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Functional and non-functional requirements 区别~ 请用英文回答

2023-07-21 09:07:16
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苏州马小云

Functional requirements: These are statements of services the system should provide, how the system should react to particular inputs and how the system should behave in particular situations. In some case, the functional requirements may also explicitly state what the system should not do. Functional requirements set out services the system should provide. Describe functionality or system services. Depend on the type of software, expected users and the type of system where the software is used. Functional user requirements may be high-level statements of what the system should do but functional system requirements should describe the system services in detail.

Non-functional requirements: These are constraints on the services or functions offered by the system. They include timing constraints, constraints on the developments process and standards. Non-functional requirements often apply to the system as a whole. They do not usually just apply to indivisual system features or services. Non-functional requirements constrain the system being developed or the development process. These define system properties and constraints e.g. reliability, response time and storage requirements. Constraints are I/O device capability, system representations, etc. Non-functional requirements may be more critical than functional requirements. If these are not met, the system is useless.

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计算机英文术语

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2023-07-21 02:49:312

bebeneficialto例句有哪些

bebeneficialto的例句是:Itcanbebeneficialtoshareyourfeelingswithsomeoneyoutrust.与你信任的人分享你的情感会是有益的。Itmayprovetobebeneficialtodevelopingcreativity.这可能证明了其对培养创造力是有益的。Itmaybebeneficialtoaddatestthatcoversthiscodeexplicitly.添加确实包括该代码的测试也许是有益的。bebeneficialto的例句是:Itcanbebeneficialtoshareyourfeelingswithsomeoneyoutrust.与你信任的人分享你的情感会是有益的。Itmayprovetobebeneficialtodevelopingcreativity.这可能证明了其对培养创造力是有益的。Itmaybebeneficialtoaddatestthatcoversthiscodeexplicitly.添加确实包括该代码的测试也许是有益的。bebeneficialto的网络解释是对...有益:beadvantageousto对...有利|bebeneficialto对...有益|indebttosb.欠某人的债。bebeneficialto的意思是v.有益于。一、网络解释点此查看bebeneficialto的详细内容1.对...有益:beadvantageousto对...有利|bebeneficialto对...有益|indebttosb.欠某人的债2.有利于,有益于:beawareof知道,意识到,认识到|bebeneficialto有利于,有益于|bebetteroff境况富裕;更富有3.对...有益处的:致力于devote...to|对...有益处的bebeneficialto|整个社会的普遍利益theuniversalgoodofthewhole4.对...有益,对...有利:EveryweekIputasideabitofmoneyforarainyday.每周我都存点钱,以备不时之需.|9.bebeneficialto:对...有益,对...有利|Freshairisbeneficialtoone"shealth.新鲜的空气有益健康.二、例句Itcanbebeneficialtoshareyourfeelingswithsomeoneyoutrust.与你信任的人分享你的情感会是有益的。Itmayprovetobebeneficialtodevelopingcreativity.这可能证明了其对培养创造力是有益的。Itmaybebeneficialtoaddatestthatcoversthiscodeexplicitly.添加确实包括该代码的测试也许是有益的。bebeneficialto的相关临近词be、Beuvry点此查看更多关于bebeneficialto的详细信息
2023-07-21 02:49:381

keil C中的警告:UNCALLED SEGMENT, IGNORED FOR OVERLAY PROCESS 是因为什么造成的?

WARNING L16: UNCALLED SEGMENT, IGNORED FOR OVERLAY PROCESS不影响运行啊,只是说你定义的函数没有调用而已
2023-07-21 02:49:473

哪位大神帮忙翻几句话到英文,感谢了。

1. 我总是充满激情的工作,遇到问题总是主动去想办法解决。1 I always full of passion for the work, encountered a problem is the initiative to solve.2. 和同事们之间一起工作愉快, 我们经常会一起吃饭或KTV,增进同事间关系。2 and colleagues work together happily, we often eat together or KTV, enhance the relationship between the colleague.3. 当有时候我们其中一个同事事情特别多的时候,其它同事就会帮忙一起完成.3 when one of our colleagues things particularly much, other colleagues will help accomplish.4. 今年我们去参观了深圳礼品展览会,去学习,认识,接受一些新知识,新事物…..4 this year we went to visit the Shenzhen gift show, to learn, understand, accept new knowledge, new things ... ..5. 我和同事或客户沟通的时候从不说假话,能做到就做到,不能做到的时候就明确告诉对方。5 I and my colleagues or customers never lie, can do it, can"t do it when you tell each other.6 I will always check FEP, PS, PP do, to ensure the quality of plant products.
2023-07-21 02:50:086

请问where引导的这个从句是定语从句还是地点状语从句啊?请说明原因谢谢。

这是个定语从句。这句话里的地点状语已经有了:“off-plan”building后面这句话明显是描述这个building的情况的
2023-07-21 02:50:254

高手指点电脑当中都有哪些术语????

