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侦探保护钻石！？这天早上飞机晚点了， 侦探们都在机场等了一上午。 他们是在等待从南非运过来的珍贵钻石， 几个小时前， 有人报警说有大盗想在飞机刚到的时候偷取钻石， 当飞机抵达的时候， 一些侦探藏在主建筑里面另外一些在机场跑道上面等着， 两个人把托运的东西送到了客运部。 当两个镇泰正在门口戒备的时候，另外两个人打开了钻石盒子， 令他们吃惊的是这里面全是石头和沙子！

看书！自己想！！！！！！！！！！！！！

A machine tool is a powered mechanical device, typically used to fabricate metal components of machines by machining, which is the selective removal of metal. The term machine tool is usually reserved for tools that used a power source other than human movement, but they can be powered by people if appropriately set up. Many historians of technology consider that the true machine tools were born when direct human involvement was removed from the shaping or stamping process of the different kinds of tools. The earliest lathe with direct mechanical control of the cutting tool was a screw-cutting lathe dating to about 1483.[1] This lathe "produced screw threads out of wood and employed a true compound slide rest".The first machine tools offered for sale (i.e. commercially available) were constructed by one Matthew Murray in England around 1800.[2]Contents [hide]1 Overview 2 Examples 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 Further reading 7 External links [edit] OverviewMachine tools can be powered from a variety of sources. Human and animal power are options, as is energy captured through the use of waterwheels. However, modern machine tools began to develop only after the development of the steam engine, which led to the Industrial Revolution. Today, most machine tools are powered by electricity.Machine tools can be operated manually, or under automatic control. Early machines used flywheels to stabilize their motion and had complex systems of gears and levers to control the machine and the piece being worked on. Soon after World War II, the numerical control (NC) machine was developed. NC machines used a series of numbers punched on paper tape or punch cards to control their motion. In the 1960s, computers were added to give even more flexibility to the process. Such machines became known as computerized numerical control (CNC) machines. NC and CNC machines could precisely repeat sequences over and over, and could produce much more complex pieces than even the most skilled tool operators.Before long, the machines could automatically change the specific cutting and shaping tools that were being used. For example, a drill machine might contain a magazine with a variety of drill bits for producing holes of various sizes. Previously, either machine operators would usually have to manually change the bit or move the work piece to another station to perform these different operations. The next logical step was to combine several different machine tools together, all under computer control. These are known as machining centers, and have dramatically changed the way parts are made.From the simplest to the most complex, most machine tools are capable of at least partial self-replication, and produce machine parts as their primary function.[edit] ExamplesExamples of machine tools are:Broaching machine Drill press Gear shaper Hobbing machine Hone Lathe Screw machines Milling machine Shaper Saws Planer Stewart platform mills Grinding machines When fabricating or shaping parts, several techniques are used to remove unwanted metal. Among these are:Electrical discharge machining Grinding (abrasive cutting) Multiple edge cutting tools Single edge cutting tools Other techniques are used to add desired material. Devices that fabricate components by selective addition of material are called rapid prototyping machines.Several regions of the United States became centers for machine tool development between 1800 and 1950, including Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Cincinnati, Ohio; Rockford, Illinois; Providence, Rhode Island] Springfield, Vermont; Windsor, Vermont; Hartford, Connecticut; and Bridgeport, Connecticut.

It was my mistake, I should not be willful, I should not be spiteful with you, why weren"t you angry? Why do you want to admit mistakes? Why do you also want to smile are telephoning to me? I am not worth you being so good to me. Perhaps I let you feel I am very contradictory, you may not pay attention to me obviously, but why can you look for me on own initiative? I have too many shortcomings, selfish, willful,hot tempered, impervious, if you dislike me, I will feel better, but you were always thinking will be your mistake, this will let me be very grieved, you radically not wrong. To meet you was my good fortune, I fell very joyful together with you, really. Sorry, do not be too good to me, I am not worth you like this. I had suspected whether I love you, but now,I know in this whole life, I only love your one.

I had done a lot of things in my summer holiday, doing my homework, reading some novels, watching TV programs and having a trip to Qingdao. Qingdao is really a beautiful city, and i went to many place of interest there. My favorite was the sunrise there. The weather was fine the first morning i got there. When i arrived the beach, the clouds was turning red on the horizon. After a minutes, a small part of the sun appeared gradually. It was very red,but not shining brightly. after slowly raising, the sun broke though the red clouds and jumped out of the sea, just liked a huge fire ball. what an unforgettable picture!

中国食品安全问题影响海外Updated Fri. Apr. 13 2007 12:35 PM ETAssociated PressSHANGHAI, China -- The list of Chinese food exports rejected at American ports reads like a chef"s nightmare: pesticide-laden pea pods, drug-laced catfish, filthy plums and crawfish contaminated with salmonella.美国港口拒绝接受的中国出口食品清单听起来像是厨师的噩梦：含农药的豌豆、吃过药的鲶鱼、肮脏的洋李和被沙门氏菌污染的龙虾。Yet, it took a much more obscure item, contaminated wheat gluten, to focus U.S. public attention on a very real and frightening fact: China"s chronic food safety woes are now an international concern.然而，正式一个鲜为人知的产品-被污染的麦麸，让美国关注一个非常真实和可怕的事实：中国的食品安全问题已经成为全世界关注的问题。In recent weeks, scores of cats and dogs in America have died of kidney failure blamed on eating pet food containing gluten from China that was tainted with melamine, a chemical used in plastics, fertilizers and flame retardants. While humans aren"t believed at risk, the incident has sharpened concerns over China"s food exports and the limited ability of U.S. inspectors to catch problem shipments.近几周来，美国大量的猫和狗死于肾衰竭，原因是吃的宠物食品中含有从中国进口的麦麸，这种麦麸被三聚氰胺（一种用于塑料、肥料和阻燃剂的化学品）污染。虽然人不会受到伤害，但这事情加剧了人们对中国出口食品的担忧，也使人们更担心美国检查人员发现问题货物的能力是有限的。Just as with manufactured goods, exports of meat, produce, and processed foods from China have soared in recent years, prompting outcries from foreign farm sectors that are feeling pinched by low Chinese prices.近年来，从中国进口的肉、农产品和加工食品迅速增加，引起了外国农业部门的强烈抗议，因为中国的低价产品给他们带来很大压力。Worried about losing access to foreign markets and stung by tainted food products scandals at home, China has in recent years tried to improve inspections, with limited success.一方面担心失去国外市场，一方面又受到国内食品污染问题的刺激，中国近年来努力加强食品安全的监督，但是效果有限。The problems the government faces are legion. Pesticides and chemical fertilizers are used in excess to boost yields while harmful antibiotics are widely administered to control disease in seafood and livestock. Rampant industrial pollution risks introducing heavy metals into the food chain.目前政府面临一大堆问题，为了增加产量，农作物中过量使用农药和化肥；为了控制海产品和家畜的疾病，使用有害抗生素的现象很普遍。严重的工业污染使重金属有可能进入食物链。Farmers have used cancer-causing industrial dye Sudan Red to boost the value of their eggs and fed an asthma medication to pigs to produce leaner meat.农民们为使鸭蛋卖个好价钱而使用可致癌的工业染料苏丹红，为提高猪的瘦肉率而给猪喂食平喘药。China"s Health Ministry reported almost 34,000 food-related illnesses in 2005, with spoiled food accounting for the largest number, followed by poisonous plants or animals and use of agricultural chemicals.2005年中国卫生部报告的食品引发疾病的案例近3.4万起，其中变质食品所占比例最大，其次是有毒蔬菜和肉制品及农业化学品的实用。With China increasingly intertwined in global trade, Chinese exporters are paying a price for unsafe practices. Excessive antibiotic or pesticide residues have caused bans in Europe and Japan on Chinese shrimp, honey and other products. Hong Kong blocked imports of turbot last year after inspectors found traces of malachite green, a possibly cancer-causing chemical used to treat fungal infections, in some fish.随着中国日益融入全球贸易，中国出口商正为不安全的做法付出代价。过量的抗生素和农药残留使欧洲和日本禁止进口中国的虾、蜂蜜和其他产品。去年在一些鱼中发现可致癌的孔雀石绿（用于某些鱼类的真菌感染治疗）以后，香港开始禁止进口多宝鱼。One source of the problem is China"s fractured farming sector, comprised of small landholdings which make regulation difficult, experts said.专家们说，造成这个问题的一个原因是中国的农业部门处于割裂状态，增加了管理难度。For foreign importers, the answer is to know your suppliers and test thoroughly, food industry experts said.业内专家说，对于外国进口商来说，解决方法就是了解供应商并进行彻底检验。

