culture

subacute　亚急性subadult　亚成年subatom　亚原子subboreal 亚北方带subcritical　亚临界subeconomy　亚经济subgenus　亚属subline 亚系sublittoral 亚沿岸 (近海滩)subliterature 亚文学submicroscopic 亚微观 --- ?? Submacroscopic 亚宏观 submicron 亚微米subniche 亚生态位subnuclear 亚核subpopulation 亚族群（亚种群）....待续

不要的

可数。culture是可数名词，也是不可数名词，当culture指泛指文化、文明的时候，是不可数名词，只有单数形式，而当culture表示某一特定形式的文化或某种类型的文化时，是可数名词，可用于复数形式，这里的InLatinculture是特指某一文化，因此可数。culture的复数形式是cultures，形容词形式是cultural。

【答案】：将部分或整体器官在不损伤正常组织结构的条件下进行的培养，即仍保持组织的三维结构，并模仿在各种状态下的器官功能，是研究组织生长分化过程的一种组织培养方法。

靠 够洋气

定义文化为

culture/（音标不会打）／①文化②教养③栽培④养殖⑤耕作⑥培养▲cultural α │d~ α.有教养的;人工培养的

主观文化应该是主流文化的产物，主观文化产生于作为社会集团的人的主导方向上。它主要是对于人的生活和生存方式的一种解释性文化。这种文化可以是这个社会积极性表现的通常的形式，有了这种积极性的存在文化才可以在社会团体中占有一定的地位。这样一来文化的发展就按着其意义并使之产生共性理论。而且主观文化可以将其社会文化特点和其他文化加以区分，让我们更好的去理解之。增强了文化的形成的稳定性，可是主观的文化和主观的思想一样不能对客观的事物产生什么影响，所以文化的主流它是无法改变和影响的！

第一篇：These days,I have talked with some people who come from other countries.It is very interesting and I have learned many knowledges not only about language but also about the culture.For example I just talked with my teacher about singer.she asked me whether I known Elvis Presley."who?"I said that I never hear about the Elvis Presley.She was very amazing and said Elvis Presley is a very famous singer in America just like Michael Jackson. I "……". And then I asked another friend from America,He said "of curse he is very famous but not anymore today ,many older people like his music." I“……”.Maybe I should listen to American songs more.My dear friends do you have some good songs to recommend?Hello,ladies and gentleman.My name is Singing,a kindly girl from Guangdong Teachers College of Foreign Language and Arts.It"s my pleasure to talk to you about the Culture.Yes,it"s a wide topic,different culture in different place,even in the same city,it must have the diversity of cultural in this city.As far as the culture be concerned,because of the communication.It"s undeniable that people need communication,need expression and need the understand of each other,so the diversity of culture is being more and more important.On a large scale,it"s obvious that the diversity of culture is different from countries,such as cultural values,cultural dimensions,and something different insocial customs.Is it a complex culture?But how can we balance the diversity of culturel?Firstly,talk about the cultural values.Differences between Chinese values and Western values are reflect clearly that culture diversity is impact of our communication.For instance,Chinese values and American values are different in conception of the self,the Chinese are collectivist,placing high value on group cooperation and individual modesty,but on the contrary,the Americans are individualist,placing high value on self-reliance and freedom from externally imposed constraints.It"s a general phenomenon that so many Chinese are used to beginning their English conversation with "My English is poor."But at the beginning of a presentation,the American will say,"I believe that my presentation will be of great value to anybody present."This is a part of cultural diversity,just in conception of the self,it"s obvious that we can"t try to balance this phenomenon,but we can try to accommodate to each other,that"s may be the first thing to balance the cultural diversity.Secondly,talk about the cultural dimensions,it"s sometimes amazing how different people in other cultures behave,as far as I know,cultural dimensions include power distance,masculinity and femininity,uncertainty avoidance and so on,as with the uncertainty avoidance,cultures of low uncertainty avoidance have less concern about ambiguity and uncertainty and have more tolerance for a variety of opinions,but in cultures with high uncertainty avoidance have low tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity,like in France,cultures are used strong uncertainty avoidance,in contrast to The United States,Canada and so on.It"s the habit,not a really problem,but because of that,you may find there is so many different things in the world,in the colorful world,never mind their behaviour,it"s unmodifiable cultural dimensions,that"s the second thing to balance the cultural diversity.第二篇：Lastly,talk about the social customs,I wanna say an important thing about the social customs,that is punctuality.In topic of punctuality,Americans tend to place more emphasis on punctuality than people in many other places do,but in Spain or India,an hour later or even two hours later is common,nobody thinks anything of it.That"s a deeply gap between Americans and Spanish.For instance,if someone invented you to a party by host in six o"clock,usually the person arrived in fifteen minutes is American,in one hour is Spanish,in two hours is Indian.Different people in different countries have different culture,we must treat with different ways.As an American want to meet an Indian in seven o"clock,he/she may asks this Indian arrived in half past five o"clock.In general,cultural diversity may be a problem between countries,but accommodation with each other can boost the cultural integration,so many cultures in one world,so colorful world we live in.

As everyone knows, Britain is an ancient country with a long history.Its land area is 244,820 square kilometers.It is located in Europe,and is primarily composed by England, Scotland, Welsh and Northern Ireland.The British people are known as the British，most of them speak English.Britain has always been a gentleman and lady style for its national culture paradigm.The British advocat serious, refined and courteous lifestyle in everyday life.In the diet, British cuisine is one of the world recognized celebrity dishes. Related to this, the British food is also very particular. Generally speaking, the British family usually have four meals a day: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea and dinner.应该差不多了吧，完全原创。这是创作后百度翻译的结果，基本上没有语法问题：众所周知，英国是一个有着悠久历史的古国。国土面积244820平方公里。它坐落在欧洲，主要是由英国，苏格兰，威尔士和北爱尔兰。英国人被称为英国人，他们中的大多数人说英语。英国一直是一个绅士淑女风格的民族文化范式。英国提倡严重，彬彬有礼的生活方式，在日常生活中。在饮食，英国菜是世界公认的名人菜。与此相关，英国食品也很特别。一般来说，英国家庭通常一天吃四顿饭：早餐，午餐，下午茶和晚餐。望采纳呀~~~

小题1:G小题2:E小题3:B小题4:A小题5:D 小题1:G 根据下一句Depending on different cultures说明不同的国家，微笑的意思可能会不一样。小题2:E 根据下一句Every one smiles at each other…说明美国人对别人笑得比较多，是为了表示出友好。小题3:B 根据上一句but also a way to avoid being embarrassed说明中国有时候笑是为了掩盖尴尬。小题4:A 根据下一句different cultures have different meanings about laugh说明laugh是与微笑有联系的。小题5:D 上一句说美国人会捧腹大笑，这句表示这个人与他们不一样，因为这个人认为那样做比较愚蠢。

歌曲名:Mr Vain歌手:Culture Beat专辑:BillBoard Top 100 Of 1994Call him Mr. Raidercall him Mr. WrongCall him Mr. VainCall him Mr. Raidercall him Mr. WrongCall him insaneHe"d say: I know what I want and I want it nowI want you cause I"m Mr. VainI know what I want and I want it nowI want you cause I"m Mr. VainCall him Mr. Raidercall him Mr. WrongCall him Mr. VainCall him Mr. Raidercall him Mr. WrongCall him insaneHe"d say: I know what I want and I want it nowI want you cause I"m Mr. VainI know what I want and I want it nowI want you cause I"m Mr. VainCall him Mr. Raidercall him Mr. WrongCall him Mr. VainCall him Mr. Raidercall him Mr. WrongCall him insaneHe"d say: I know what I want and I want it nowI want you cause I"m Mr. VainI know what I want and I want it nowI want you cause I"m Mr. VainMr. WrongMr. RaiderWrong~~~!Call him Mr. Raidercall him Mr. WrongCall him Mr. VainCall him Mr. Raidercall him Mr. WrongCall him insaneHe"d say: I know what I want and I want it nowI want you cause I"m Mr. VainI know what I want and I want it nowI want you cause I"m Mr. VainCall him Mr. Raidercall him Mr. WrongCall him Mr. VainCall him Mr. Raidercall him Mr. WrongCall him insaneHe"d say: I know what I want and I want it nowI want you cause I"m Mr. VainI know what I want and I want it nowI want you cause I"m Mr. VainI know what I want and I want it nowI want you cause I"m Mr. VainI know what I want and I want it nowI want you cause I"m Mr. Vainhttp://music.baidu.com/song/16078526

foodculture网络饮食文化;食文化;美食文化;饮食文化;食物文化culture英[u02c8ku028cltu0283u0259(r)]美[u02c8ku028cltu0283u025a]n.文化;养殖;[生物学]（微生物等的）培养;修养vt.培植，培养课文发上可以翻译。