分类: 电脑/网络 >> 软件 解析: 电脑术语大全 1、CPU 3DNow!(3D no waiting) ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit,算术逻辑单元) AGU(Address Generation Units,地址产成单元) BGA(Ball Grid Array,球状矩阵排列) BHT(branch prediction table,分支预测表) BPU(Branch Processing Unit,分支处理单元) Brach Pediction(分支预测) CMOS: Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor,互补金属氧化物半导体 CISC(Complex Instruction Set Computing,复杂指令集计算机) CLK(Clock Cycle,时钟周期) COB(Cache on board,板上集成缓存) COD(Cache on Die,芯片内集成缓存) CPGA(Ceramic Pin Grid Array,陶瓷针型栅格阵列) CPU(Center Processing Unit,中央处理器) Data Forwarding(数据前送) Decode(指令解码) DIB(Dual Independent Bus,双独立总线) EC(Embedded Controller,嵌入式控制器) Embedded Chips(嵌入式) EPIC(explicitly parallel instruction code,并行指令代码) FADD(Floationg Point Addition,浮点加) FCPGA(Flip Chip Pin Grid Array,反转芯片针脚栅格阵列) FDIV(Floationg Point Divide,浮点除) FEMMS:Fast Entry/Exit Multimedia State,快速进入/退出多媒体状态 FFT(fast Fourier transFORM,快速热欧姆转换) FID(FID:Frequency identify,频率鉴别号码) FIFO(First Input First Output,先入先出队列) flip-chip(芯片反转) FLOP(Floating Point Operations Per Second,浮点操作/秒) FMUL(Floationg Point Multiplication,浮点乘) FPU(Float Point Unit,浮点运算单元) FSUB(Floationg Point Subtraction,浮点减) GVPP(Generic Visual Perception Processor,常规视觉处理器) HL-PBGA: 表面黏着,高耐热、轻薄型塑胶球状矩阵封装 IA(Intel Architecture,英特尔架构) ICU(Instruction Control Unit,指令控制单元) ID:identify,鉴别号码 IDF(Intel Developer Forum,英特尔开发者论坛) IEU(Integer Execution Units,整数执行单元) IMM: Intel Mobile Module, 英特尔移动模块 Instructions Cache,指令缓存 Instruction Coloring(指令分类) IPC(Instructions Per Clock Cycle,指令/时钟周期) ISA(instruction set architecture,指令集架构) KNI(Katmai New Instructions,Katmai新指令集,即SSE) Latency(潜伏期) LDT(Lightning Data Transport,闪电数据传输总线) Local Interconnect(局域互连) MESI(Modified, Exclusive, Shared, Invalid:修改、排除、共享、废弃) MMX(MultiMedia Extensions,多媒体扩展指令集) MMU(Multimedia Unit,多媒体单元) MFLOPS(Million Floationg Point/Second,每秒百万个浮点操作) MHz(Million Hertz,兆赫兹) MP(Multi-Processing,多重处理器架构) MPS(MultiProcessor Specification,多重处理器规范) MSRs(Model-Specific Registers,特别模块寄存器) NAOC(no-account OverClock,无效超频) NI:Non-Intel,非英特尔 OLGA(Organic Land Grid Array,基板栅格阵列) OoO(Out of Order,乱序执行) PGA: Pin-Grid Array(引脚网格阵列),耗电大 Post-RISC PR(PerFORMance Rate,性能比率) PSN(Processor Serial numbers,处理器序列号) PIB(Processor In a Box,盒装处理器) PPGA(Plastic Pin Grid Array,塑胶针状矩阵封装) PQFP(Plastic Quad Flat Package,塑料方块平面封装) RAW(Read after Write,写后读) Register Contention(抢占寄存器) Register Pressure(寄存器不足) Register Renaming(寄存器重命名) 更多的可以看看这里.
2023-07-21 02:50:391

英文翻译

Sergei at R26; M. Eisenstein (1898-1948) Film Theory and the rich literature is very difficult to find one of the most prominent or the most complete idea of his theory of self-cinema, and its richness and perfection of the other film directors difficult to challenge (at the end of this chapter we will refer to). However, in this system to extract the idea of a cross-cutting is not always so easy. The author would like to briefly address the "rational montage" (montage intellectuel) the concept, although the concept has worn-out cliches, it provides a comparison with the former two possibilities, because it provides the same question of another solution. The first difference lies in the fact that Bresson and维尔托夫first consider the movies are filming process, and consider Eisenstein put focus on editing steps, that is, images of organizational processes. The last century 20"s, his montage theory of the basic shape, the period of the theoretical writings he rarely talked about filming movies. His thinking and we are talking about two different directors, put him in film shooting as the author (or artist) to maximize the master and the production of images, rather than shooting the scene, the scene scheduling (he does not believe that movies are being video down the drama), in accordance with his own argument, are the framework of the art of cinema that has created a meaningful picture. His theory applies to some of the clip bearing the subjective meaning of the screen, and on his description of the activities of the clip view, Eisenstein"s idea and we have previously introduced the theory of several home movies The biggest difference is, he consider movies to be revealed are not the true significance. The author at Eisenstein"s theoretical system to extract the idea of him in 1929 appeared in a series of articles in [1] the main article include: published in the "beyond the stars" (Au dela "des e"toiles) on the " Prospects "(Perspectives, translated into French)," Movie Guide "(Cahiers du cine"ma) No. 215 on the" outside the framework of meaning "(Hors cadre, translated into French)," Movie Manual, "section 273 and 274 on the "movie of the fourth dimension of space" (La Quatrie"me dimensionau cine"ma translated into French), published in Lausanne in 1989, "Eisenstein and Russian structures to send" (Eisenstein et le constructivisme russe, F. albay pull (F. Albe "ra) a) to include the "movie theater forms of study" (Dramaturgie de la forme filmique, translated into French). [1], which runs through the article and he summed up the five-year movie creation and theory (shortly after he left Moscow for Paris and Hollywood, from where he brought back a new idea). Montage, as he will make the fourth dimension of space, namely the time activities. At this as the title of an article, a montage of Eisenstein and classification methodology, based on different relationships and different levels from simple to complex is divided into five categories: Metrical montage: purely in accordance with the precise length of time editing the lens, which is one of the most easy way to handle this is just a passing Eisenstein; Rhythm of montage: the former is more advanced, it is not easy in the time interval as the standard, but consider the audience to experience the length of time, such as a close-up lens and a panoramic camera and so long gives the feeling on the length of time that is not the same as of; Eisenstein consider the rhythm of the clip should be the actual feeling of the people for the criteria for the classification, rather than in accordance with a stopwatch to calculate the abstract; Rhythmic montage: more complex, in addition to the original tempo has increased (or replaced, this author did not explicitly) the nature of another kind, but also with music terminology analogy: continuous lens (Eisenstein called Movie the "fragment") at a clip after "emotional quality", these lenses have a unity, are presented in the same mood, with a "mood"; Tune montage: the same style are refined. Eisenstein continue to use music to describe, a very complex way of editing, need to consider the mobilization of all the emotional factors, even the most minimal visual details. This is like our music section of the feeling not only from its tempo and rhythm, there are hardly aware of but for the color contrast of the "overtone" and "chord." Rational Montage: This is a way to harmonize the transfer from the emotional to the rational line, a combination of the above-mentioned construction of the way, considering all levels of a number of conditions: the length of time, rhythm, emotional delivery, tone and color details, as long as it is a variety of subtle meaning.
2023-07-21 02:51:011

