，in that在于（因为），but that要不是(只是)，except that除了……。 　　The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.所得税过高是有害的，因为它可能使人不愿多赚钱。 　　His paper is perfect except that there were some misprints.除了一些印刷错误之外，这篇论文很好。 　　4、作形容词宾语。 　　No one can be sure what man will look like in a million years．谁也不知道一百万年后人类会变成什么样子。 　　I am not certain whether I have met him before.我不能肯定从前是否见过他。 　　I"m sorry (that) you"re ill.你病了，我很难过。注意：that引导的从句在下列形容词后面作宾语，that可以省略。anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content, proud等。 　　I"m sure (that) he"ll help you.我确信他会帮助你。 　　I"m glad (that)he has passed the exam.我很高兴，他考试及格了。 　　5、it充当形式宾语，真正的`宾语---宾语从句后置。正如我们常用it充当形式主语代替主语从句一样，我们也常用it用作形式宾语代替宾语从句，把真正的宾语从句后置。特别是带复合宾语的句子中。在这种结构中that不可省略。有下列几种情况： 　　（1）在believe, consider, declare, estimate, fancy, feel, find, guess,hear, imagine, know, make, prove, reckon, think, understand 等动词接复合宾语（宾语＋宾补）时，要用it作形式宾语。 　　We find it difficult that we should finish the work on time．我发现我们按时完成工作有困难。 　　She thinks it wrong that he didn"t answer the phone．她认为他不接电话是不对的。 　　（2）在like，enjoy，love,hate,take 等表“喜怒哀乐”的动词，后若要跟宾语从句时，需跟形式宾语 it。 　　I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.我不喜欢人们满口饭说话。 　　I like it that everyone passed the exam．都通过了考试我很喜欢。 　　（3）由动词和介词构成的短语动词后接 that 宾语从句时，要用形式宾语。 　　We are thinking of it that we"ll lend you some money．我正在考虑借给你钱的事。 　　I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.你不在的时候我负责把他照顾好。 　　（4）用于“动词+宾语+介词短语”的句型中。 　　Keep it in mind that you have to be home by ten o"clock.要记住你得十点钟之前回家。 　　We took it for granted that he would come.我们认为他来是当然的。 　　6、不可直接跟that从句的动词。下列动词不可直接接that从句：ask, refuse, let, like, cause, force, condemn, admire, entreat, dislike（厌恶）, overlook, love, help, take, forgive, bid, hate, hear（听见）, see（看见）, want（想要） 等，但可用it, the fact做媒介，后接that从句；或接动名词、不定式。 　　He overlooked it that he had made another mistake.(正确) 他忽视了一件事，他又犯了一个错误。 　　He overlooked the fact that he had made another mistake. (正确) 　　He overlooked that he had made another mistake.(错误) 　　I admire it that they won the match. (正确) 　　I admire the fact that they won the match. (正确) 我很羡慕，他们赢得了比赛。 　　I admire that they won the match. (错误) 　　7、that引导宾语从句的省略。 　　（1）主句谓语动词是agree, argue, hold, learn, maintain, observe, contend, conceive, reckon, remark, state, suggest, assume, announce, calculate, indicate等时，其后宾语从句的引导词that一般不可省略；主句谓语动词是hear, know, say, see, confess consider, declare, understand, propose等时，其后宾语从句的引导词that可以省略，也可以不省略；主句谓语动词是think, suppose, believe, presume, dare say等时，其后宾语从句的引导词that可以省略。 　　He suggested that we should set off at 8 o"clock tomorrow morning.他建议我们明天早晨8点走。(that不可省略) 　　I think (that) this is very important.我认为这很重要。(that可省略) 　　（2）当一个句子很复杂，句中有多个状语时，that不可省略；或者一个句子有多个并列的宾语从句时，特别第一个宾语从句特别长，后面的宾语从句的that不可省略；谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语时，that不可省去。 　　He said you needn"t worry and that he would help you .他说你没有必要着急，他会帮助你的。（said之后可省去that，但第二个that不可省去） 　　We decide, as he has suggested, that we will start out tomorrow.就像他建议的那样，我们决定明天动身。 　　8、否定转移与省略 　　（1）如果主句的谓语动词是“think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, reckon, imagine等，主语是第一人称的一般现在时态，其后的宾语从句如含有否定意义，一定要把否定词一道主句谓语上，从句谓语动词用肯定形式。 　　I don"t think he can do it better than me.我想他不会比我干得好。 　　I don"t believe he treated the child like that.我相信他不会那样对待孩子的。 　　（2）如果think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, reckon, imagine等前有副词或表示强调的do, does, did；或者同其它词构成并列谓语；或者不以现在时出现；或者用作插入语中。这时候不用否定转移。 　　I really expect she didn"t say that to him.我确实希望她不和他说那件事。 　　I think and hope that he won"t be deceived by the man.我认为也希望他不会被那个人欺骗。 　　（3）think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, reckon, imagine等此类动词后，在简略答语中，用 so 替代前文肯定的宾语从句；若替代一个否定的宾语从句，用 not 或 not…so 替代前文整个从句。 　　-I believe we"ve met somewhere before．我认为我们从前在哪见过。 　　-No，I don"t think so．没有，我认为我们以前没见过。 　　-Do you think it"s going to rain over the weekend？你认为这周末会下雨吗？ 　　-I believe not．我认为不会。注意：hope 只能说 I hope not 一种形式，因为 hope 不能否定转移。 　　9、时态的呼应与语序。 　　在宾语从句中只能用陈述句语序，时态呼应上要遵循以下三条原则： 　　（1）如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语可根据意思的需要使用任何一种时态。 　　Can you make sure where Alice has put the gold ring？你能确定爱丽丝把金戒指放到什么地方了吗？ 　　They have no idea at all where he has gone．他们一点也不知道他去了哪。 　　Do you know who he was talking with at eight last night？你知道他昨晚和谁一起说话吗？ 　　（2）如果主句谓语是一般过去时，宾语从句要用表示过去的某一时态。 　　He said he would come to see us the next day.他说他明天将来看我们。 　　I wanted to know whether he had been to Beijing.我想知道他是否去过北京。 　　（3）如果宾语从句是表示客观事实、真理等，不管主句是什么时态，宾语从句一律用一般现在时。 　　Dick asked Lucy how old she is．迪克问露斯她多大了。 　　The teacher said the sun rises in the east．老师说太阳从东方升起。 　　要点 　　一、高中宾语从句要点之时态的呼应 　　1. 如果主句是一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句时,宾语从句可根据情况使用各种时态。例如: 　　I hear she is here today(she was here yesterday/ she will be here tomorrow.) 　　2. 如果主句是一般过去时,宾语从句应使用过去时态的某种形式。例如: 　　He said he was watching TV(he had swept the floor/ he would play football after school)。 　　3. 如宾语从句所叙述的是客观事实、自然现象或科学真理等,从句不受主句时态限制,仍用一般现在时。例如: 　　Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 　　二、高中宾语从句要点之引导词的使用 　　1. 当宾语从句由陈述句变化而来时,用that来引导从句,that常无具体意义,一般可省略。例如: 　　Lin Tao thought(that)the TV play was very boring. 　　2. 当宾语从句是由一般疑问句变化而来时,要用if或whether来引导从句。例如: 　　David asked his mother if/ whether she liked the dinner last night. 　　3. 当宾语从句是由特殊疑问句变化而来时,原句中的疑问词充当连接代词(如who, whose, what, which)或连接副词(如when, where, why, how),引导宾语从句。例如: 　　Do you know what we can do on the island? 　　I don"t know why Jane was late for school this morning. 　　三、高中宾语从句要点之语序的陈述化 　　宾语从句一般要用陈述句语序。例如: 　　When did he leave? I want to know. →I want to know when he left. 　　Does the shop close at six every day? Do you know? →Do you know if/ whether the shop closes at six every day? 　　四、高中宾语从句要点之否定转移 　　当主句的谓语动词为think, believe, suppose等动词,且主语为第一人称时,从句的否定要转移到主句上。例如: 　　I don"t believe he is here on time, is he? 　　I don"t think Tom is the best student in his class, is he?

（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustn"t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didn"t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn"t rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）练习一一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（—）、谓语（＝）、宾语（～）：I hope you are very well. I"m fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I"m helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn"t often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（—）、状语（＝）、补语（～）：Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. It"s great! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I don"t, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 四、选择填空：( )1. ____ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man here nowC. The man who is here now D. The man is here now( ) 2. The weather ____.A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold( ) 3. The apple tasted ____.A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet( ) 4. He got up ____ yesterday morning.A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter( )5. The actor ______at the age of 70.A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded( )6. ____ were all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest.A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we( )7. He found the street much ______.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly( ) 8.I think _____necessary to learn English well.A. its B. it C. that D. that is( ) 9. The dog ____ mad.A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked( )10.I will never forget the day ______ I joined the army.A. that B. when C. in which D. where练习一：一、1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；11、谓语，宾语；12、状语；13、形式宾语，真正宾语；14、宾语、定语；15、插入语，状语；16、宾语(间宾+直宾)；17、状语，状语；18、形式主语，表语，宾补；19、宾补；20、表语二、略三、略四、1~5 CBDBB 6~10 ACBAB练习二：一、1、简单句；2、复合句；3、简单句；4、简单句；5、并列句；6、复合句；7、并列句；8、复合句；9、简单句；10、简单句二、I hope you are very well（复合句）. I"m fine, but tired（简单句）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I"m helping my Dad on the farm（并列句）. August is the hottest month here（简单句）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（并列句） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（简单句）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（并列复合句）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（简单句）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（复合句）. But he employs more men for the harvest（简单句）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（简单句）. It doesn"t often rain in the summer here（简单句）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（简单句）. Every evening we pump water from a well（简单句）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（简单句）.Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（简单句）. These parties often make us very happy（简单句）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（简单句）. It"s great（ 简单句）! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion（简单句）. Some of my friends drink beer（简单句）. I don"t, because I have to drive home after the party（复合句）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（简单句）. There are five different time areas in the States（简单句）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（简单句）. How many different time areas do you have in China（简单句）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（简单句）. Please give my best regards to your parents（简单句）.三、1~5 ACADD 6~10 BCBDC 11~15 ADBCC 16~20 ABADB 21~25 DDDCD 26~30 ADDBD祝学习进步！

在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句，即为定语从句，相当于形容词。1。关系代词引导的定语从句。关系代词who,whose ,which,thateg.he is a man who means what he sats2。介词+which(whom)引导的定语从句eg:the people with whom he worked thought he was a bit strange.

我靠

宾语从句首先理解就是一个句子做为复合句的宾语， 例如：I believe that she is a policewoman.那么这样的句子就是that引导的宾语从句。 宾语从句是由that 或者疑问词引导，充当主句谓语的宾语的一个完成的句子。 在宾语从句中一般的考试要点主要考察的内容： 主句和从句之间连接词的选择， 主句和从句之间时态的选择， 从句中句子的语言顺序的确定这三个方面。 简单总结就是七个字：引导词，时态、语序 一、引导词1.及物动词+that引导宾语从句，是陈述语序，其中可以that省略I know that he is my uncle.I believe that it"s very hot in summer in China . 2.if 或者whether 引导的宾语从句，其中if 和whether翻译为“是否”。I wonder if/whether they"ll get there in time.We want to know if /whether the school starts. 3.特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，这些特殊疑问词包括what,who why where how 等等。 二、时态主句是一般现在时态，从句是不受影响可以是任意时态He knows that he is ill.主句是一般过去时态，从句用对应的表示过去的某种时态He wondered that if /whether they would have the meeting next week. 三、语序宾语从句要用陈述的语序，从句的基本结构是主语+谓语。Could you please tell me where the supermarket is? 四、把下列句子改为宾语从句的复合句1. He said“I have been to America”.He said that he had been to America. 2. Is there a hospital near here ? Do you know ?Do you know if/whether there is a hospital near here?3. What color do you like best ?Could you tell me ?Could you tell me what color you like best? 五、一个选择练习试题--- Do you know _____?--- He is a dentist.A. how does he make a livingB.what is his jobC.what does his father doD.what his father is

有重句的，应该看主句，主句是肯定的

26 There is little water in the bottle，__is there______? 27 I don"t think he is at home，__is he______? 28 That"s a good idea，__isn"t it______? 29 Don"t writ on the blackboard，___will you_____? 30 You had better go to school now，__hadn"t you______? 31 Not everyone likes children，___do they_____? 32 I"m much better today，___aren"t I_____? 33 Something is wrong with your bike，___isn"t it_____? 34 Lucy had nothing for lunch，___did she_____? 35 This is an old man，___isn"t it_____? 第五关：改为被动语态 36 Where did he plant the apple tree? Where___was_____the apple tree__planted______? 37 Can you think of another way to keep the room clean? Can another way__be thought______of to keep the room clean? 38 When did they grow vegetable? When___was_____vegetable___grown_____? 第六关：合并成含有宾语从句的复合句 39 Will the most popular singers come to Changchun on May Day? My sister asked My sister asked___whether_____the most popular singers__would______come to Changhun on May Day 40 Where does h live? I don"t know I don"t know where he lives. 41 Is the earth round? The little boy asked The little boy asked__whether______the earth___is_____round 42 When does the train leave? I want to know I want to know__when______the train __leaves___.

1.谁可以帮我找20个宾语从句的例句 I think China is a very interesting country.I think I am very handsome and cool.Mr Smith said that they had dicided to go someplace in China.The teacher said that Lucy was a good sutdent.Do you know where he works?Their father tells then that they are going to move to a new house.Mr Xia said that he would buy a book in the afternoon.The teacher told them that they paricte the piano in the afternoon.she asks me if Mary is at home.The teacher asked what you were doing.。 2.谁可以帮我找20个宾语从句的例句 I think China is a very interesting country. I think I am very handsome and cool. Mr Smith said that they had dicided to go someplace in China. The teacher said that Lucy was a good sutdent. Do you know where he works? Their father tells then that they are going to move to a new house. Mr Xia said that he would buy a book in the afternoon. The teacher told them that they paricte the piano in the afternoon. she asks me if Mary is at home. The teacher asked what you were doing.。 3.宾语从句的句子 在宾语从句中，其例句数不胜数，在此，我仅选取几条：由that,if,whether引导的宾语从句， 1.He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year 他告诉我他明年上大学. 2.I don"t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. 3.Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没人知道他是否会通过考试. 由who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.引导的宾语从句1.Do you know who has won Red Alert game？ 你知道是谁赢得了红色警报的游戏？ 2.The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么. 3.Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone？ 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗？ 由when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.引导的宾语从句 1.He didn"t tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. 2.Could you please tell me how you use the new panel？ 你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗？ 3.None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到。 4.出20句关于宾语从句的练习题 I.从下列A、B、C、D中选择一个正确选项填空.1.I don"t know _________ he will come tomorrow._________ he comes,I"ll tell you. A.if;Whether B.whether;Whether C.if;That D.if;If 2.I don"t know _________ the day after tomorrow. A.when does he come B.how will he come C.if he comes D.whether he"ll come 3.Could you tell me _________ the nearest hospital is?A.what B.how C.whether D.where 4.Could you tell me _________ the radio without any help?A.how did he mend B.what did he mend C.how he mended D.what he mended 5.I want to know _________ . A.whom is she looking after B.whom she is looking C.whom is she looking D.whom she is looking after 6.Do you know where _________ now?A.he lives B.does he live C.he lived D.did he live 7.Do you know what time _________ A.the train leave B.does the train leave C.will the train leave D.the train leaves 8.I don"t know _________ .Can you tell me,please?A.how the two players are old B.how old are the two players C.the two players are how old D.how old the two players are 9.The small children don"t know _________ . A.what is their stockings in B.what is in their stockings C.where is their stockings in D.what in their stockings 10.I can"t understand _________ . A.what does Christmas mean B.what Christmas does mean C.what mean Christmas does D.what Christmas means II.按要求转换句型.1.Does Mr.Brown enjoy living in China?Could you tell us？（改写句子） →Could you tell us _________ Mr.Brown _________ living in China?2.“Does the girl need any help?”he asked me.（变为复合句） →He asked me _________ the girl _________ some help. 3.Jim is not a student.Tom is not a student,either.（合并为一个句子） _________ Jim _________ Tom is a student. 4.When does the train leave?I want to know.（改为含宾语从句的复合句） I want to know _________ the train _________ . 5.They went home after they had finished their homework.（用not。 until改写） They _________ go home _________ they had finished their homework. 6.Did Peter come here yesterday?Li Lei wants to know.（改为含宾语从句的复合句） Li Lei wants to know _________ Peter _________ here yesterday. 宾语从句专项训练参考答案：I.1—5DDDCD 6—10ADDBD II.1.if/whether;enjoys 2.if/whether;needed 3.Neither;nor 4.when;leaves 5.didn"t;until 6.whether;came。 5.出20句关于宾语从句的练习题 I.从下列A、B、C、D中选择一个正确选项填空.1.I don"t know _________ he will come tomorrow._________ he comes,I"ll tell you. A.if;Whether B.whether;Whether C.if;That D.if;If 2.I don"t know _________ the day after tomorrow. A.when does he come B.how will he come C.if he comes D.whether he"ll come 3.Could you tell me _________ the nearest hospital is?A.what B.how C.whether D.where 4.Could you tell me _________ the radio without any help?A.how did he mend B.what did he mend C.how he mended D.what he mended 5.I want to know _________ . A.whom is she looking after B.whom she is looking C.whom is she looking D.whom she is looking after 6.Do you know where _________ now?A.he lives B.does he live C.he lived D.did he live 7.Do you know what time _________ A.the train leave B.does the train leave C.will the train leave D.the train leaves 8.I don"t know _________ .Can you tell me,please?A.how the two players are old B.how old are the two players C.the two players are how old D.how old the two players are 9.The small children don"t know _________ . A.what is their stockings in B.what is in their stockings C.where is their stockings in D.what in their stockings 10.I can"t understand _________ . A.what does Christmas mean B.what Christmas does mean C.what mean Christmas does D.what Christmas means II.按要求转换句型.1.Does Mr.Brown enjoy living in China?Could you tell us？（改写句子） →Could you tell us _________ Mr.Brown _________ living in China?2.“Does the girl need any help?”he asked me.（变为复合句） →He asked me _________ the girl _________ some help. 3.Jim is not a student.Tom is not a student,either.（合并为一个句子） _________ Jim _________ Tom is a student. 4.When does the train leave?I want to know.（改为含宾语从句的复合句） I want to know _________ the train _________ . 5.They went home after they had finished their homework.（用not。 until改写） They _________ go home _________ they had finished their homework. 6.Did Peter come here yesterday?Li Lei wants to know.（改为含宾语从句的复合句） Li Lei wants to know _________ Peter _________ here yesterday. 宾语从句专项训练参考答案：I.1—5DDDCD 6—10ADDBD II.1.if/whether;enjoys 2.if/whether;needed 3.Neither;nor 4.when;leaves 5.didn"t;until 6.whether;came。 6.初二20道宾语从句 宾语从句练习 一、（ ） 1. The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them. A. took B. take C. takes D. will take ( ) 2 .Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou. A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been ( ) 3 .The students want to know whether they___ dictation today. A. had B. has . C. will have D. are ( ) 4 .She asked Linda if___ go and get some. A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may ( ) 5 .Linda said the moon___ round the earth. A. travelled B. has travelled C. travells D. had travelled 2 ( ) 1 .Can you tell me___ you were born, Betty? A. who B. what C. when D. that ( ) 2 .I don"t know ___ they have passed the exam. A. what B. if C. when D. where ( ) 3 .I hardly understand.___ he has told me. A. that B. what C. which D. who ( ) 4 .She didn"t know___ back soon. A. whether he would be B. if would he be C. he will be ( ) 5 .I don"t know _____ he still lives here after so many years. A. whether B where C. what D.when ( ) 6 .Do you know _____ they listened to yesterday evening? A. what B when C why D how ( ) 7 .He asked me _____told me the accident. A whom B which C who D whose 3 ( ) 1.They don"t know ______their parents are. A that B what C why D which ( ) 2.Please tell me ______what last year. A.where does your sister work B where did your sister work C where your sister works D where your sister worked ( ) 3.She asked me if I knew ______. A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it ( ) 4. You must remember ________. A. what your mother said B. what did your mother say C. your mother said what D. what has your mother said ( ) 5.Did you know ____? A. who he was looking after B. who was he looking for C. who he is looking for D. who he is looking after ( ) 6.Could you tell me ___? A. when will they leave Beijing B. when would they leave Beijing C. when they will leave Beijing D. when did they leave Beijing 参考答案： 1. 1-5 A D C B C 2. 1-7 C B B A A A C 3. 1-6 B D B A A C 无答案： 提高型 1. I don"t know _____ he will come tomorrow. _____ he comes, I"ll tell you. A. if; WhetherB. whether; WhetherC. if; ThatD. if; if 2. Could you tell me ____ the radio without any help? A. how did he mendB. what did he mend C. how he mendedD. what he mended 3. Could you tell me ____ do with the money? A. how toB. what should IC. how I shouldD. what I should 4. Can you tell me how many English words ____ since 1996? A. have you learnedB. did you learn C. you have learnedD. you learned 5. Miss Li wants to know _____ next week. A. when my uncle leavesB. when will my uncle C. where my uncle will stayD. where does my uncle stay 6. Can you tell me when ____? A. does the ship leaveB. the ship will leave C. the ship leaveD. will the ship leave 7. Alice wanted to know ____ her grandmother liked the bag. A. thatB. ifC. whichD. what 8. I don"t know ____ Jane was late for school this morning. A. whoB. whatC. whomD. why 9. They don"t know ____ their presents are. A. whenB. whyC. what 10. Mike asked the girl in the shop ____ the watch ____ cheap enough.(1998云南) A. that; isB. if; wasC. that; wasD. whether; is 11. I think he ____ back next week. A. comeB. will comeC. cameD. has come 12. Xiao Mao told me he ____ a film with his mother the next day. A. would seeB. will watchC. would lookD. will see 13. Could you tell me if it ____ tomorrow? A. rainB. will rainC. rainingD. rains 14. He said that he ____ speak a little English when he was five. A. mightB. wouldC. couldD. can 15. I want to know if they ____ the spring sports meeting next month. If they ____ it, I must get ready for it. A. hold; will holdB. will hold; hold C. hold; holdD. will hold; will hold 综合型 1. –Do you remember ____ he came?-Yes, I do, he came by car. A. how B. whenC. thatD. if 2. That woman wanted to know _____ her daughter liked the sweater. A. whetherB. whatC. thatD. which 3. Have you decided when _____ for London? A. will you leaveB. you will leaveC. are you goingD. you are going 4. –Excuse me. Could you tell me ____? -Certainly. A. when can I get to the stationB. I can get to which station C. which station can I get toD. how I can get to the station 5. –What did your mother say, Tom? -She asked me why ____. A. my sister cryingB. my sister was crying C. is my sister cryingD. was my sister crying 6. I wonder what time _____ arrive. A. does the trainB. will the train C. the trainD. the train will 7. I wondered _____ our teacher did that for. A. thatB. ifC. whatD. why 8. Did you hear _____? A. what did I sayB. what I saidC. that I saidD. I said which 9. Can you tell me which room _____? A. does he live inB. does 。 7.分别来二十句英语宾语从句和定语从句 宾语从句： His father is worried about whether he would lose his work. Don"t worry about what he will do next. Tell me something about what you will do in a few days. Why are you interested in how he did it ? Today"s tip is on how the native speakers distinguish can and can"t in spoken American English. They know that the habit may kill them. I"m glad that you have come. Considering that Charles would be sentenced to death, he went to a chemist"s shop and bought some special medicine. I"ll go to that shop and see whether they have a telephone. whether he is an expert, I don"t mind. They doubt whether or not Jack is a good student. Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you can afford. Take whichever you like best. We will see what we can discover. Do you know where he lives? I think China is a very interesting country. I think I am very handsome and cool. Mr Smith said that they had dicided to go someplace in China. The teacher said that Lucy was a good sutdent. Do you know where he works? Their father tells then that they are going to move to a new house. Mr Xia said that he would buy a book in the afternoon. The teacher told them that they paricte the piano in the afternoon. she asks me if Mary is at home. The teacher asked what you were doing. 定语从句： There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。 Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous. Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. We"ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about. We"ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. Shanghai is the city where I was born. Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. I don"t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. I"ll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. We depend on the land from which we get our food.。