我怎么给你说啊？？

考儿且嗯拉fu

关于cultures英语读为： 英[u02c8ku028cltu0283u0259z]，美[u02c8ku028cltu0283u0259rz]。造句一：Acquisition of friable calli from stems and establishment of the cell suspension cultures of Prunus armeniaca L. cv.Canino and Luizet.杏茎脆散型愈伤组织的获取及细胞悬浮培养的建立造句二：We want to expose the kids to as much art and culture as possible.我们想让孩子们受到尽可能多的艺术和文化熏陶。造句三： To accumulate informations and discuss of cultures and subcultures.希望累积一些次文化以及传统文化的知识和讨论。造句四：I consider that as accumulation of various cultures.但低俗与高尚，前面的朋友已说明了，我想不需要重复了。造句五： He was one of the world"s foremost scholars of ancient Indian culture.他是世界上最优秀的古印度文化学者之一。造句六：Its a ability, character and cultures presentative for a person.也是一个人的能力，性格，文化水平的表现。造句七：The film portrays a culture of young people who live in lower Manhattan.这部电影描绘了在下曼哈顿地区生活的青年人文化。

英[_k_lt__z]美[_k_lt__rz]n.文化，文明(指国家或群体的风俗、信仰、艺术、生活方式及社会组织);文化(指拥有特定信仰等的国家、群体等);v.培养(细胞或细菌);[词典]culture的第三人称单数和复数;[例句]WhitehasalwaysbeenasymbolofpurityinWesterncultures.在西方文化中，白色一向象征纯洁。[其他]原型：culture

1、英[?k?lt??(r)]、美[?k?lt??r]2、n.文化(艺术、音乐、文学等的统称或指拥有特定信仰等的国家、群体等);文明(指国家或群体的风俗、信仰、艺术、生活方式及社会组织);3、vt.培养(细胞或细菌);4、[例句]Wearealltoagreatextenttheproductsofourculture.我们在很大程度上都是本土文化的产物。5、[其他]第三人称单数：cultures复数：cultures现在分词：culturing过去式：cultured过去分词：cultured

culture 英["ku028cltu0283u0259(r)] 美[u02c8ku028cltu0283u025a] n. 文化;[生物学]（微生物等的）培养;修养;养殖 vt. 培植，培养 第三人称单数:cultures;过去分词:cultured;名词复数:cultures;现在... [例句]And culture can be changed.可见文化也可以改变。

卡啊窝儿七一儿

culture在英文中读作[kʌltʃər]。拓展知识：一、词源解析词源上，culture源自拉丁文的cultura，意为"耕种、培育"，后来引申为"养成、修养"，进一步演变为"文化、文明"的含义。二、传统定义文化概念：Culture最初被定义为人类社会中的一种思维模式、信仰、价值观和行为模式的集合，包括语言、艺术、宗教、道德、习俗等。社会群体共享：Culture是特定社会群体共同创造并传承的，通过传播、学习和社会交流而存在于人类社会中。三、文化的内涵视觉艺术与表演艺术：包括绘画、雕塑、音乐、戏剧、舞蹈等艺术形式，是文化的重要组成部分。符号和语言系统：语言是文化传递的主要工具，符号和象征也是文化中的重要元素。四、文化的特征多样性：不同地区和民族拥有各自独特的文化，呈现出多元化的形态和风貌。可塑性：文化是动态变化的，受到历史、地理、社会环境等因素的影响，不断发展演变。五、文化的作用个人认同：文化形塑了个人的价值观、行为规范和身份认同，对个体的成长和发展起到重要作用。社会凝聚力：文化作为一种共同的精神纽带，可以促进群体内部的凝聚和认同感。六、跨文化交流与冲突跨文化交流：文化之间的互动和交流有助于促进不同文化之间的理解、尊重和合作。文化冲突：文化差异也可能引发误解、冲突和摩擦，因此需要在跨文化交流中重视文化相对主义和包容性。综上所述，culture在英语中读作[kʌltʃər]。文化是人类社会中思维模式、信仰、价值观和行为模式的集合，涵盖语言、艺术、宗教、道德等各个方面。文化具有多样性和可塑性，对个人认同和社会凝聚力起到重要作用。在跨文化交流中，理解和尊重其他文化的差异是至关重要的。

多少给点分吧

hinese food cultureFamous for its abundance and exquisite, Chinese food culture has occupied an important part in the nation"s

多元文化。多种多样的文化。不同文化（背景）。Knowledge about diverse cultures opens up people"s mind......

对- - 没发挥的机会丫

How did the article in The New York Times Magazine describe Chinese language and culture? A.DirectB.IndirectC.PoliteD.Impolite正确答案：Indirect；Polite

integrate culture是整合文化，regional culture是地域文化。1、所谓文化整合，是指不同文化相互吸收、融化、调和而趋于一体化的过程。文化整合的概念起初由文化人类学、文化社会学界提出并关注，后渐为地理学者重视并开始研究，也是文化地理学研究的一个重要方面。2、地域文化（Regional culture）或称区域文化，是一门研究人类文化空间组合的地理人文学科，它以广义的文化领域为研究对象，探讨附加在自然景观之上的人类活动形态、文化区域的地理特征、环境与文化的关系、文化传播的路线和走向以及人类的行为系统，包括民俗传统、经济体系、宗教信仰体系、文学艺术、社会组织等。3、文化是人类特有的社会现象和历史现象，包含物质文化和非物质文化两大部分。从世界整体文化格局来看，不同的地域、不同的国家、不同的民族在不同时期都有自己独特的文化。

民主文化 语言民主

可通过官方旗舰店购买。crossoverculture是美国一家年轻的品牌，主要专注于篮球鞋，有志于改变当前的球鞋格局。目前的话在国内少部分还是很认同的，觉得鞋款不错的。

主导美国文化的群体是讲英语、源自西欧、信奉新教的中产阶级。最初的移民在当地建立的基本文化价值是自由、平等和为了更高的生活水平而打拼的欲望。

Greek culture Ancient Greek literature refers to literature of the ancient Greek world.Broad coverage of the ancient Greek literature from the clan system of the Greek community to the era of Greek literature,the duration of the last in 1000.Ancient Greek literature is the source of the whole of Western literature,but also the first European literature peak. Ancient Greek literature reflects the European slavery from clan society to the reality of social life during the transition period,in particular,reflects the ancient world of war and peace,man and nature,the relationship between the thinking.The heroic acts of prominent Greek times and social history of major changes in the literary works to reflect the profound.These literary works not only for the whole development of Western literature has set the tone,but also for people to study ancient Greek history and the world community to provide a wealth of literature.