合同书翻译 英语翻译

这个你花钱吧
2023-07-21 02:51:105

网友们英文帮忙翻译一下,机器勿扰谢谢

废话少说,直接上中文Cement是Python的高级应用程序框架,主要关注命令行界面(CLI)。其目标是为简单和复杂的命令行应用程序引入标准且功能完备的平台,并在不牺牲质量的情况下支持快速开发需求。水泥是灵活的,它的用例包括从微观框架的简单性到大型框架的复杂性。无论是单个文件脚本还是多层应用程序,水泥都是您一直在寻找的基础。Git的第一次提交是在2009年12月4日。从那时起,该框架已经在设计中进行了多次迭代,并且自成立以来一直在不断发展和改进。水泥是命令行和后端应用程序开发最稳定,最完整的框架。核心功能水泥核心功能包括(但不限于):框架的核心部分可通过处理程序/接口进行定制处理程序系统将实现类与接口连接起来扩展处理程序接口可轻松扩展框架功能配置处理程序支持将多个配置文件解析为一个配置参数处理程序解析命令行参数并与config合并日志处理程序支持控制台和文件记录插件处理程序提供了一个可轻松扩展应用程序的界面输出处理程序接口呈现将字典返回到控制台缓存处理程序接口添加了缓存支持以提高性能控制器处理程序支持子命令和嵌套控制器Hook支持为应用程序增加了一些魔力,并且还与框架相关联零外部依赖*(不包括可选扩展)100%测试覆盖率(pytest)100%符合PEP8(flake8)广泛的API参考(sphinx)在Python 3.5+上测试不支持Python 2.x.主线水泥源附带的一些可选扩展需要外部依赖性。应用程序开发人员有责任将这些依赖项及其应用程序包含在内,因为Cement明确地不包含它们。亲,满意请谢谢采纳,祝您生活愉快
2023-07-21 02:51:241

c++ xxxxx has been explicitly marked deprecated here

unique_ptr has been explicitly marked delete here 出现这个错误的解决方案是 将拷贝复制改为传递引用 加个&
2023-07-21 02:51:311

c语言问题

if(x*x==(i+100)&&y*y==(i+268))
2023-07-21 02:52:012

Python_格言

Beautiful is better than ugly. 优美胜于丑陋 Explicit is better than implicit. 明晰胜于隐晦 Simple is better than complex. 简单胜于复杂 Complex is better than complicated. 复杂胜于繁芜 Flat is better than nested. 扁平胜于嵌套 Sparse is better than dense. 稀疏胜于密集 Readability counts. 可读性很重要 Special cases aren"t special enough to break the rules.Although practicality beats purity. 虽然实用性比纯粹性更重要,但特例并不足以把规则破坏掉。 Errors should never pass silently. 错误状态永远不要忽略 Unless explicitly silenced. 除非你明确地保持沉默 In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess. 直面多义,永不臆断 There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you"re Dutch. 最佳的途径只有一条,然而他并非显而易见————谁叫你不是荷兰人? Now is better than never.Although never is often better than right now. 置之不理或许会比慌忙应对要好,然而现在动手远比束手无策更好。 If the implementation is hard to explain, it"s a bad idea. If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea. 难以解读的实现不会是个好主意,容易解读的或许才是。 Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let"s do more of those! 名字空间就是个顶呱呱好的主意。让我们想出更多的好主意!
2023-07-21 02:52:081

求英文翻译

英国口音的英语,是不容易掌握! ! ...但是从埃辛这一关,推出下侧完美,德罗巴,他是肯定不折端,奥尔森得到太紧,雅各布森并以及在远门柱,但他所能做的是计划进入兰帕德的路径它,谁抵达框。什么结束!萨科Anilka似乎他是祈祷那个球被滑倒通过德罗巴的上,一面从诸如此类的范围,诸如此类的位置,是肯定没有人比这个人好,兰帕德,他需要在开放,发挥更多他的第一个联赛目标超过六个月;这是第134位和计数..... 。 。 。但看这埃辛的完美上人行道通,滚下德罗巴肯定不越位,奥尔森,行动受到限制,雅各布森远端后,但他是,只有球到了来的禁区面积兰帕德的进攻线,和更致命的打击! !当萨科球滑过去,像在祈祷德罗巴没有越位,在该位置的距离,没有人比兰帕德更好。他渴望已等待了6个联赛进球,这是134个月,我们的目标。 。 。 。 。 。
2023-07-21 02:52:292

英文翻译

Abstract: Science Tech innovation is the foundermental base for one nation"s progress. this article explicitly define the importance between science tech innovation and intellectural property right by comments of the current condition of science tech innovation and intellectural right and depict the relationship between science tech innovation and intellectural property right. due to the insufficient protection for science tech innovation and intellectural property right, this article implement a practial solution.
2023-07-21 02:53:053