If I"ve learned anything it"s that people are surprising. I"ve had customers that have walked in dressed as a street urchin and smelling to high heaven. The natural assumption is that they are homeless and penniless - living off of welfare and our hard-earned tax dollars because they"re too lazy to get a job. But, when you look at the account it tells a whole different story completely. They"ve got money, and lots of it. Conversely, I"ve seen customers step out of million dollar cars and wearing designer suits walk in. They"ve got that swag, you know, the walk that reeks of money. But, when you pull up their account you"d find they"re usually overdrawn. How"s that for irony?You can"t make a judgment about someone based on the clothes that they wear, the car that they drive, or the walk that they walk. You just never know!I worked for a bank whose CEO was the kind who liked to make assumptions about people and their money. At one of our annual meetings, he flat out told everyone that if we were opening an account for someone with only $25 and someone else walked in with $1 million to deposit, we were REQUIRED to leave the customer with no money and talk to the customer with money. Color me stupid, but how is that a non-discriminatory practice? Furthermore, what does that say about the type of business that he runs and what does that say about me for working there? Needless to say, I didn"t stay long.But, as an example of how that backfired on him, we had a situation where an employee did what he was told. There was a man who walked in with a few thousand dollars to deposit into a free checking account. The employee began opening the man"s account and as they talked, the employee made the assumption that this few thousand was all the man had. So, when another customer walked in and wanted to open an account with $100,000 - guess who the employee picked as the better customer? That"s right, the $100,000 man. As it turns out, the guy with a few thousand dollars was just giving the bank a try. He had over $3 million in total assets that he was looking to move because he was unhappy with his bank. Had the employee done his job instead of making assumptions, he would have discovered this information. But, he assumed the guy with $100,000 was a better customer and so he focused his attention there, leaving someone else to handle the man with a few thousand dollars.Just in case you"re wondering, the guy with $100,000 turned out to be kiting money between three different banks - all of which was part of a much larger money laundering scheme. I doubt very much the employee is still in the industry. All he saw were dollar signs and incentives for him. He missed the warning signs of trouble and he snubbed someone with much more legitimate worth. I believe the CEO was also relieved of his responsibilities when his comments and this situation were brought before the stockholders.Honestly, the biggest difference between those with money and those without are their spending habits. If you pulled an average three month statement for someone without money and looked at it, you"d typically find erratic spending behaviors - eating out is the biggest offender! If you looked at someone with money, you"d see less spending across the board and you definitely don"t see a lot of eating out.So, let"s do the math. Let"s say you eat out three times a week, at least two meals each time (believe me, this isn"t a stretch, I"m probably underestimating). I live in Austin, so the average meal costs about $10 roughly. This takes into account sit-down meals and tip. So, on average, a meal costs an individual $10. At two meals, three times a week you"re talking $60. Multiply that by four weeks in a month and that"s $240 just to eat out. But wait! Take $240 times 12 months and you"ll see that people spend $2880 a year just eating out - this doesn"t include the additional money spent on groceries each month.

Low-carbon life, from my startJohn is the Manager of a multinational corporation, he was 43 years old this year, income money, hand is also very generous, lived in luxury villas in the not far away from home. Recently brother always called him " the miser " said he was reluctant to use even a paper Cup, this is going on about? John is now a "low-carbon life" advocates.In life, John is how to implement his low carbon behaviour? With John as saying, his low carbon behaviour throughout the working life of a whole day.After getting up in the morning on the toilet. When you brush your teeth and smudge facial cleanser, don"t let the tap always on, but when open; wash with water retention, used to flush toilets.Although John had bought the car, now go to work every morning, often can see him riding a bicycle or walk to work figure, looks not only environmentally friendly fashion, and also very beneficial to health. "If road near it, bike or walking is a good choice. Pavements crowded now, a short walk every day if the drive has to go a very long time, and ride or walk is a good exercise, but also to adjust the mood is really two birds with one stone. "John said.In the Office, John or open top of the lamp, or open the table lamp on the table, only one light, that day, you can save a lot of power for the company. Has information on the Office need to be copied, Liqing chose to use duplex printing. Such as the carbon footprint left by the copy and will be much less.Meeting in the afternoon. The meeting, to give participants a cup of tea per person, during the meeting, general use of a paper Cup, will break or get a new one, or a Conference per person will be using two cups, so wasted.After supper. Garbage time for recovery of recyclable and non-case sensitive. Before bedtime. Remaining food in the refrigerator for dinner, food, food between between the refrigerator and leave a gap of more than about 10 mm. Hear the most power saving. In addition, to routine check all electrical appliances are there to cut off the power."Eating out with friends, a stack of dishes, cannot finish what should I do? Strap to go home, do not hesitate. To understand Cook food from the production, transportation, spent a lot of manpower, material and time. "John said.Because the relationship between occupational, John often staff students inculcate the concept of environmental protection, low-carbon, and also affects more and more people, sometimes also met colleagues went to work by bike.Low-carbon life, from my start, let us work together to protect the environmentu3002u3002

　　英语是世界上普遍使用的语言,许多国家都在强化和改革基础 教育 阶段的英语教学,英语教学得到了极大的重视,下面就是我给大家整理的纯正英语 文章 ，希望大家喜欢。　　纯正英语文章：Please Let Me Have a Little World 　　Please, my dear, be so generous as to let me have a little world of my own. If you find me scrawling on a piece of paper, please don"t peep over my shoulders. It may be that I"m venting some pent-up feelings, long dennied expression, or trying to compose a little poem not yet presentable for a time being, or attempting to sketch out something visualized fron mychildhood memories which glowsing my minf like a rainbow. When I am in such a mood,Please leave me along and let me write as the pen dictates. Don"t disturb me, my dear, when I get nostalgic over some old photos or letters which bring tears to my eyes or smiles on my lips, for those were things that had happened to me before I met you, the joys and sorrows, partings and reunions that taste like green olive or glitter like scattered pearls. They are my cherished memories which, ready as I am to share with you, I would like to indulge in by myself for a while. 　　I hope you won"t mind when I go without you for a nice chat with a close friend of mine. You are my bosom friend, but you cannot take the place of other friends any more than they can do yours. I need their care, encouragement and sobering criticism just as I do yours. A starless sky with a solitary moon would be dull and cheerless, why not let there be a moonlit night resplendent with twinkling stars. 　　I may occasionally want to make a tour of faraway places. Please don"t hold me back when I start picking for it. You are the center of my life, but certainly not the whole of it. I yearn to see the mysteries and wonders of the world miles away beyond the mountains; So let me have a chance to explore my "Alice"s Wonderland" as a "lone ranger". Some time later when I come back to you with exotic experiences and fresh insights, I"m sure you will look at me in a new light. 　　My dear, so long as you let me have such a little, little world, I"ll be very much indebted to you. 　　纯正英语文章：Feeling beauty 　　Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see. Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed. "Nothing in particular," she replied. I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little. 　　How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch. I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf. I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch,or the rough shaggy bark of a pine. In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening Nature after her winter"s sleep I feel the delightful, velvety texture of a flower, and discover its remarkable convolutions; and something of the miracle of Nature is revealed to me. Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently in a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song. I am delighted to have cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers. To me a lush carpet of pine needles or spongy grass is more welcome than the most luxurious Persian rug. To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips. At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things. If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight. Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little. The panorama of color and action fill the world is taken for granted. It is human, perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light and the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather that as a means of adding fullness to life. 　　纯正英语文章：Romantic city - Paris 　　Ah, beautiful Paris. For centuries this city has attracted the admiration of the world. The allure and charm of Paris captivate all who visit there. 　　When you visit Paris, you don"t have to spend all of your time visiting museums and monuments. They are certainly worthy of your time, but ignore them for a day. First take some time to look around and experience life in Paris. You"ll find it charming. 　　Take a stroll along the Seine River. Browse through the art vendors, colorful paintings. Peek through delicate iron gates at the well-kept gardens. Watch closely for the French attention to detail that has made France synonymous with good taste. You will see it in the design of a doorway or arch and in the little fountains and quaint balconies. No matter where you look, you will find everyday objects transformed into works by art. 　　Spend some time in a quiet park relaxing on an old bench. Lie on your back on the green grass. When you need refreshment, try coffee and pastries at a sidewalk cafe. Strike up a conversation with a Parisian. This isn"t always easy, though. With such a large international population living in Paris, true natives are hard to find these days. 　　As evening comes to Paris, enchantment rises with the mist over the riverfront. You may hear music from an outdoor concert nearby: classical, jazz, opera or chansons, those French folk songs. Parisians love their music. The starry sky is their auditorium. You can also hear concerts in the chateaux and cathedrals. In Paris the Music never ends. 　　Don"t miss the highlight of Paris evening: eating out. Parisians are proud of their cuisine. And rightly so; it"s world famous. Gourmet dining is one of the indispensable joys of living. You need a special guidebook to help you choose one of the hundreds of excellent restaurants. The capital of France boasts every regional specialty, cheese and wine the country has to offer. If you don"t know what to order, ask for the suggested menu. The chef likes to showcase his best dishes there. Remember, you haven"t tasted the true flavor of France until you"ve dined at a French restaurant in Paris.