初一英语语法之宾语从句 　　 1宾语从句的.学习要注意三个方面 　　 第一：语序： 　　在宾语从句中，一律用___________。 　　如Where does she live? ( Do you know?) ----Do you know where she lives? 　　***几个特殊的特殊疑问句 　　Which is the way to the nearest shop?/ What"s wrong with you?/ What"s up?/ What"s the matter? 　　这几个特殊疑问句本身就是陈述语序,在宾语从句中不需调整语序。 　　 第二：时态; 　　1）如果主句是___________，宾语从句时态根据实际情况而定. 　　如： 　　1. It"s going to rain. I think. ---I think it"s going to rain. 　　2. “I will go with you .” he says. ---He says he will go with me. 　　3. He studied English ten years ago. I know. I know he studied English ten years ago. 　　2）主句是___________，宾语从句要用___________。 　　如：It"s going to rain. I thought. ---I thought it was going to rain. 　　“I will go with you.” he said. ---He said he would go with me. 　　3). 若从句表达的是___________，规律，不管主句是什么时态，从句都用___________。 　　如1 The earth turns round the sun. The teacher told us---The teacher told us that the earth turns round the sun. 　　2 Light travels much faster than sound. She said … ---She said that light travels much faster than sound. 　　 第三：连接词 　　1)如果被连接的句子是___________，那么连接词用___________, (也可省) 　　如1. He"ll be back in a month. ( I hear…) I hear ( that ) he will be back in a month. 　　2. I have been to the Great Wall once. ( He tells me…) He tells me ( that ) he has been to the Great Wall once. 　　2.)如果被连接的句子是___________,则用连接词___________ 　　如：*Does he live in that house? ( She asked me …) She asked me if/ whether he lived in that house. 　　*Have you finished your homework? ( I want to know…) I want to know if you have finished your homework. 　　3) ___________句，用原句中的特殊疑问词引导：what, who, where, when, which, why, how (many/ much/ often/ long/ old).如： Who are you waiting for? Can you tell me? --- Can you tell me who you are waiting for? 　　What did he do yesterday? I don"t know. ---I don"t know what he did yesterday. 　　***其中 以wh- 疑问词或how 引导的宾语从句与动词不定式可相互转换 　　如I don"t know what I can do.可以说成 I don"t know what to do. 　　The policeman showed me where I could get books. 可以说成The policeman showed me where to get books. 　　Can you tell me how I can make a kite?可以说成 Can you tell me how to make a kite? 　　4).宾语从句___________。在_________________________________等动词所跟的宾语中，如果从句谓语是否定的，一般要将否定词not转移至主句谓语上去，而将从句谓语改为肯定形式。 　　如：I don"t think he has time to play with the girl. 　　 二．综合练习 　　1．I want to know __ 　　A. whom is she looking after B. whom she is looking C．whom is she looking D．whom she is looking after 　　2．I don"t know _________ the day after tomorrow． 　　A．when does he come B．how will he come C．if he comes D．whether he"ll come 　　3．Could you tell me _________ the nearest hospital is？ 　　A．what B．how C．whether D．where 　　4．Could you tell me _________ the radio without any help？ 　　A．how did he mend B．what did he mend C．how he mended D．what he mended 　　5．I don"t know if he____ tomorrow. If he _____，I"ll tell you． 　　A．comes, comes B．will come, will come C. will come, comes D. comes, will come 　　6．Do you know where _________ now？ 　　A．he lives B．does he live C．he lived D．did he live 　　7．Do you know what time ___？ 　　A．the train leave B．does the train leave C．will the train leave Dthe train leaves 　　8．I don"t know _________ ．Can you tell me，please？ 　　A．how the two players are oldB．how old are the two players C．the two players are how old D．how old the two players are 　　9．The small children don"t know _________ ． 　　A．what is their stockings inB．what is in their stockings C．where is their stockings in D．what in their stockings 　　10．I can"t understand _________ ． 　　A．what does Christmas mean B．what Christmas does meanC．what mean Christmas does D．what Christmas means 　　11 . When the job______, let me know. 　　A .do B .done C .is done D .finished 　　12 .She asked me if I knew__ . 　　A .whose pen is it B .whose pen it was C whose pen it is D .whose pen was it 　　13 .Miss Li wants to know _____________next week . 　　A .when my uncle leavesB .when will my uncle leave C .where my uncle will stay D .where does my uncle stay 　　14 .Could you tell me ________________with the money ? 　　A .how to do B .what should I do C .how I should do D .what I should do 　　 中考宾语从句真题演练 　　( )1. Everyone can play an important role in the society．As members，we should try our best to do__. 　　A. what we should do B. what should we do C. how we should do 　　( )2. --I really hope to keep in touch with Lily. --Sorry. I don"t know __. 　　A. what her name is B. what her job is C. what her number is D. when she left 　　( )3 —Can you tell me ______? —By doing more speaking. A how I will improve my English 　　B. which way can I choose C. how do I deal with my English D. what"s wrong with my English 　　( )4. How lovely the dog is ! Can you tell me _____? 　　A. where did you get it B. where will you get it C. where you got it 　　( )5.. --Excuse me, could you tell me ____ the book about aliens? --Sure, take the escalator to the second floor. 　　A. where I can buy B. where can I buy C. when can I buy D. when I can buy 　　( )6-“Do you know_ have our summer holiday?”-“Next week.”A.when will we B.when are weC. when we will 　　( )7 ---Do you know ____ the MP4 yesterday? -- Sorry, I"ve no idea about it. 　　A. how much did he pay for B. how much he paid for C. he paid for how much D. he paid how much for 　　( )8--What time will Mr. Brown be back to China? -- Sorry. I don"t know ___. 　　A. when did he go abroad B.why he is going abroad C.how soon will he be back Dhow long he will stay abroad 　　（ ）9. You can"t image ___ when the pupils received these nice presents on Children"s Day. 　　A. how they were excited B. how excited they were C. how excited were they D. they were how excited 　　（ ）10. –Can you tell me ______?–She is in the computer lab. 　　A. where Linda was B. where is Linda C. where was Linda D. where Linda 　　( )11. –Do you know _______ the Capital Museum? –Next Friday. 　　A. when will they visit B. when they will visit C. when did they visit D. when they visited 　　( )12. He wanted to know____the English party. 　　A. when will we have B. when we will have C. when would we have D. when we would have 　　( )13. I want to know_______. 　　A. when we should arrive at the airport B. when should we arrive at the airport 　　C. when the airport we should arrive at D. when the airport should we arrive at 　　( )14. –David, look at the man in white over there. Can you tell me_______? –He is a doctor. 　　A. who is he B. who he is C. what is he D. what he is 　　( )15. –Do you know___the girl in red is? –I"m not sure. Maybe a teacher. 　　A. when B. how C. where D. what 　　( )16. Your T-shirt is so cool. Could you tell me ________? 　　A. where you buy it B. where do you buy it C. where you bought it D. where did you buy it is 　　( )17. I really want to know ____ . 　　A. what is wrong with my brother B. how will he go to Beijing tomorrow C. if had he bought that car D. where did he go yesterday 　　( )18. Excuse me, sir. Could you tell me ? 　　A.where is the bank nearestB. where is the nearest bankC.where the nearest bank isD. the nearest bank is where 　　( )19.Lily"s mother looked for her for half an hour, but couldn"t find ____. 　　A. What Lily was. B. What was Lily C. Where Lily was D. Where was Lily 　　( )20--Could you tell me___? He is wanted by the head teacher.--Sorry, I"ve no idea.But he _ here just now． 　　A. where Tim was, was B. where is Tim，was C. where Tim is，was D．where Tim is，is ;

（what，who，where，how）+be+主语+V.

《高中英语语法-名词性从句》由英语我整理,更多请访问:https://www.liuxue86.com/english/。本内容整理时间为05月12日，如有任何问题请联系我们。 名词性从句 名词性从句相当于名词,可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。 (一)引导名词性从句的连接词 1、连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。 2、连接副词:when, where, why, how。有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语。 3、连接词:that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略;if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分。 注意:连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句,因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分,连接词whether 和if(是否),as if(好象)在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。根据句义,如果连接代词与连接副词,whether、if 和as if都用不上时,才用that作连接词(that本身无任何含义)。 (二)主语从句 1、主语从句在复合句作主语。 e.g. Who will go is not important. 2、用it作形式主语,主语从句放在句末。 e.g. It doesn"t matter so much whether you will come or not. 3、that引导主语从句时,不能省略。 e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised. (三)表语从句 1、表语从句在复合句中作表语,位于系动词之后。 e.g. The question was who could go there. 2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。 e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work. (四)宾语从句 1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。 e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right. 2、介词之后的宾语从句,不可用which或if连接,要分别用what或 whether。 e.g. I"m interested in whether you"ve finished the work.. I"m interested in what you"ve said. 3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句,常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。 ①宾语从句是否定句时,只用if,不用whether。 e.g. I wonder if it doesn"t rain. ②用if 会引起误解,就要用whether。 e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.(此句如果把whether改成if,容易当成条件句理解) ③宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用,就不能换成if;不直接连用,可换。 e.g. I don"t know whether or not the report is true. I don"t know whether/ if the report is true or not. ④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,还可引导让步状语从句,以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时,只能用if,而不能用whether。 e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time. They don"t know whether to go there. Please come to see me if you have time. (五)同位语从句 同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语,一般位于该名词(如:news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等)之后,说明该名词的具体内容。 e.g. I have no idea when he will be back. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. 练习:名词性从句 一、判断下列各句哪句含有名词性从句,并指出是什么从句: 1. China is no longer what it used to be. 2. The truth that the earth turn around the sun is known to all. 3. It was snowing when he arrived at the station. 4. How he persuaded the manager to change the plan is interesting to us all. 5. The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school. 6. The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing. 7. That is where Lu Xun used to live. 8. He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about. 9. Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school? 10. I wonder why she refused my invitation. 二、用适当的连词填空: 1. I can"t decide ____________ dictionary I should buy. 2. That"s ____________ he refused my invitation. 3. I am very interested in ____________ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time. 4. ____________ we need is more time. 5. The fact ____________ she had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody. 6. ____________ and ____________ they will meet has not been decided yet. 7. Please tell me ____________ you are waiting for. 8. Is that ____________ you are looking for? 9. Would you please tell me ____________ the nearest post office is? 10. I don"t know ____________ he will agree to the plan or not. 三、选择填空: 1. Do you see _____ I mean? A. that B./ C. how D. what 2. Tell me_____ is on your mind. A. that B. what C. which D. why 3. We must stick to _____ we have agreed on. A. what B. that C. / D. how 4. Let me see _____. A. that can I repair the radio B. whether -I can repair the radio C. I can repair the radio D. whether can I repair the radio 5. Keep in mind _____. A. that the teacher said B. what did the teacher say C. that did the teacher say D. what the teacher said 6. Could you advise me _____? A. which book should I read first B. what book should I read first C. that book 1 should read first D. which book I should read first 7. He was criticized for _____. A. he had done it B. what he had done C. what had he done D. that he had done it 8. Would you kindly tell me _____? A. how can I get to the Beijing Railway Station B. how I can get to the Beijing Railway Station C. where can I get to the Beijing Railway Station D. whether can I get to the Beijing Railway Station 9. Mrs. Smith was very much impressed by _____. A. what had she seen in China B. that she had seen in China C. what she had seen in China D. which had she seen in China 10. We took it for granted ___ A. that they were not coming B. that were they not coming C. they were coming not D. were they not coining 11. I really don"t know _____ A. I should do next B. what should I do next C. what I should do next D. how I should do next 12. I"m afraid _____. A. the little girl will have to be operated on B. that will the little girl have to operate on C. the little girl will have to operate on D. that will the little girl have to be operated on 13. She walked up to _____ . A. where did I stand B. where I stood C. I stood there D. where I stood there 14. Can you tell me _____? A. who is that gentleman B. that gentleman is who C. who that gentleman is D. whom .is that gentleman 15. We"ll give you _____. A. that do you need B. what do you need C. whatever you need D. whether do you need 16. They want us to know _____ to help us. A. what can they B. what they can C. how they can D. how can they 17. We must put _____ into practice. A. what we have learned B. that we have learned C. that have we learned D. what have we learned 18. Did she say anything about _____? A. that the work was to be done B. how was the work to be done C. that was the work to be done D. how the work was to be done 19. He was never satisfied with _____. A. what she had achieved B. had what she achieved C. she had achieved D. that she achieved 20. These photographs will show you _____. A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like 21. Peter insisted _____ he pay the bill. A. on that B. what C. that D. on which 22. They urged _____ the library open during the vacation. A. when B. where C. why D. that 23. We wish we could have learned _____ when we were at high school. A. what you did B. that you had done C. that what you did D. what did you do 24.1 will describe to you _____ I saw when there. A. what B. that C. which D./ 25. From _____ I should say he is a good worker. A. what 1 know of him B. that I do know of him C. what do I know of him D. that do I know of him 26. I will give this dictionary to __ wants to have it. A. whomever B. anyone C. whoever D. someone 27._____ they will come here hasn" t been decided yet. A. What B. That C. When D. Where 28. _____ was said here must be kept secret. A. Who B. The thing C. Whatever D. Where 29. It is still a question _____ we shall have our sports meet. A. if B. that C. what D. when 30. I"m going anyway. _____ she will go is up to her to decide. A. If or not B. Whether or not C. If D. That 31. It is strange _____ she have left without saying a word. A. that B. what C. why D. how 32. It is very clear _____ our policy is a correct one. A. what B. that C. why D. where 33. _____ Mr Zhang said is quite right. A. That B. When C. What D. Whether 34. It has been decided _____ he will be sent there. A. if B. whether C. why D. that 35. It doesn" t matter _____he" s come back or not. A. if B. whether C. that D. when 36. It"s a great pity _____ we won"t be able to finish the task on time. A. when B. that C. why D. where 37. It happened _____ I wasn"t there that day. A. when B. why C. where D. that 38._____ you have done might do harm to other people. A. What B. That C. Which D. The things 39. _____ leaves the room last ought to turn oft the lights. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D.Who 40._____ the 2000 Olympic Games won"t be held in Beijing is known to all. A. Whether B. If C. Whenever D. That 41. _____ fails to see this will make a big mistake. A. That B. Whoever C. Whether D. Whether or not 42. __ we need more equipment is quite obvious. A. What B. Whether C. That D. Whatever 43. Has it been announced _____? A. when are the planes to take off B. that are the planes to take off C. where are the planes to take off D. when the planes are to take off 44. That is _____ we all support his idea. A. what B. why C. where D. when 45. That"s _____ we should do. A. that B. what C. how D. why 46. _____ is troubling me is _____ I don"t understand _____ he said A. What; that; what B. What; what; what C. That; that; what D. Why; that; which 47. Things were not _____ they seemed to be. A. when B. why C. that D. what 48. That"s _____ I want to say. A. all what B. what C. all which D. what that 49. That"s _____ . A. where our differences lie B. our differences lie there C. where do our differences lie D. that where our differences lie 50. That is _____ . A. where lived he there B. where did he live C. where he lived D. that where he lived 51. The questions is _____. A. whether is it worth doing B. that if it is worth doing C. whether it is worth doing D. if it is worth doing 52. Water will continue to be _____ it is today next in importance to oxygen. A. how B. which C. what D. as 53. That"s_____. A. how did I become a teacher B. how I became a teacher C. how a teacher I became D. that I became a teacher 54. They are just _____. A. that what shall I have B. what shall I have C. that I shall have what D. what I shall have 55. It looked ____. A. as if it was going to rain B. that as if it was going to rain C. as if was it going to rain D. as if that it was going to rain 56. That"s_____. A. how she did it B. that how did she do it. C. how did she do it D. what she did it 57. That is _____ we decided to put the discussion off. A. where B. which C. that D. why 58. That"s _____ I lived when I was ten years old. A. where B. at which C. there where D. when 59. My suggestion is _____ we should send a few comrades to help them. A. if B. that C. when that D. that where 60. The idea _____ all people are selfish is wrong. A. what B. that C. why D. if 61. We heard the news _____ our team had won. A. that B. what C. whether D. why 62. The fact _____ he hadn"t said anything surprised us all. A. why B. if C. that D. whether 63.I have no idea _____ she will be back. A. that B. where C. that when D. when 64. We must keep in mind the fact _____ China is still a developing country. A. whether B. that C. why D. when 65. They have no idea at all _____. A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. where has he gone D. which place he has gone 《高中英语语法-名词性从句》由英语我整理,更多请访问:https://www.liuxue86.com/english/