Abstract: Language and culture are closed related to each other. Cultural acquisition in foreign language teaching in our country is a weak point comparing with language acquisition. The difference between Chinese culture and English culture requires both the teacher and the students to be aware of culture conflicts existing in the two languages. It"s an urgent task for teachers to cope with the problems of the culture acquisition in foreign language teaching. Key words: Language; culture; acquisition; awareness Ⅰ.Introduction Nowadays, cross-cultural communication has aroused more and more attention. A successful inter-cultural communication not only requires excellent foreign language competence, but also requires people to be familiar with the differences between or among cultures, and use that knowledge flexibly in proper ways in communication. Since culture and language has a so inseparable relationship, foreign language teachers in China nowadays are well aware that language learning cannot be separated from culture learning. They start to deal with intercultural communication in teaching and have undergone significant progress in the past two decades. A lot of excellent work has been done. On raising cultural awareness and pragmatic insights, there are at least three benefits: Firstly, it can help the students to be flexible and proper in real cross-cultural communication; secondly, the study of both culture and language can arose students" activity and make the learning of language more appealing, and then, the efficiency of learning language is improved; thirdly, if language teaching can improve both language skills and cross-cultural communication competence, the importance of language teaching will be paid more attention to by society, and meanwhile, the input of teaching will be raised. This essay tries to discuss the relationship between language and culture and offer some practical ways of how to deal with cultural element in foreign language teaching. Ⅱ.Language and culture Language is the carrier of culture. It is a part of culture and plays a very important role in culture. Without language, culture would not be possible. On the one hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture, on the other hand, language is the symbolic representation of a people, and it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking. Language shapes perception and language determines culture. Culture patterns, customs and ways of life are expressed in language. For instance, the English word wife can be expressed with the following Chinese words: 老婆(informal)，媳妇(informal)，妻子(common)，爱人(common)，太太(formal)，夫人(formal). It is difficult for one to find out the exact equivalents, though there are some other more words for wife in English. It is also hard to establish exact equivalent words between too different languages. Even the words with corresponding denotation may vary in connotation. Both happy and gay mean 快乐. No one in China will suspect a “快乐”man to be a person who practices homosexuality while gay makes people think so in the western countries. In this case, culture plays an extremely significant role in language learning. So the acquisition of a second or foreign language is also the acquisition of a second or foreign culture. Ⅲ.Techniques for teaching culture 1. Culture mistakes in culture acquisition It is always the case that the students have a perfect knowledge of vocabulary, grammar. But when they communicate with native speakers they may find themselves embarrassed even misunderstood because of making some culture mistakes. One of the typical mistakes is that the students often ask personal questions such as, “How old are you?” “Are you married?” “How many children do you have?” It is natural and customary in Chinese culture to talk about age, family matters, money, etc. But it would be unacceptable in western culture. They"re considered too personal if not taboo, could be annoying and may lead to misunderstanding or ill feelings. Culture mistakes can be categorized as follows: (1) Sociolinguistically inappropriate: ways of greeting and addressing people. (2) Culturally unacceptable: the use of self-deprecation strategies in expressing modesty. Chinese often deny compliments when other people praise them. (3) Conflict of different value systems invasion of privacy. Chinese like to show friendship and intimacy by inquiring other people"s privacy. (4) Over-simplification or over-generalization: Chinese students have stereotyped misconcepts about other societies. These cultural mistakes can"t be neglected because the native speakers can tolerate the pronunciation or grammar errors rather than cultural mistakes. The causes of these cultural mistakes are due to the speakers" lack of cultural knowledge. This can be seen from two aspects. Subjectively, the teachers, influenced by traditional teaching approach put much stress on vocabulary, grammar and writing without realizing the much less or no cultural knowledge input. Objectively, traditional text materials were in principle arranged for the competence of Grammar-presentation. So most of the textbooks available are grammar-centered, making little account to cultural context. 2. Techniques for Training Students" Cultural Awareness In order to develop the students" communicative competence and increase their cultural awareness, the measures taken as follows: (1) introduce culture by the way of lexicon Culture is the rich soil for lexicon since words carry cultural information. The core words of each nation generally share common properties. However, with the development of social communities, there produced cultural connotations in words and phrases, figures, idioms and many other linguistic phenomena gradually on account of different ways of life in each nation. There are many words in English with related denotations to Chinese ones, but with different connotations from Chinese ones. Different cultural environments may produce different connotations of the words with same denotations. Here are some instances of a “dog”. To Chinese people, “dog” is a word with negative meaning since people are quite contemptuous of a dog while it is a favourite pet in Western people"s mind since people like raising dogs and regard them as their good friends. In this case, a “running dog” is a very tiresome animal which is often compared to a person who is blindly faithful to his master in Chinese culture. Whereas in some other phrases or idioms in English, one can be sure that “dog” is a favouriable word: “a lucky dog”, “Every dog has his day”. (2) Culture Aside The teacher plays an important role in dealing with culture. Most students are living and studying in a monolingual and non-cultural community. It is difficult for them to make comparisons or contrasts between the two different cultures. Classroom is a significant place with limited time for students to learn English as well as something about culture. The teacher can be a go-between and a carrier of the two kinds of culture. He should try his best to create an environment in and outside the classroom so as to make his students suitable to it. For instance, when asking students to make a dialogue, the teacher should point out where and when the words may be used constantly. He acts as a role to address aside so that the students can acquire the cultural awareness. (3) Making good use of mass media Nowadays, mass media plays an important part in people"s daily life. The distance and space seem shortened with the development of science and technology. English, as a main communication means in the world, is widely spread. Students can get much more information of English now than ever. They should have easier access to visual aids such as films and videotapes. From which they can observe and notice some cultural features appeared in the films and videotapes with help of teachers. Students should be equipped with powerful portable radios to listen to the programs made by VOA, BBC, etc. Students are able to gain much knowledge about English culture by these authentic materials. (4) Making good use of native speakers of English There are more and more native speakers of English coming to China to teach, to study, to have tours and to trade. It is quite useful for learners to get in touch with native speakers if they want to learn to use English very well, because a native speaker often remains an authentic situation all the time. In the face-to-face contacts with native speakers, the students may learn much about verbal expressions of English-speaking people as well as non-verbal communication method, such as gestures, facial expressions, etc. Ⅳ. Conclusion In language teaching, we must aware that language and culture are intertwined and that it is not possible to teach language without culture or to teach culture without linguistic knowledge, we must lay emphasis on the introduction of culture in language teaching. Only in this way can we improve student"s linguistic skills and communicative competence. In this way can we achieve the ultimate goal of foreign language teaching and meet the demands of the new era.

http://wenku.baidu.com/view/b819218a6529647d27285216.html

" Nida on two levels: the highest level of equivalence and the lowest levels of equivalence. The highest level of the translation and the readers of the original readers should be able to understand and appreciate it the same way, this is translated by the pursuit of an ideal realm; the lowest level of the equivalence of a translation the reader should be able to penetrate to the translated text, and as the original readers how to understand and appreciate the original, this is the minimal translation equivalence ( Nida