　　如今我们即将告别母校,一股眷恋之情,从我心底油然而生。下面我整理关于感恩母校的英语文章，供大家参考！ 　　 Thanksgiving alma mater 　　Three years ago, our childish innocence, full of hope into my school in, beg leave our own shining figure in this stage on; however, three years later, we have to cherish the heart and the alma mater of a perturbed farewell. If there are thousands and thousands of words I, it is difficult to give up v.. Ah, my alma mater, my dear alma mater, you teach me how to be a person, is you teach me knowledge, you are my life to ignite the flame, is you for me to point out the direction of advance. Today, I take pride in my alma mater, tomorrow, my alma mater is proud of me. 　　For three years, my alma mater for me to do a lot of. Now, the university entrance exam, went to the US for our alma mater. In this year"s college entrance examination, we will go all out, with the best results to return to his alma mater, Thanksgiving alma mater, for his alma mater to create brilliant. 　　Alma mater, you do not stop working, you are a steady stream of a large number of elite. Without you, without us today, without you, there would be no future for us. It is you that shaped us; we are you, and we are in the light of hope. Today, we have to say goodbye, but you will always be in our hearts, you will always be a light to illuminate our forward. No matter when and where, we will never forget, we are a people, we must for the prosperity of pay, for a vigorous efforts. 　　For three years, you have been watering us, let us the bud of the motherland. What will you do not, you can only hope we are happy, we hope to grow sturdily. Now, please allow us to use the remarkable college entrance exam results to be grateful, to return. 　　Hopefully, Thanksgiving Alma mater. Stroll in Huairen in a forest, what we see, we see the future, see...... 　　 感恩母校 　　三年前，我们幼稚懵懂，满怀希望，步入我的学校，企求在一中这个舞台上留下自己闪烁的身影；然而，三年后，我们又不得不怀着一颗忐忑的心与母校告别。纵有千言万语，也难诉出我的`不舍。啊，母校，我亲爱的母校，是你教会我如何做人，是你传授我知识，是你为我的人生点燃火光，是你为我指明了前进的方向。今日，我以母校为荣，明日，母校定为我骄傲。 　　三年来，母校为我做了许许多多。而如今，高考之际，又到了我们为母校争光的时候。在今年的高考中，我们定会全力以赴，用最好的成绩来回馈母校，感恩母校，为母校再创辉煌。 　　母校，是你在不停耕耘，是你源源不断地向社会输送了大批精英。没有你，就没有我们的今天，没有你，就没有我们的将来。是你，塑造了我们；是你，在我们迷茫之时为我们点亮希望的烛光。今天，我们不得不说再见，可是，你将永远印在我们的心中，你将永远是照亮我们前进的明灯。无论何时何地，我们都将铭记，我们是一中人，我们要为一中的繁荣付出，为一中的蓬勃向上而努力。 　　三年来，您不断地浇灌我们，让我们这些祖国的花蕾绽放。您不企盼什么，您只希望我们快乐，希望我们茁壮成长。现在，请允许我们用那骄人的高考成绩来感恩，来回报。 　　满怀希望，感恩母校。漫步于怀仁一中的林间小道，我们仿佛看到了什么，看到了我们的将来，看到了……

就是一个拉小提琴大学生发现帽子里有一张中五百万的彩票，然后还给失主了。

essay的意思是散文。散文是一种抒发作者真情实感而且写作方式灵活的记叙类文学体裁。

3 weld marks Plastic melt in the mold filling process, the two sides on the formation of melt weld marks the confluence. Weld marks as a result of the existence of parts, not only affects the appearance of parts quality and the impact of the strength of parts in the easy to use fracture. The current process for forming thin-walled parts of the resulting weld marks and its main influencing factors are also more theoretical study, for example, set Yuan Jiangsu University, Hu Shuguang,韩阳fly [28], such as through the establishment of non-isothermal non-Newtonian Hele a Show fluid model and the power-law model or Bo Bo CrosS model, using Moldnow analysis, through the barrier gate location for mold flow analysis, forecasting air bubbles that may exist in parts location and the location of weld marks in order to determine the optimal gate location and the number of cameras and before the shell casings and mobile phone products, such as injection analysis to verify, and achieved good results. The results show that the generation of welding marks and temperature, and at low temperatures, the polymer melt flow, the convergence performance, easily lead to the phenomenon of weld marks. Melt molding temperature is too low, too short filling time, injection pressure and the pressure of low pressure and so will produce products with a tendency to weld marks. In addition, the structural design of products unreasonable, mold is the impact of exhaust products, such as poor welding have a reason for marks. Therefore, the defective parts to control weld marks can melt through the rational control of molding temperature, mold Temperature, filling time, as well as the injection pressure and pressure forming factors such as pressure control. 4 crack Plastic parts crack and residual stress of the thin-walled parts in shaping the course of the general cooling time is very short, generally a few seconds or less in time, too late to make flexible polymers have a residual stress release, to open parts mode after the stress release of the results will be generated to increase warpage parts, the tendency of the defects such as cracking. Thin-walled plastic parts for cracks factors the impact of technology, both at home and abroad there are many related research in Taiwan and wc.BushLko studied vK.stokes.1291 molding process parameters, such as mold temperature, melt temperature, packing pressure, as well as plastic parts wall thickness of parts, such as contraction and the effects of residual stress, the results show that the pressure is affecting systolic pressure an important factor in the deformation, and mold and melt temperature was less affected, the higher the security pressure, the smaller the shrinkage deformation. Israel s.Kenig, A. Ben a David and M.omerl30] experimentally studied the pressure parameters and gate geometry on the stability of the final product size of the impact of the results shows that the pressure in the same mold, the small water the mouth of the contraction deformation of the parts is less significant than that in the case of constant pressure, the injection gate can not be of uniform size contraction.

Acar wash(also written as "carwash") orauto washis a facility used to clean the exterior and, in some cases, the interior ofmotor vehicles.CategoriesWhile there are many types of car washes, most fall into the following categories:Hand car wash facilities, where the vehicle is washed by employees.Self-service facilities, which are generally coin-operated, where the customer does the washing, including "jet washing".In-bay automatics, which consist of an automatic machine that rolls back and forth over a stationary vehicle - often seen atfilling stationsand stand-alone wash sites.Tunnel washes, which use aconveyorto move the vehicle through a series of fixed cleaning mechanisms.Chemical car wash, also known as waterless car wash, uses chemicals to wash and polish car surface. Thought to have originated in Australia and claims to be an eco-friendly car wash method.[citation needed]Steam car washes use a jet of steam and micro fiber towels, some include detergent injection. Known to have originated from South Korea, steam car washes have been especially popular as a low-investment, eco-friendly car wash solution in Asia, Middle East and Europe thanks to its sanitizing features and mobility.[citation needed]Mobile Car Washes, often also serving as mobile detailing systems, which carry plastic water tanks and use pressure washers. Sometimes these systems are mounted on trailers, on trucks, or in vans. Generally these operators also have a generator to run a shop vac., buffers and other tools as well.[citation needed]Mechanizedcar washes, especially those with brushes, were once avoided by some meticulous car owners because of the risk of damaging the finish. Paint finishes have improved as have car washing processes, and this perception of vehicle damage is much less today. However, this perception was the motive behind the rise of facilities utilizing "brushless" (cloth) and "touch-free" (high-pressure water) equipment, as well as modern "foam" washing wheels made of closed cell foam.In today"s modern car wash facilities, whether tunnel, in-bay automatic or self-serve, soaps and other cleaning solutions used are designed to loosen and eliminate dirt and grime. This is in contrast to earlier times, whenhydrofluoric acid, a hazardous chemical, was commonly used as a cleaning agent in the industry by some operators. There has been a strong move in the industry to shift to safer cleaning solutions. Most car wash facilities are required by law to treat and/or reuse their water and may be required to maintain waste-water discharge permits, in contrast to unregulated facilities or even driveway washing (at one"s home), where waste-water can end up in the storm drain and, eventually, in streams, rivers and lakes.Self-serve car washhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_wash