浅谈连词有哪些？如何分类？连词是连接单词、 词组 、从句与句子的词，是虚词，因此它不独立担任句子成分。连词主要分为两大类：并列连词和从属连词。从属连词是用来引导各类从句的引导词，只能结合各类从句一并学习。并列连词按连接关系分以下四类：(1)表并列关系的and, both…and, neither…nor(2)表选择关系的or, either…or(3)表转折关系的but，while，only，however(4)表因果关系的for, so等。按连词形式分为独立连词和关联连词。1．独立连词：and，or，but, for2.关联连词是一类成对使用的连词，如：both……and……,either……or……neither……nor……not only……but also……not only…but…not……but…….as well例句：Rice and potatoes are common food.Many trees lose their leaves in winter, but evergreen trees do not.许多树木在冬天会落叶，但常绿树木不会。Either the windows were opened or the door was opened.要么窗户打开了，要么门打开了。并列连词非常简单，同时又非常重要，在破解长难句时，第一步就是找并列。如果并列句没找对，就彻底乱套了。这种既简单又重要的知识点务必掌握。以上内容是语法书和教材的通常说法，但我仍有几点疑惑：并列句中的因果关系与原因状语从句是什么关系？如何辨别？for和because，since，as词义都是因为，为什么for属于并列连词，而其他三个是从属连词？它们用法上有啥区别？希望大家在评论区留言讨论。

我和你一样的遭遇，其实你并不想这样，只是无力改变环境，也无力改变自身。不和你讲大道理，你每天晚上保持30分钟的学习激情好不？就学习30分钟，静下心看。然后白天上课的时候注意听讲就行，不要走神，慢慢来。

分类: 教育/科学 >> 学习帮助 解析: 一、反意疑问句的意义及其构成 反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句，是指当提问的人对前面所叙述的事实不敢肯定，而需要向对方加以证实时所提出的问句。其结构为：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简单的问句。完成后一部分简单问句时，要根据前面陈述句的动词时态和人称来选择适当的助动词进行提问，前后两部分的人称和动词时态要保持一致。如果前一部分用肯定式，后一部分一般用否定式；反之，前一部分为否定式，后一部分要用肯定式，即“前肯定后否定，前否定后肯定”。 例 You have been to Beijing, haven"t you? 你去过北京，是吗？ 二、简单句式结构中反意疑问句的运用 反意疑问句运用于简单句式结构中时，我们应注意掌握以下几个方面 1、当陈述句部分的主语是名词时，反意疑问句的主语必须用人称代词来代替。 例 Your brother has gone to the library, hasn"t he? 你弟弟去图书馆了，是吗？ 2、当陈述句的主语是指示代词this, that时，反意疑问句的主语用it代替；指示代词是these, those时，反意疑问句的主语用they代替。 例 That isn"t a useful book, is it? 那不是一本有用的书，是吗？ These are important reading materials, aren"t they? 这些都是重要的阅读材料，是吗？ 3、当陈述句部分是I am…时，反意疑问句部分通常要用aren"t I；如陈述句部分的主语是I am not时，反意疑问句部分通常要用am I。 例 I"m late for the meeting, aren"t I? 我开会迟到了，是吗？ I"m not doing well, am I? *** 得不好，是吗？ 4、当陈述部分是everyone / everybody, someone / somebody, no one / nobody, none等表示人的不定代词时，反意疑问句部分的主语多用they，但也可用he；当陈述部分的主语是everything, anything, something, nothing等表示物的不定代词时，反意疑问句部分的主语用it。 例 Nobody came when I was out, did they? 我在外时，没人来过，是吗？ Everything has gone wrong today, hasn"t it? 今天什么都出问题了，是不是？ 5、当陈述部分是“there be + 主语 + 其它”结构时，反意疑问部分要用“be (not) + there”结构。 例 There are some bananas in the basket, aren"t there? 篮子里有些香蕉，是吗？ 6、当陈述部分的谓语动词是have时，有两种情况 。 （1）have作“有”解时，反意疑问句部分可用have（not）或do（not）的相应形式。 例 His brother has a new bike, hasn"t (doesn"t) he? 他弟弟有一辆新自行车，是吗？ （2）have用作实义动词时，反意疑问句部分只可用do（not）的相应形式。 例 We have to start early, don"t we? 我们必须早点出发，是吗？ 7、当陈述部分有hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, seldom, few, little, no, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问句部分要用肯定形式。 注 如果陈述句部分是带有否定前缀或后缀时，反意疑问句部分仍用否定结构。 例 It"s impossible for him to make such a mistake, isn"t it? 他不可能犯这样的错误，是吗？ 8、当陈述部分有情态动词ought to时，反意疑问句部分要用ought / should (oughtn"t / shouldn"t)；如陈述部分为情态动词used to，反意疑问部分可用 used或did；如陈述部分为had better，反意疑问部分用hadn"t或shouldn"t。 例 Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they? 这种事是不允许的，是吗？ You"d better do it by yourself, hadn"t / shouldn"t you? 你最好自己做，好吗？ 9、当陈述句部分有情态动词must时，反意疑问部分有四种情况 （1）must表示“必须、禁止“时，反意疑问部分要用must (mustn"t) 。 例 You mustn"t stop your car here, must you? 你不能把车停在这地方，知道吗？ （2）must表示“有必要”时，反意疑问句部分要用needn"t。 例 They must finish the work today, needn"t they? 他们今天必须要完成这项工作，是吗？ （3）当must用来表示对现在的情况进行“推测”时，反意疑问部分要根据must后面的动词采用相应的形式。 例 He must be good at maths, isn"t he? 他数学一定学得很好，是吗？ （4）当must用来表示对过去的情况进行“推测”（must + have done）时，如强调对过去情况的推测（一般句中有过去的时间状语），反意疑问句部分要用“didn"t + 主语”；如果强调动作的完成（一般没有过去时间状语），反意疑问句部分要用“haven"t / hasn"t + 主语”。 例 She must have read the novel last week, didn"t she? 她上星期一定读了这本小说了，是吗？ You must have told her about it, haven"t you? 你一定把这事告诉她了，是吗？ 10、当陈述部分的谓语动词是表示愿望的wish时，反意疑问部分要用may，而且前后两个部分均用肯定式。 例 I wish to go to the moon by spaceship some day, may I? 我希望总有一天能乘宇宙飞船去月球。 11、感叹句的反意疑问句一律使用否定式，并用be的一般现在时形式。 例 What a foolish child (he is), isn"t he? 多傻的孩子啊，不是吗？ 三、并列分句结构中反意疑问句的运用 当陈述句是由并列连接词and, but, or, for, so等连接的两个并列分句组成时，反意疑问句部分一般与最接近的分句保持一致，也就是说，对后一分句进行反问。 例 He was a lazy child, and he didn"t pass the exam, did he? 他是一个偷懒的孩子，他没能通过考试，是吗？ 四、复合句结构中反意疑问句的运用 反意疑问句用于主从复合句结构中时，要注意以下三种情况 1.一般情况下，陈述句部分是主从复合句时，反意疑问句部分的代词和助动词应与主句中的主语和动词保持一致。 例 This is the second time that he has been to Japan, isn"t it? 这是他第二次去日本，是吗？ 2.在宾语从句中，如果陈述句部分是“I think (believe, suppose, imagine, expect等) + 宾语从句”， 反意疑问句部分应与宾语从句的主谓保持一致，并要注意否定转移。 例 I don"t think you have heard of him before, have you? 我认为你以前没有听说过他，是吗？ 注 当think等这些动词的主语不是第一人称，或主语是第一人称，而动词时态不是一般现在时或一般过去时，这时，反意疑问句的助动词和人称代词要与主句保持一致。 例 Mary thinks you will e to the party, doesn"t she? 玛丽认为你将来参加晚会，是吗？ 3.当陈述句部分为主语从句时，反意疑问句的主语用it。 例 That he didn"t pass the entrance exam made his parents very angry, didn"t it? 他没有通过入学考试使得他的父母十分生气，是吗？ 五、祈使句结构中反意疑问句的运用 祈使句反意疑问句的构成，必须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其反意部分，有四种形式。 1．祈使句的肯定形式，其反意问句表示“请求”时，通常用will you；表示“邀请、劝说”时，用won"t you。 例 Be sure to write to us, will you? 一定要给我们写信，好吗？（表示“请求”） Come to have dinner with us this evening, won"t you? 今晚跟我们一起来吃饭，好吗？（表示“邀请”） 2．祈使句的否定形式，其反意疑问句通常只用will you构成。 例 Don"t *** oke in the meeting room, will you? 请不要在会议室抽烟，好吗？ 3．变异祈使句，即句首为一呼语，后接第二人称代词引导的一个一般现在时的陈述句，这时，我们应视为无主语的祈使句结构，反意疑问句部分要用will you构成。 例 Mike, you take all these tables out of the next room, will you? 迈克，你把这些桌子都搬出隔壁房间，好吗？ 4． Let开头的祈使句，构成反意疑问句时，除Let"s用shall we构成反意疑问句外，其它均用will you。 例 Let the boy go first, will you? 让那男孩先走，好吗？ Let"s take a walk after supper, shall we? 晚饭后，我们去散步，好吗？ 六、反意疑问句的回答 对反意疑问句的回答，无论问题的提法如何，如果事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的，就要用no。要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构，反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时，回答yes或no与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”，no要译成“是”。 例 ---He likes playing football, doesn"t he? 他喜欢踢足球，是吗？ ---Yes, he does. / No, he doesn"t. 是的。/ 不是。 ---His sister didn"t attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议，是吗？ ---Yes, she did. / No, she didn"t. 不，她参加了。/ 是的，她没参加。 巩固练习 1. ---Li Ping told me that he overslept this morning. ---Oh, he rarely used to oversleep, ________? A. usedn"t he B. was he C. didn"t he D. did he 2. Mike isn"t a hard-working student, for this is the third time that he has been late, _______? A. isn"t it B. is he C. hasn"t he D. isn"t this 3. ---They don"t seem to answer the phone. ---There isn"t anyone at home, ________? A. isn"t there B. is there C. is it D. isn"t it 4. There aren"t many cafes. We"d better stop at the next place we see, _______? A. hadn"t we B. wouldn"t we C. had we D. didn"t we 5. Let us share the car, _______? A. shall we B. will you C. may we D. can we 6. Comrade Li came here yesterday. I don"t believe you"ve seen him before， ？ A. have you B. haven"t you C. do I D. didn"t he Key D A B A B A

第一个问题我同意你的观点，是宾语从句，书也会出错。复合句分为： 名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句。而宾语从句是名词性从句的一种，地点状语从句是状语从句的一种。第一个问题宾语从句不光是可跟在动词后面如：I wonder where you have been ? 宾语从句还可以跟在介词后面如: I am sorry for what i have done. 也可以跟在形容词后面： 如： I m sure (that) you will make it.第一个句子是宾语从句where the children discover the secret cave.做介词to 的宾语。在宾语从句中，where 做状语。状语从句要修饰谓语动词没错。I will go where the Party want me to go.Put the book where It was. Where there is a will , there is a way.第二个句子是地点状语从句，意思是迷路的小女孩决定呆在原地等妈妈。又如： Stay where you are.呆在原地别动。 Stay where you were.呆在原来的地方。

1. 英语作文万能句子精选 问好 Nice to meet you!Hello!How are you?Nice to meet you, too!Hello!I am fine, thanks.问姓名 What is yourhisher name?Myhisher name is Jenny.问颜色 What colour is it?What is your favourite colour?It is red.My favourite colour is blue 问地方 Where is my book?There it is！问数量 How many pens do you have?Four.问感觉 How do you feel?I am happy！问事物 What is this?It is a book.问事情 What is the matter?What are they doing?I cut my knee.They are playing.问年龄 How old are you?I am ten years old.要东西 May I have o books, please?Sure！小学英语写作重点句型短语 一、短语1、that little girl那个小女孩2、（be） so short如此矮3、（be）so cute如此可爱4、（be）very naughty非常淘气5、a little chick 一只小鸡6、o big red hens两只大红母鸡 二、句型1、Who are they,Lingling?They are my grandparents.玲玲。 他们是谁？他们是我的祖父母。【Who是对人进行提问，也就是对第二句的中的my grandparents的提问。】 再如：Who is that little boy?It`s Tom.那个小男孩是谁？是汤姆。练习：那个小女孩是谁？是我。 2、They are my grandparents.They were young,then.他们是我的祖父母。他们那时是年轻的。 【这两个句子的结构是“e69da5e887aa62616964757a686964616f31333366303731主语（代词、名词）+be(amisarewaswere)+表语（名词、形容词等）”表语是说明主语身份、特征的。】 再如：They are old.他们是年老的。 练习：她那时是胖的，她现在是瘦的。3、I was o,then.我那时两岁了。 【主语+be+年龄】 练习：我那时三岁了，我现在11岁了。4、But your hair was so short.但是（那时）你的头发是如此的短。 【在形容词前可以加上“so、very等副词”】 再如：You were so cute.你如此可爱。练习：她那时也非常淘气。 5、She was fat.Now she`s thin.她（那时）胖，她现在瘦了。【第一个句子是说明过去的事，be用过去式（was、were）；第二个句子是说明现在的事，用一般现在时be(am、is、are)】 练习：他（那时）矮，他现在高。 他们（那时）年轻，现在他们上年纪了（年老了）。6、They weren`t old then .They were young.那时他们不上年纪，他们年轻。 【这两个句子是同义句，划线部分是一对反义词，第一个句子用否定句，第二个句子用肯定句。】 练习：她那时不高，她是（很）矮。 他那时不淘气。他是可爱的。 它那是不胖。它是瘦的。 7、Was it fat ?No,it wasn`t.It was thin.它胖吗？不，它不胖。它是瘦的。 【这是be的一般过去时的一般疑问句，是把be的形式（was、were）提到句首。注意答语。 用“yes、no回答后，再用一个反义词的肯定句回答。”】 练习：他们年轻吗？不，不是的。 他们年老了。他淘气吗？不，不是的。 他是可爱的。 2. 写大象的英语作文（6句话2种以上句型 Elephant is the largest animal on land today. It weights some niy kilograms and is about one metre high when born. When it is 12 years old, it studs over three meters and does not grow any more. Elephant is usually grey in color, having a long trunk with large ivory tusks protruding from each side of its mouth. Usually moving in groups and caring for each other, Elephant is know to be a very and gentle creamre. For many years people have used the strength of these poweful animals to move trees and heavy logs. Elephant has been and is a vital tool for people to do many things that would normally be imposs-ible. Elephant is and will continue to be one of the greatest creatures man has ever e into contact with. Its size. beauty, and power willforever be useful to man.。 3. 写英语作文常用句型 一、引出开头 1:It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned， …（ 就我所知…） 2:Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注） 3:Nowadays(overpopulation)has bee a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题） 4:Inter has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题） 5:With the rapid development of science and technology,more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……） 6:It is a mon belief that……==It is monly believed that……（人们一般认为……） 7:A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……） 8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道。） 二、表达不同观点 1:People"s views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……） 2:People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解） 3:Attitudes towards (drugs)vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards(failure)（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异） 4:There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同） 三、表示结尾 1:In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……） 2:From what has been mentioned above, we can e to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……） 3:Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably e to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……） 4:Hence/Therefore, we"d better e to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……） 5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.（毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点） 6:All in all, we cannot live without……，but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题） 四、提出建议 1:It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了） 2:There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视） 3:Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……） 4:Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……） 5:Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的） 五、预示后果 1:Obviously,if we don"t control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.（很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险） 2:No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……） 3:It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展） 六、表示论证 1:From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.（在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理） 2:I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点） 3:As far as I am concerned/In my opinion，……（就我来说……） 4:I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.（我真诚地相信……） 5:Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……） 七、给出原因 1:The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （。的原因是。） 2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First，…….Second，…….Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三…… 3:For one thing，…… For another thing，…… ==On the one hand，……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面…… 4:I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述，即……。 其主要原因如下。 八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法 1:The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是…… 2:As far as something is concerned，……就某事而言，…… 3;It is obvious that……很显然…… 4:It may be true that……but it doesn"t mean that……可能……是对的，但这并不意味着…… 5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn"t ignore that……认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视…。 4. 求英语作文可套用的句型 1.It is +形容词+for *** to do sth. 做某事对某人来说怎么样```是写英语作 *** 常用句型``2.用there +be句型开头。 3.在句子中可以引用适当的连词``例如：however然而.therefore因址.otherwise否则.second.then。.4.可以用适当的引导词``关系副词有 where.when.why。 关系代词 who whom which that whose5.可以用as which引导的非限制定语从句..学会运用以上的句型就差不多可以了 ``一篇好的作文不要有太多高级的句子``适当的用一两个就OK 其他的可以用一般句型来写 一般句子结构 主语+谓语《一般现在时的谓语就用am..is..are 一般过去时就用was 或 were 要注意人称哦 ``单数用am is was 复数用are were 》+宾语6. 简单句子结构很容易理解 有人物 有时间 有地点就ok`` 作文如果用太多高级句子会显示出这篇文章很无趣``作文不但要写得好，还要注意老师评卷标准和心情哦 `` 7.好啦`想知道更多方法就+QQ735376435哦 `。 5. 写英语作文用什么样的句型 1.As far as …is concerned 就……而言 2.It goes without saying that… 不言而喻，… 3.It can be said with certainty that… 可以肯定地说…… 4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的， 5.It has to be noticed that… 它必须注意到，… 6.It"s generally recognized that… 它普遍认为… 7.It"s likely that … 这可能是因为… 8.It"s hardly that… 这是很难的…… 9.It"s hardly too much to say that… 它几乎没有太多的说… 10.What calls for special attention is that…需要特别注意的是。 6. 用英语五种基本句式,写一篇作文【要自创】 Today is Friday, one of my favorite days among the whole week. Several plans of tonight have been made by friends and me. Plan A, we can go to the cinema and enjoy the latest movie. Plan B, a *** all party will be held in my home, on the premise of my parents" allowance. What is our plan C? We are still working on it. Anyway, wherever we go, tonight must be interesting with my dear friends around. 如果没有采纳，请告诉我理由，谢谢！ 7. 英语作文经典句型像thereisnodoubtthat 1.It"s time for 。 / It"s time to do sth.2.It"s bad for 。3.It"s good for 。 4.be late for 。5.What"s wrong with …What"s the matter with 。 What"s the trouble with 。6.There is something wrong with 。 7.be afraid of …be afraid to do sth.8.neither…nor….9.either….or….10.both…and…11.not…at all.第二部分：主语+谓语+宾语1.help *** .do sth2.had better do sth.3.want to do sth.4.would like to do sth.5.stop to do sth / stop doing sth.6.begin to do sth.7.decide to do sth.8.like to do sth.9.hope to do sth.10.do one"s best to do sth.11.agree to do sth.12.enjoy doing sth.13.keep (on) doing sth.14.finish doing sth.15.go on doing sth.16.be busy doing sth.17.feel like doing sth.18.practise doing sth.19.spend time/ money on sth20.spend time in doing sth.21.prevent/ stop *** .from doing sth.第三部分：主语+及物动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）1.give *** .sth.= give sth.to *** .2.pass *** .sth.= pass sth.to *** .3.show *** .sth.= show sth.to *** .4.bring *** .sth.= bring sth.to *** .5.tell *** .sth.6.teach *** .sth.7.buy *** .sth.=buy sth for *** .8.lend *** .sth=lend sth to *** .9.help *** .do sth./ help *** .with sth.10.teach *** .to do sth.第四部分：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语1.tell *** .(not) to do sth.2.ask *** .(not) to do sth.3.would like *** .to do sth.4.keep *** .+形容词5.keep *** .doing sth.6.let *** .(not) do sth.7.make *** .(not) do sth.8.have sth.done9.see/ hear/ watch *** .do sth.10.see/ hear/ watch *** .doing sth.第五部分：It 作形式主语1.It takes *** .some time to do sth.2.It is +(important,necessary,difficult,possible,polite…)for *** .to do sth.第六部分：复合句时间状语从句：1.not …..until+时间状语从句2.as soon as +时间状语从句比较状语从句：1.…as+形容词或词原级+as….2.…not as/ so+形容词或副词原级+as…结果状语从句：…so +形容词或副词的原级+that引导的结果状语句相关句型：…too+形容词或副词原级+to do sth.宾语从句：1.I don"t think that…2.We hope/ make sure that…3.I wonder if…让步状语从句：Though…。 8. 求20个英语作文的万能句子句型,要最实用的,用在高考上的 1.The word "impssible" is never in my dictionary. 2.knowledge is power. 3.Speech is silver,but silence is golden. 4.One today is worth too tomorrow 5.Living without an aim is like sailing without a pass 6.Where there is a will,there is a way 7.No roads of flowers lead to succes 8.If winter es , can spring be far behind? 9.Down or done 10.I"m looking forward to your reply 11.As far as I"m concerned （在我看来） 12.For the purpose of~~ 13.A good beginning is half done 14.Thank you for your···· 15.It is no wonder that···· 16.Whatever is worth doing is worth doing well 17.It is believed that··· 18.We cannot attach too much importance to the problem （越重视越好） 19.The more (you read), the more(you learn) 20.It is not because it"s difficult that we don"t dear to do it, but it is because we don"t dear to do it that it is difficult.