这本书的出版时间出版社和出版地能告诉下我吗，我也在写论文，找不到相关的信息，谢谢啦

(一） What are the major differences between chinese and western culture? I"ll list down a few differences: West: 1. Western culture is based on individualism rather than on mass (collectivism). For instance, in the US, you always talk about individual rights, instead of placing the whole society above your own self. This is clearly different in China where a country, society or family are placed above your own self. 2. Western culture is adventurous and exploration based. Westerners like to discover new things, invention and expand outwards. For instance, bungee jumping is considered adventurous and common in western culture, but you will probably find no-one doing such a thing in China. 3. Western culture is based on science, which attempts to resolve people and nature"s relationship. 4. West uses law to resolve people and people"s relationship. You can never find "law" well-established in China. For 2000 years, China is a land that"s based on human relationship rather than law. 5. West uses "god" and religion to resolve human and spiritualism relationship. In case of problems with your own self, you just pray to god. 6. A culture that expands and develop outwards. Chinese Culture: 1. A culture based on masses (collectivism). People placed country and family above your own self. 2. A culture that is based on humanism and people 3. To resolve the relationship betwen man and nature, the chinese attempts to fuse the human and "heaven" as one. (天人和一) 4. To resolve people and people"s relationship, chinese uses ethics and tolerance (中恕之道) 5. To resolve human and spiritualism, chinese emphasizes internal cultivation (修身养性) 6. A focus on balance and mean. By "mean", it means "middle way". You don"t go into extremism. Peace is always honoured. 7. Pay homage to heaven and earth, as well as bearing a remembrance to the homeland. (敬仰天地,思乡怀土) This was accorded to the fact that chinese had been a farming civilization and therefore will be more prone to remember their land. 8. A culture that expands internally rather than outwards. Some of the disadvantage of old chinese culture: 1. Debase women and chauvanistic 2. An over-emphasis on past history instead of present (lacks pragmatism) Can you list some more differences? Any comments and contributions are appreciated. （二） The difference between west and east I wonder how many things do you know about the difference between west and east? I can tell you some. East and west , they are different in many ways. Today, I want to talk about it in the following three parts. They are food, dressing and living styles. First , food. In China, we prefer noodles, rice , jiaozi as the main course. We like cooking a lot of delicious dishes, then we set up the tables, put the dishes on the tables, sit together, and taste the dishes together, we don"t eat with individual plates, when we eating ,we like chatting and laughing, we think it"s warm and happy to eat this way; But in England or other west countries, people like eating hamburgers, chips, pizza, pasta as their main course, they eat them with vegetable salad, they eat with drinking (water or juice),and they eat with separate plates. In China, we become full up when we finish all the food, then we don"t eat anything, but in west countries, people eat desserts after they finish their meals. Second, dressing. In China, we prefer colorful clothes, we dress them in different places, some time many people don"t mind the places we will go, and dress more formal or less formal, and some people just wearing beautiful clothes, don"t make up; But in west countries, people dress according their visiting places, in daily times, they often wear casual clothes, but if they go to a formal places ,they often wear suits, ladies wearing beautiful dresses, pretty hats. No matter how old the ladies are, they always make up. Third, living styles. Chinese prefer getting up early and go to bed early too. We usually go home early and cook meals, then we eat and watch TV, then we go to bed. We often work during the holidays , children often go to different spare schools to study. We like save money and when we have enough money, we then go and buy what we want, in my opinion, Chinese are so tired and busy; But in most west countries, people live in a easy and happy lives. They get up late and go to work late too, they go to pubs, bars to have a rest after they finish their work, they enjoy their holidays, they seldom go to work during the weekend. if you go to west countries, you can take part in their joyful night life. That"s the differences I found during the days I stayed in England. They are not all of them, but I think they can give my friends some information. Though west countries have more advantages in living, I still believe that “East or west , home is best”, I still think China will always be my deeply loved mother.

应全民关注美国本土文化的保护。

reverse culture shock反向文化冲击reverse[英][ru026au02c8vu025c:s][美][ru026au02c8vu025c:rs]vt.& vi.（使）反转; （使）颠倒; 掉换，交换; [法]撤消，推翻; vi.倒退; [桥牌]逆叫; adj.反面的; 颠倒的; 倒开的; [生]倒卷的; n.倒转，反向; [机]回动; 倒退; 失败; 第三人称单数：reverses复数：reverses现在进行时：reversing过去式：reversed

reverse culture shock逆向文化冲击双语对照例句:1.Reverse culture shock is very real. 逆向的文化冲击十分真实。2.It is not uncommon to experience reverse culture shock upon returning home. 归国面临另一种文化冲击也没什么不正常。

上过《跨文化交际导论》的课，也许和lz的不是一节。但是我看了下您的问题，内容大同小异，这里有一份我自己的总结，书里的重点和大标题基本都有了。希望能有帮助。另还有一些课件，文档比较多，如果lz需要我再传上来。希望能对你有所帮助^^

大哥你考跨文化？

How to overcome culture shock Some good ways to successfully minimize and overcome culture shock are to read about the place where you will be staying and the things you will be doing, also, if po...

when you come to a unfamiliar place you may feel uncomfortable and upset,for there is too much differences.文化冲击

文化冲击可以是多方面的，从气候、饮食、语言、服饰，直至行为举止、人口密度、政治经济环境，等等;既有身体的因素，更多的是精神因素。在一个崭新的文化环境中，文化冲击使得受冲击者无所适从，甚至整个的心理平衡和价值判断标准完全丧失。文化冲击的表现是:沮丧，抑郁，困惑，焦虑，孤独。

Why do cultures clash? Culture clashes occur when we judge the behaviour of a person from another culture using our own values.For example, a British approach to time may be that there is never enough and so we use it carefully and make sure we don"t waste it. Another culture may see time as something they don"t need to control so strictly and see a flexible response to things as more useful. These two different approaches can quickly lead to clashes in a business setting.So how can I avoid culture clashes?Well, you can either choose to live the life of a recluse and avoid all contact with other people who are different to you u2026 Or you can look at raising awareness of your own culture, such as what values you have around things like time management and so on.By understanding your own preferences, you will be better prepared when you meet different ways of doing things. Also, keep an open mind, people have reasons to act the way they do u2013 find out what it is and find a way to work with it.How can I become more effective across cultures?Know self - This includes knowing about your own culture (national & regional) and knowing how you as an individual fit the national generalisation (are you typical?). In addition, other aspects to take into consideration are your professional culture (Legal, HR, Accountancy, etc.) and your organisational culture (hierarchical? task-driven? people-centred?).You can either choose to live the life of a recluse and avoid all contact with other people who are different to you u2026 Or you can look at raising awareness.Know others - This includes knowing the other culture or cultures you are working with. When you "know" them then you can begin to understand why they do what they do and think as they do. Part of this is of course the country background (history, language, customs, place in the world, etc.) but more importantly, it must take into account the ways and practices of doing business. This includes the general communication style (direct, indirect), the attitude towards issues involving the use of time as we mentioned it earlier, attitudes towards hierarchy, group or more individualist orientation preferences, attitude towards tasks vs. relationship orientation and how they deal with emotions in the workplace (freely and visible or unacceptable?) and finally the attitude towards rules and regulations, is it hard and fast (the law is the law regardless of circumstances) or is it much more dependent upon the context and prevailing circumstances?Taking people with you - Now you have the above you can begin to formulate a way forward that acknowledges the place you are coming from (self) and where the people you are working with are (others). Whose way is best? Ours? Theirs? A combination? Or neither? These are good questions to ask yourself. The key is - what is the objective? Once you have that clear you can work backwards from there to developing a change process that will be effective.Process check - A key point to keep in mind is to be aware of the "happy compromise". Do not use a notion of "fairness" to develop business processes u2013 only use ways that draw on the best that is on offer from all sides that will be effective whilst at the same time paying due respect on all sides. If you still opt to introduce "your" way after due consideration of all aspects of the situation ensure that you "sell" it into the various cultural contexts in a way that shows understanding and respect whilst at the same time providing a good inter-culturally aware learning and development plan specifically for it.If you are interested in trialling a demo of our revised Managing across Cultures eLearning module, then get in touch with us using the information below.