My community lifeIncomparable excitement, I finally ushered in the dream of college life.In my impression, college life is colorful and challenging. Here, you can make a lot of good friends, can learn much knowledge, can join many activities. Can say, college life is the best four years in life.About university life, community, is an essential part of. Community is our ability to develop the individual elegant demeanour, exercise the platform. Are we improve personal qualities, towards society of important ways. Talking about community life, I have a lot to talk about.Just entering college, face numerous communities, I from personal interest, choose joined the college students" English association. Since the childhood, I"ve been to English learning arms with great enthusiasm, when I heard someone can speak fluent English, I always envy. In order to exercise their English, I attended many activities, such as English speech contest, English drama, etc. Can say, English to accompany me grow up, become a part of my life.Join the English association, I always remember oneself since is a member of the association. I have been active in all kinds of activities and association. Opening soon, I participated in the corporate orientation party, representing English associations organized show English drama, and the smooth be judges selected, performance at the party. The English drama performance impresses me. We write the script to rehearse, from every part of preparation, script changed again and again, drama row again and again, finally surrendered a satisfactory answer. In this activity, I realized the importance of teamwork, exercise their organizational ability, also felt the joy of success.This semester, I participated in our college English speech contest. After careful preparation, I with excellent performance won third prize. As I stood on the platform passionate speech, I mean, I not only represent myself, I also representing English association, I must show the best condition, redound for association. I do, and I am very happy.Recently, I was preparing for a new English association called movies, activities, learn English. Me and some of the English association members worked on a long efforts, I believe this activity will be held successfully.Can say, English association offered me a good exercise opportunity, let me grow up, let me learn a lot. I always will remember I was a member of the English association, I will always strive to do everything I can, believe that English association will be getting better and better!Input content has reached length limitationStill can input 1-9999 wordInsert the pictures to delete picture insert map video video map delete map insert

就是 太吝啬了

《By My Side》。林一峰专辑:《By My Side》歌词大意：译：轻吻，离别，爱匆匆。心已经交给你了，毋庸置疑。坚持 放手 难割舍唯有继续伪装，一如既往。咖啡 香烟 不为所动。笑靥如花，却非我意别哭不哭 不会破。……不能相拥，就好好告别。

The lighter drive 更轻便的驾驶理念Electric cars made from carbon fibre will be safer and go farther 电瓶汽车+碳纤维材料=安全，耐用They look safe in thereMARK WEBBER has a lot to thank tiny strands of carbon for. When his Formula 1 car cartwheeled in a spectacular 306kph (190mph) crash at the recent Valencia Grand Prix, what helped him to escape unscathed was the immensely strong carbon-fibre “tub” that racing drivers now sit in. Carbon fibre is an expensive alternative to making things in steel or aluminium, but besides being extremely strong it is also very light. It is found in high-performance parts, like aircraft wings, bits of supercars and the frames of pricey mountain bikes. But if work by Germany"s BMW proves successful, it could also become the material of choice to mass-produce electric cars.6月，F1瓦伦西亚大奖赛发生了惊人一幕：以每小时306公里（190英里）行驶在赛道上的马克u2022韦伯发生了严重的翻车事故。奇迹的是，韦伯本人毫发无 伤。奥妙之处就在于当下流行于F1的——碳纤维底座。虽然与铁，铝相比，它的造价较高，但是抗压及轻便性都远远好于铁和铝。目前，炭纤维材料还大多使用在 高精度领域，如飞机机翼，F1赛车，或是私人山地车等。不过这一传统观念可能会被宝马公司打破，一旦试验成功，那么碳纤维就可以率先广泛应用在电动汽车领 域。The Bavarian carmaker plans to launch a new plug-in electric car in 2013. It will be one of the first designed from scratch to use an electric motor rather than being converted from an existing model. Reducing the weight of this four-seater car, known as the Megacity concept, will be crucial to improving its performance and range. So BMW is planning to use no steel at all. The Megacity will be built as two modules: an aluminium chassis will contain the electric drive-system and battery, and a body made almost entirely of carbon fibre will be fitted onto it. 德国汽车制造商正计划将在2013年推出一款电瓶可拆卸式环保车。这并不是从现有车型改装而来，而是设计师卧薪尝胆的一次全新尝试。更轻便的4人坐驾，完 全符合现代城市环保理念，这款“无铁”车型的设计，彰显出了它的与众不同与理念上的更新换代。但是这样一个设想目前还处在起步阶段，或许成功的那天，汽车 铝制底盘上充电驾驶装置与设备，及全身碳纤维的设计工艺，能够更好的诠释大城市的环保概念。Carbon fibre is 30% lighter than aluminium and 50% lighter than steel. The fibres are extremely tear-resistant. When woven into a lattice structure and impregnated with resin they can produce a part that is stronger than steel. The trouble is the process is labour-intensive and slow, not least because components may have to be cured for hours under pressure in massive ovens called autoclaves. For carmakers, used to stamping out steel body-parts in a few seconds, this has ruled out carbon fibre for high-volume production. BMW, however, aims to change that.碳纤维比铝轻便30%，是铁的50%。同时，由于纤维具有极强的抗断裂性，再融入树脂形成晶体结构后，那么它的强度就要超过铁。但是这道工序属于劳动密集 型，效率相对较低，以前车用铁制品的切割仅需要几秒钟时间就能完成，而现在则需要在高压炉内高温锻造几个小时，因此，大量生产碳纤维的可能性不高。不过， 宝马公司目前也正在试图改变这一情况。Its production line starts with a so-called precursor: a fibre spun from a polymer. This is carbonised by heating it in multiple stages to leave individual carbon fibres just seven microns (0.007 millimetres) thick. Around 50,000 of these fibres are bundled together into a yarn which is then made into a fabric. This can be cut and handled like a textile. Strips of fabric are then overlaid to align their fibres in such a way to maximise their load-bearing characteristics as required—in effect tailoring components like a bespoke suit. 现在，宝马生产线守开先河，将聚合体加工成纤维状，这个碳化过程需要在高温下进行几道工序，最后产生的碳纤维厚度只有7微米（0.007毫米）。然后，大 概将5000根这样的纤维拧成一股就成了纤维织物，再将这样的纤维根据它的陌生能力将它切割成最合适的尺寸，实际上，这个步骤与量体裁衣有异曲同工之妙。Along come the robots 自动机将助一臂之力BMW uses molds, heat and pressure to produce contours in the fabric. Resin is then injected into the molds to bond the fibres together. How the resin flows through the fibres is crucial; it has to be done quickly and leave no area untreated before it starts to cure. A release agent in the resin migrates to the surface to prevent the component sticking in the mold. The whole process, which can be handled by robots, is completed in minutes.然后，再利用模具与高温将纤维织物打造成型。首先，将树脂注入模具粘合纤维，这里有两个细节非常关键，一是动作要快不能拖泥带水，二是在没有粘合之前确保 模具内的树脂流向均匀。树脂中混有的隔离剂此时发挥功效，避免了纤维与模具发生粘连。整道工序，在自动仪器的协助下，仅需几分钟便可完成。The resulting carbon-fibre parts are bonded together to construct the body of the car. Besides their lightness, BMW"s experimental vehicles have exceeded expectations in crash tests, says the company. During front- and rear-impact-tests the aluminium chassis crumples to absorb energy, but leaves the rigid carbon-fibre passenger compartment intact. Even extreme side-impacts protected the crash dummies and the battery (automatically switched off when the airbags trigger). In many cases crash damage is reparable by cutting out broken sections of carbon fibre and bonding in new ones. 此时的碳纤维就可以应用于汽车制造。宝马公司声称：除了超轻便的特性之外，碳纤维的抗挤压能力也令人惊叹。在对车头车尾抗冲击测试中发现，一方面是铝制底 盘受到挤压而变形，缓冲了部分能量，而坚硬的碳纤维能够保证车身安然无恙。即使是侧面来的强力冲击，也能够有效保护车厢内假人模型及电瓶毫发无伤（当然， 气囊装置启动电瓶能够自动断电）。即便是车身有所受损，也不用担心，切割掉受损部分再粘合上新部件，完全可以让车体恢复原状。At some point, however, carbon-fibre cars will be scrapped. Steel and aluminium is easy to recycle, but carbon fibre is tricky. Carmakers are working with aerospace firms on ways to do it. BMW has pioneered a process to reuse offcuts by breaking them up with heat to turn them back into raw material. This can be used to make composites with about half the strength of new carbon fibre.铝的回收再利用技术已经非常成熟，但是从某角度来说，碳纤维这方面的技术还有待研究。目前，制造商正和宇宙空间机构合作，试图填补这一空白。眼下，处理碳 纤维“边脚料”最先进的方法还是来自宝马公司，他们通过高温分解，能够使之退回成未加工状态。通过此种方法生产出的复合材料也具有碳纤维一半的硬度。Another advantage of a carbon-fibre body is that it will not corrode. So, apart from the battery wearing out in ten years or so, electric cars could last for decades (electric motors need little servicing). This will make it even harder for car designers to persuade those driving electrically to trade in their rustless, tough-as-old-boots vehicles for a new model.碳纤维的另一优势在于不易腐蚀，如果不考虑电瓶10年左右的使用寿命，这种碳纤维电瓶汽车可以使用长达几十年（当然马达还是需要检修的）。与结实耐穿的靴 子让人不忍丢弃一样，当设计理念再有突飞猛进的发展时，如何让使用者放弃碳纤维电瓶汽车，设计者可要好好动一番脑筋喽。英文附带汉语拼音，希望对你有所帮助。