which指代物，who指代人，第一题的grammar“语法书”是物，第二题的worker工人是人。Is ___ some German friends visited last week? 你把答案填进去再转化成陈述句，填this the school就变成this is the school some German friends visited last week. 先行词是school，关系词是tthat或者which，因为作从句中visit的宾语可以省略。但是填this school where就变成了this school is where some German friends visited last week. 这样关系副词where就没有了先行词。This is the hotel ___last months.填where they stayed是因为 hotel是where的先行词。具体语法规则网上可以搜到很多，需要慢慢理解，多思考多练习。希望能帮到你。

宾语从句

反意疑问句 一、反意疑问句的意义及其构成 反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句，是指当提问的人对前面所叙述的事实不敢肯定，而需要向对方加以证实时所提出的问句。其结构为：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简单的问句。完成后一部分简单问句时，要根据前面陈述句的动词时态和人称来选择适当的助动词进行提问，前后两部分的人称和动词时态要保持一致。如果前一部分用肯定式，后一部分一般用否定式；反之，前一部分为否定式，后一部分要用肯定式，即“前肯定后否定，前否定后肯定”。 例 You have been to Beijing, haven"t you? 你去过北京，是吗？ He hasn"t been to Shanghai, has he ? 二、简单句式结构中反意疑问句的运用 1.当陈述句部分的主语是名词时，反意疑问句的主语必须用人称代词来代替。 例 Your brother has gone to the library, hasn"t he? 你弟弟去图书馆了，是吗？ 2、当陈述句的主语是指示代词this, that时，反意疑问句的主语用it代替；指示代词是these, those时，反意疑问句的主语用they代替。 例 That isn"t a useful book, is it? 那不是一本有用的书，是吗？ These are important reading materials, aren"t they? 这些都是重要的阅读材料，是吗？ 3、当陈述句部分是I am…时，反意疑问句部分通常要用aren"t I；如陈述句部分的主语是I am not时，反意疑问句部分通常要用am I。 例 I"m late for the meeting, aren"t I? 我开会迟到了，是吗？I"m not doing well, am I? 4、当陈述部分是everyone / everybody, someone / somebody, no one / nobody, none等表示人的不定代词时，反意疑问句部分的主语多用they，但也可用he；当陈述部分的主语是everything, anything, something, nothing等表示物的不定代词时，反意疑问句部分的主语用it。 例 Nobody came when I was out, did they? 我在外时，没人来过，是吗？ Everything has gone wrong today, hasn"t it? 今天什么都出问题了，是不是？ 5、当陈述部分是“there be + 主语 + 其它”结构时，反意疑问部分要用“be (not) + there”结构。 例 There are some bananas in the basket, aren"t there? 篮子里有些香蕉，是吗？ 6、祈使句构成反意疑问句时，除了Let"s 开头的祈使句，疑问部分用shall we 之外，其余一律用will you ，在这里并非表示疑问，而是进一步叮咛嘱托。只不过shall you 也包括说话人在内。例Let"s go to see the film together,shall we ? 我们一起去看电影，好吗？ Let us go to see the film together, will you? 我们一起去看电影，好吗？ 7当陈述部分是 “had better +动词原形 是，疑问部分用“ had hadn"t +主语” 例You"d better go to school now, hadn"t you ？ 你最好现在就去学校，好吗？ 8、当陈述部分有hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, seldom, few, little, no, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问句部分要用肯定形式。 注 如果陈述句部分是带有否定前缀或后缀时，反意疑问句部分仍用否定结构。 例 It"s impossible for him to make such a mistake, isn"t it? 他不可能犯这样的错误，是吗？ 9、感叹句的反意疑问句一律使用否定式，并用be的一般现在时形式。 例 What a foolish child (he is), isn"t he? 多傻的孩子啊，不是吗？ 10反意疑问句用于主从复合句结构中时，要注意以下情况 1.)一般情况下，陈述句部分是主从复合句时，反意疑问句部分的代词和助动词应与主句中的主语和动词保持一致。 例 This is the second time that he has been to Japan, isn"t it? 这是他第二次去日本，是吗？ 2.)在宾语从句中，如果陈述句部分是“I think (believe, suppose, imagine, expect等) + 宾语从句”， 反意疑问句部分应与宾语从句的主谓保持一致，并要注意否定转移。 例 I don"t think you have heard of him before, have you? 我认为你以前没有听说过他，是吗？ 注 当think等这些动词的主语不是第一人称，或主语是第一人称，而动词时态不是一般现在时或一般过去时，这时，反意疑问句的助动词和人称代词要与主句保持一致。 例 Mary thinks you will come to the party, doesn"t she? 玛丽认为你将来参加晚会，是吗？ 三 反意疑问句的回答 “ 根据事实回答” 对反意疑问句的回答，无论问题的提法如何，如果事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的，就要用no。要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构，反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时，回答yes或no与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”，no要译成“是”。 例 ---He likes playing football, doesn"t he? 他喜欢踢足球，是吗？ ---Yes, he does. / No, he doesn"t. 是的。/ 不是。 ---His sister didn"t attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议，是吗？ ---Yes, she did. / No, she didn"t. 不，她参加了。/ 是的，她没参加。 巩固练习 1. ---They don"t seem to answer the phone. ---There isn"t anyone at home, ________? 2 There aren"t many cafes. We"d better stop at the next place we see, _______? 3. Let us take the taxi, _______? Don"t open the door, ? 4. Comrade Li came here yesterday. I don"t believe you"ve seen him before， ？ 5.Tom told the story, ? His parents laugh , ? 6.Everyone is here, ? Everything is ok, ? 7.I"m much better today, ? 8.What bad weather! ? How beautiful the flowers are! ? 9 Mary has never been to Beijing, ? 10.This is a book, ? Those are boats, ?

　　通过课文的学习，引导学生懂得任何一件事物都得付出很多的劳动，懂得爱惜报纸，爱惜各种书籍。以下是我为您整理的精选高中英语教案范文三篇，供您参考，更多详细内容请点击教案栏目查看。 　　篇一： 　　教学目标 　　1) Important vocabularies 　　Daily; advertisement; check interview; fix; develop; hand; 　　　　add; deliver; speed; latest; publish; avoid; besides; get down 　　to ; face-to face; be popular with somebody; as well; care for 　　2)Daily expressions 　　Are you /Will you be free then? 　　Yes, I"d be fee. I"d like to go. 　　Let"s go together then. I"ll meet you at the theatre at six - thirty . 　　Good! See you then. 　　What time shall we meet? 　　Where is the best place to meet? 　　What about meeting outside? I suggest… 　　3) Useful phases 　　What"s on…? Is there anything good on? 　　They are said to be very good. 　　Finally, there is no more time left for adding new stories. 　　4) Grammar 　　V.-ing Form is used to be Subject and Object 　　教学建议 　　能力训练 　　1.通过口头练习，学会日常生活中的各种表达方式。 　　2.学会介绍事物及报刊杂志的方法，了解这种文体的写作技巧。 　　德育渗透 　　1.通过课文的学习，引导学生懂得任何一件事物都得付出很多的劳动，懂得爱惜报纸，爱惜各种书籍。 　　2.通过对报纸各版面的介绍，扩大了同学们的眼界，增强了他们求知欲和学习积极性。 　　师生互动活动 　　Lesson 13：口头练习：对话交际功能——日常生活用语。 　　Lesson 14：学生扮演主编介绍报纸出版的过程。 　　Lesson 15：学生扮演主编介绍《中国日报》的内容。 　　Lesson 16：笔头练习：写一篇介绍一种报纸或杂志的英语论文。 　　教材分析 　　从本单元的对话来看，主要是学习如何用英语提出约会以及如何应答约会的日常用语，如：询问对方是否有空，建议会面时间和地点及如何应答的日常用语，并能运用Will you be free?到It"s.. What about…?等最为普通的语言功能进行日常交际， 同时也注重check, fix, face-to face, deliver, take a photograph, pass on, get down to, as well, what"s on 等重点词汇和短语在本单元中学习，本单元中的阅读课主要内容是了解报社一天的工作和报纸的出版过程及《中国日报》的一些情况，同时在这里运用了重点语法知识，V.-ing形式充当主语和宾语的用法。 　　重点知识讲解 　　1.Sure, go ahead.行，请便吧! 　　1)Sure这里作副词，表示肯定(=Surely，Certainly，Of course) 　　2)Go ahead有下列几种常用的用法： 　　A.(用于祈使句)尽管去做 　　—May I use your dictionary? 我可以用你的词典吗? 　　— Yes, go ahead.行，你尽管问吧! 　　B.继续做(某事) go ahead with sth. 　　Don"t stop. Just go ahead with your work.不要停下来。只管干你们的活。 　　C.领先;先走一步。 　　You go ahead and tell them we"re coming.你先走一步，告诉他们我们就来。 　　D.取得进展;有进步。 　　The modem agriculture and industry are going ahead rapidly. 现代工农业正在迅猛发展。 　　2.They"re said to be very good.据说他们都很不错。 　　不定式“to be very good作主语补足语，说明主语的情况。全句相当于It is said that they are very good 或 People say (that) they are very good。 　　这类句子在转换时，要注意不定式的形式变化。 　　(1) It is said that he is translating the book into English. = He is said to be translating the book into English. 　　(2) It is said that he has translated the book into English. = He is said to have translated the book into English. 　　3.Cover the events 采访这些事件。 　　cove vt.1)对……进行新闻采访 　　All the reporters want to cover the important events as soon as possible.所有的记者都想尽快地对这些重大事件进行采访。 　　2)覆盖 　　You can put out the fire by covering it with a wet quilt.用一条湿棉被把火盖住，就可以把火扑灭。 　　3)行程为……;走…… 　　By sunset, we had covered thirty miles. 日落的时候，我已走了三十英里。 　　4.…fix a time for a face- to- face interview with them. 约定时间同他们进行面对面的采访。 　　1)fix v. 　　A. agree on; arrange 约定;安排;商定 　　We"ve fixed the date for the meeting.我们以约定了会议的日期。 　　B.repair修理 　　She is fixing a shelf to the wall.她正把一个架子固定在墙上。 　　fix one"s eyes on：用(眼睛等)盯住 　　fix one"s attention on 把(注意力)集中在…… 　　He stood there, his attention fixed on the notice on the wall.他站在那儿，集中注意力在看墙上的布告。 　　2)face-to-face 　　A.adj.面对面(作定语) 　　face-to-face argument面对面的争论 类似的短语： 　　heart-to-heart;交心的 hand-to-hand短兵相接的 　　B.面对面地 　　face to face with sth. /sb.面对面看……(作状语);类似的短语： 　　shoulder to shoulder;heart to heart;hand in hand; arm in arm 　　5.They go to the newspaper"s own library to look up any information that they need.他们到报社自己的图书馆去查阅他们需要的资料。 　　(1)that　they　 need定语从句，修饰先行词information。关系代词只用that而不用which，因为当先行词之前有不定代词all，any，every，no，some等修饰时或先行词本身就是不定代词(如anything，something，nothing，all等)时，其后的定语从句常用关系代词引导。如果that在定语从句中作宾语，that可以省略。 　　Have you got any book that interests you much? 你有没有使你感兴趣的书? 　　2)look up 　　A.查阅;查找 　　If there are words you don"t understand, look them up in the dictionary.如果有不认识的词，就查字典。 　　注意：“查字典”应为look sth up in the dictionary而不能说look up the dictionary. 　　B.看望 　　Don"t forget to look me up when you come to Beijing.到了北京别忘了来看我。 　　6.work at, work on的区别 　　work on sth.中sth.是work的具体对象，work at sth.中sth.只说明所从事工作的性质(即时间、精力用在某一方面的事情上)，而不在于说明正在做什么。如： 　　When the boy saw the soldiers, he stopped working on the branch, stood up, and took off his cap. 小男孩看到了这些士兵，便停止了削树枝，站了起来，取下帽子。(树枝是具体的对象) 　　work on还表示“继续工作”“努力影响或努力说服”。 　　Can you work on him to make him change his mind? 你能努力说服他改变主意吗? 　　篇二： 　　教学目标 　　本单元对话课复习了有关问路及应答用语，要求学生用所学语言自编对话描述所在学校、区域或城市; 　　本单元介绍了美国的迪斯尼乐园及其创始人Walt Disney艰苦创业的生活经历。通过本单元教学，要求学生掌握迪斯尼乐园的概况，并可根据提示复述沃尔特?迪斯尼奋斗的生活简历。引导学生意识到只有通过自身的努力，艰苦奋斗，才能收获成功的道理。同时，设计问答练习，提高学生阅读能力。 　　作为高二的起始单元，此处复习了宾语从句的用法，通过课文阅读，完成练习册后练习，学生需熟练掌握此语言项目，并准确运用到口头及书面表达中。 　　对话教学建议 　　Step 1听录音 　　教师放对话录音，放完两遍之后，教师根据对话内容提出一些问题。 　　1.What were they talking about ? 　　2.How to answer the first /second/third/forth/fifth visitor question? 　　Step 2 练习 　　组织学生五个人一组，练习对话三至五分钟。教师请几组同学到前面表演。 　　Step 3改写 　　将对话内容改写为一篇短文，要求学生用本课的地点名称如： 　　Sleeping Beauty Castle , Bear Country, Horse-drawn streetcars, the Tomorrow Land Building 　　比如：Carl is answering visitors" questions. The first visitor asks Carl the way to the Sleeping Beauty Castle…. 　　Step 4 讨论 　　If you are visitor, How to ask the way to the stranger at first? 　　Step 5总结 　　教师提问学生们，归纳和总结对话用语。 　　Asking: 　　Where is …... 　　How can I get to… 　　Which is the way to… 　　Could you tell me if… 　　Could you tell me the way to… 　　Answering: 　　Go straight ahead… 　　It"s behind …/in frond of/ 　　Go down this street… 　　教材分析 　　本课的日常用语用语是有关对话asking the way and responses,这样的问路用语在初中都以学过，所以对话不在是个难点。本课的两篇阅读文章是有关人物，沃尔特·迪斯尼。难点在于第一篇是了解他的生活经历和艰苦创业。第二篇是我们众所周知的Disneyland，两篇文章结合着学过的语法知识宾语从句在里面，这也不是学生们所要了解的重点。 　　篇三： 　　教学目标 　　Teaching aims 　　通过本单元的教学，学生了解有关急救的常识，在生活中如何处理一些突发事件，然后实施紧急救护等总结，归纳情态动词的用法，如：should/shouldn"t; must/mustn"t ;ought to等表示义务和责任的用法。 　　Teaching important and difficult points 　　1.Words 　　knee, still, bite (bit, bitten/bit), lay (laid, laid), mouth-to-mouth, bum, cut, electric, container pool, breathe, within, handkerchief, wound, safety, wire, guard, sideway, firm, firmly wherever, stomach, injure, injured, injury, poison, quantity, nearby 　　2.Phrases 　　first aid, ought to, medical care, by mistake, pay attention to, in a short while, deal with, take it easy, running water, out of one"s reach, throw up, hold up 　　3. Useful expressions 　　We must carry her to the side of the road. 　　You mustn"t move someone if they are badly hurt. 　　Parents should know some first aid. 　　You shouldn"t get up if you are badly hurt. 　　I ought to go home. 　　I have to cook supper for my grandmother. 　　4. Grammar 　　Revise Modal Verbs : must, should 　　Study Modal Verb: ought to 　　教学建议 　　课文建议 　　教师安排中国学习联盟声朗读课文，理解课文含义，通过阅读，教师对学生可小组讨论，提问，口语练习，复述急救方法等，教师给学生展示几组图片，帮助学生学会一般的急救措施和家庭安全常识。 　　写作建议 　　教师布置学生写作的题目及要求，教师给学生几分钟时间进行讨论，教师给学生一些关键的词语，如：breathe, First Aid Centre, handkerchief, mouth-to mouth so on.之后，教师给学生十分钟左右时间开始写，最后教师请几位同学朗读，教师给予讲评。 　　教材分析 　　本单元是围绕First aid, Safety in the home,展开话题。对话课中描述两个学生在街上看到一个女孩从自行车上摔下来的经过，同时对话中使用了情态动词的用法，课文中附有图片和口语练习，帮助学生了解急救的重要性及有关的常识。 　　重点难点： 　　1. What should you do if a person has drunk poison by mistake? 假如有人误喝了毒药，你怎么办? 　　by mistake是固定词组，意为“错误地”，“无心地(做错了事)”。例如： 　　She put salt in her cup of coffee by mistake.她错将盐放入咖啡里了。 　　2. do with，deal with 　　二者都可以用来表示“处理”的意思 　　但是用于特殊疑问句的时候do with与what连用;deal with则与how连用。例如： 　　你会怎样处理一个从自行车上摔倒而严重受伤的? 　　另外，do with还可表达别的意思。例如： 　　What did you do with my umbrella? (=Where did you put my umbrella?) 　　你把我的伞放到哪里去了? 　　What are we to do with this naughty boy? (=How are we to deal with this naughty boy?) 我们该怎样处置这个顽皮的男孩? 　　3. knock at, knock down & knock into的区别 　　knock at 指“敲打门窗” 　　I heard someone knocking at the door.我听见有人敲门。 　　Tom tried knocking at the window.汤姆试着敲了敲窗户。 　　knock down 指“……撞倒” 　　He nearly knocked me down at the corner.在拐角处，他几乎把我撞倒。 　　He was knocked down by a car. 他被汽车撞倒了。 　　knock into 指“碰倒，撞上某人”，也可指“偶然碰见”。 　　The child knocked into the teacher.那孩子撞到了老师身上。 　　He knocked into the chair in the dark.黑暗中他撞在了椅子上。 　　He didn"t expect to knock into some of his friends here.他没有想到在这儿遇见一些朋友。