高分英语翻译高手救急!!!杜绝电脑翻译软件

Language is the expression of ideas and transmission of information tools. In daily life, hearing is not only a language, it is a positive and creative activities. In interpersonal communication, we must first know what the other said, want to express what we have to listen to understand that we can respond and carry out communication activities. In other words, not enough listening level, it is very difficult to communicate. Therefore, the current foreign language teaching, people with particular emphasis on improving the students listening comprehension, because it is difficult to learn English is key to learning English. Listening is an important part of the language of communication, not only in the compulsory part of the English exam, or score a lot of part of the total. However, most students learning English is the greatest weakness. They did not understand, do not know how to effectively train, he began to lose the interest in learning English. Some even had a solid foundation in the students encountered difficulties in hearing more and more, they doubt their ability to generate fear and psychological hearing.
2023-07-21 02:53:147

Asks是什么意思?求中文

ask是询问的意思 asks是它的第三人称单数
2023-07-21 02:53:362

谁能用英文帮我解释几个英文单词

……随便哪儿找一本牛津词典都能搞定的
2023-07-21 02:53:545

哪位英语高手帮我翻译一下论文摘要,万分感谢,很急!

这句话翻译过来是这个意思:Concludes a treaty error responsibility this concept is most early proposes by German jurist Ye Lin.Hereafter he thoroughly discusses gradually before, in the theory and the system the systematization, had been established and the fulfillment legal adjustment blank region after the contract has made the important contribution, enable the more and more complex transaction to obtain a more effective protection.Among our country "Law of contract" also integrates this system, enables it to play the role in the reality operation, but is not merely the theory.In mine this paper, first, analyzes this system the production reason and in the various countries and our country"s development condition, enable it to have the reality economical significance; Next, concludes a treaty explicitly the error responsibility concept, the characteristic, the nature; Third, the analysis concludes a treaty the error responsibility constitution important document; Fourth, the discussion concludes a treaty the error responsibility system applicable scope and the damage compensate question, safeguards the contract both sides benefit, causes to conclude a treaty the error responsibility system to have a stronger feasibility; Fifth, to concludes a treaty the error responsibility and other correlation responsibility comparison; Finally, discussed the consummation concludes a treaty the error responsibility system practical significance.
2023-07-21 02:54:212

xiao3声什么字?

发音是“xiao”第三声的字只有三个,分别是:小,晓,筱1、晓的读音:xiǎo晓得基本解释:天明:~市。拂~。破~。报~。知道,懂得:~畅。~得。分~。使人知道清楚:~示。~谕。晓得常用词组:晓畅 xiǎo chàng[know] 明瞭通达晓畅军事。--诸葛亮《出师表》晓得 xiǎo de[know] 知晓;了解天晓得!晓示 xiǎo shì[notify;tell explicitly] 明白告知2、小的读音:xiǎo小的基本解释:指面积、体积、容量、数量、强度、力量不及一般或不及所比较的对象,与“大”相对:~雨。矮~。短~精悍。范围窄,程度浅,性质不重要:~事。~节。~题大作。~打~闹。时间短:~坐。~住。年幼小,排行最末:~孩。小的常用词组:小把戏 xiǎo bǎ xì[child] 〈方〉∶小孩儿小白菜 [儿]小白脸儿 xiǎo bái liǎn ér[good-looking young men] 指皮肤白皙的美貌男子小百货 xiǎo bǎi huò[small articles of daily use] 日常生活中需用的轻工业和手工业的小商品3、筱的读音:xiǎo筱的详细解释:细竹子。亦称“箭竹”。同“小”,多用于人名。筱的详细解释:小竹,细竹 [thin bamboo]筱,箭属,小竹也。——《说文》绿筱媚青涟。——谢灵运《过始宁墅》〈形〉 小 [small]。用于人名中
2023-07-21 02:54:281

EPIC简称指什么

EPIC(explicitly parallel instruction code) - 并行指令代码【英文缩写】EPIC【英文全称】explicitly parallel instruction code【中文解释】并行指令代码【缩写类别】电子电工并行指令代码的英文缩写是EPIC。
2023-07-21 02:54:361

keil C中的警告是因为什么造成的?

这个警告是因为所给的段未被调用,已被排除在覆盖过程之外。keil C中的警告解释:WARNING1:UNSOLVED EXTERNAL SYMBOLS指定模块的外部符号在PUBLIC符号表中找不到WARNING2:REFERENCE MADE TO UNSOVED EXTERNAL访问了未能匹配的外部符号code地址WARNING4:DATA SPACE MEMORY OVERLAP数据空间指定范围出现覆盖WARNING5:CODE SPACE MEMORY OVERLAP程序空间指定范围出现覆盖WARNING6:XDATA SPACE MEMORY OVERLAP外部数据空间指定范围出现覆盖WARNING7:MODULE NAME NOT UNIQUE模块名重名。模块未处理WARNING8:MODULE NAME EXPLICITLY REQUESTED FROMANOTHER FILE其他文件指名要求本模块名WARNING9:EMPTYABSOLUTE SEGMENT本模块包含空的绝对段,因未定位,它可能在不通知的情况下随时被覆盖WARNING10:CANNOT DETERMINE ROOT SEGMENTL51 对输入文件要求分辨是C51还是PL/M文件,然后进行流程分析,在无法确定的时候,发出本警告。它发生在主程序被汇编调用的时候,需要程序员用OVERLAP 特殊控制选项进行干预WARNING11:CANNOT FIND SEGMENT OR FUNCTION NAME在目标模块中找不到OVERLAP控制选项中规定的段或者函数间调用WARNING12:NO REFERENCE BETWEEN SEGMENTS试图用OVERLAP控制选项删除本来不存在的段间访问或者函数间调用WARNING13:RECURSIVE CALL TO SEGMENTCALLER段递归调用SEGMENT段。PL/M51和C51的非重入函数不允许递归调用WARNING14:IMCOMPIABLE MEMORYMODEL指定模块试图与以前不同的存储模式编译WARNING15:MULTICALL TO SEGMENT两个函数调用同一个函数(如主函数和中断函数),参数和局部变量将被覆盖WARNING15:UNCALLED SEGMENT,IGNORED FOR OVERLAP PROCESS所给的段未被调用,已被排除在覆盖过程之外
2023-07-21 02:54:431