金山快译http://soft.netnest.com.cn/ViewDownloadUrl.asp?ID=1901

哈尔滨冰灯游园会创办于1963年，每年冬天在兆麟公园举行，是世界著名冰雪旅游胜地，占地面积6.5公顷，用冰量约2000立方米，冰景作品1500余件左右，是目前世界上形成时间最早、规模最大、并已成为地方传统项目的大型室外露天冰灯艺术展。 冰灯游园会气魄宏伟、景观迷人。哈尔滨的艺术家们用松花江原生冰进行创作，雕塑出千姿百态的冰雕艺术作品，再辅以现代科技手段，便构成了独具北国特色的冰灯艺术。 每年从1月5日开始，一直延续到2月末。在艺术家和能工巧匠手下，天然冰变成了一件件灵气活现的精美艺术品，变成了冰奇灯巧、玉砌银镶的冰的世界、灯的海洋。 冰灯艺术年年有新变化，被人们称为“永不重复的童话”。从1985年开始，在冰灯游园会期间举办的每年一度的哈尔滨冰雪节上，游客不仅可以参加冰灯游园会，观赏各种冰雕艺术，而且还可以参加松花江冰上世界的体育活动，坐冰帆、打冰猴、溜冰、观看冬泳比赛和冰上婚礼，参加冰雪节文艺晚会等活动。

要学习英文,就要自己学习翻译,然后放在网上,让别人替你修改,指出错误你这样叫人替你做功课,你是永远没有进步的分数不是很重要的

A trip to Oceanic Park This weekend I paid a visit to the local Oceanic Park, one of the most famous aquariums in the country. I saw different kinds of sea life there, many of which I had only seen in the books or on TV, such as whales, dolphins, turtles and lobsters. I was deeply impressed by the colorful world under the sea, and I think it"s really mankind"s responsibility to well preserve the oceanic environment, not only for the survival of the sea life there, but also for the long-term benefits of ourselves.

Ocean covers almost three quarters (71%) of the surface of the Earth, and nearly half of the world"s marine waters are over 3000 m deep.This global, interconnected body of salt water, called the World Ocean, is generally divided by the continents and archipelagos into the following bodies, from the largest to the smallest: the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. The last one is oceanographically better described as a mediterranean sea, however.Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas, gulfs, straits and other names.Geologically, an ocean is an area of oceanic crust covered by water. Oceanic crust is the thin layer of solidified volcanic basalt that covers the Earth"s mantle where there are no continents. From this point of view, there are three "oceans" today: the World Ocean, and the Black and Caspian Seas that were formed by the collision of Cimmeria with Laurasia. The Mediterranean Sea is very nearly its own "ocean", being connected to the World Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar, and indeed several times over the last few million years movement of the African Continent has closed the strait off entirely, making the Mediterranean a fourth "ocean". (The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean through the Bosporus, but this is in effect a natural canal cut through continental rock some 7000 years ago, rather than a piece of oceanic sea floor like the Strait of Gibraltar.) 不好意思，只有这么长的，委屈你一下了

Ocean covers almost three quarters (71%) of the surface of the Earth, and nearly half of the world"s marine waters are over 3000 m deep. This global, interconnected body of salt water, called the World Ocean, is generally divided by the continents and archipelagos into the following bodies, from the largest to the smallest: the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. The last one is oceanographically better described as a mediterranean sea, however. Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas, gulfs, straits and other names. Geologically, an ocean is an area of oceanic crust covered by water. Oceanic crust is the thin layer of solidified volcanic basalt that covers the Earth"s mantle where there are no continents. From this point of view, there are three "oceans" today: the World Ocean, and the Black and Caspian Seas that were formed by the collision of Cimmeria with Laurasia. The Mediterranean Sea is very nearly its own "ocean", being connected to the World Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar, and indeed several times over the last few million years movement of the African Continent has closed the strait off entirely, making the Mediterranean a fourth "ocean". (The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean through the Bosporus, but this is in effect a natural canal cut through continental rock some 7000 years ago, rather than a piece of oceanic sea floor like the Strait of Gibraltar.) 不好意思，只有这么长的，委屈你一下了麻烦采纳，谢谢!

Two learning and entertainment is an indispensable part of our society, how todeal with this relationship became a very important problem. As a student,learning is necessary. But most of the students are too keen onentertainment life learn to forget, there is also a small part of the students to learn a taste, but not the entertainment life. I think these two are wrong. Only know how to learn, will be to bring great pressure. But only know enjoyment,will be without a single success. Therefore, we must be reasonable allocation of study and entertainment time. Personally, I think the class time shouldStudy hard over the weekend, and it should be good to play. This can be a good school, good will and.

寒假，也许有人会在电脑上花时间，做作业或者玩游戏。但是无论你用电脑做什么，使用电脑都是对你身体有害的。所以你要怎么做才能减小伤害呢？在椅子上坐直你坐着的姿势是很重要的，你应该坐直，并且保持身体在椅子的中心，你的腿应该从膝盖处弯曲，放在地板上休息。你的后背应该每时每刻的靠在靠背上面。当你打字的时候当你打字的时候，坐着，这样你的手肘就会形成一个90度的弯曲（像L型）。你的手腕应该是直的，尝试着当你打字的时候不要靠在键盘上。对你的眼睛好一点你使用电脑的每时每刻，你的眼睛都在辛苦的工作着，离显示器46－51厘米的话，能对眼睛好一点。让显示器的顶端和你的前额水平。休息这有一条好建议：不要在电脑前太长的时间以致忘记了上厕所。一定要注意休息，孩子应该每30分钟休息一次，当休息的时候，放开你的眼睛，看一些窗外远处的东西。给你眼睛休息，然后你应该放松一下你的身体，尝试着移动身体。医生认为每天面对显示器1－2个小时应该是最好的。让你在电脑前面的时间是你活动的一部分，而不要成为你唯一要做的事情吧！