第一篇： Culture shock is an occupational disease for people who have been sudenly transplanted abroad.Like most ailments,it has its own symptoms and a cure. Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.Those signs include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life:when to shanke hands and what to say when we meet people,when and how to give tips,how to make purchases,when to accept and refuse invitations,when to take statements seriously and when not.These signs,which may be words,estures,facial expressions,or customs,are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.All of us depend on hundreds of these signs for our peace of mind and day-to-day efficiency,but we do not carry most at the level of conscious awareness. Now when an individual enters a strange culture,all or most of these familiar signs are removed.No matter how broadminded or full of good will you may be, a series of supports have been knocked from under you,followed by a feeling of frustration when suffering from culture shock people first reject the environment which causes discomfort.The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.lWhen foregners in a strange land get together to complain about the host country and its people,you can be sure tha tthaey are suffering from culture shock. Another phase of culture shock is regression.The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance.To the forigner,everything becomes irrationally glorified .All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered.It usually thkes a trip home to bring one back to reality. 第二篇： Culture shock refers to the anxiety and feelings (of surprise, disorientation, uncertainty, confusion, etc.) felt when people have to operate within a different and unknown cultural or social environment after leaving everything familiar behind and they have to find their way in a new culture that has a different way of life and a different mindset [1] such as in a foreign country. It grows out of the difficulties in assimilating the new culture, causing difficulty in knowing what is appropriate and what is not. This is often combined with a dislike for or even disgust (moral or aesthetical) with certain aspects of the new or different culture. Culture shock is a state of dis-ease, just like a disease. It has many different effects, time spans, and degrees of severity[9]. Many people are handicapped by its presence and don"t recognize what is bothering them. Culture shock symptoms are really hard to seclude.Culture shock is a subcategory of a more universal construct called transition shock. Transition shock is a state of loss and disorientation predicated by a change in one"s familiar environment which requires adjustment.都不是我写的，网上找的，给您参考一下~

都是文化冲击， 没有什么区别

Culture shock has many stages. Each stage can be ongoing or appear only at certain times. The first stage is the incubation stage. In this first stage, the new arrival may feel euphoric and be pleased by all of the new things encountered. This time is called the “honeymoon” stage, as everything encountered is new and exciting. Afterwards, the second stage presents itself. A person may encounter some difficult times and crises in daily life. For example, communication difficulties may occur such as not being understood. In this stage, there may be feelings of discontent, impatience, anger, sadness, and feeling incompetence, this happens when a person is trying to adapt to a new culture that is very different from the culture of origin. Transition between the old methods and those of the new country is a difficult process and takes time to complete. During the transition, there can be strong feelings of dissatisfaction. The third stage is characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture. A new feeling of pleasure and sense of humor may be experienced. One may start to feel a certain psychological balance. The new arrival may not feel as lost and starts to have a feeling of direction. The individual is more familiar with the environment and wants to belong. This initiates an evaluation of the old ways versus those of the new. In the forth stage, the person realizes that the culture has good and bad things to offer. This stage can be one of double integration or triple integration depending on the number of cultures that the person has to process. This integration is accompanied by a more solid feeling of belonging. The person starts to define him/herself and establish goals for living. The fifth stage is the stage that is called the “re-entry shock..” this occurs when a return to the country of origin is made. One may fin that things are no longer the same. For example, some of the newly acquired customs are not in use in the old culture. These stages are present at different times and each person has their own way of reacting in the stages of culture shock. As a consequence, some stages will be longer and more difficult than others. Many factors contribute to the duration and effects of culture shock. For example, the individual"s state of mental health, type of personality, previous experiences, socio-economic conditions, familiarity with the language, family and/or social support systems,and level of education.

What Is Culture Shock? Culture shock can be described as the feeling of confusion and disorientation（迷茫）that one experiences when faced with a large number of new and unfamiliar people and situations. Many things contribute to it－ smells, sounds, flavors, the very feeling of the air one is breathing. Of course, the natives" unfamiliar language and behavior contribute to it, too. People"s response to culture shock vary greatly, from excitement and energetic action to withdrawal, depression, physical illness, and hostility. A particular individual might react to culture shock one way one day and another the next. The notion of culture shock calls two useful points to mind. First, most people experience some degree of culture shock when they go to a new country, whether they admit it to themselves and others or not. Culture shock is more a product of the situation of being in a new culture than it is of the traveler"s personal character. Second, culture shock, like other kinds of “shock”, is normally transitory. It passes with time. Academic analysts(学术分析家) of the culture shock idea point out that the experience of culture shock need not be negative. While there may be some unhappiness and unpleasantness along with the confusion and disorientation, the confusion and disorientation are necessary steps in learning about a new culture. If everything in the new place is just like home, no learning will come from being there.

文化冲击;文化震惊1.donotspeakloudly不大声说话2observemanners,bepoliteallthetime.所有时间,遵守礼貌3.useservingspoonsatmeals,veryimportant.公筷，勺子吃饭时，非常重要4.notspitting.不随地吐谈

Culture shock has many stages.Each stage can be ongoing or appear only at certain times.The first stage is the incubation stage.In this first stage,the new arrival may feel euphoric and be pleased by all of the new things encountered.This time is called the “honeymoon” stage,as everything encountered is new and exciting. Afterwards,the second stage presents itself.A person may encounter some difficult times and crises in daily life.For example,communication difficulties may occur such as not being understood.In this stage,there may be feelings of discontent,impatience,anger,sadness,and feeling incompetence,this happens when a person is trying to adapt to a new culture that is very different from the culture of origin.Transition between the old methods and those of the new country is a difficult process and takes time to complete.During the transition,there can be strong feelings of dissatisfaction. The third stage is characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture.A new feeling of pleasure and sense of humor may be experienced.One may start to feel a certain psychological balance.The new arrival may not feel as lost and starts to have a feeling of direction.The individual is more familiar with the environment and wants to belong.This initiates an evaluation of the old ways versus those of the new. In the forth stage,the person realizes that the culture has good and bad things to offer.This stage can be one of double integration or triple integration depending on the number of cultures that the person has to process.This integration is accompanied by a more solid feeling of belonging.The person starts to define him/herself and establish goals for living. The fifth stage is the stage that is called the “re-entry shock..” this occurs when a return to the country of origin is made.One may fin that things are no longer the same.For example,some of the newly acquired customs are not in use in the old culture. These stages are present at different times and each person has their own way of reacting in the stages of culture shock.As a consequence,some stages will be longer and more difficult than others.Many factors contribute to the duration and effects of culture shock.For example,the individual"s state of mental health,type of personality,previous experiences,socio-economic conditions,familiarity with the language,family and/or social support systems,and level of education.

Culture shock has many stages. Each stage can be ongoing or appear only at certain times. The first stage is the incubation stage. In this first stage, the new arrival may feel euphoric and be pleased by all of the new things encountered. This time is called the “honeymoon” stage, as everything encountered is new and exciting. Afterwards, the second stage presents itself. A person may encounter some difficult times and crises in daily life. For example, communication difficulties may occur such as not being understood. In this stage, there may be feelings of discontent, impatience, anger, sadness, and feeling incompetence, this happens when a person is trying to adapt to a new culture that is very different from the culture of origin. Transition between the old methods and those of the new country is a difficult process and takes time to complete. During the transition, there can be strong feelings of dissatisfaction. The third stage is characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture. A new feeling of pleasure and sense of humor may be experienced. One may start to feel a certain psychological balance. The new arrival may not feel as lost and starts to have a feeling of direction. The individual is more familiar with the environment and wants to belong. This initiates an evaluation of the old ways versus those of the new. In the forth stage, the person realizes that the culture has good and bad things to offer. This stage can be one of double integration or triple integration depending on the number of cultures that the person has to process. This integration is accompanied by a more solid feeling of belonging. The person starts to define him/herself and establish goals for living. The fifth stage is the stage that is called the “re-entry shock..” this occurs when a return to the country of origin is made. One may fin that things are no longer the same. For example, some of the newly acquired customs are not in use in the old culture. These stages are present at different times and each person has their own way of reacting in the stages of culture shock. As a consequence, some stages will be longer and more difficult than others. Many factors contribute to the duration and effects of culture shock. For example, the individualu2019s state of mental health, type of personality, previous experiences, socio-economic conditions, familiarity with the language, family and/or social support systems,and level of education.