criticizing是什么意思

批评。。。。
2023-07-21 02:54:514

criticizing是什么意思

评论,批评 criticize 当现在进行词时去e加ing criticizing 我是这样理解的
2023-07-21 02:54:595

Linux下C语言编译的时候什么样的函数会用到-L或-l指定路径或名?

Try It Out—Static Libraries Let"s create our own small library containing two functions and then use one of them in an example pro- gram. The functions are called fred and bill and just print greetings. 1. First, we"ll create separate source files (imaginatively called fred.c and bill.c) for each of them. Here"s the first: #include <stdio.h> void fred(int arg) { printf(“fred: you passed %d ”, arg); }10 Getting Started And here"s the second: #include <stdio.h> void bill(char *arg) { printf(“bill: you passed %s ”, arg); }2. We can compile these functions individually to produce object files ready for inclusion into a library. We do this by invoking the C compiler with the -c option, which prevents the compiler from trying to create a complete program. Trying to create a complete program would fail because we haven"t defined a function called main. $ gcc -c bill.c fred.c $ ls *.o bill.o fred.o3. Now let"s write a program that calls the function bill. First, it"s a good idea to create a header file for our library. This will declare the functions in our library and should be included by all applications that wish to use our library. It"s a good idea to include the header file in the files fred.c and bill.c too. This will help the compiler pick up any errors. /* This is lib.h. It declares the functions fred and bill for users */ void bill(char *); void fred(int);4. The calling program (program.c) can be very simple. It includes the library header file and calls one of the functions from the library. #include “lib.h” int main() { bill(“Hello World”); exit(0); }5. We can now compile the program and test it. For now, we"ll specify the object files explicitly to the compiler, asking it to compile our file and link it with the previously compiled object mod- ule bill.o. $ cgcc -c program.c $ cgcc -o program program.o bill.o $ ./program bill: we passed Hello World $6. Now let"s create and use a library. We use the ar program to create the archive and add our object files to it. The program is called ar because it creates archives, or collections, of individual 11Chapter 1 files placed together in one large file. Note that we can also use ar to create archives of files of any type. (Like many UNIX utilities, ar is a generic tool.) $ ar crv libfoo.a bill.o fred.o a - bill.o a - fred.o 7. The library is created and the two object files added. To use the library successfully, some sys- tems, notably those derived from Berkeley UNIX, require that a table of contents be created for the library. We do this with the ranlib command. In Linux, this step isn"t necessary (but it is harmless) when we"re using the GNU software development tools. $ ranlib libfoo.a Our library is now ready to use. We can add to the list of files to be used by the compiler to create our program like this: $ gcc -o program program.o libfoo.a $ ./program bill: you passed Hello World $ We could also use the –l option to access our library, but as it is not in any of the standard places, we have to tell the compiler where to find it by using the –L option like this: $ gcc –o program program.o –L. –lfoo The –L. option tells the compiler to look in the current directory (.) for libraries. The –lfoo option tells the compiler to use a library called libfoo.a (or a shared library, libfoo.so, if one is present). To see which functions are included in an object file, library, or executable program, we can use the nm command. If we take a look at program and lib.a, we see that the library contains both fred and bill, but that program contains only bill. When the program is created, it includes only functions from the library that it actually needs. Including the header file, which contains declarations for all of the func- tions in the library, doesn"t cause the entire library to be included in the final program. If we"re familiar with Windows software development, there are a number of direct analogies here: Item UNIX Windows object module func.o FUNC.OBJ static library lib.a LIB.LIB program program PROGRAM.EXE
2023-07-21 02:55:132