这些方言文已经很直白了，你作为中国人..不需要翻译吧？

　　科普教育对我国小康社会、和谐社会的建设有着重要的意义。下面是我带来的，欢迎阅读! 　　 1 　　放下手机!多玩手机会影响心情 　　Checking your mobile phone while having a drink with friends or taking a call over dinner, isn"t just annoying for those around you - it could be making you unhappy. 　　和朋友吃饭或喝饮料时玩手机，不仅会让你的朋友感到生气，还会使你不快乐。 　　A study found that we spend more than a quarter of our leisure time distracted, with everything from barking dogs to road works disturbing concentration.And mobile phones were the worst offenders. 　　一项研究发现，我们每天三分之一的空闲时间都在开小差，例如狗叫、道路施工等情况都会分散我们的注意力。而手机是最容易让我们分心的物品。 　　The gadgets not only proved the biggest attention-grabber –they also seemed to affect people"s happiness. 　　研究发现，手机不仅是最容易分散我们注意力的物品，而且还可能影响人们的幸福感。 　　The University College London researchers are not sure why this is but say it is possible that we feel upset that are unable to control the urge to fiddle with our phone. 　　伦敦大学学院的研究者们并不清楚为什么会这样。他们猜测，可能是因为无法控制拨弄手机的冲动，所以会使人因此沮丧。 　　In contrast, we realise we have no control over external distractions like road works and so they affect us less. 　　相反，我们觉得自己无法控制诸如道路施工等让人分心的情况，所以这些情况对我们影响不大。 　　Whatever the reason, they said that it is clear that we live in an "age of distractions". 　　但不管怎样，我们的确生活在一个“容易分心的时代”。 　　The survey of 2,000 people by fashion technology firm Mous, suggests almost half of our biggestirritations are technology-related. 　　这项研究由莫斯时尚技术公司发起，对2000人进行了调查;结果显示：令人烦恼的事情中，有将近一半都是和科技相关的。 　　We hope these findings will help highlight how important it is to carve out time where attention is undivided and to enjoy spending quality time together." 　　我们希望这些发现能够帮助人们认识到，是时间要专心地享受高质量的生活了。 　　 2 　　左撇子影响身心健康?! 　　Things You Never Knew About Being Left-Handed 　　关于左撇子你不知道的事 　　by Amanda MacMillan 　　——阿曼达麦克米兰 　　With just 10% of the population being left-handed, it can be easy for everyone else to forget we"re living in a right-handed world. But aside from making it tough to cut a straight line with a pair of scissors designed for righties, being a southpaw can also have some subtle effects on our physical and mental health. 　　由于左撇子在人口中比例仅为10%，所以人们很容易忽略这样一个事实，即自己正生活在一个左撇子的世界。除了能够轻易地将自己同一般人区分开来之外，左撇子的习惯对个人的身体和心理健康还有着微妙的影响。 　　The brains and bodies of lefties may operate differently than those of right-handed people and in mixed-handed people, who may have different dominant hands for different tasks. "Handedness seems to be determined very early on in fetal development, when a lot of other things about your future are being determined as well," says Ronald Yeo, PhD, professor of psychology at the University of Texas-Austin. Here"s a look at some of the most mon facts about being left-handed, and what it might really mean for your health. 　　习惯用右手的人，其大脑和身体的运转方式可能和左撇子有所不同对双撇子来说，不同任务中他们会习惯用不同的手。“人的许多特点在胎儿时期就已经形成了，偏手性似乎也不例外，”德克萨斯州大学奥斯汀分校的心理学教授、博士罗纳德杨说。下面我们会探讨有关左撇子的一些常识以及左撇子对健康的影响。 　　It"s not just genetics 　　左撇子不一定都是遗传因素导致的。 　　Scientists aren"t exactly sure why some people are left-handed, but they know that genes are responsible about 25% of the time, says Yeo. Left-handedness does tend to run in families, he says, "but noticeably less than other inherited traits, like height or intelligence." 　　科学家们并不确定为什么有些人是左撇子，但是他们确信，左撇子的遗传因素占到25%。“左撇子的确会在家族内部遗传，但与体重和智力等其他遗传特性相比，其遗传机率却要小很多。”罗纳德杨教授说。 　　It"s linked to stress in pregnancy 　　左撇子与怀孕期间的压力有关。 　　In one British study, the fetuses of super-stressed pregnant women were more likely to touch their faces more with their left hands than their right. This could be the first signs of a left-handed child, say the researchers. Other evidence supports that theory. In one 2008 Swedish study of moms and their 5-year-old children, women who were depressed or stressed during their pregnancies were more likely to have mixed- or left-handed kids. In other studies, babies with low birth weight, or born to older mothers, were more likely to be lefties as well. 　　英国一项研究显示，压力较大的孕妇生出的孩子更倾向于用左手摸脸。这可能是左撇子在婴幼儿时期的第一个征兆。而其他研究结果也证实了这一结论。2008年，瑞典的一项研究显示，孕期较为压抑或压力较大的妇女，她们的宝宝成为左撇子或双撇子的可能性更大。其他研究还显示，出生时体重较低的婴儿或高龄产妇生产的婴儿成为左撇子的机率更大。

A post job of the logistics purchaseThe post name logistics plan memberThe direct upper grade logistics buys a managerDirect next class" CharacterRequest"" theoriesKnowledge" ● above cultural degree of undergraduate course, healthy body. ● Have the above plan work experience of three years. ● Six classes of English" ActualApply" ● acquaint with various craft process of the business enterprise. ● Well-trained operation computer of ability. ● Control the certain covariance technique. ● Have the certain organization and moderate the ability. The post job ● be responsible for do to produce each work of of car preface to produce the plan everyday, and notify, inspect a personnel to carry on the production. ● Be responsible for the accuracy that inspects the database tube and the cars to statistics various data. ● Be responsible for the circular purchase to buy into in advance related assist the quantity of the material at first. ● Establishment original material purchase plan. ● Follow the conveyance circumstance of import the goods, organize the pure pass, logistics, original the material report check. ● Complete the section hard various mission that reach. The post legal power ● have to carry on the job and the legal power that produces to adjust the degree and speed up to a personnel of car. ● Moderate the right of arrange the production. ● Meet the abrupt circumstance, the urgent organization orders and lines up the right for produce.