Culture Shock)主要是来自于两个不同文化差异而引起。可以发生在任何时候，任何新环境。当你到达一个地方觉得很陌生、很困惑，不知道自己的角色是什么、应定位在哪里？应怎么表现才恰当等等，觉得很不舒服、很不自在时，就是"shock"。好像过去所有的经验在刹那间突然「短路」。很多时候，「文化震撼」会引起身体上的一些症状：如头痛、胃囗不好、睡眠失调或者心理上的焦虑、沮丧。 几乎每一个留学生都经验过文化震撼，只是有时当事人并不清楚知道自己正在经历或曾经有过。其实文化震撼并不是指突发一次即结束的 "shock" 的感觉，而是在一段时间内，密集式的有强有弱的震惊，仓惶和被冲击到的感觉。过去的文化背景和新文化差异愈大时，震撼的感觉会愈强且愈密集。文化震撼的开始到结束，其实就是一个适应新文化的过程。由柳洪平创建。

初始期、蜜月陶醉期、敌意产生期、复苏期、完全适应期。Culture Shock：文化震撼，又译文化冲突，主要是来自于两个不同文化差异而引起。可以发生在任何时候，任何新环境。当你到达一个地方觉得很陌生、很困惑，不知道自己的角色是什么、应定位在哪里？应怎么表现才恰当等等，觉得很不舒服、很不自在时，就是"shock"。好像过去所有的经验在刹那间突然「短路」。很多时候，「文化冲击」会引起身体上的一些症状：如头痛、胃囗不好、睡眠失调或者心理上的焦虑、沮丧。

C ［解析］ 这道题目考查了实词的搭配和成语的辨析。原文段将“文化冲击”译为“文化休克”，可以说翻译得比较生动巧妙，但没有“夸张”的意味，因而排除D项。A项的“事在人为”指的是事情是靠人去做的，在一定的客观条件下，成功与否决定于人的主观努力。C项的“入乡随俗”指的是进入别的国家，就学习当地的风俗习惯。B项的“兼容并蓄”是把不同内容不同性质的东西收纳保存之意。显然“入乡随俗”更符合第二个空的意思。因此正确答案为C项。

reverse culture shock逆向文化冲击双语对照例句:1.Reverse culture shock is very real. 逆向的文化冲击十分真实。

http://www.51ks.com/htm/book/77/29.html希望能帮上你

reverse culture shock逆向文化冲击双语例句1. B : Be prepared for reverse culture shock. 做好心理准备,可能你会经历逆向文化冲击.reverse英 [ru026au02c8vu025c:s] 美 [ru026au02c8vu025c:rs]vt.& vi.（使）反转； （使）颠倒； 掉换，交换； [法]撤消，推翻vi.倒退； [桥牌]逆叫adj.反面的； 颠倒的； 倒开的； [生]倒卷的n.倒转，反向； [机]回动； 倒退； 失败culture shock英 [u02c8ku028cltu0283u0259 u0283u0254k] 美 [u02c8ku028cltu0283u025a u0283ɑk]n.文化冲击网 络文化冲击；文化冲突；文化休克；文化震撼

oh, it"s beat me.

令人shock的打招呼习俗：1、肯尼亚：马赛部落的勇士会围成一圈，看谁跳得最高。2、马来西亚：伸出双手碰碰对方的手指，然后把手掌放在胸口处。3、西藏：九世纪时，传说残忍灭佛的皇帝朗达玛是牛魔王转世，长着牛角和黑舌头。相信轮回的西藏人见面时会礼貌性脱帽并伸出舌头让对方看，证明“我不是朗达玛的转世”。4、菲律宾：面对长辈时，用自己的额头碰对方的指关节。这种打招呼方式被称为Mano。5、蒙古：双手捧起哈达献给对方，接过来时要动作轻柔。6、沙特阿拉伯王国：握手并说“As-sallamu alaykum”，还要把一只手放在对方的肩膀上互相磨鼻子。7、南太平洋岛国图瓦卢：互相贴脸颊时深深吸气。8、希腊：拍拍对方的背或者肩膀。9、日本：互相鞠躬，鞠躬的时间和弯腰的角度根据情况而定。10、印度：双手合十，指尖朝上，同时说：“Namaste”。11、泰国：微微鞠躬，做出祈祷的姿势。12、新西兰：新西兰的毛利人打招呼时会互相碰额头和鼻子，这种打招呼方式被称为hongi。扩展资料几乎每一个留学生都经历过文化冲击，只是有时当事人并不清楚知道自己正在经历或曾经有过。其实文化冲击并不是指突发一次即结束的 "shock" 的感觉，而是在一段时间内，密集式的有强有弱的震惊，仓惶和被冲击到的感觉。过去的文化背景和新文化差异愈大时，冲击的感觉会愈强且愈密集。文化冲击的开始到结束，其实就是一个逐渐适应新文化的过程。

I found a case through internet, you can find more by yourself.My Most Offensive Case of Culture Shock To Date Posted March 24, 2011 by Spencer Smith Author: Spencer Smith LONDON — This Wednesday the London Program went out to see a West End performance of the well-received Clybourne Park. All the reviews had been excellent and I was excited to see a play focusing on the complexities of the issues surrounding race in America.It was horrendous. The most uncomfortable I have been since arriving in London. It really forced me to view the theatre experience of London from a new perspective. I have tried to analysis this specific experience from a number of different angles, but every one is just as disappointing as the previous.First, let me explain the play"s premise. Clybourne Park deals specifically with the complexities of race and housing. American playwright Bruce Norris wrote the play as a response to Lorraine Hansberry"s A Raisin in the Sun (1959), a beautiful masterpiece that follows the Younger family"s move into Chicago"s all-white Clybourne Park neighborhood and the discrimination they face, as well as the resulting drama created within the family. Norris" adaptation fictionalizes the events before and after the Younger family"s move into Clybourne Park. It is advertised as a witty satire and is raved as the “most hilarious performance of the year”. I, however, struggled with its hilarity, especially the audience"s reaction.The play begins in 1959 with a couple preparing to move out of their home in Clybourne Park. Russ, the husband, has drifted into depression after his son, returning from service in the Korean War, committed suicide. Russ is extremely hostile towards the community because he believes they ostracized his son, who while in war was accused of murdering innocent civilians. Bev, the wife, is a comical creation whose exaggerated housewife characterizations incite a great deal of laughter from the audience.Before long, a neighbor enters, accompanied by his deaf wife, and informs Russ and Bev their house has been sold to a black family. When he refers to them as “colored”, the neighborhood priest, also visiting, interjects, “I believe we use Negro” and the whole crowd erupts in laughter. The neighbor begs for Russ to sell the house to the church and prevent the family from moving in, out of fear that it will create a domino effect and the value of neighborhood will depreciate. At one point, the neighbor and priest sit down the black maid and her husband to ask them how they would feel about moving into the community. They dance around the issue of race and all the while the audience appears to find the whole scenario side-splitting. Russ, obviously caring little for the neighbor and the rest of the community, refuses. The neighbor does not cease and goes to the point of threatening to inform the black family about the suicide that occurred upstairs. This creates a volatile scene where Russ throws both the neighbor and priest out of the house. Mimicking a deaf person speaking the neighbor"s wife asks, “What happened” and the crowd again erupts in laughter.Sitting in the far back with Krystnell and being able to see the entire audience"s reaction was absolutely horrifying. With a crowd that was at least 95% white, this specific showing of Clybourne Park took the very real and disturbing issues of race in America and turned it into a twenty-first-century minstrel show. I am still struggling with how seemingly everyone in the theater could find such humor in blatant racism, American veteran"s discrimination and people with disabilities. It was the most offensive audience I have ever witnessed.I do not mean to totally diminish the play, just the British response to it. The second act is set in 2009 with the roles reversed. The actors are all playing new roles, and a white couple is attempting to move into the same house of a Clybourne Park neighborhood that has undergone years of gentrification and is recovering from crime and drug problems. The couple is wishing to demolish and build a new house, but is blocked by a neighborhood petition, presented by a local black couple. Again, they dance around the issue of race, telling some offensive and insulting jokes that send the audience rolling with laughter, until it all leads to another volatile climax.I can imagine reading the text in an Earlham classroom and getting a great deal out of it. There are excellent examples of symbolism and juxtaposition that provide a great deal of opportunities for reflection and analysis. Incessant laughter, however, does not strike me as the appropriate response. I would be more understanding if I thought their comic impressions of the play were balanced with some sort of reflection, but I revisited some of the reviews from newspapers like The Guardian and The Observer and they are all the same. They start with a line classifying it as a satire that “addresses the hypocrisy of race in America” or “shows little has changed concerning race in America.” However, that is the last mention of any sort of critical analysis. Every review goes on to rave about the hilarious characters and nature of the play. Although I have no idea, I cannot imagine this was Norris" intention when writing the play and adapting such a serious work as A Raisin in the Sun.I am curious if there is a cultural difference. The play first debuted in New York and I wonder how American audiences responded to it. Perhaps it addressed a matter more real and pressing for them. Unfortunately, I sense the response has more to do with demographic and class status, and I am sure that Broadway audiences are just as white and upper-middle class as the West End"s. If the experience did anything for me, it was the audience more than the play itself that showed me how prevalent racism still is amongst today"s “progressive” western societies.