linux下使用openssl检测PE文件数字签名的证书是否有效

  第一个坑: 有效期  windows在判断证书是否有效时不检测证书的有效期, 即使该证书超过有效期好几年了, 只要没有被吊销, 微软仍然认为它是有效的. 但在 openssl 提供的 X509_verify_cert 函数会验证证书的有效期, 因此需要注释掉验证有效期的那部分代码并重新编译 openssl...  OK, 从 openssl 官网 上下载最新的版本, 好吧, 现在还是刚刚修复 Heartbleed 漏洞的 1.0.1g 版本...  下载, 解压, 看下 INSTALL 文档, 先试试可以编译不:  ./configmake  运气不错, 不用安装什么依赖直接编译成功. 将代码根目录产生的 libcrypto.a 添加到项目中测试下, OK, 可以使用, 下面开始折腾了~  在 crypto/x509/x509_vfy.c 的 153 行找到 X509_verify_cert 函数(在线查看), 局部变量 ok 缓存每一步验证是否通过, 它依次调用了:  check_issuedcheck_chain_extensionscheck_name_constraintscheck_trustcheck_revocationinternal_verifycheck_policy  其中 internal_verify (在线查看)验证了证书的有效期, 进入这个函数, 在 1654 行找到这个代码:  ok = check_cert_time(ctx, xs);if (!ok) goto end;  看看 check_cert_time 函数, 确认是检查 notBefore 和 notAfter, 因此将上面三行代码注释掉, 验证证书时就不会检测有效期了.  然后就是重新编译 openssl, 将 libcrypto.a 集成到项目里了~  第二个坑: unhandled critical extension  搜索了下, 在 openssl 官网上找到这个:  -ignore_critical Normally if an unhandled critical extension is present which is not supported by OpenSSL the certificate is rejected (as required by RFC5280). If this option is set critical extensions are ignored.  原来是当openssl遇到证书中有它不支持的 未处理的关键扩展(unhandled critical extension ?) 时, 它会拒绝加载该证书.  再搜索下 -ignore_critical, 在 verify.c 中找到如下代码片段:  else if (strcmp(*argv,"-ignore_critical") == 0) vflags |= X509_V_FLAG_IGNORE_CRITICAL;  然后再使用 X509_STORE_set_flags 函数设置标志位:  X509_STORE *ctx;...X509_STORE_set_flags(ctx, vflags);  即可.  第三个坑: certificate signature failure  这个坑填不上了, openssl 说:  7 X509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: certificate signature failure the signature of the certificate is invalid.  在windows下导出证书文件, 直接用 openssl 验证, 在加载证书就会出错, PEM_read_bio_X509 返回为空....  第四个坑: A certificate was explicitly revoked by its issuer.  A certificate was explicitly revoked by its issuer. 是 Sysinternals 提供的工具sigcheck.exe 的检测结果, 把文件拎出来一看, 证书真的被撤销了...  OK, 只好根据证书上的 CRL Distribution Point(CRL 分发点) 提供的 URL 下载 撤销证书列表 文件, 然后在调用 X509_verify_cert 验证证书链之前, 设置填充被撤销的证书列表:  X509_CRL *d2i_X509_CRL_fp(FILE *fp, X509_CRL **crl); // 读取被撤销的证书列表STACK_OF(X509_CRL) *sk_X509_CRL_new_null();#define sk_X509_CRL_push(st, val) SKM_sk_push(X509_CRL, (st), (val)); // sk_X509_CRL_push(STACK_OF(X509_CRL) *crls, X509_CRL *crl);void X509_STORE_CTX_set0_crls(X509_STORE_CTX *c, STACK_OF(X509_CRL) *sk); // 设置被撤销的证书列表  同时, 也要设置检查被撤销证书列表的标志位 X509_V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK, 然后再调用X509_verify_cert 验证证书链即可.  填了第四个坑后又引起了第五个坑(如何获取撤销证书列表)和第六个坑(设置检测撤销证书列表的标识位后, 如果该证书没有撤销证书列表则直接报错)...  第五个坑: 获取撤销证书列表文件  证书上的 CRL Distribution Point(CRL 分发点) 属于扩展属性, 在 PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax V1.5 上没有相关介绍.  在 StackOverflow 上找到这个问答 Openssl - How to check if a certificate is revoked or not, 其中第二个回答说 CRL 是在 RFC 5280 中定义的, 除了证书中附带被撤销的证书列表以外还有使用 OCSP 协议的, 即使证书撤销列表也分为使用 URL分发点和 LDAP DNs(???)提供的, 目前先考虑使用 URL 作为 CRL分发点 的情况吧.  然而 openssl 没有提供直接获取 CRL 分发点 URL 的API, 那个回答说 Apache 的 mod_ssl 模块有本地 CRL 和 OCSP 检测的实现代码, 但没有说明哪里有检测使用 URL 作为 CRL分发点 的实现方法.  然后又在 frank4dd.com上找到这个代码 certextensions.c, 他给出了一个如何使用 openssl 从 X.509v3 版本的证书文件中提取扩展内容的示例程序, 太感谢 Frank4DD 这位仁兄了~~~  到这里后, 可以直接使用他的示例程序, 根据关键字 Full Name 和 URI 定位 CRL 分发点 的 URL, 也可以看看 openssl 是如何提取这个 URL 的, 然后自己实现一个接口.  如果自作孽使用第二种方法的话, 就编译个 debug 版的 openssl 库, 然后调试跟进X509V3_EXT_print 函数, 一步一步的向下走, 直到走到 GENERAL_NAME_print 函数, 这里就是终点了...然后就知道了 CRL 分发点 的 URL 的编号为 6, 也就是 GEN_URI, 直接取结果吧.  第六个坑: CRL有效期  在windows环境下每次查看PE文件的数字签名时, windows 都会从 CRL分发点 下载吊销证书列表做验证, 一般来说, 每个 CRL的有效期是非常短的, 大概只有 5~20 天的有效期吧, 然而我们不可能像 windows 一样每次查看数字签名时就从 CRL分发点 下载最新的吊销列表.  另外, windows 遇到过期的 CRL 时不会产生证书链无效的结果, 但 openssl 在遇到过期的 CRL 时就会导致证书链验证失败, 因此在加载和验证 CRL 时, 要忽略 CRL 的有效期.  分析 openssl 源代码, X509_verify_cert 调用 check_revocation , 之后调用 check_cert , 然后再调用 check_crl , 在这个函数里有检测 CRL 有效期的代码:  if (!(ctx->current_crl_score & CRL_SCORE_TIME)) { ok = check_crl_time(ctx, crl, 1); if (!ok) goto err; }  将其注释掉即可忽略检测 CRL 有效期.  第七个坑: CRL 列表为空导致 openssl 认为没有加载 CRL    9 初始化顺序  10 证书名: key_idu200b
2023-07-21 02:55:301