　　近些年，国内建筑市场的大繁荣推动了建筑学专业的快速发展.下面是我带来的，欢迎阅读! 　 　1 　　建筑词典大全 附中文详细解释 　　一般术语 　　1. 工程结构 building and civil engineering structures 　　房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。 　　2. 工程结构设计 design of building and civil engineering structures 　　在工程结构的可靠与经济、适用与美观之间，选择一种最佳的合理的平衡，使所建造的结构能满足各种预定功能要求。 　　3. 房屋建筑工程 building engineering 　　一般称建筑工程，为新建、改建或扩建房屋建筑物和附属构筑物所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。 　　4. 土木工程 civil engineering 　　除房屋建筑外，为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建筑物、构筑物和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。 　　5. 公路工程 highway engineering 　　为新建或改建各级公路和相关配套设施等而进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。 　　6. 铁路工程 railway engineering 　　为新建或改建铁路和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。 　　7. 港口与航道工程 port harbour and waterway engineering 　　为新建或改建港口与航道和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。 　　8. 水利工程 hydraulic engineering 　　为修建治理水患、开发利用水资源的各项建筑物、构筑物和相关配设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。 　　9. 水利发电工程水电工程 hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering 　　以利用水能发电为主要任务的水利工程。 　　10. 建筑物构筑物 construction works 　　房屋建筑或土木工程中的单项工程实体。 　　11. 结构 structure 　　广义地指房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的实体，狭义地指各种工程实体的承重骨架。 　　12. 基础 foundation 　　将建筑物、构筑物以及各种设施的上部结构所承受的各种作用和自重传递到地基的结构组成部分。 　　13. 地基 foundation soil; subgrade; subbase; ground 　　支承由基础传递或直接由上部结构传递的各种作用的土体或巖体。未经加工处理的称为天然地基。 　　14. 木结构 timber structure 　　以木材为主制作的结构 　　15. 砌体结构 masonry structure 　　以砌体为主制作的结构。它包括砖结构、石结构和其它材料的砌块结构。有无筋砌体结构和配筋砌体结构。 　　16. 钢结构 steel structure 　　以钢材为主制作的结构。其中由带钢或钢板经冷加工形成的型材所制作的结构称冷弯薄壁型钢结构。 　　17. 混凝土砼结构 concrete structure 　　以混凝土为主制作的结构。它包括素混凝土结构、钢筋混凝土结构和预应力混凝土结构等。 　　18. 特种工程结构 special engineering structure 　　指具有特种用途的建筑物、构筑物，如高耸结构，包括塔、烟囱、桅、海洋平台、容器、构架等各种结构。 　　19. 房屋建筑 building 　　在固定地点，为使用者或占用物提供庇护覆盖进行生活、生产或其它活动家的实体。 　　20. 工业建筑 industrial building 　　提供生产用的各种建筑物，如车间、厂前区建筑、生活间、动力站、库房和运输设施等。 　　21. 民用建筑 civil building; civil architecture 　　指非生产性的居住建筑和公共建筑，如住宅、办公楼、幼儿园、学校、食堂、影剧院、商店、体育馆、旅馆、医院、展览馆等。 　　22. 公路 highway 　　联结城市和乡村，主要供汽车或其它车辆行驶并具备一定技术标准和设施的道路。 　　23. 公路网 highway network 　　一定区域内相互连络、交织成网状分布的公路系统。 　　24. 高速公路 freeway 　　具有四条或四条以上车道，设有中央分隔带，并具有完善的交通安全设施、管理设施和服务设施，为全立交、全封闭，专供汽车高速行驶的公路。 　　25. 干线公路 arterial highway 　　在公路网中起骨干作用的公路，分国家干线国道、省干线省道。 　　26. 支线公路 feeder highway 　　在公路网中起连线作用的一般公路，即县县道和乡乡道等公路。 　　27. 铁路铁道 railway; railroad 　　用机车牵引运货或运旅客的车厢组成列车，在一定轨距的轨道上行驶的交通运输线路。 　　28. 标准轨距铁路 standard gauge railway 　　在直线地段，轨距为1435mm的铁路。 　　29. 宽轨距铁路 broad gauge railway 　　在直线地段，轨距大于1435mm的铁路。 　　30. 窄轨距铁路 narrow gauge railway 　　在直线地段，轨距小于1435mm的铁路。 　　31. 铁路枢纽 railway terminal 　　在铁路网点或网端，由几个协同作业的车站、引入线路和联络路线组成的综合体。 　　32. 铁路车站 railway station 　　设有各种用途的线路，并办理列车通过、到发、列车技术作业及客货运业务的分界点。 　　33. 港口 port; harbour 　　具有水陆联运条件和设施，供船舶安全进出和停泊以进行货物装卸作业或上下旅客以及军事用的交通运输枢纽。 　　34. 港口水工建筑物 marine structure 　　供港口正常生产作业的临水或水中建筑物。 　　35. 通航过船建筑物 navigation structure; navigation construction 　　在栏河闸、坝或急流卡口等所形成的水位集中落差处，为使船舶或排筏安全顺利地航驶而修 　　建的水工建筑物。 　　36. 灯塔 light house 　　在海洋、江河和湖泊航线中，指引船舶安全行驶、识别方位并设有发光樗的塔形建筑物。 　　37. 水利 water conservancy 　　为控制或调整天然水在空间和时间上的分布，防治洪水和旱涝灾害，合理开发和利用水资源而进行的活动，如治河防洪，灌溉排水，水土保持，水力发电，内河航运与生活、工业、环境供水以及跨流域调水等。 　　38. 水利枢纽 multipurpose hydraulic project; key water-control project; hydro-junction 　　为治理水患和开发利用水资源，在各种水域的一定范围内修建的若干座作用不同而相互配合的水工建筑物组成的综合体。 　　39. 水库 reservoir 　　为治理河流和开发水资源，在狭谷或丘陵地带河流上建档水坝，利用天然地形构成的蓄水设施。 　　40. 水工建筑物 hydraulic structure; marine structure; maritime construction 　　为水利、水利发电、港口与航道等工程修建的承受水作用的各种建筑物总称。 　　41. 档水建筑物 water retaining structure; retaining works 　　栏截水流、调蓄流量、壅高水位的水工建筑物。 　　42. 进水取水建筑物 intake structure 　　人河流、湖泊、水库等引进水流、控制流量、阻拦泥沙及漂浮物的水工建筑物。 　　43. 泄水建筑物 outlet structure; outlet works; sluice works 　　在水利枢纽或输水系统中，宣泄水量的水工建筑物。 　　44. 输水建筑物 conveyance structure 　　向供水目标输送水量的水工建筑物。 　　45. 整治建筑物 rcgulating structure; training structure rectification structure 　　为整治河流、航道、具有调整河床边界、改变水流结构、影响泥沙运动、控制河床演变等作用的水工建筑物。 　　46. 水电站 hydro-electric station; hydropower station 　　由河河湖海的沙滩有变为电能的各种装置及配套构筑物组成的综合体。 　　47. 水泵站抽水站、扬水站、提水站 pump station 　　设定抽水装置及其辅助装置，将水送往高处的配套建筑物。 　　48. 过木建筑物过木设施 raftpass facility log pass facility 　　供输送竹、木材通过闸、坝等挡水建筑物的工程设施。 　　49. 过钿建筑物过钽设施 fishpass facility 　　供鱼类通过拦河闸坝等挡水建筑物的工程设施。 　　50. 安全设施 safety device 　　为保障人、车、行船的安全，在房屋、公路、铁路和港口、航道沿线所设定的地道、天桥、航标、灯塔、照明装置、防水设施、护栏、标柱、标志、标线等设施的总称。 　 　2 　　建筑工程合同英文翻译 　　依照《中华人民共和国合同法》、《中华人民共和国建筑法》及其他有关法律、行政法规、遵循平等、自愿、公平和诚实信用的原则，双方就本建设工程施工事项协商一致，订立本合同。 　　This Contract is hereby concluded between the parties concerned through friendly negotiation as to the construction matters of this project on the principle of equality, voluntariness, fairness and good faith according to the Contract Law of the People"s Republic of China, the Construction Law of the People"s Republic of China and other relevant laws and administrative laws and regulations. 　　一、 工程概况： 　　I. Project Profile: 　　工程内容：砖混三层;建筑面积606M2 　　Project content: Three floors with reinforced concrete structure; construction area: 606M2 　　群体工程应附承包人承揽工程专案一览表附件1 　　Mass construction project shall be attached with a schedule of the contracting projects of the contractor Annex 1 　　工程立项批准文号：洪经经计字[2006]60号 　　Project approval No.: HJJJZ [2006] No.60 　　资金来源：外资 　　Capital source: Foreign capital 　　二、 工程承包范围 　　II. Contracting Scope 　　承包范围：土建、装饰、水电安装等工程 　　Contracting scope: Civil engineering, decoration, water and power installation and other projects 　　六、组成合同的档案 　　VI. Documents Forming Part of the Contract 　　组成本合同的档案包括 　　Documents forming part of the Contract include 　　1、 本合同协议书 　　1. The Contract Agreement 　　2、 中标通知书 　　2. Bid-winning Notice 　　3、 投标书及其附件 　　3. Tender Document and Its Appendix 　　4、 本合同专用条款 　　4. Special Terms and Conditions of this Contract 　　5、 本合同通用条款 　　5. General Terms and Conditions of this Contract 　　6、 标准、规范及有关技术档案 　　6. Standard, Specifications and Relevant Technical Documents 　　7、 图纸 　　7. Drawings 　　8、 工程量清单 　　8. Bill of Quantities 　　9、 工程报价或预算书 　　9. Engineering Bid or Budget Statement 　　双方有关工程的洽商、变更等书面协议或档案视为本合同的组成部分。 　　The negotiations, changes and other written agreements or documents between the parties regarding this project are deemed as an integral part of this Contract. 　　七、本协议书中有关词语含义与本合同第二部份《通用条款》中分别赋予它们的定义相同。 　　VII. The words in this Agreement shall have the same meanings as are assigned to them in Part II of this Contract – General Terms and Conditions. 　　八、承包人向发包人承诺按照合同约定进行施工、竣工并在质量保修期内承担工程质量保修责任。 VIII. The contractor promises the employer to construct and plete this project according to the 　　stipulations of this Contract and assume this project"s quality-guarantee responsibilities within the quality warranty period. 　　九、发包人向承包人承诺按照合同约定的期限和方式支付合同价款及其他应当支付的款项。 　　IX. The employer promises the contractor to pay the contract price and other accounts payable according to the term and mode agreed in this Contract. 　　十、合同生效 　　X. Execution of Contract 　　本合同双主约定：法定代表人或委托代理人签字后生效。 　　The parties in this Contract agree: This Contract shall take effect upon the signatures of legal 　　representatives or entrusted agents. 　　合同工期总日历天数90天 　　Total calendar days in the Contract Period: 90 days