无语~

使用if从句写作文是一种比较高级的写作技巧，可以增加文章的逻辑性、流畅性和表现力。下面以“如何学好英语”为主题，演示如何使用if从句写作文。如果想要学好英语，首先必须掌握基本语法和词汇。如果你的语法和词汇不够扎实，那么就算掌握了一些高级语言知识，也无法正确表达自己的思想。如果你已经具备了基础知识，那么接下来的关键是多读多听多说多写。如果你不知道如何应用语言知识，也没有机会锻炼语言表达能力，那么即使你掌握了再多的词汇和语法，也无法在实际交流中得到有效的应用。如果你想快速提高自己的英语水平，那么可以尝试结交一些外国朋友，与他们经常交流，充分利用口语交流的机会。如果你有条件的话，可以考虑出国留学，充分接触英语环境，迫使自己不断使用英语来表达思想和交流信息。如果你想在英语学习中获得更高的效率，那么可以采用多种学习方法，如英语听力训练、英语口语练习、英语阅读理解、英语写作等。如果你选择了适合自己的英语学习方法，并坚持了长时间的学习和实践，那么你就一定会成功掌握英语这门语言。通过使用if从句，可以让文章内容更加具体、有针对性。同时，if从句也可以帮助写作者将文章内容组织得更加清晰明了。

新概念一共144课，其中单课为课文，双课为语法和练习。整本书是以单数课为正课，并附带有插图而双数课则是针对单数课所讲的内容有针对性地进行练习，从此出展现出整个新概念一教材区别于其他教材的独特之处。以下是对新概念一整本教材的理解和剖析，以供各位对整个课本的理解和把握上参考和借鉴。首先根据课本中出现的时态来分析：　　本册书的语法出现层次性和规律性是很强的，首先我们先来整本书中都出了哪些时态，这些时态的具体分布和讲解时我们大家需要注意的递进性。　　Lesson 31—34 现在进行时　　Lesson 37—40 第一次出现be going to 的将来时　　Lesson 51—56 一般现在时　　Lesson 67—76 为一般过去式　　Lesson 83—90 为现在完成时　　Lesson 91—96 为一般将来时 (will)　　Lesson 117—118 过去进行时　　Lesson 119—120 过去完成时　　除去前面所有时态和句型所占据的76课我们一起来看一下以下的68课，每一课小的语言点，语法点都是在什么地方，应该用什么样的方式来讲解。　　在这里告诉学员新概念一的每一个单课的重点都是出现双课的标题和课后的练习题里面。　　Lesson1—2　　语言点：与陌生人说话或引起别人的注意。Excuse me. Yes? Pardon? Thank you very much.　　语法点：主系表结构this为主语，名词做表语1的一般疑问句以及它的肯定回答。Is this your handbag? Yes, it is.　 Lesson 5—6　 语言点：如何介绍别人。This is Miss Sophie Dupont. Nice to meet you.　 语法点：主语为第三人称单数的主系表结构。She is French. He is German. It"s a Volvo.(L6)　　 a/an 的使用。　　Lesson 7—8　　语言点：如何自我介绍和相互认识。　　语法点：主语为第二人称的主系表结构。Are you French?　　 What nationality are you? What"s your job? 特殊疑问句。　　Lesson 9—10　　语言点：朋友或熟识的人之间如何相互问候。How are you?　　语法点：主系表结构形容词做表语。　　 介词短语表示位置 near the window, on the televion, on the wall Lesson 29—30　　语言点：如何发号命令。　　语法点：祈使句（肯定）。　　 动词与宾语的固定搭配。　　Lesson 37—38 语言点：如何表达将要做的事情。　 语法点：现在进行时态be going to do结构表达将要发生的事情。　　 There be 句型的一般疑问句形式。　　Lesson 41-42　　语法点：如何表示不可数名词的量。　　Lesson 63-64　　语言点：建议忠告。　　语法点：don"t do…. You mustn"t do…　　Lesson 65-66　　语法点：具体时间表示法(半点和刻钟）。　　 反身代词。　　 具体日期表达方式。　　Lesson 73-74　　语言点：问路。　　语法点：不规则动词的过去式。　　 形容词转变成副词。　　Lesson 77-78　　语言点：看病。　　语法点：综合时间表达方式。　　Lesson 105-106　　语言点：办公室用语。　　语法点：want sb to do…./ tell sb to do…以及其否定形式。　　Lesson 103-104　　语言点：考试。　　语法点：宾语从句。（从句部分为非现在时态）　　 程度副词 too, very ,enough　　Lesson 125-126　　语言点：/　　语法点：have to do…/ don"t need to do…　　Lesson 127-128　　语言点：娱乐界。　　语法点：must/can"t 对现在事情的肯定/否定猜测。　　Lesson 129-130　　语言点：交通状况。　　语法点：must/can"t have been….对过去事情的肯定/否定猜测。　　Lesson 131-132　　语言点：度假。　　语法点：may 对现在/过去事情的肯定或否定猜测。　　以下学的知识慢慢与新二接轨：　　现在完成时：Lesson 83—90　　直接引语变成间接引语：Lesson 99—102　　形容词的比较级和最高级：Lesson107—112　　neither ,so 的用法：Lesson 113—114　　不定代词的用法：Lesson 115—116　　过去进行和过去完成时：Lesson 117—120　　定语从句：Lesson 121—124　　情态动词的综合用法：Lesson 125—132 直接引语变间接引语：Lesson 133—136（着重讲时态的倒推） if 的用法：Lesson 137—140 被动语态：Lesson 141—144

先将清楚什么是从句接着讲什么是定语接着讲 基本的结构， 先行词，关系代词，副词的概念。

　　在英语学习过程中，你是否觉得枯燥乏味?那可能是你的学习方法需要改进哦。以下是我分享给大家的初中英语代词的用法，希望可以帮到你! 　　初中英语代词的用法 　　(一)代词的类别 　　相互代词 each other,one another 　　指示代词 this,that,these,those 　　不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代词)each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no,one,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,many,much,other,another 　　复合不定代词 everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,every-thing,something,anything,nothing 　　疑问代词 what,who,whom,which,whose 　　直接代词 疑问代词都可作连接代词，引导宾语从句。表语从句等。 　　关系代词 who,whom,whose,that,which用引导定语从句。 　　(二)代词的用法 　　1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法 　　(1)人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格用来作主语，宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。 　　eg. She gave me a red apple.她给了我一个红苹果： (She作主语,me作动词宾语) 　　Kath　is near him.凯西靠近他。(介词near的宾语) 　　2.物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。 　　①形容词性物主代词位于名词前：their school,his backpack 　　②名词性物主代词相当干一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语等，后面不能再接名词。 　　egIt isnu2019t　my　pen.u2192Mine(=my　pen)　is　missing.(作主语) 　　I　left　my　pen　at　home. You　can　use　hers(=her　pen),(作宾语) 　　③“of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。 　　eg.a cat of hers她的一条狗,a friend of yours你的一个朋友 　　3.反身代词 　　①反身代词在句中可作同位语，起强调作用，也可作动词或介词的宾语。 　　eg.A few days later,I myself had to go to Paris.(作同位语) 　　She bought herself a new bag.(作动词宾语) 　　Heu2019s not worried about himself.(作介词宾语) 　　②带有反身代词的常用短语。 　　teach oneself 自学 　　help oneself to 随便吃些u2026吧 　　say to oneself 自言自语。 　　learnu2026u2026by oneself 自学u2026 　　enjoy oneself 过得愉快 　　leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下 　　hurt oneself 伤了自己 　　dress oneself 自己穿衣服 　　come to oneself 苏醒过来 　　4.相互代词 　　①表示相互关系，可用作动词或介词的宾语，用法区别不大。 　　eg. For years, the two sisters looked after one another(each other)。多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。 　　We should learn from each other. 我们应当互相学习。 　　②可以用格表示所有关系：each otheru2019s, one anotheru2019s互相的，彼此的 　　eg.They are looking at each otheru2019s pictures.他们相互看对方的照片。 　　5.指示代词 　　①指示代词有单复数之分，既可指物，也可用于介绍人。 　　eg. This is an apple tree,and that is an orange tree.这是一棵苹果树，那是一棵桔子树。 　　These are my friends,and that is my sister.这些是我朋友，那个是我姐姐。 　　②指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情： 　　eg.Steve had a bad cold.This/That was why he didnu2019t come to school yesterday. 　　2.不定代词 　　(1)each,every,both,all,either,neither,no,none的用法 　　①each“每个/各个”(强调个体)，用于两者或两者以上。 　　eg.Two girls came and l gave an apple to each.来了俩姑娘，我给她们每人一个苹果。 　　Each of them has a nice ring.她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。 　　②every“每个/各个”(强调全体)，用于两者以上。every常作形容词用。 　　eg.Every day is important to us.每天对我们都很重要。 　　He has read every book(all the books) On the subject.他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书。 　　③both表示两者“都”(强调全体)。 　　eg.Her parents are both doctors.她父母都是医生。 　　Both of them are doctors.他俩都是医生。 　　They both like potatoes.他俩喜欢吃土豆。 　　④all“全体/大家/一切”用于三者以上，也可接不可数名词。 　　eg.Thatu2019s all for today.今天到此为止。 　　All of us are from China.我们都来自中国。 　　All the food is delicious.所有的食物都很好吃。 　　⑤either“两者之一”，用于两者(强调个体)。 　　eg.The two coats are cheap,so you can choose either of them.那两件外套不贵，你可以随便挑一件。 　　⑥neither“两个都不”，用于否定两者。 　　eg. Neither Of the books is/are so interesting.那两本书没一本好看的。 　　⑦no(=not any/not a)“没有”可接可数名词单复数，也可接不可数名词。 　　eg.I have no brothers Or sisters.我没有兄弟姐妹。 　　A clock has no mouth,but it can talk. 钟表没有嘴，但能说话。 　　There is no fire without some smoke.有火就有烟。 　　⑧none“没有一个人/物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名词 　　eg.None Of them has/have been to Japan.他们都没去过日本。 　　I like none of the books.这些书我全都不喜欢。 　　⑨neither和none表示完全否定;all,both,each和every(含every的复合词)等与not连用时表示部分否定。 　　eg.I donu2019t know all of you.我不完全认识你们。 　　Not everyone Of us know how to go there.不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。 　　(2)one,ones和no one的用法 　　one用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人,以免重复;复数ones用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人;no one表示否定。 　　eg.——Would you please pass me the science book?给我递过那本科学方面的书好吗? 　　一Which one?哪一本? 　　一The one on my shelf.我书架上的那本。 　　No one has traveled farther than to the moon.没有人旅行远过月球。 　　(3)(a)few,(a)little;many,much;some,any的用法 　　①many(+复数名词),much(+不可数名词)表示“许多/很多”。 　　eg.Many Of the students come from England.那些学生许多是从英国来的。 　　Thanks,itu2019s too much for me.谢谢,我承受不起。 　　②few(+复数名词),little(+不可数名词)表示“没多/很少”(表否定)。 　　eg,There were few people in the street last night.昨晚街上没什么人。 　　I am very worried that l have little time to finish the job.我担心，我几乎没有时间完成这份工作了。 　　③a few(+复数名词),a little(+不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个”(表肯定)。 　　eg.I call see a few cakes and a little bread inthe fridge.我看到冰箱里有几块蛋糕和一些面包。注意：quite a few表示“相当多” 　　eg.There are quite a few students over there.那儿有相当多的学生。 　　④some(+复数名词/不可数名词),any(+复数名词/不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个”(表肯定)。 　　eg.There are some birds in the tree.树上有些鸟。 　　There is some water in the bottle.瓶里有些水。 　　I donu2019t have any brothers Of sisters.我没有 　　Is there any tea in the cup?杯子里有茶吗? 　　⑤some一般用于肯定句，但在表示请求、建议。反问等的疑问句中，多用some. 　　eg： Would you like some beer?你要不要来点啤酒吗? 　　Why didnu2019t you buy some sweets?(You should have boughtu2026u2026)你怎么没买点糖果? 　　⑥any一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句 　　eg.There isnu2019t any water left.没有剩下一点水。 　　If you have any questions, put up your hands.please.如果有问题，请举手。 　　⑦some+单数名词表示“某一个”,any+单数名词表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个”。 　　eg.Iu2019ll catch up with you some day有一天我会赶上你的。 　　Come　any day you like.你哪天来都行。 　　Tom is taller than any other student in his class.汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。 　　④one ,other, others, the others ,another等的用法 　　学好英语的建议 　　积累词汇 　　如果你是学生，可以通过英语课程，让老师帮助你了解英语的基础知识和思维方式。如果你是自学者，可以通过网络视频，根据视频上的内容了解英语的基础知识等。并且需要购买一本中英的英语词典，让你在学习英语的前期掌握足够的英语词汇。 　　学习语法 　　语法是语言的“骨架”，是词形变化规则和组词成句规则的总和，也是研究词的结构、用词规则、组合词语、句子结构等一系列规律的专门科学。具有概括性、生成性、稳定性 和系统性的特点。学习语法的目的，是为了可以更好地进行听说读写等语言实践活动。也就是说，通过对语法规则规律的掌握，减少在语言实践练习中的盲目性，提高语言的准确性。学习语法可以通过课本、书籍、网络等方法加强练习。 　　多读、多背、多写 　　学好英语，还要有坚持不懈的精神，不经历背诵大量文章，写大量东西，听大量文章(读报、听广播、看外语电影、听外语讲座、读书籍)是根本不可能达到目的的，因为学习语言需要对我们的各种感观进行刺激，每天至少看 60-120分钟的英语，早晨和晚上是学英语的最好时间。 　　勇于交流 　　前面3点可以让你很好的读和写了，但是只会读和写对于学习一门语言来说是远远不够的，我们还要学会怎样与人交流。敢于开口说英语，不要怕犯错误，人人都会犯错，这是在所难免的，加强交际训练，为自己提供一个英语环境，只有多交流，才能把口语说的很流利。 　　学习英语的技巧 　　一、首先明确复习目的 　　简言之，第一轮复习的“主要目的是基础能力过关”。目前，高考英语试题在重视英语基础知识的同时，突出对语言运用能力的考查，形成了以篇章阅读为主体的试题布局。高三复习的最终目的是提高考生的语言运用能力，但知识是能力的基础，对能力的测试必然要结合对知识的测试，这是对考生多年积累的、系统化的、活化的知识测试：大量的知识考查通过能力测试得以实现，熟练掌握英语基础知识正是为发展英语运用能力做准备。例如，在做“阅读理解”时，如果考生复习时没有熟练掌握英语基础知识，就理解不了解构复杂的句子，看不懂篇章内容，这又如何能正确地解答试题呢?同样，做“书面表达”试题时，如果没有一定量的词汇知识和语法知识，就谈不上正确的英语表达，怎么可能写出通顺的英语短文? 　　因此，高三学生复习的最终目的是提高自己的语言运用能力，尤其是目前部分考生的英语知识还是零散的、孤立的，在英语能力还没有全面提高的情况下，英语的第一轮复习应侧重于形成系统的、完整的英语知识体系，打牢基础，有效全面地提高运用英语的能力。 　　高三复习不应是对已学知识的简单重复和强化，而是一个再学习、再认识、提高理解能力和运用能力的过程，在短暂的高考复习中应该兼顾语言知识的掌握和语言能力的培养。 　　二、紧跟教学掌握方法 　　对于如何搞好英语一轮复习，李老师提出以下建议： 　　抓课本、重基础、强化词句的积累 　　英语基础知识的复习要以课本为纲，按照知识之间的内在联系，将它们进行分类整理。在这个过程中，要注意以新带旧，使初中和高中所学的知识形成系统，总结出规律性，这样才能融会贯通，也才能把知识转化为能力。 　　考生应以高中课本为主要教材，在老师的带领下深入挖掘教材中的语言知识，巩固语言基础，对课本中反复出现的语言知识进行科学归类和巧妙整理，找出其中的规律、抓住线索。复习知识是为了运用知识，而网络化的知识更便于运用，更有利于学科能力的培养。考生只有经过对所学的教材进行层层挖掘才有希望把知识形成网络。这对其实现知识向能力的迁移有重要的影响，有利于实际运用能力的提高，并在应考中运用自如。 　　考生要在老师的帮助下构建知识网络。在老师的帮助下，在认真学习和研究《考试说明》的基础上，按照知识的内在联系，将其要点进行分类整理(内容包括词汇、句型、语法、交际用语、篇章结构等方面)，从而使六年所学的零散的、孤立的知识有机地结合起来，使已学知识网络化，形成一个完整的知识体系，从而摸索出带有规律性的东西。 　　考生在使新旧知识网络化、系统化的过程中，应力争使知识以点带线、以线带面、以新带旧、以旧促新。深入挖掘课本中的经典词句，按照考纲的要求和考题的思路设置成练习题，既巩固重点语言知识，又能不断渗透高考试题的出题思路和解题技巧。二、抓语篇学习、重阅读能力 　　从近几年来的高考试题来看，死记硬背，强化训练，沉湎于“题海战术”是难以出好成绩的。将中心和重心放在单项填空上是不合时宜的。因此，要根据自己的实际情况，也可请求老师的帮助，制定出切实可行的复习计划。做到按部就班，有条不紊，循序渐进。其中，语篇学习最应引起考生的足够重视。 　　高中课本中文章题材广、内容新颖，知识覆盖面宽。因此，考生应充分利用高三课本中的阅读材料，从文章的内容、文章的结构、作者的观点、态度及相关的背景知识巧妙设置问题，不断提高自己的阅读能力，开拓知识视野。同时，文章的新颖内容还可以提高对英语的学习兴趣 　　三、精选习题，有效训练 　　复习中，首先应按照老师的节奏、充分有效地利用好课堂时间、提高听课的效率。对平时老师布置的作业要及时、认真完成，不浮躁。 　　建议考生应有针对性地加强运用练习。通过结合高考考点进行针对性训练，在很短的时间内复习完所有的语言知识，提高复习效率，以便有充裕的时间进行听力、完形填空、阅读等专项能力训练和模拟训练，避免在复习课本知识和培养能力之间顾此失彼。在此基础上，通过科学系统的训练，提高英语交际能力，从而收到事半功倍的效果。 　　考生选择的复习资料不宜过多、要精当、系统性好一些，必须是正规出版社出版的。如果辨别能力较差，可多咨询老师，请老师帮忙把关。此外，如果考生哪方面能力相对比较弱，可以有针对性地适当补充这方面的专项练习材料，所有的东西都应该是在完成老师规定的任务之后再做的。并且，练习中要注意几种题型的搭配。 猜你喜欢： 1. 初一上册英语重点单词归纳总结 2. 初中生英语的优秀学习方法总结 3. 初中英语词汇短语 4. answer的用法与搭配归纳详解 5. 高考英语语法知识总结代词

1.词汇基础进入大学后，我们会发现大学英语和高中英语***的区别是词汇的广泛性。没有足够的词汇量，是不可能通过雅思考试的，甚至cet4和cet6也是非常难的。因此，花时间记忆单词是很有必要的，尽管它可能看起来很无聊和单调。个人建议，采用“3+2快速记忆法”，坚持抄完这一套书，熟悉单词的词性和拼写，基本上可以在四级六级和雅思考试中游刃有余了。2.分析技巧平时在做运动的时候，分数是会有波动的。除了问题本身的难度之外，主要原因是面对不同类型问题的组合，处理的能力不是很稳定。因此，如果有培训班，一定要认真听老师传授的技巧。根据个人经验，最难的测试类型是T/F/NOT GIVEN题。当然，最重要的是做好剑桥系列问题。对于这个题目，也要针对自己的错误找出漏洞。3.控制时间在与周围同学交流后，会发现一个奇怪的现象:在实践中做一套雅思阅读***要45分钟左右，但到了真正的考试时间，似乎一个小时都不够用。有几个可能的原因: 考试过于紧张;答题卡填写的时间过长。无论什么原因，在考试的时候，我们一定要看表做题，不要让自己太紧张，从而陷入一个被动的状态。总而言之，阅读就是雅思考试中众所周知的竞争性试题，需要掌握好心态，集中精神去应对每一次的考试。