What Is Culture Shock?Culture shock can be described as the feeling of confusion and disorientation（迷茫）that one experiences when faced with a large number of new and unfamiliar people and situations. Many things contribute to it－ smells, sounds, flavors, the very feeling of the air one is breathing. Of course, the natives" unfamiliar language and behavior contribute to it, too. People"s response to culture shock vary greatly, from excitement and energetic action to withdrawal, depression, physical illness, and hostility. A particular individual might react to culture shock one way one day and another the next.The notion of culture shock calls two useful points to mind. First, most people experience some degree of culture shock when they go to a new country, whether they admit it to themselves and others or not. Culture shock is more a product of the situation of being in a new culture than it is of the traveler"s personal character.Second, culture shock, like other kinds of “shock”, is normally transitory. It passes with time. Academic analysts(学术分析家) of the culture shock idea point out that the experience of culture shock need not be negative. While there may be some unhappiness and unpleasantness along with the confusion and disorientation, the confusion and disorientation are necessary steps in learning about a new culture. If everything in the new place is just like home, no learning will come from being there. 这里还有一篇：<a href="http://international.ouc.bc.ca/cultureshock/printext.htm" target="_blank">http://international.ouc.bc.ca/cultureshock/printext.htm</a>

一、不同国家的人打招呼的方式不同。 简略如下：美国人握手、日本人是鞠躬、法国人是拥抱、沙特阿拉伯不跟女人握手…等等，分别列出来就行了。至于表演的话，把场景设计在飞机场。不同国家的人打招呼时发生了哪些趣事，如美国人伸出手来想跟日本人握手，却碰到了正巧弯下身鞠躬的日本人的头；法国人想向迎面而来的中国人拥抱，中国人却和他始终保持着一定距离；阿拉伯人坚决不跟日本女子握手，因为觉得降低了身份… 二、从各国对颜色的喜恶入手：白色在西方是象征着纯洁，在东方却是不详；黄色在中国是高贵，在美国是耻辱、…等等等等！

答：（1）Culture shock can be described as the feelings one experiences after leaving their familiar, home culture to live in another cultural or social environment. Many people associate culture shock only with extreme changes of going from one country to another, but it can also be experienced closer to home, such as when traveling from one city to another within your own country. Even the most open-minded and culturally sensitive among us are not immune to culture shock.（2）Learn as much as you can about the new location before you go. This means the good, the bad, and the simply different — from time zones, to what side of the street people drive on, to climate/temperature, to foods, political system, culture, customs and religions, to "Can you drink the water?" and "What type of electrical outlets do they have?", and more. If there"s a language difference, try to pick up a few simple phrases, e.g., hello, thanks, etc.Remember there will be people who fit the image you create of the typical "Person from Country X" and those who do not. Clinging to stereotypes won"t help you to learn more about a new country and its people.Be open-minded and willing to learning. Ask questions. If you are going to a place where people speak a different language, consider taking a few courses in that language.Maintain a sense of humor. Knowing that the move will be a challenge, give yourself time. Don"t be hard on yourself. Don"t withdraw! Continue to experience the new culture. Travel within the country, and visit cultural events and locations, such as museums or historic sites.Build new friendships.Associate with positive people.Stay active, eat well, and get enough sleep.Bring a few touches of home with you, such as photos of favorite locations and family members, your favorite music, or favored knickknacks.Keep in touch with people at home by Skype, email, phone, postcards — whatever. This can give you some comfort while away, and it will help you to minimize reverse culture shock when you get back home.

culture shock侧重在shock是由culture造成的，是一种因果关系。而cultural shock是修饰关系，侧重点在shock上，并不一定是由culture造成的，只是定性为和culture有关而已。一般来说，文化冲击主要指的是由文化不同造成的心理上的不适应，是一种因果关系，所以在描述这种现象时，就更偏向于用culture shock。这样应该更容易理解一些了，希望有帮助

都是文化冲击的意思么？ 文化休克呢？ 都可以作为文化冲击，只不过culture shock 也指文化休克。 都是文化冲击， 没有什么区别

简单的： Culture shock is the difficulty people have adjusting to a new culture that differs markedly from their own. 复杂一点的： The shock of moving to a foreign country often consists of distinct phases,though not everyone passes through these phases and not everyone is in the new culture long enough to pass through all five.[1] There are no fixed symptoms ascribed to culture shock as each person is affected differently.

意思不一样。culturechange翻译为文化变迁，cultureshock翻译为文化冲击。例句：Ihadtravelledsotherewasntasgreatacultureshockastheremighthavebeen，buttherewassomeconfusion.我经常四处旅游，所以文化冲击没有预期中来得大，但是困惑是免不了的。

建议方式：面对差异，学会理解和尊重他国文化， 汲取精华，丰富自己。例如我自己在爱尔兰，记得自己的大学教授，都在第一堂课提示我们：“任何的时间和任何的时候，都可以提问题，而且可以保持和教授不一样的观点和意见。” 这样的提示，它不单单是求学的态度，也是人生的态度。在这样的提示下，我那压抑已久的微弱声音开始展现他自己，让他自己被听到和被理解。从中我深刻地意识到，“我们之间的不同不是错误，也不是敌对，而是丰富”。当我们的团体只有一种声音的时候，那我们的团体就已经迷失了自己。我的另一个学习途径，是课间30分钟的休息，到餐厅和当地学生喝咖啡或喝茶。在那里，课堂被讨论的主题还会继续。特别诧异他们那超乎我意料之外的思考和表述，让我意识到对于一个问题还有那么多的思路可以扩展。当然了，对于一个在课堂上自己错过的重点也在这样的闲谈中失而复得。当时，在大学读书的时候，有很多中国人，他们多数都是和国人在一起。一起聊天、一起吃饭、一起散步、一起说国语，很少和当地人有交接。当然，刚出国，和国人在一起比较舒服自在，可以理解。但若一直没有和当地文化面对面的交流和接触，我们就失去了被本地文化丰富的机遇，非常可惜。海外留学本身就是一个学习。为很多的国人孩子，那是他们脱离父母，走向独立的关键时刻。过惯了衣来张手，饭来张口的学生，刚到国外，除了适应新的文化外，学习独立思考，独立生存，将是一个不小的挑战，但也是非常有意义的学习。

文化休克。根据查询相关公开信息显示，cultureshock翻译是文化休克，指的是一个人从其固有的文化环境中跨越到一个新的文化环境所产生的文化上的不适应。跨文化交际是指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

【答案】：文化休克：又译为文化震撼或文化震惊。特指生活在某一文化环境中的人初次进入到另一种不熟悉的文化环境，因失去自己熟悉的所有社会交流的符号与手段所产生的思想混乱与心理上的精神紧张综合征。

简单的：Culture shock is the difficulty people have adjusting to a new culture that differs markedly from their own.复杂一点的：The shock of moving to a foreign country often consists of distinct phases, though not everyone passes through these phases and not everyone is in the new culture long enough to pass through all five.[1] There are no fixed symptoms ascribed to culture shock as each person is affected differently.希望能帮到你