USP理论的品牌意识

如今的市场,不在乎你的产品实质怎样(科技的进步使得大家在产品上很容易高度同质化),关键是消费者认为你的品牌怎样。上个世纪90年代,美国西北大学著名教授D.E.舒尔茨在其全球第一部《整合行销传播》(IMC)专著中指出:在同质化的市场中,惟有传播能创造出差异化的品牌竞争优势。而有效的传播必需要一个以消费者欲求为出发点的“轴心”概念。现代营销比任何时候都需要想像力,抓住想像力,是成功的关键。通过科学的方法寻出有价值的产品概念,还需要伟大的创意来表现——通过简单而深刻的概念让消费者最直观地认识。“乐百氏27层净化”、“农夫山泉有点甜”、“金龙鱼1∶1∶1”、“农夫果园,喝前摇一摇”等,都通过一个具体的概念让人们对品牌产生了一连串的美好联想——什么都不用多说,一句话,一个意境。启示二:最好的营销是创造好的产品(概念)著名营销大师科特勒说过:每一种市场产品,都是无形活动和有形推动的不同组合。成功的产品应该是运用专业技术和丰富的想像力去创造物超所值的产品,像氧吧空调这样的产品创新其实并不神秘,在空调上加个富氧装置,就是“组合创新法”的一种应用,就像手机加上电子眼就能拍照一样。而最重要的是,这种创新因为占领了消费者的心理市场而使它别有洞天了。市场是最终考验产品的阵地,最好的营销就是创造好的产品(概念),满足了消费者的个性化需求就是占领了市场。海尔氧吧空调的成功带给大家一个新的启发:企业把重心放在无形活动的差异化之上,这些活动才可以创造出用户所期待的产品,精心推出差异化的市场潜在产品(概念),将带给企业一个有形的利润庞大的市场空间。启示三:USP过时了吗USP是英文Unique selling proposition的缩写,意思是独特的销售主张,通俗的说法叫卖点。美国达彼思广告公司在20世纪60年代作为自己的经营理念率先提出,后泛滥于广告界。根据达彼思董事长罗瑟先生的阐述,USP具有如下特点:——每个广告都必须向消费者陈述一个主张:“购买此产品你会得到这种具体好处。”——这种主张必须是独特的,是竞争者不会或者不能提出的,既可以是品牌的独特性,也可以是在这一特定的广告领域一般不会有的主张。——这一主张一定要强有力地打动千百万人,也就是吸引新的顾客使用你的产品。事实证明,USP是营销概念创意的一个有效思考工具,许多营销人由此而创造了不可一世的“Big Idea”。虽然,20世纪60年代的主张,在现代营销中毕竟显示了它的局限性。然而,在相比较发达国家竞争还不算十分激烈的中国市场上,该理论还是显示了其强大的威力,上面所列十大营销概念,几乎都来源于USP,充分证明该理论的威力强大。启示四:概念提炼小技巧——具体标准的说明具体标准的说明是卖点提炼和文案写作的重要方法之一,可以给消费者以信任感,上述十大案例中的乐百氏27层净化、金龙鱼1∶1∶1都采用了该策略,另外,还有很多成功的品牌在营销传播中采用该策略,屡试不爽:——总督牌香烟:有20000个滤嘴颗粒过滤;——小天鹅洗衣机:7500次运行无故障;——富康轿车:座椅30万次耐久性实验、288小时整车暴晒考验、50000次车门开启耐久性实验、4000公里轮侧冲击实验、3800多个焊点逐一撕裂实验;——九牧王西裤:5600人的共同努力,造就了一条。九牧王西裤的件用针分别为:锁边10462针,缝制针、凤眼330针,打枣500针,拉枣500针,拉耳800针,针钮160针,总计23000针。
2023-07-21 02:53:301

再战一次herobrine歌词

It"s Herobrine"I was walking through the country,mining my own businesslooking for some roses and some grassWhen I saw a ghastly figure, with glowing white eyesOh boy, I ran so fast.It"s Herobrine (It"s Herobrine)It"s Herobrine (It"s Herobrine)I locked away my diamonds and I threw away the keyIt"s Herobrine (It"s Herobrine)It"s Herobrine (it"s Herobrine)Hes notch"s dead brotherand hes coming for me.So I hid in my houseI was minding my own businessHoping he would never find meHow wrong was I there when he appeared at my window?Now I"m covered in pee...It"s Herobrine (It"s Herobrine)It"s Herobrine (it"s Herobrine)Hes eyes are as white as diamondsand his T is like the seaIt"s Herobrine (It"s Herobrine)It"s Herobrine (it"s Herobrine)Hes notch"s dead brotherand hes following me.1.6 days later, I read the patch paperto find there was no more herobrineoh boy I was glad and not at all sadto finally see him go.It"s Herobrine (It"s Herobrine)It"s Herobrine (it"s Herobrine)I tell you that hes realyou gotta believe me!It"s Herobrine (It"s Herobrine)It"s Herobrine (it"s Herobrine)Hes coming for me, its Herobrine... Ughhh..."Hissin"Can you hear my hissin" baby, hissin" babylet me knowMan I"m gonna creep up on ya sneak up on yaand then I"ll blowYou just turn around and there I am this won"t go slowCan you hear my hissin baby, hissin babyBOOM I GO.I"m followin ya from afarand Im watchin ya like an eagleand you think you are safe, sittin over there with ya little group of peopleI sit at a distance from all-yaI don"t even care about your armor.Why you gonna yell like they"ll find ya?No need to run, cause I got yaThere"s only one me, and I"ll slide yaI"m like a grenadeall up in ya little game, pull a damn hamstringTryna blow up on yaEven though this is gonna bring me karmaIt"s okay because you"ll cry about it longahCan you hear my hissin" baby, hissin" babylet me knowMan I"m gonna creep up on ya sneak up on yaan
2023-07-21 02:53:301