短期突破：写作　　要想在这仅剩的时间内提高英语分数，主要是在写作上突破。对于考试作文来讲，写作的惟一目的就是用有把握的语言表达所要求表达的信息点，而绝对不是妄求文采，写出一些不着边际的东西。考生可以背一些范文，背一些有用的句型、一些好的表达。多背多写，并注意运用背过的句型、短语等。可以采用分段式写作，就是开门见山。第二段把过程交代清楚，不要出现逻辑错误，适当的地方要用一些学过的比较好的句式，比如主从复合句，能够提炼一些学生写作实力的句式。　　争取高分：阅读　　阅读在高考英语中占有很重的分值。考生在最后复习时一定要坚持练习。阅读训练必须做到课内、课外结合，精读、泛读结合。学生课外应根据自己的情况每天保持一定的阅读量。阅读材料不宜太难，体裁、题材、长度、生词量应接近高考。近10年的高考题、往年各地的模拟题、专业英语阅读教材如《新概念英语》等都很好。　　巩固完形填空　　完形填空的最后复习可适量做一些短文填空练习。教师可选一些较容易但有完整情节的故事性文章，挖掉一些根据线索可推测出来的词让学生填，也可用完形填空练习让学生不看选项先填词。做完形填空题时，应首先看懂文章的第一句，接下来浏览全文，了解大意，然后边研读边根据上下文、逻辑、常识、词法知识等进行初步推测。有了自己的初步判断后，再对照所给选项，找出其中与自己预测完全一致或相近的选项。若四个选项均与所预测答案相差甚远，应调整思路，再从新的角度进行推测。最后应通读全文，再从语篇的角度看文章是否通顺、是否合逻辑。　　短文改错：针对性复习　　短文改错中的错误基本是涉及基础语法和词汇，而且是中国学生容易犯的错误。考生要多练习，分析和发现出错的规律。有针对性地复习相关的语法和词汇。做改错时，首先要快速阅读短文，抓住中心思想，从整体上对短文有个了解。然后运用语言的基础知识，从句子结构、词的变化、词类的选择、词的搭配、习惯表达出发，进行分析判断，以便尽快找出错误。　　听说和语法：多听常练　　听说考试时心理上一定要放松，不要对它产生畏惧。提高听说的方法就是多读多听。除了课堂上老师组织的精听，考生自己还要在课后多泛听，让英语时时在你耳边回响，形成一个英语的语境。　　语法主要是平时的积累，目前是要找出以前的错题，分析错误原因。这样复习起来比较有针对性。　　在考试的时间安排上，考生要根据近期的模拟考试找准自己的定位，再根据自己的定位找到适合自己的最佳时间分配方案。要根据自己的特点先抓容易得分的题，一定要有足够的时间保证自己能够得分的题。

christina milian-kiss is

名词性从句用法及特点名词性从句是由if,whether,that和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。一．主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1.it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：itisapitythatyoudidn"tgotoseethefilm

同位语从句与宾语从句区别很明显...同位语从句是在名词后加上关系副词的，作进一步解释或叙述．宾语从句是在没有宾语的前提下，加上关系副词，充当句子的宾语成分．我来造个句子：News came that Bush was criticized by his assistant.News came 已经独立成句，而后面是补充说明News的I wanted to tell you that Bush was criticized by his assistant.I wanted to tell you sth. tell要求双宾语，所以缺一个宾语呀，that ...就充当宾语咯．自己在体会下吧！

宾语从句练习 一、 ( ) 1. The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them. A. took B. take C. takes D. will take ( ) 2 .Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou. A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been ( ) 3 .The students want to know whether they___ dictation today. A. had B. has . C. will have D. are ( ) 4 .She asked Linda if___ go and get some. A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may ( ) 5 .Linda said the moon___ round the earth. A. travelled B. has travelled C. travells D. had travelled 2 ( ) 1 .Can you tell me___ you were born, Betty? A. who B. what C. when D. that ( ) 2 .I don"t know ___ they have passed the exam. A. what B. if C. when D. where ( ) 3 .I hardly understand.___ he has told me. A. that B. what C. which D. who ( ) 4 .She didn"t know___ back soon. A. whether he would be B. if would he be C. he will be ( ) 5 .I don"t know _____ he still lives here after so many years. A. whether B where C. what D.when ( ) 6 .Do you know _____ they listened to yesterday evening? A. what B when C why D how ( ) 7 .He asked me _____told me the accident. A whom B which C who D whose 3 ( ) 1.They don"t know ______their parents are. A that B what C why D which ( ) 2.Please tell me ______what last year. A.where does your sister work B where did your sister work C where your sister works D where your sister worked ( ) 3.She asked me if I knew ______. A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it ( ) 4. You must remember ________. A. what your mother said B. what did your mother say C. your mother said what D. what has your mother said ( ) 5.Did you know ____? A. who he was looking after B. who was he looking for C. who he is looking for D. who he is looking after ( ) 6.Could you tell me ___? A. when will they leave Beijing B. when would they leave Beijing C. when they will leave Beijing D. when did they leave Beijing 参考答案： 1. 1-5 A D C B C 2. 1-7 C B B A A A C 3. 1-6 B D B A A C 无答案： 提高型 1. I don"t know _____ he will come tomorrow. _____ he comes, I"ll tell you. A. if; WhetherB. whether; WhetherC. if; ThatD. if; if 2. Could you tell me ____ the radio without any help? A. how did he mendB. what did he mend C. how he mendedD. what he mended 3. Could you tell me ____ do with the money? A. how toB. what should IC. how I shouldD. what I should 4. Can you tell me how many English words ____ since 1996? A. have you learnedB. did you learn C. you have learnedD. you learned 5. Miss Li wants to know _____ next week. A. when my uncle leavesB. when will my uncle C. where my uncle will stayD. where does my uncle stay 6. Can you tell me when ____? A. does the ship leaveB. the ship will leave C. the ship leaveD. will the ship leave 7. Alice wanted to know ____ her grandmother liked the bag. A. thatB. ifC. whichD. what 8. I don"t know ____ Jane was late for school this morning. A. whoB. whatC. whomD. why 9. They don"t know ____ their presents are. A. whenB. whyC. what 10. Mike asked the girl in the shop ____ the watch ____ cheap enough.(1998云南) A. that; isB. if; wasC. that; wasD. whether; is 11. I think he ____ back next week. A. comeB. will comeC. cameD. has come 12. Xiao Mao told me he ____ a film with his mother the next day. A. would seeB. will watchC. would lookD. will see 13. Could you tell me if it ____ tomorrow? A. rainB. will rainC. rainingD. rains 14. He said that he ____ speak a little English when he was five. A. mightB. wouldC. couldD. can 15. I want to know if they ____ the spring sports meeting next month. If they ____ it, I must get ready for it. A. hold; will holdB. will hold; hold C. hold; holdD. will hold; will hold 综合型 1. –Do you remember ____ he came?-Yes, I do, he came by car. A. how B. whenC. thatD. if 2. That woman wanted to know _____ her daughter liked the sweater. A. whetherB. whatC. thatD. which 3. Have you decided when _____ for London? A. will you leaveB. you will leaveC. are you goingD. you are going 4. –Excuse me. Could you tell me ____? -Certainly. A. when can I get to the stationB. I can get to which station C. which station can I get toD. how I can get to the station 5. –What did your mother say, Tom? -She asked me why ____. A. my sister cryingB. my sister was crying C. is my sister cryingD. was my sister crying 6. I wonder what time _____ arrive. A. does the trainB. will the train C. the trainD. the train will 7. I wondered _____ our teacher did that for. A. thatB. ifC. whatD. why 8. Did you hear _____? A. what did I sayB. what I saidC. that I saidD. I said which 9. Can you tell me which room _____? A. does he live inB. does he livesC. he lives inD. he lives 10. The little boy often asks me what ______? A. will our life of tomorrowB. will our life tomorrow be like C. our life of tomorrow likeD. our life of tomorrow will be like 11. Do you really know _____ used? A. how widely English isB. how wide is English C. English is how widelyD. how is English wide 12. Would you please tell me ______ with Peter? He looks unhappy. A. what"s the matterB. what wrong is C. the wrong is whatD. what wrong it was 13. –Excuse me, where _____? Do you know? -Yes. I know where _____? A. Jim lives; he livesB. does Jim live; do he live C. Jim lives; does he liveD. does Jim live; he lives 14. I didn"t know _____ and _____. A. what"s his name; how old he isB. what his name was; how old he was C. what his name is; how is he oldD. that was his name; he was how old 15. My friend hasn"t decided _____ on a trip to Wuxi on holiday. A. if he goesB. when will he go C. if he"ll go D. where he go 16. Did you ask her what ______ outside? A. was happened to himB. he had happened C. he happenedD. had happened to him 17. The man in the shop asked the woman _____ A. which kind does she likeB. which kind she is C. which kind is she likesD. which kind she likes 18. No one told us _____, so we need your help. A. how should we doB. what should we do C. how to do itD. what to do it 19. I don"t know ______ the day after tomorrow. A. when does he comeB. how will he come C. if he comesD. whether he"ll come 20. –Could you tell me _____?-Yes, they _____ to the library. A. where are the twins; have beenB. where the twins are; have gone C. where were the twins; have beenDwhere the twins were; have gone

u3002

专题：宾语从句与状语从句 重点、难点 1. 引导宾语从句的关联词的原则 2. 状语从句的连词 具体内容 （一）宾语从句 定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 （二）构成：关联词 简单句 （三）引导宾语从句的关联词有三类： 1. 从属连词that。如： He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。 I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。 注：that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。 （1）Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。）大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。 （2）I know nothing about him except that he is from the south. （that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。）对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。 （3）That he ever said such a thing I simply don"t believe.（that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。）我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。 （4）We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. （主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。）鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。 2. 从属连词if/whether。如： I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。 I don"t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。 3. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如:Who or what he was, Martin never learned. 他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。 I wonder what he"s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。 I"ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。 You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。 （1）介词宾语从句 宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如： He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事感到很不快。 I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。 I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。 Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。 有时介词可以省略。如： I don"t care（for）who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。 Be careful（as to）how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。 四. 重点疑难 1. 如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如： We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. 我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。 He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他已表明他不会屈服。 2. 作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如： He is a good student except that he is careless. 他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。 You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。 介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如： Are you sorry for what you"ve done? 你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？ 3. 某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。如： I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么。 I"m afraid you don"t understand what I said. 恐怕你没领会我说的意思。 I"m surprised that I didn"t see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。 Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams. 妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。 4. 连词whether（…or not）或if引导的宾语从句 if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如： I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。 用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用whether。试比较： Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go. if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。 5. 宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如： I don"t think you are right. 我认为你错了。 I don"t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。 I don"t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？ 6. 宾语从句的时态变化规律 （1）当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。 （2）当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除 外。如： The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老师说地球绕着太阳运行。 状语从句： 时间状语从句： 状语从句需要连词引导。引导时间状语从句的连词有： when，while，as，as soon as，before，once ，after， since，till/until等。例如： When you finish doing this drill, you may go on to the next one. I"ll let you know as soon as it is settled. She has written fifty letters home since she came to Beijing. 注意（一）： 虽然till和until可互相交换使用。但在句首只能用until。 用于否定句时，表示“直到……时，才……”；“在……以前，不……”例如： Until you told me about the book I had no idea of it.（在你告诉我之前，我对此书一无所知。） I won"t know where he is until I get a letter from him.（收到他的信时我才知道他在那里。） 时间状态语从句中用一般现在时表示将来时间，用现在完成时表示将来完成时间。例如： As soon as my brother arrives, we"ll start working. while和as的区别：when表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生或先于主句动作，可以指一段时间也可以指特定的时间点； while表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生，表示“一边……一边……”，通常指一段时间。例如： Jack stayed with us when / while he was in Beijing. He called us when he arrived in Beijing. 地点状语从句： 引导地点状语从句的有where，wherever，everywhere等连词。例如： Where there is a will, there is a way. （有志者，事竟成） Wherever you met him, he was not in my house. Everywhere he goes he makes new friends. Everywhere she went, she was kindly received. 条件状语从句： 一般由if（如果），unless（除非，如果不），as/so long as（只要）等连词引导。例如： Please come by if you are free. Unless you study harder, you"re going to fail the exam. 注意（二）： 条件状语从句中也须用一般现在时表示将来时间，用现在完成时表示将来完成时间。例如： If it rains tomorrow, we won"t go hiking. 原因状语从句： 引导原因状语从句的连接词通常有because（因为），as（由于），Since（由于），now　that（既然；由于）等。例如： As it is raining, you had better take your umbrella with you. You must tell the truth since you know the fact. She couldn"t get up because her legs were wounded. I can"t go to the movie because I"m too busy. 注意（三）： because , as和since均可指原因，但because引导的从句常位于主句之前；而as和since引导的从句常位于主句之后；because表示原因的语气，而as和since语气较弱，只是附带说明一下主句内容是由从句引起的结果。as和since常指说话人和听话人双方都知道的原因。当回答以why 引导的疑问句时必须用because。例如： Why didn"t you come to the meeting? Because I had a bad cold. 结果状语从句 结果状语从句一般由so…that（如此……以致于），such…that（如此……以致于），such that（如此……以致于）和so that（以致于）等引导。so…that与such…that的区别在于：so接形容词或副词，such接名词或名词词组。例如： He was so excited that he couldn"t help jumping. She spoke so loudly that every one in the big hall could hear her. It was such a terrible accident that few people survived. There were so few students present that the class was cancelled. The book was written in such simple English that we could understand it easily. 目的状语从句一般由so that（为了；以便）和in order that （为了；以便）引导的目的状语从句，lest 表示“免得/ 以防/ 以免”。从句中一般用虚拟语气，动词形式为“should 动词原形”。 She spoke louder so that everyone in the hall could hear her. They sent the book by air mail in order that it might reach us in good time. The teacher hid the key to exercises lest the students should see it. We set off early lest we should be late. 让步状语从句： 让步状语从句常用although / though（虽然），even though / even if（尽管），as（尽管），whatever/ whenever/ however（无论什么/ 何时/ 如何），no matter what / when / how（无论什么/ 何时/ 如何）等到引导。no matter what/ when/ how（无论什么/ 何时/ 如何）等引导。as表示让步时一般用于部分倒装结构，though也有此用法。例如： We"ll try our best to finish the work in time though we are short of materials. He still wanted to do it although I warned him not to. Although she slept ten hours last night , she is still tired. Although the road was narrow, the driver managed to pass it safely. 方式状语从句： 方式状态语从句常由as if/as though（好像，如同）等。例如： She acted as if/though nothing had happened. She always talks to him as if she were/was his sister. It looks as if it"ll rain. He treats me as if I am/were his brother. 【模拟试题】 一. 单项选择 1. Do you know how much hot water ? A. Mum is needed B. does Mum need C. Mum needs D. did Mum need 2. Can you tell me ? A. where he is B. where is he C. he is where D. what is he 3. I didn"t know how to London? A. would they go B. are they going C. they would go D. they are going 4. I want to know how long . A. has he been back B. has he come back C. he has been back D. he has come back 5. Do you know ? A. what the news are B. what is the news C. what the news is D. what are the news 6. He said he would help me with my maths if he free. A. was B. will be C. would be D. is 7. He will write to you as soon as he to Shanghai. A. gets B. is getting C. will get D. shall get 8. Father music when he young A. liked…was B. liked…is C. likes…was D. likes…is 9. I liked sports I was young. A. so much as B. so much that C. very much when D. very much because 10. mother got home, I was tidying my room. A. After B. When C. As soon as D. Before 11. The teacher didn"t begin her class the students stopped talking. A. until B. because C. after D. when 12. If it tomorrow, we"ll go to the Great wall. A. doesn"t rain B. won"t rain C. not rains D. isn"t rain 13. Could you tell me we get to the plane? A. how B. whether C. where D. what 14. When they got to the cinema, the film for the ten minutes. A. had been on B. has begun C. began D. had begun 15. The teacher says she will leave a message on the headmaster"s desk. A. if B. who C. that D. what 16. Lucy looks stronger Lily. A. than B. as C. then D. not as 17. I know nothing about it he told me. A. because B. since C. until D. after 18. You must make your new house clean and safe you move in. A. because B. when C. before D. until 19. I was tired I couldn"t walk on. A. so…that B. too…to C. very…that D. very…to 20. I thought he to see his mother if he time. A. will go…has B. will go…will have C. would go…would have D. would go…had 二. 用所给动词的正确形式填空： 1. I won"t return the book to the library because I （not finish）reading it. 2. As soon as he saw me, he （stop）to speak to me. 3. I hope he （come）back in a week. 4. It （rain）hard when I got to the factory this morning. 5. The old man told the children （not walk）in the rice fields. 6. He told me he （help）her with her maths the next evening. 7. She said they （know）each other for quite some time. 8. If it （not rain）tomorrow, we （visit）the People"s Museum. 9. John （write）something when I （go）to see him. 10. Our teacher told us that light （travel）much faster than sound. 11. When I got to the cinema, the film （begin） 12. Mike asked me if we （ask）any questions the next class. 13. Will you come and stay with us for a while when you （finish）doing your homework? 14. Comrade Wang didn"t know if there （be）an English evening that day. 15. Please tell me if she （come）again next time. 【试题答案】 一. 1. C 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. A 13. A 14. A 15. C 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. A 20. D 二. 1. haven"t finished 2. stopped 3. will come 4. was raining 5. not to walk 6. would help 7. had known 8. doesn"t rain, will visit 9. was writing, went 10. travels 11. had begun 12. would ask 13. finish 14. would be 15. will come

are--ishaven"t---hasn"twill-wouldis--waswill he---he willdoes English have ---English has

我个人认为选C 从翻译上看B和C看似都可以，但题目问的是Jack在哪里？希望我的回答对你有所帮助

你是说对于宾语从句连接词的省略问题？如果是，那我就说了：▲vt和adj后的宾从中，若用that引导，则that可省 例：I think (that) he is right. ▲同一个vt后面若并列多个that引导宾从，第一个宾从的that可省，第二个宾从开始that不省。 例：He told me (that) he was late and that(不可省！) he would never be late again.