文化震撼，又译文化冲突 (Culture Shock)，主要是来自于两个不同文化差异而引起。可以发生在任何时候，任何新环境。当你到达一个地方觉得很陌生、很困惑，不知道自己的角色是什么、应定位在哪里？应怎么表现才恰当等等，觉得很不舒服、很不自在时，就是"shock"。好像过去所有的经验在刹那间突然「短路」。很多时候，「文化冲击」会引起身体上的一些症状：如头痛、胃囗不好、睡眠失调或者心理上的焦虑、沮丧。

您好：文化冲击双语对照词典结果：culture shock[英][u02c8ku028cltu0283u0259 u0283u0254k][美][u02c8ku028cltu0283u025a u0283ɑk]n.文化冲击; 以上结果来自金山词霸例句:1.That would cause culture shock and perhaps political turmoil, but, he says, the economicswould work. 这种做法可能会导致文化冲击，甚至政治动乱，但可以挽救经济局势。----------------------------------- 如有疑问欢迎追问！满意请点击右上方【选为满意回答】按钮

culture shock[英][u02c8ku028cltu0283u0259 u0283u0254k][美][u02c8ku028cltu0283u025a u0283ɑk]n.文化冲击;

counterculture反正统文化赵梅 《美国研究》提起“反文化”（counter-culture)一词，人们会很自然地联想起美国60年代的摇滚乐、吸毒、性反常、堕胎、裸奔等迷恋怪癖和追求荒诞的嬉皮文化，以及嬉皮士们在纽约中央公园、旧金山金门公园和纽约郊外伍德斯托克(Woodstock)的昼夜狂欢， 及至以后的“政治正确”（political correctness) 、多元文化（muti-culture)及其对主流文化的挑战。 如果严格从字面上理解，“反文化”运动是指美国60年代在青年人当中流行的以反战和反主流文化为特征的一种价值观、文化和生活方式。 第一次将“反文化”归结为以60年代发生在美国社会政治、文化领域的青年人抗议运动为特征的，是美国加利福尼亚州立大学海沃德分校（California State University, Hayward)历史学教授西奥多?罗斯扎克。他于1969年出版的《反文化的诞生：反思技术社会及其年轻人的反叛》一书，在嬉皮辍学者和学生中的激进分子这两个分裂的群体中间找到了契合点，那就是反文化，亦即反抗以技术为主体的工业化社会。 在他的定义中，反文化运动是指60年代发生在美国社会的一切抗议运动，既包括校园民主运动、妇女解放运动、黑人民权运动、反战和平运动、环境保护运动、同性恋者权利运动等方面的政治“革命”，也包括摇滚乐、性解放、吸毒、嬉皮文化，及神秘主义和自我主义的复兴等方面的文化“革命”。 通常，人们把那些激进的青年学生主张用激进手段进行社会政治改革的运动称为“新左派运动”，而把那些中途辍学、以期通过吸毒、放纵等方式进行的文化反叛，称为“反文化”运动。本文无意在这里做概念上的界定，姑且将60年代发生在政治及文化领域的反抗运动统称为“反文化运动”。这首先是因为，对主流文化、对现存制度的不满与批判，对妇女、对少数民族处境的同情，对和平的渴望，是这两种运动的共同特征，而他们又源出于同样的历史背景。其次，从成员构成上看，很难在两者之间明确区分。不少反文化运动的参加者，同时也是新左派运动的成员。 1964年9月24日，加州大学伯克利分校年仅22岁的哲学系学生马里奥?萨维奥（Mario Savio）和阿特?戈登堡(Art Goldenberg)等发起并领导了校园“言论自由”运动（Free Speech Movement)，抗议学校当局禁止在校园内谈论民权运动和发表反越战言论。10月1日到2日，加州政府出动国民警卫队前来制止，学生与警察对峙长达32小时，一些学生运动领袖被逮捕， 反文化运动的序幕由此而拉开，以后逐渐蔓延到美国其他所院校及学校以外的地方。1968年，该运动因马丁?路德?金和罗伯特?肯尼迪遇刺、越战的不断升级而达到高潮。 乍看起来，反文化运动至今没有完结，它因80年代发端于美国高校的多元文化运动而得以延续。但实际上，作为一场以争取民权和反战为目标的反抗运动，它在1975年随着越战的结束而告终。自此以后，反抗运动渐趋平息。这是首先是由于，就社会政治领域的抗议运动而言，运动的一些目标已经实现。美国从越南撤军，反战运动因此而停止。1964年的民权法、1965年的投票权利法和1963年的同酬法在国会获得通过，以及1965年“肯定性行动计划”的提出并实行，深刻地改变了黑人和妇女在美国社会及政治生活中的地位。虽然黑人反种族歧视的斗争和妇女解放运动此后仍在继续，但大规模的抗议活动在70年代中期暂告一段落。就文化领域的反抗而言，由于嬉皮士们的反抗手段日益激进，运动因逐渐失去了社会的广泛支持而日趋衰落下去。同时，反文化运动参加者年龄的增长也是反抗运动趋于平静的原因之一。到70年代中期，“婴儿潮”头一年出生的人已年届30岁，到了成家立业的年龄，他们的注意力开始转向如何面对来自工作和家庭等方面的压力。韦德?克拉克?鲁夫则注意到了冷战对社会思潮向保守主义回归所起的促进作用。他认为，冷战的对峙既激起了美国这场大规模的反抗运动，同时又促使了美国人向保守主义回归。这是因为，冷战的不断升级以及美国在外交上的一系列失败，使不少美国人感到美国所赖以存在的民主制度正在受到威胁，而稳定的家庭生活是美国国家安全所必需的，也是冷战中美国保持对苏优势地位的首要条件。 反文化运动的主要口号是：爱、正义、自由和和平。就运动本身而言，它包涵以下几方面内容：⑴民权运动；⑵ 反战和平运动；⑶文化反抗运动，即以青年学生为主体的、反抗一切现存文化的运动。 当然，每一种抗议运动的发生都有其特定的历史原因，本文所要力图探讨的是美国60年代这场反抗运动的根源。 本课题的研究必然要涉及到的另一个问题是美国“婴儿潮”一代（the baby boom generation)。第二次世界大战结束后，自1946年到1964年，美国出现了一次人口高峰。在此期间出生的人被称为“婴儿潮”一代。在“婴儿潮”头十年出生的人，60年代抗议运动发生时他们大多就读于高中或大学，是抗议运动的主体。因此，反文化运动的发生与这一代人的成长环境密切相关

　　the host culture的中文翻译　　the host culture　　主持人文化　　双语例句　　1　　The World Cup football culture and the host culture is a kind of interaction.　　世界杯足球文化与主办国文化是一种互动。　　2　　In our tradition of translation, the host culture has been playing an important role.　　而在我国的翻译传统中，主体文化对翻译活动起着决定性作用。

企业文化是什么?“文化”这个词来源于拉丁语动词“colere”,意思是“培养”。后来,单词“文化”的过程来显示和驯养breading优雅独特的作物。在当今时代的意义与社会的控制、完善和驯化本身。当代文化的定义是“一系列重要成员的认识,社区分享共同之处”。在最基础的、企业文化被描述成是人格的组织,就像“事情做在附近。它guids如何雇员的想法、行为和跌倒了。企业文化是一个很广泛的名词用于定义独特的个性或性质的一个特定的公司或组织的形象,并且包括这些元素为核心价值观和信仰,不利于道德,和规则的行为。组织可以用同样的条件了我们用来谈谈个人。组织能温暖、侵略性,友善,性格开朗创新,保守,等等。一个organizaion的文化传播的方式不同,包括长站,经常不成文的规定、分享它的重要性,对标准的偏见、标准建立社交礼仪、风度,海关敌人交往,什么是同事,都是不恰当的行为,通过建立一个价值体系表达了通过仪式、神话、传说和行动。企业文化的意思是“了我们做事的方式在附近。

应该没

【正确】This bk was a cllcti f ssays, c-ditd by Susa Basstt ad Adr Lfvr ad first publishd i 1992.