我种下一颗种子,达拉滴哒啦是什么歌

是《勇气大爆发》这首歌。这是贝乐虎出品的一首原创儿歌,由贝乐虎、土豆王国小乐队、奶糖乐团发行于2021年6月18日。歌词如下:心里种下一颗种子哒啦滴哒啦,它能实现小小愿望有神奇魔法。听说每个小孩都想要得到它,准备好啦!哦呦,一起探索吧!这颗种子在我心里快要发芽啦,每天我都为了它而更加努力呀!爸爸妈妈说每个梦想都伟大,兄弟姐妹一起冲呀!Ok,go!来吧,来吧!要坚定我们此刻的想法,要迈出自己大大的步伐。别再拖拖拉拉,太阳就要下山啦!儿歌创作背后的品牌一览贝乐虎是中国儿童内容领域知名品牌IP,致力于打造“快乐陪伴、寓教于乐”为理念的互动化、视频化、多元化儿童内容,成为陪伴0-8岁儿童成长的国民级品牌。成功上线多款深受小朋友喜爱的优质儿童内容产品,如贝乐虎儿歌、贝乐虎动画、贝乐虎音乐剧等。宝宝们喜欢和贝乐虎一起玩耍,唱儿歌、看绘本、玩拼图,也黏着贝乐虎一起学习奇妙数字、拼音和ABCD,家长们也喜欢贝乐虎,贝乐虎陪着宝宝们玩耍学习,寓教于乐的高品质内容,潜移默化的促进宝宝养成良好品格和习惯,有贝乐虎的陪伴,宝妈宝爸更放心。以上内容参考百度百科-贝乐虎
2023-07-21 02:53:311

dont forget me是什么意思

别忘了我
2023-07-21 02:53:333

福睿斯原厂空气滤芯是什么牌子

MAHLE马勒。根据查询福睿斯官网得知:MAHLE马勒原厂马勒空气滤芯LX3316适用福特经典新福克斯翼虎福睿斯空气格。福睿斯是一款集中了福特全球产品开发资源与力量,以及对中国这个全球最大汽车消费市场的消费者需求的深度认知而开发的全新中级新典范家用轿车。
2023-07-21 02:53:351

你们把herobrine翻译成什么意思?

Herobrine是沙盘游戏《minecraft》中的一个谣传,是一个恐怖故事中的虚构角色,他是Minecraft社区里的一个象征。 据说,他和Notch是mc里的创世神,只是后来不满意Notch创建了史蒂夫而与Notch结下了仇恨,创造了僵尸,骷髅射手还有苦力怕,末影人,滥杀村民,被Notch发现,关到了地狱,创建了末影龙和凋零。
2023-07-21 02:53:391

求·····Juris的《DontForget》的歌词是什么?

上网查啦
2023-07-21 02:53:402

马勒德科起动机和马勒起动机是一个牌子么

马勒德科起动机和马勒起动机并不是一个牌子。马勒起动机(Mahle)是德国一家知名的汽车零部件制造商,主要生产销售各类发动机零部件,包括起动机、活塞环、发动机过滤器、水泵、冷却器等等。而马勒德科起动机(MahleBehrStarterMotors)则是由Mahle与Behr合并后产生的品牌,该品牌主要专业生产起动机和发电机等相关产品。因此,虽然这两个名称相似,但马勒德科起动机和马勒起动机实际上是两个不同的品牌。
2023-07-21 02:53:281

him 是什么意思

(he的宾格) 他
2023-07-21 02:53:272

儿歌哒啦滴哒啦是什么歌

儿歌《哒啦滴哒啦》是贝乐虎出品的原创儿歌,由贝乐虎、土豆王国小乐队、奶糖乐团发行于2021年6月18日。
2023-07-21 02:53:222

产品中心之USP理论

50年代初,美国战后经济飞速发展,市场也由卖方市场转化为买方市场,随着商品供应量的增多,竞争的加剧,如何向消费者详细的介绍、推销自身产品,吸引消费者的注意力和购买等问题逐渐出现和升级。契合时代营销问题,罗瑟·瑞夫斯在《实效的广告》中提出了 USP 理论,即Unique SellingProposition。罗瑟·瑞夫斯强调广告主应向消费者述说一个影响深远、独一无二的销售主张,并通过强有力的、有说服力的方式证实它的独特性,使之所向披靡,势不可挡。定位理论之父 强调产品具体的特殊功效和利益——每一个广告都必须对消费者有一个销售的主张;这种特殊性是竞争对手无法提出的——这一项主张,必须是竞争对手无法也不能提出的,必须是具有独特性的;有强劲的销售力——这一项主张必须很强,足以影响成百万的社会公众。 历经多年,罗瑟·瑞夫斯的USP理论虽仅停留在产品推销的战术层面,偏重单向述求产品的独特性,但其理论的精髓在于创造独特性,对现代营销的破局和创新具有重要的奠基和指导意义,也带动了广告由艺术向科学的层面转化。
2023-07-21 02:53:211

him是什么意思 him的意思

1、him英[hu026am]美[hu026am]。pron.他,它(用作动词或介词的宾语,或作表语); (指上帝); 2、[例句]I didnt use to like him much when we were at school.以前我们同学时,我并不太喜欢他。
2023-07-21 02:53:191

usp手枪不同口径的弹容量是多少

USP变化多,基本不同口径弹匣容量都是一样的,原因就是为了兼容。9毫米的为15发,.40的为13发。.45的为12发。但USP 精英强调比赛,目前只有原型枪,口径有9mm和.45两种,弹匣容量分别为18发和12发。比赛型的由于美国法律的限制,为10发,所有口径,其他的与精英型相同
2023-07-21 02:53:141