　　落叶知秋，情谊如酒，风渐凉时有喜却无忧。岁月流走，蓦然回首，一声问候醇绵依旧。下面是我给大家带来的有关岁月的现代抒情散文，供大家欣赏。　　有关岁月的现代抒情散文：待岁月花开 　　时光静好，我踏着细碎的光阴，在岁月素笺上，写满初春的絮语，盈一份懂得，在季节的眉眼间，静待花开，让那点点滴滴的念，在明媚中安暖。 　　——题记 　　岁月的美，在于辗转，几场潇潇春雨后，山青了，水绿了，春天就这样来了。我在季节的眉眼间，看春天的画卷缓缓展开，看花草树木，在阳光的沐浴中，肆意的饱满，心中，便有了一份欣喜。 　　一直向往一种简单宁净的生活，在心灵的桃花源上，听林间鸟鸣的惬意，揽山间夜雨的诗意，看陌上花开的画意，将未写完的故事，没有结局的恋情，被惊醒的梦暂且放下，晴天迎接阳光的沐浴，雨季等待雨水的润泽，任流年的风在季节的枝头，随意涂抹，只享受这浅淡的欢愉。 　　时光的剪影中，我们就是那一粒浮尘，随风聚散，该来的总会来，不该来的又何需执着，如果不再有一夜春风吹绿的期待，那么待到桃红柳新定会满心欢喜。幸福是一份满足，快乐是一种心境，给生活一份简单，生活便会还你一树花开。 　　流年的风轻轻吹过，多少不可触及的故事，渐行渐远;多少不离不弃的誓言，终成等待。记忆是流动的风景，总会在辗转中心伤，有些心情，只适合在无人的夜里摇曳，有些爱，需要时间来成全。雨落湿人心，风过吹人醒，如若生命是一幅水墨丹青，岁月带走的是一笔留白，生活的风，总会吹皱一池春水，所有的故事，都是生命给予的回味。 　　采一瓣庭前的落花，用来盛放梦的羽翼，用平常心，如看一朵花盛开，一朵云飘过，走过这一程纵横的阡陌，把梦想放置在前行的路上，把惆怅尘封在逝去的光阴里，不让红尘淹没了纯洁，不让牵绊积攒了寒凉，相信季节会给每一朵花，盛开的温床，用一路的微笑，解读生命的聚散无常。 　　人生的智慧，不过是一份感悟，一份简单，一抹留白。生活总是会有逆境，日子越过越薄，再多的执念，都会被时光的河流打磨圆润，这一路的风雨兼程，谁能真正无悔?谁能不留遗憾?从感叹命运的不公，到微笑着面对，不过是在一条不归路上，演绎了一场随遇而安。 　　我们都是光阴的过客，聚散离合，不过是镜花水月一场;繁华喧嚣，不过是过眼烟云，一切喜怒哀乐都是根植于路边的风景，铺垫人生的繁杂，懂得删繁就简，便会轻松前行。生活就是在阅历中成长，在历练中坚强，与其感激命运的给予，不如感谢平凡的自己，在岁月的河流中，不平凡的演绎。 　　尽管世事沧桑，迷离，多变，但万物随心，只要心不乱，则风不飘摇，水不惊，万事不扰，只要心是温润的，便没有孤单寒凉;只要心存希望，便会微笑向暖。相信无论经过怎样的离别错过，总会于三千过客中，等来一个心灵的知音，相约今生，相伴到老;无论经历怎样的风雨，总会找到属于自己明媚的风景，桃红柳新，相约春天;无论走过怎样的沉浮，总会有一条路，于峰回路转中，柳暗花明。 　　修禅的境界，不是静水深流，而是随缘则安，即便做不到舍去浮华，明月清风，闲敲棋子看落花，也要学会做一个豁达的人，在狭窄的天地间，海阔天空;在红尘纷扰中，守住清宁;在细碎的光阴中，找寻幸福。 　　拨开生活的迷雾，让时光明媚，望窗外风景，看岁月又是满眼繁华。在光阴的荏苒下，我们渐渐学会了宽容与平和，也学会了勇敢与面对，即便错过了最美的年华，因为爱过，依然无悔;即便有过失去，因为珍惜，便会无憾，如若不属于春天，那便让自己在盛夏开放;如若没有好的际遇，那就选择用汗水将黑夜照亮。 　　所有的辗转，都是人生百花里的一段词，一卷画，最重要的是做最真的自己。时光的长廊上，我们逐渐读懂了人生，简单，比复杂更隽永;给予，远比得到更快乐;平淡，比繁华更踏实，生命中的淡雅与清丽，是山河岁月里最艳寂的刹那，人生最美，不过是凭栏看落雪。 　　白落梅说：在这喧闹的凡尘，我们都需要有适合自己的地方，用来安放灵魂。也许是一座安静宅院，也许是一本无字经书，也许是一条迷津小路。只要是自己心之所往，都是驿站，为了将来起程不再那么迷惘。 　　越来越喜欢安静了，安静的读书，安静的写字，安静的喝茶。山持重而庄，水流深而媚，安静可以让生命沉淀，让灵魂升华，让心灵归航。这世上之所以纷杂，不是人太多，而是心太宰;不是路不平，而是心生怨，做一朵盛开在岁月里的青莲，绽放成喜欢的样子，将灵魂妥帖安放。 　　生命的厚重不在于繁华喧嚣，不在于盲目执着，而在于平静简朴，随遇而安。给自己一个美好的心态，学会驻足欣赏生命驿站的每一处风景，看花雨纷飞，看远山含笑，浅舞时光，紧握安然，让一季明媚的笑颜永驻。 　　一路走来，我们在跌跌撞撞中学会了坚强;在起起落落中学会了安然;在繁华落寞中学会了面对;在红尘纷扰中学会了自持，渐渐明白，有些路，要用脚去走;有些路，要用心去走。 　　喜欢那句：走着走着，花就开了，相信随着时间流逝，悲伤可以忘记，爱恨可以放下，无论怎样的寒凉，都会在春天到来时终结，只要心存美好，时光便可不老，心若释然，人间安好，待到峰回路转处，便是岁月花开时。 　　有关岁月的现代抒情散文：愿光阴含笑，岁月静好 　　时间总是过的很快，仓促的让人害怕，最是人间留不住，朱颜辞镜花辞树，很多时候我们还没认真活过，就要老去了。人生是一趟旅程，你不知道能够遇见什么，我们只有面对，面对离开，只能坦然安静地挥手告别，互道珍重。 　　日子总是这样有时欢喜，有时忧伤，有时孤独有时热闹，却也挡不住这一路的行色匆匆，看似岁岁无情，却也沧桑有痕。有时很想感谢自己的坚持，让生命在经历中日渐丰盈。 　　记得有首小诗中这样写道，一天很短，短的来不及拥抱清晨，就已经手握黄昏了，一年很短，短的来不及细品初春殷红窦绿，就要打点素裹秋霜了，一生很短，短的来不及享受年华，便已迟暮”是呀，时光总是太匆匆，仿佛去年写过的字迹还没有干，今年的篇章，已在寒来暑往中，无从寄起，去年树上的花还没有开艳，今年枝上的已不再是那一朵。 　　许多简单重叠的日子，就这样散了，生活不待人，举头扬手之间，把有些东西隔到了光阴的对岸，而我们却习惯了数着时光里的落花，念着从前，可那些似曾相识的岁月里，又有多少过往，可以重来? 　　不知从什么时候开始，已经不再贪恋一些过于明亮的东西了，只愿日子慢一些，再慢一些，阳光暖一点，再暖一点，越发的喜欢带着光阴的东西，比如线装的古书，比如泛着光阴的瓷器，大概这就是所说的老心境吧，曾经多么不以为然的老，就这样漫不经心的来了，有人说当你的心真正靠近自己的时候，也许你是真的有些老了。 　　理想的生活，有志同道合的伴侣，有赏心并肩的友人，有不离不弃的亲人，不求丰衣足食，只愿身心安暖。日子终要回归生活的本真，如能在清澈安宁的烟火里，以花朵的姿态拥抱光阴，老了又何妨呢! 　　人到了一定的年龄，就会变得不再执着了，那些一直放不下的，开始学会放下了，那些经历的过往，也会时不时的翻出来整理，但就像是抚摸着一件老物件，心中没有过多的斑斓，惟是收藏，开始渴望温暖了，喜欢坐在阳光下，一坐就是半天，开始变得不那么计较了，朋友亲人，能陪在身边就好。 　　开始觉得健康的重要性，喜欢那些更长久的东西，温和的看着身边的一切，暗自留恋，浅喜深爱，开始学会了感恩，懂得平淡的过着，真实的爱着，健康的生活，甚至是那些忙碌，都是一种幸福。 　　人生的坚强，不是期望每一缕阳光，都能将自己照亮，而是在绝望的时候，懂得为自己开一扇窗。生活，也许会在最苦最难的时候绽放美丽，但不是你一如既往就能收获深刻，也不是你抱紧自己，就会从此一路平坦。 　　光阴深处，山一程水一程，总是一边拾起，一边丢弃，余生里，总有尚不明朗的时光，世事沧桑，怎能都如意，一个人的成熟在于，无论你经历过怎样的挫折坎坷，怎样的人生历练，最后都能微笑着，在时光的路口，说一声，岁月，你好。 　　世间万千，处处皆是景，在花下饮茶，心是含香的，在檐下听雨，心是诗意的，在原野里奔跑，心是宽广的，如若对爱和美怀有温柔的坚持，人生也会足够的优美。俗人一辈子放不下的东西太多了，其实无论多么低落的情感，也不过片刻悲欢，行云流水且随它去，下一个路口，依旧会看到春天里的花开燕来，夏天的绿意清凉，秋天里的月满西窗，冬日里的瑞雪倾城。 　　如果你心怀美好，静美的红尘，是淡雅的花开，潋滟在岁月清廋的枝头，是聚散离合的轮回，是峰回路转的韵脚，是素日烟火的清欢，是时光赠予清风明月小坐的纯美。 　　每一天醒来，都是新的起点，每一天的阳光都会有温暖，奔波的岁月，都是来去的光阴，尘世的屋檐下，日子，一直在路上，生命中的每一个开始和结束，都是在丰富自己人生的阅历，远去的，都不必追。虽然窗外水瘦山寒，内心也可以一路盛装，以欢喜心过生活，以平常心对浮沉，心平气和的过好每一个当下，温和的接纳，温柔的远送，你笑了，生活才会对你微笑。 　　日子匆匆，在我们感慨中渐行渐远，尽管我们不喜欢告别，依然会有别离，因为只有放下，才会有新的开始;尽管有的时候会有彷徨，唯有面对，才能看到崭新的风景。 　　生命的驿站，也许没有永远，但岁月路口，总会有新的遇见，走过的路，会有孤独和无奈，也会有喜悦和懂得，毕竟，岁月未曾饶过我们，我们也未曾饶过岁月。轻轻的伸出手，与流年作别，把祝福和希望别在衣襟上，愿光阴含笑，岁月凝香，流年静好，且行且珍惜。 　　有关岁月的现代抒情散文：岁月 　　夏日的风，总能带来丝丝凉意，阴沉的云压抑着我的感觉。或许是沉闷原固，凉意的风中夹杂着几许凄然之味!汗渍浸透的衣衫，紧紧地褱在身上，盐硝悄悄地爬满身躯，蛀蚀着肌肤! 　　有人说岁月无情，而我认为岁月无意，它总是悄无声息地来，却又了无痕迹的离去!领来了希冀，带走了梦想!留下了年轮和叹息，苍老爬满脸颊，黑发换成寒雪。惟有那颗孤寂之心，还停滞在童年! 　　有人讲今天的太阳比昨天的大，而明天的肯定比今天大!于是，我左手握着昨天的太阳，右手握着今天的太阳，在眼前比划着，我分不清!又用左手握着今天的太阳，右手握着明天的太阳!结果还是分不清! 　　我决定去问智者，得到的答案是：“微笑!微笑!再微笑!”从此后我有了微笑，几许坦荡!可疑问仍然在。我步履蹒跚地踏上征途，追寻真理的履印，涉足在岁月的长河中，脸含着浪花般的微笑! 　　遭遇愚人，低声而问：“太阳真的一天比一天大吗?”回答我的是讥讽嘲笑：“无稽之谈，真是吃饱了撑的!” 　　唉!无言以对，继续着我的无聊之旅，只为了那不是答案的答案，前行前行!惟有那树梢的蝉蛹尽力地往上爬，只为登上高枝蜕变成蝉，振翅而飞，欢腾鸣叫! 　　算了，我将不再追求真理，只想平凡一生，哪怕消失在自己的记忆之中! 　　回到家中，翻开相册，看着看着!心中升起了一种熟悉而又陌生的感觉：“这是我吗?我曾经这么小?这么年轻?那么是什么改变了我?”那老旧的闹钟发出滴答滴答的声音，仿佛在说：“是我!” 　　哈哈，我知道了，原来太阳真的一天比一天大!大的不是轮廓，而是它的年龄!就象人，从小到大，跟着又变老，最后回归到来处!那么时间呢?也有老的时候吗? 　　唉!这又是一个没有答案的问题! 有关岁月的散文： 1. 描写感叹岁月流逝的散文 2. 岁月流逝优美散文 3. 岁月流逝人生感悟散文 4. 关于岁月感悟散文精选 5. 以岁月为主题的散文欣赏

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包装设计即指选用合适的包装材料，运用巧妙的工艺手段，为包装商品进行的容器结构造型和包装的美化装饰设计。从中可以看到包装设计的三大构成要素。外形要素外形要素就是商品包装示面的外形，包括展示面的大小、尺寸和形状。日常生活中我们所见到的形态有3种，即自然形态，人造形态和偶发形态。但我们在研究产品的形态构成时，必须找到种适用于任何性质的形态，即把共同的规律性的东西抽出来，称之为抽象形态。我们知道，形态构成就是外形要素，或称这为形态要素，就是以一定的方法，法则构成的各种千变万化的形态。形态是由点、线、面、体这几种要素构成的。包装的形态主要有：圆柱体类、长方体类、圆锥体类和各种形体以及有关形体的组合及因不同切割构成的各种形态包装形态构成的新颖性对消费者的视觉引导起着十分重要的作用，奇特的视觉形态能给消费者留下深刻的印刷。包装设计者必须熟悉形态要素本身的特性及其表情，并此作为表现形式美的素材。我们在考虑包装设计的外形要素时，还必须从形式美法则的角度去认识它。按照包装设计的形式美法则结合产品自身功能的特点，将各种因素有机、自然地结合起来，以求得完美统一的设计形象。包装外形要素的形式美法则主要从以下8个方面加以考虑：对称与均衡法则、安定与轻巧法则、对比与调和法则、重复与呼应法则、节奏与韵律法则、比拟与联想法则、比例与尺度法则、统一与变化法则。构图要素构图是将商品包装展示面的商标、图形、文字和组合排列在一起的一个完整的画面。这四方面的组合构成了包装装潢的整体效果。商品设计构图要素商标、图形、文字和色彩的运用得正确、适当、美观，就可称为优秀的设计作品。1． 商标设计商标是一种符号，是企业、机构、商品和各项设施的象征形象。商标是一项关用工艺美术，它涉及到政治、经济法制以及艺术等各个领域。商标的特点是由它的功能、形式决定的。它要将丰富的传达内容以更简单洁、更概括的形式，在相对较小的空间里表现出来，同时需要观察者在较短的时间内理解其内在的含义。商标一般可分为文字商标、图形商标以及文字图形相结合的商标三种形式。一具成功的商标设计，应该是创意表现有机结合的产物。创意是根据设计要求，对某种理念进行综合、分析、归纳、概括，通过哲理的思考，化抽象为形象，将设计概念由抽象的评议表现逐步转化为具体的形象设计。2． 图形设计包装装潢的图形主要指产品的形象和其它辅助装饰形象等。图形作为设计的语言，就是要把形象的内在、外在的构成因素表现出来，以视觉形象的形式把信息传达给消费者。要达以此目的，图形设计的定位准确是非常关键的。定位的过程即是熟悉产品全部内容的过程，其中包括商品的性有、商标、品名的含义及同类产品的现状等诸多因素都要加以熟悉和研究。图形就其表现形式可分为实物图形和装饰图形。实物图形：采用绘画手法、摄影写真等来表现。绘画是包装装潢设计的主要表现形式，根据包装整体构思的需要绘制画面，为商品服务。一摄影写真相比，它具有取舍、提炼和概括自由的特点。绘画手法直观性强，欣赏趣味浓，是宣传、美化、推销商品的一种手段。然而，商品包装的商业性决定了设计应突出表现商品的真实形象，要给消费者直观的形象，所以用摄影业表现真实、直观的视觉形象是包装装潢设计的最佳表现手法。装饰图形：分为具象和抽象两种表现手法。具象的人物、风景、动物或植物的纹样作为包装的象征性图形可用来表现包装的内容物及属性。抽象的手法多用于写意，采用抽象的点、线、面的几何形纹样、色块或肌理效果构成画面，经简练、醒目，具有形式感，也是包装装潢的主要表现手法。通常，具象形态与抽象表现手法在包装装潢设计中并非孤立的，而是相互结合的。内容和形式的辩证统一是图形设计中的普遍规律，在设计过程中，根据图形内容的需要，选择相应的图形表现技法，使图形设计达到形式和内容的统一，创造出反映时代精神、民族风貌的适用、经济、美观的装潢设计作品是包装设计者的基本要求。3． 色彩设计色彩设计在包装设计中占据重要的位置。色彩是美化和突出产品的重要因素。包装色彩的运用是整个画面设计的构思、构图紧密联系着的。包装色彩要求平面化、匀整化，这是以色彩的过滤、提炼的高度概括。它以人们的联想和色彩的习惯为依据，进行高度的夸张和变色是包装艺术的一种手段。同时，包装的色彩还必须受到工艺、材料、用途和销售地区等的制和限制。包装装潢设计中的色彩要求醒目，对比强烈，有较强的吸引国和竞争力，以唤起消费者的购买欲望，促进销售。例如，食品类和鲜明丰富的色调，以暖色为主，突出食品的新鲜、营养和味觉；医药类和单纯的冷暖色调；化妆品类常用柔和的中间色调；小五金、机械工具类常用蓝、黑及其它沉着的色块，以表示坚实、精密和耐用的特点；儿童玩具类常用鲜艳夺目的纯色和冷暖对比强烈的各种色块，以符合儿童的心理和爱好；体育用品类多采用鲜明响亮色块，以增加活跃、运动的感觉……不同的商品有不同的特点与属性。设计者要研究消费者的习惯和爱好以及国际、国内流行色的变化趋势，以不断增强色彩的社会学和消费者心理学意识。4． 文字设计文字是传达思想、交流感情和信息，表达某一主题内容的符号。商品包装上的牌号、品名、说明文字、广告文字以及生产厂家、公司或经销单位等，反映了包装的本质内容。设计包装时必须把这些文字作为包装整体设计的一部分来统筹考虑。包装装潢设计中的文字设计的要点有：文字内容简明、真实、生动、易读、易记；字体设计应反映商品的特点、性质、有独特性，并具备良好的识别性和审美功能；文字的编排与包装的整体设计风格应和谐。材料要素材料要素是商品包装所用材料表面的纹理和质感。它往往影响到商品包装的视觉效果。利用不同材料的表面变化或表面形状可以达到商品包装的最佳效果。包装用材料，无论是纸类材料、塑料材料玻璃材料、金属材料、陶瓷材料、竹木材料以及其它复合材料，都有不同的质地肌理效果。运用不同材料，并妥善地加以组合配置，可给消费者以新奇、冰凉或豪华等不同的感觉。材料要素是包装设计的重要环节，它直接关系到包装的整体功能和经济成本、生产加工方式及包装废弃物的回收处理等多方面的问题。

第一步：网站的规划与设计商城后台管理系统搭建开发是个较复杂的系统，一开始就要想好需要有的功能，网站的规划也是建所有网站都需要做的事情，在规划设计中需要对网站进行整体的分析，明确网站的建设目标，确定网站的访问对象，网站提供的内容与服务，网站的域名，logo，网站风格和网站目录分类等内容，这一步也是电商系统网站后台建设成功的前提，因为所有的建设步骤都是按规划设计进行实施的。第二步：站点的建设网站规划设计以后，就开始进入网站的建设阶段，电商系统网站后台建设这一阶段主要有域名注册，网站配置，网页制作和网站测试的四个部分。除了网站测试，需要在其他三项完成之后才能进行之外，域名注册，网站配置和网页制作相对独立，可以同时进行。第三步：经营目标经营目标是企业进行网络营销的目的所在，网络营销在运营过程中的“指南针”。一般情况下，一份网络营销计划书主要包括以下3个方面目标。1、任务，即需要完成什么。2、可量化的工作指标，即工作量是多少。3、时间限制，即什么时候完成。第四步：网络营销战略接下来，营销人员按照“4P营销理论”（4P即产品、价格、渠道、促销四个因素）的内容和关系管理制定营销战略，以实现开发电子商务系统平台后台既定的目标，也就是关于产品、价格、促销和渠道的计划目标，此外，营销人员还要考虑产品定位，市场细分，市场差异化，客户关系管理等战略的制订。第五步：做好网站建设的策划方案企业建设商城网站，首先要进行的网站建设步骤就是要了解自己建设这个商城网站的目的是什么，电子商务是互联网时代发展的大热门，有许多企业制作电商商城网站系统纯粹是盲目跟风行为，不提倡这样的行为。所以需要在事前做好商城网站建设的策划方案，方案内容包括网站定位、目标用户定位、网站风格设计和营销目标等众多内容。第六步：做好商城网站内容的建设企业商城网站建设不是随便把一些产品信息和图片发布到网站上就行的，要做好一个商城网站的经营也不是一件简单的事情。所以在建设商城网站是要重视其内容，做好网站的内容建设才可以增加网站的点击率并提升转化率。第七步：商城网站的推广不可忽视定制开发一个成功的商城网站，并不是制作出功能完整的网站就可以了的，在上线后，还需要对网站进行推广，只有推广了才能让更多的人知道并了解你的新网站。所以推广也属于商城网站建设工作的重要组成部分。

不计其数

1988 全球共讨，征服有期1989 我们的生活，我们的世界——让我们相互关照1990 妇女和艾滋病1991 共同迎接艾滋病的挑战1992 预防艾滋病，全社会的责任

有考卷！

“改革，改良，改正，改善，改进，改造”的区别是：改革与制度有关多指政治，改良可以说是资产阶级改良运动，改正缺点，错误，改善环境，改进措施，方法，改造是在实际的东西上别人制造的基础上有所改变，改造发明。改革，汉语词语，现常指改变旧制度、旧事物。对旧有的生产关系、上层建筑作局部或根本性的调整，改革是社会发展的强大动力。详细释义：①改进：改变旧有情况，使有所进步，比如，改进工作ㄧ操作方法有待改进；② 改良：①去掉事物的个别缺点，使更适合要求，比如，改良土壤 ㄧ改良品种。③改善， 改革：把事物中旧的不合理的部分改成新的、能适应客观情况的，比如，技术改革ㄧ文字改善ㄧ改革经济管理体制。④ 改变：事物发生显著的差别，比如，山区面貌大有改变ㄧ随着政治、经济关系的改变，人和人的关系也改变了。⑤改换；更动，比如，改换样式ㄧ改换口气 ㄧ改换计划ㄧ改换战略。

2003年通过ISO9001质量管理体系认证；2005年被商务部授予“中华老字号”称号。2006年被杭州市人民政府授予“杭州市和谐劳动关系先进企业”；2007年获“浙江食品（调味品、月饼）龙头企业”；2007年3月经复审又获“日本农林水产省JAS认证证书”；2007年被杭州市食品安全委员会授予食品安全信用优秀单位。2008年又获得了HACCP食品安全管理体系认证证书；2008年获浙江食品工业协会“百强企业”荣誉称号；2010年五味和荣获第11届全国月饼大赛国家级团体金奖。2011 中国月饼文化节“金牌月饼”2011 中国月饼文化节“中国名饼”“湖羊”牌酱油和“五味和”牌月饼是“浙江名牌产品”、“浙江省著名商标”、“杭州市著名商标”；“双鱼”牌食醋是“杭州名牌产品”；五味和月饼已连续多年获“中国名饼”等荣誉称号；五味和中秋月饼是中国食品工业协会选定的国饼十佳之一，连续八年在中国月饼节被评定为中国名牌月饼。

看对联的最后一个字，上联最后一个字是三声和四声（仄声），下联的最后一个字是一声和二声（平声）。对联的张贴撰写要求是上联在右侧，下联在左侧。因为古代人写字是从右往左写的。这个方法现在在观看对联时候很难区分了，因为很多人根本就不知道，随意贴出来的。格律对联看平仄，有时讲语义。非格律对联区分上下联应该根据横额（横批）找线索。如对联山舞银蛇兆丰年，花开富贵报平安，开头字“山”和“花”均是平声 。结尾的“年”和“安”也是平声。但可以根据横额找线索，把关联字连起来即得上下联。

在农村基本上每个家庭都会养上几只鸡，如果是母鸡还会孵蛋，很多人一直想不明白母鸡孵蛋是怎么变成小鸡的，那么母鸡孵蛋的原理是什么？下面一起来看看吧。 1、 鸡的体温比较高，鸡蛋在母鸡体内时就已经受精卵开始进行细胞分裂了，鸡蛋离开母鸡体内后，由于外界的温度低于母鸡体内的温度，受精卵停止分裂发育，处于休眠状态。但是还是有活性的，母鸡在孵卵时靠自己的体温使受精卵继续分裂，逐渐发育成胚胎，大约经过21天左右，小鸡就出壳了。 2、 母鸡孵蛋，是母鸡趴在鸡蛋上，要趴10多天，这期间母鸡除了偶尔觅食之外，一直趴在鸡蛋上。母鸡孵蛋很辛苦，等小鸡孵出来，母鸡就变得很瘦了。 关于母鸡孵蛋的原理是什么的相关内容就介绍到这里了。

随着互联网经济的迅速发展，网络购物已经成为现代人生活中不可缺少的一部分，为了吸引更多的消费者，提高成交率，电子商务类的购物网站建设也成了重头戏，那么以下是电子商务购物网站上的解决方案：1.功能性解决方案对整套电子商务购物网站系统，包含权限管理、商品管理、在线商品库管理、排行榜管理、商品推荐管理、商品导购管理(检索)、会员管理、订单管理、支付管理、配送管理、广告管理、留言管理、帐务管理、及时通信管理、数据统计分析以及其它相关的业务辅助系统个子系统进行全面介绍。并针对客户个性化的要求，对系统功能做出说明。2.网站系统开发需求采取会员制，只有有效的会员才可网上购物，保证交易的成功率;强大的查询功能，快捷的找到感兴趣的商品;会员购物流程：浏览、将商品放入购物车、去收银台;每个会员有自己专用的购物车，可随时来选择其中的商品结帐;完善的会员服务功能，可随时查看帐务明细、订单明细;会员购物排行榜，以购买量评出几名最佳消费会员;商品销售排行榜，以销售量来评出几个最热销的商品;管理员在后台可方便的管理、查看订单，管理员可根据实际处理状态修改订单的当前状态，便于会员查看;管理员可轻松发布、删除、修改商品信息;安全的在线支付体系，使会员能安全便捷地网上支付，例如网银支付、支付宝支付;●产品配送功能、ups国际快递、ems快递。3.网站前台设计对网站前台结构与关键页面进行描述。包含整个网站的前台结构分析，灵活的页面结构及针对电子商务网站需要所需的定制化管理页面。4.系统技术架构。关于电子商务购物系统技术架构的描述，由此说明系统效率、兼容性、可扩展性、安全性、稳定性、对外整合能力方面的优势。5.系统性能解决方案。对电子商务购物网站系统如何应付大流量访问问题提出缓存技术方案，大容量空间，无限制IIS并发连接数，以及对未来集群、可扩展性的考虑。6.运行环境要求提出电子商务购物系统运营环境的建议配置。包括硬件和软件配置。以上就是小编对于电商网站建设的建议，如果你还是不知道怎么做，可以选择不二网服务商为你量身定做。的网站建设网站建设网站电子商务的网站建设电子商务

七年级生物下册复习提纲二、人体的营养1、食物中的营养物质1）蛋白质：构成人体细胞的基本物质，为人体的生理活动提供能量；糖类：人体最重要的供能物质，也是构成细胞的成分；脂肪：供能物质，单位质量释放能量最多；但一般情况下，脂肪作为备用的能源物质，贮存在体内；维生素：不参与构成人体细胞，也不提供能量，含量少，对人体生命活动起调节作用， 维生素A：促进人体正常的发育，增强抵抗能力，维持人的正常视觉。缺乏时，皮肤粗糙，夜盲症维生素B1：维持人体正常的新陈代谢和神经系统的正常生理功能。缺乏时，神经炎，脚气病维生素C：维持正常的新陈代谢，维持骨骼、肌肉和血管的正常生理作用，增强抵抗力。缺乏时，坏血病，抵抗力下降维生素D：促进钙、磷吸收和骨骼发育。缺乏时，佝偻病（如鸡胸、X形或O形腿等）、骨质疏松症水：约占体重的60%~70%，细胞的主要组成成分，人体的各种生理活动都离不开水。无机盐：构成人体组织的重要材料，如：钙：儿童缺乏导致佝偻病，鸡胸，O型腿，中老年人会骨质疏松、磷：缺乏导致厌食铁：构成血红蛋白，缺乏导致贫血缺碘：甲状腺肿大或者儿童智力发育障碍2、消化和吸收1）消化系统的组成 消化道：口腔 咽 食道 胃 小肠 大肠 肛门 消化系统 消化食物和吸收营养物质等 消化腺：唾液腺、胃腺、肝脏、胰腺、肠腺 分泌消化液，肝脏是人体最大的消化腺，分泌胆汁，参与脂肪消化2）小肠的结构特点： 消化食物和吸收营养物质的主要场所。 肠壁构造（由内向外）：黏膜、黏膜下层、肌肉层、浆膜 小肠适于消化、吸收的特点：a）最长；b）内表面具有皱襞和小肠绒毛（大大增加了消化和吸收的面积）；c）小肠绒毛内有毛细血管、毛细淋巴管，绒毛壁和毛细血管、毛细淋巴管的管壁都很薄，只由一层上皮细胞构成，这种结构有利于吸收营养物质；d）有各种消化液。3）食物的消化：在消化道内将食物分解成为可以吸收的成分的过程。 物理性消化：牙齿的咀嚼、舌的搅拌和胃、肠的蠕动，将食物磨碎、搅拌，并与消化液混合。 化学性消化：通过各种消化酶的作用，使食物中各种成分分解为可以吸收的营养物质。 唾液淀粉酶 酶（肠液、胰液）淀粉的消化（口腔、小肠）：淀粉 麦芽糖 葡萄糖 酶（胃液、胰液、肠液）蛋白质的消化（胃、小肠）：蛋白质 氨基酸 胆汁（肝脏） 酶（肠液、胰液）脂肪的消化（小肠）：脂肪 脂肪微粒 甘油+脂肪酸胆汁不含消化酶4）营养物质的吸收：营养物质通过消化道壁进入循环系统的过程。 胃：少量的水、酒精（非营养） 小肠（主要的吸收场所）：葡萄糖、氨基酸、甘油、脂肪酸、大部分水、无机盐和维生素大部分脂肪成分从小肠绒毛的毛细淋巴管( 淋巴管 血液循环）吸收； 其他从小肠绒毛的毛细血管进入血液循环。大肠：少量水、无机盐和一部分维生素3、关注合理营养和食品安全1）合理营养 按时进餐 不偏食、不挑食、不暴饮暴食 均衡摄入五类食物（平衡膳食宝塔） 2）食品安全 蔬菜瓜果必须清洗干净 不吃有毒的食物（馊饭菜、发芽的马铃薯） 买经检疫合格的食品 保持厨房和炊具的干净三、人体的呼吸1、呼吸道对空气的处理1）、呼吸道的组成： 呼吸道：鼻腔 咽 喉 气管 支气管呼吸系统 气体进出肺的通道，清洁、湿润、温暖吸入的气体肺：气体交换的场所2）、肺（1）位置：胸腔内，左右各一（2）结构：肺泡外面包绕着毛细血管，肺泡和毛细血管的壁都很薄，只由一层上皮细胞构成，适于气体交换。（3）功能：气体交换2、发生在肺内的气体交换1）呼吸运动包括吸气和呼气两个动作。2）人在平静呼吸时，肋间外肌、膈肌、肋骨、胸骨、胸廓和肺的变化：3）原理：呼吸肌收缩和舒张 胸廓扩大和缩小 肺被动地扩大和回缩 形成压力差 吸气和呼气4) 体内气体的交换： 二氧化碳（2）肺泡内的气体交换：血液 肺泡氧气 氧气（3）组织里的气体交换：血液 组织细胞 二氧化碳3、空气的质量与健康1）空气的质量影响人体健康 大气中的污染物危害人体健康极大 有害物质能引起呼吸系统的疾病2）了解当地的空气质量 当地空气污染的原因 测算空气中的尘埃粒子四、人体内物质的运输1、流动的组织－——血液1）血液的组成和功能 血浆 成分：水、蛋白质、葡萄糖、无机盐等 功能：运载血细胞，运输养料和废物 红细胞 血细胞 白细胞 血小板种类 形态特点 正常值 功能 病症红细胞 两面凹的圆饼状，成熟的红细胞中无细胞核 男子平均值：5.0*1012个/升；女子：4.2*1012个/升 运输氧和一部分二氧化碳 贫血白细胞 比红细胞大，有细胞核 4~10*109个/升 吞噬病菌，对人体有防御功能和保护作用 发炎血小板 个体较小，形态不规则，无细胞核 100~300*109个/升 止血和加速凝血 血红蛋白：红细胞中含有的一种红色含铁的蛋白质。 特性：在含氧高的地方与氧结合，在含氧低的地方与氧分离血液的功能：运输、防御保护、调节体温2、血流的管道—血管1）血管的种类、结构与功能种类 功能 分布 结构特点动脉 把血液从心脏输送到身体各部分去的血管 较深 管壁厚，弹性大，管腔小，血流速度快静脉 把血液从身体各部分送回心脏的血管 较深或较浅 管壁薄，弹性小，管腔大，四肢静脉内有静脉瓣，血流速度慢毛细血管 连通最小动脉和最小静脉之间的血管 分布广，遍布全身各器官组织 管壁极薄，由一层上皮细胞构成，只允许红细胞单行通过，血流速度最慢3、输送血液的泵－心脏1）心脏的结构和功能：位于胸腔中部，偏左下方 由心肌构成 有四个腔：左心室 连接主动脉，壁最厚右心房 连接上、下腔静脉右心室 连接肺动脉 左心房 连接肺静脉瓣膜：房室瓣（位于心房和心室之间，只朝向心室开） 保证血液按一定的方向流动 动脉瓣（位于心室与动脉之间，只朝向动脉开） 心脏的功能：血液循环的动力器官**：心房、心室与瓣膜的活动关系：2） 血液循环（1）血液循环的概念和途径：概念：血液在心脏和全部血管所组成的管道中进行的循环流动。分为体循环和肺循环：体循环：左心室 主动脉 各级动脉 身体各处 各级静脉 上、下腔静脉 右心房 毛细血管------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------肺循环：左心房 肺静脉 肺部的毛细血管 肺动脉 右心室（2）出血的初步护理：毛细血管出血：血液呈红色，自然止血，应消毒；动脉出血：血色鲜红，血流猛急，在受伤动脉近心端进行止血；静脉出血：血色暗红，血流缓和，在受伤静脉远心端进行止血。4输血与血量 1） 血型的发现：1900年，兰德斯坦纳发现了ABO血型2）血量：占体重的7~8% 3）输血：血型：A型、B型、AB型、O型 输血：以输同型血为原则所有血型都可以少量输入O型血，AB型可以接受所有血型的少量输血五、 人体内废物的排出1、尿的形成与排出1)排泄的概念：体内物质分解时产生的二氧化碳、尿素和多余的水分等废物排出体外的过程。 途径：1）皮肤：以汗液的形式排出水、无机盐、尿素 2）呼吸系统：以气体的形式排出二氧化碳、水 3）泌尿系统：以尿液的形式排出水、无机盐、尿素2)泌尿系统的组成 肾脏：形成尿的场所 输尿管 膀胱 排尿的通道，膀胱有贮尿的作用 尿道3)肾单位的结构与功能 肾小球：由入球小动脉分出的数十条毛细血管弯曲盘绕而成，另一端汇集成出球小动脉肾单位 肾小囊：肾小管的盲端膨大部分凹陷而成，囊壁分内、外两层，内层紧贴肾小球，外层与肾小管相连 肾小管：肾小囊内外两层之间的囊腔与肾小管相通4)尿的形成（1）肾小球的滤过作用： 除了血细胞和大分子的蛋白质以外的血浆成分都可以滤过，形成原尿（2）肾小管的重吸收作用：对人体有用的物质，包括大部分水、全部葡萄糖和部分无机盐（3）肾小管的分泌作用：肾小管上皮细胞分泌氨等物质，形成尿液**区别：血液、血浆、原尿和尿液2、人粪尿的处理1）人粪尿的价值：作为农家肥。特点是：肥源广、养分全、肥效持久、能改良土壤。 建沼气池 人粪尿的 方法： 高温堆肥 2） 无害化 建生态厕所 处理 作用：杀死各种病菌、虫卵，分解有机物和其他有害物质。六 、人类生命活动的调节1、 人体堆外界环境的感知1）人的视觉和听觉（1）眼球的结构与功能 外膜 角膜：外膜的前部，无色透明，可透光 巩膜：白色，保护眼球内部的作用 虹膜：中膜的前部，有颜色，中央是瞳孔，通光 眼球壁 中膜 睫状体：虹膜稍后部，内有平滑肌，能收缩舒张，调节晶状体的曲度 脉络膜：占中膜2/3的后部，有血管（营养眼球）、色素细胞（遮光并使眼球内部形成“暗室”） 内膜：视网膜，内有大量感光细胞 房水 内容物 晶状体：双凸镜，依靠韧带与睫状体相连 玻璃体 附属结构：眼肌、眼睑、睫毛、结膜、泪器（泪腺、泪点、鼻泪管）（2）视觉的形成： 经折光 沿着视神经传导外界光线 在视网膜上成像 产生神经冲动 视觉中枢（形成视觉）（3）眼的卫生保健：近视：由于眼球前后径过长，或晶状体曲度过大，物像落在视网膜的前方矫正：戴凹透镜远视：由于眼球前后径过短，或晶状体曲度过小，物像落在视网膜的后方矫正：戴凸透镜 沙眼：由沙眼衣原体感染眼睑内面的结膜2） 耳的结构和功能：外耳 耳郭 收集、传导声波 外耳道 鼓膜：接受声波，产生振动（1）中耳 鼓室：有咽鼓管与咽部相通，保持鼓膜内外大气压的平衡 听小骨：三块，将鼓膜的振动传导至内耳 半规管内耳 前庭 耳蜗：内有听觉感受器，能接受刺激产生神经冲动（2）听觉的形成 沿着听小 沿着与听觉沿外耳道 骨传导 有关的神经声波 鼓膜 产生振动 耳蜗 产生神经冲动 听觉中枢(形成听觉) 2、神经系统的组成1）神经系统的组成 中枢神经系统：脑、脊髓 周围神经系统：脑神经、脊神经2）神经元的结构、功能：（1）结构 细胞体 突起 轴突：一条，长而分支少 树突：数条，短而呈树状分枝 集结成束，外包上结缔组织膜轴突包上髓鞘叫神经纤维（末端的细小分支为神经末梢） 神经（2）功能：感受刺激，产生兴奋，传导兴奋（兴奋是以神经冲动的形式传导的）**区别 中枢神经系统：包括脑和脊髓神经中枢：在中枢神经系统的灰质里，功能相同的神经元细胞体汇集在一起，调节人的某一项相应的生理活动，叫神经中枢。3、神经调节的基本方式1） 反射的概念：动物（包括人）通过神经系统，对外界或内部的各种刺激所产生的有规律的反应 **区别于：应激性2） 射弧的概念：参与反射的神经结构组成：感受器、传入神经、神经中枢、传出神经、效应器（书P81）膝跳反射的过程：扣击部位：膝盖下位的韧带 现象：小腿突然跳起 感受器：股四头肌及肌腱内的感觉神经末梢 神经中枢：位于脊髓灰质中 效应器：（下肢的）股四头肌及其内的运动神经末梢3）反射的类型 简单的反射 复杂的反射4、 激素调节1）、人体主要内分泌腺的位置和名称： 垂体、甲状腺、胰岛、肾上腺、性腺、胸腺2）、激素：由内分泌的腺细胞所分泌的、对身体有特殊作用的化学物质。3）、垂体：分泌生长激素、促甲状腺激素、促性腺激素，可以调节其他内分泌腺的活动。4）、生长激素、甲状腺激素、胰岛素：名称 腺体 作用 过少 过多生长激素 垂体 调节人体的生长发育 幼年：侏儒症 幼年：巨人症；成年：肢端肥大症甲状腺激素 甲状腺 促进新陈代谢，促进生长发育，提高神经系统的兴奋性 幼年：呆小症；成年：甲状腺功能不足，地方性甲状腺肿 成年：甲状腺功能亢进胰岛素 胰岛 调节糖的代谢 糖尿病 低血糖5）神经调节和激素调节的关系：人体的生命活动的调节主要受到神经系统的调节，但也受到激素的调节7、人类活动队生物圈的影响1）分析人类活动破坏生态环境的实例 人类活动改善生态环境－“三北”防护林 森林遭到严重滥伐 人类活动破坏生态环境 沙尘暴危害严重 大量捕杀野生动物 何时还太湖清澈秀美的原貌2）环境污染：概念：指人们在生产或者生活中排放的有害物质，对环境的影响 酸雨对生物的影响类型 大气污染 温室效应和臭氧破坏 水污染：太湖水出现水花 固体废弃物污染：废旧电池对生物的影响 土壤污染：白色垃圾、工业废渣 噪音污染求个最佳答案，谢谢