The Olympic Games or Olympics is an international multi-sport event taking place every four years and comprising summer and winter games. Beginning in 776 BC, they were originally held in Olympia, Greece until 393 AD. In 1896, they were revived by a French nobleman, Pierre Frèdy, Baron de Coubertin, thus beginning the era of the Modern Olympic Games. The Summer Olympics (Games of the Olympiad) have been held every fourth year starting in 1896, except in 1916, 1940, and 1944 due to the World Wars. Greece and Australia are the only nations to have attended every Summer Olympics. An event specifically for winter sports, the Olympic Winter Games, was first held in 1924. The first winter Olympics competitions were held as a non-Olympic sports festival, but were declared to be official Games by the International Olympic Committee in 1925. Originally these were held in the same year as the Summer Olympics, but from 1994 (the Lillehammer Games) the Winter Games and the Summer Games have been held two years apart. The Summer Olympics are more prominent and anticipated than the Winter Olympics. Ancient Olympics There are many legends surrounding the origin of the ancient Olympic Games. One of these associates the first Games with the ancient Greek concept of εκεχειρu03afα (ekecheiria) or Olympic Truce. The date of the Games" inception based on the count of years in Olympiads is reconstructed as 776 BC, although scholars" opinions diverge between dates as early as 884 BC and as late as 704 BC. From then on, the Games quickly became much more important throughout ancient Greece, reaching their zenith in the sixth and fifth centuries BC. The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance, contests alternating with sacrifices and ceremonies honouring both Zeus (whose colossal statue stood at Olympia), and Pelops, divine hero and mythical king of Olympia famous for his legendary chariot race, in whose honour the games were held. The number of events increased to twenty, and the celebration was spread over several days. Winners of the events were greatly admired and were immortalised in poems and statues. The Games were held every four years, and the period between two celebrations became known as an "Olympiad". The Greeks used Olympiads as one of their methods to count years. The most famous Olympic athlete lived in these times: the sixth century BC wrestler Milo of Croton is the only athlete in history to win a victory in six Olympics. The Games gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained power in Greece. When Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, the Olympic Games were seen as a pagan festival and in discord with Christian ethics, and in 393 AD the emperor Theodosius I outlawed the Olympics, ending a thousand-year tradition. During the ancient times normally only young men could participate. Competitors were usually naked, not only as the weather was appropriate but also as the festival was meant to be, in part, a celebration of the achievements of the human body. Upon winning the games, the victor would have not only the prestige of being in first place but would also be presented with a crown of olive leaves. The olive branch is a sign of hope and peace. During competition for some of the events, many of the participants would use oils to keep their skin smooth, as well as provide an appealing lustre to anyone who saw them. Even though the bearing of a torch formed an integral aspect of Greek ceremonies, the ancient Olympic Games did not include it, nor was there a symbol formed by interconnecting rings. These Olympic symbols were introduced as part of the modern Olympic Games. According to legend, King Ifitos of Elis, seeking to establish peace among warring Greeks, visited the Oracle of Delphi. There, he was advised to break the cycle of conflict every four years by replacing war with friendly athletic competition. Ifitos sought the cooperation of Kings Lycourgos of Sparta and Cleosthenes of Pisa. They agreed to a truce called “Ekeheiria” and organized the first Olympic Games at Olympia. Fighting ceased from 12 days before until 12 days after the Games, allowing athletes, artists, and spectators to travel to Olympia, participate in the Olympic Games and return to their homelands in peace. In the early seventeenth century, an "Olympick Games" sports festival was run for several years at Chipping Campden in the English Cotswolds, and the present day local Cotswold Games trace their origin to this festival. In 1850, an "Olympian" sports festival was begun at Much Wenlock in Shropshire, England, which also continues to this day as the Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games. Later, similar events were organised in France and Greece, but these were all small-scale and certainly not international. The interest in reviving the Olympics as an international event grew when the ruins of ancient Olympia were uncovered by German archaeologists in the mid-nineteenth century. At the same time, Baron Pierre de Coubertin was searching for a reason for the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871). He thought the reason was that the French had not received proper physical education, and sought to improve this. Coubertin also sought a way to bring nations closer together, to have the youth of the world compete in sports, rather than fight in war. In 1890 he attended a festival of the Wenlock Olympian Society, and decided that the recovery of the Olympic Games would achieve both of his goals. In a congress at the Sorbonne University, in Paris, held from June 16 to June 23, 1894 he presented his ideas to an international audience. On the last day of the congress, it was decided that the first modern Olympic Games would take place in 1896 in Athens, in the country of their birth. To organise the Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was established, with the Greek Demetrius Vikelas as its first president. The total number of athletes at the the first modern Olympic Games, less than 250, seems small by modern standards, but the games were the largest international sports event ever held until that time. The Greek officials and public were also very enthusiastic, and they even proposed to have the monopoly of organizing the Olympics. The IOC decided differently, however, and the second Olympic Games took place in Paris, France. Paris was also the first Olympic Games where women were allowed to compete. Modern Olympics After the initial success, the Olympics struggled. The celebrations in Paris (1900) and St. Louis (1904) were overshadowed by the world"s fair exhibitions in which they were included. The so-called Intercalated Games (because of their off-year status, as 1906 is not divisible by four) were held in 1906 in Athens, as the first of an alternating series of Athens-held Olympics. """""Although""""" originally the IOC recognised and supported these games, they are currently not recognised by the IOC as Olympic Games, which has given rise to the explanation that they were intended to mark the 10th anniversary of the modern Olympics. The 1906 Games again attracted a broad international field of participants — in 1904, 80% had been American — and great public interest, thereby marking the beginning of a rise in popularity and size of the Games. Growth From the 241 participants from 14 nations in 1896, the Games grew to nearly 11,100 competitors from 202 countries at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. The number of competitors at the Winter Olympics is much smaller than at the Summer Games; at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, 2,400 athletes from 77 countries competed in 78 events. The Olympics are one of the largest media events. In Sydney in 2000 there were over 16,000 broadcasters and journalists, and an estimated 3.8 billion viewers watched the games on television. The growth of the Olympics is one of the largest problems the Olympics face today. Although allowing professional athletes and attracting sponsorships from major international companies solved financial problems in the 1980s, the large number of athletes, media and spectators makes it difficult and expensive for host cities to organize the Olympics.

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The First Snow By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow The first snow came. How beautiful it was, falling so silently all day long, all night long, on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roofs of the living, on the graves of the dead. All white save the river, that marked its course by a winding black line across the landscape; and the leafless trees, that against the leaden sky now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches. What silence, too, came with the snow, and what seclusion! Every sound was muffled, every noise changed to something soft and musical. No more tramping hoofs, no more rattling wheels! Only the chiming of sleigh-bells, beating as swift and merrily as the hearts of children First Snow By John Boynton priestley When I got up this morning the world was a chilled hollow of dead white and faint blues. The light that came through the windows was very queer, and it contrived to make the familiar business of splashing and shaving and brushing and dressing very queer too. Then the sun came out, and by the time I had sat down to breakfast it was shining bravely and flushing the snow with delicate pinks. The dining-room window had been transformed into a lovely Japanese print. The little plum-tree outside, with the faintly flushed snow lining its boughs and artfully disposed its trunk, stood in full sunlight. An hour or two later everything was a cold glitter of white and blue. The world had completely changed again. The little Japanese prints had all vanished. I looked out of my study window, over the garden, the meadow, to the low hills beyond, and the ground was one long glare, the sky was steely, and all the trees so many black and sinister shapes. There was indeed something curiously sinister about the whole prospect. It was as if our kindly country-side, close to the very heart of England, had been turned into a cruel steppe, At any moment, it seemed, a body of horsemen might be seen breaking out from the black copse, so many instruments of tyranny, and shots might be heard and some distant patch of snow be reddened. It was that kind of landscape. Now it has changed again. The glare has gone and no touch of the sinister remains. But the snow is falling heavily, in great soft flakes, so that you can hardly see across the shallow valley, and the roofs are thick and the trees all bending, and the weathercock of the village church, still to be seen through the gray loaded air, has become some creature out of Hans Andersen. From my study, which is apart from the house and faces it, I can see the children flattening their noses against the nursery window, and there is running through my head a jangle of rhyme I used to repeat when I was a child and flattened my nose against cold window to watch the failing snow: Snow, snow faster: White alabaster! Killing geese in Scotland, Sending feathers here! This morning when I first caught sight of the unfamiliar whitened world, I could not help wishing that we had snow oftener, that English winters were more wintry. How delightful it would be, I thought, to have months of clean snow and a landscape sparkling with frost instead of innumerable gray featureless days of rain and raw winds. I began to envy my friends in such places as the Eastern States of America and Canada, who can count upon a solid winter every year and know that the snow will arrive by a certain date and will remain, without degenerating into black slush, until Spring is close at hand. To have snow and frost and yet a clear sunny sky and air as crisp as a biscuit -- this seemed to me happiness indeed. And then I saw that it would never do for us. We should be sick of it in a week. After the first day the magic would be gone and there would be nothing left but the unchanging glare of the day and the bitter cruel nights. It is not the snow itself, the sight of the blanketed world, that is so enchanting, but the first coming of the snow, the sudden and silent change. FIRST SNOW By Jonathan Nicholas He wasn"t sure what had awakened him. Perhaps the child had made some small noise in her sleep. But as he peeked from beneath the covers, his gaze was drawn not to the cradle but to the window. It was then that he realized what had sneaked through the shield of his slumbers. It was the sense of falling snow. Quietly, so as not to disturb the child"s mother, he rose from the bed and inched toward the cradle. Reaching down, he gently lifted the warm bundle to his shoulder. Then, as he tiptoed from the bedroom, she lifted her head, opened her eyes and - daily dose of magic - smiled up at her dad. He carried her downstairs, counting the creaks on the way. Together, they settled in at the kitchen table, and the adult in him slipped away. Two children now, they pressed their noses against the glass. The light from the street lamp on the corner filtered down through the birch trees, casting a glow as green as a summer memory upon the winter-brown back yard. From the distance came the endless echo of the stoplight, flashing its ruby message, teasing like a dawn that would not come. The flakes were falling thick and hard now, pouring past the window, a waterfall of mystery. Occasionally, one would stick to the glass, as if reluctant to tumble to its fate. Then, slowly, slipping and sliding down the glass, it would melt, its beauty fleeting. Gone. Within an hour, a white tablecloth was spread upon the lawn. And as gray streaks of dawn unraveled along the black seam of the distant hills, father and daughter watched the new day ripple across the neighborhood. A porch light came on. A car door slammed. A television flickered. Across the street, a family scurried into gear. But this day was different. Glimpsed through undraped window as they darted from room to room, the slim figures of the children seemed to grow ever fatter until, finally, the kitchen door flew open and out burst three awesomely bundled objects that set instantly to rolling in the snow. He wondered where they had learned this behavior. Even the littlest one, for whom this must have been the first real snowfall, seemed to know instinctively what to do. They rolled in it, they tasted it, they packed it into balls and tossed it at one another. Then, just when he thought they might not know everything, they set about shaping a snowman on the crest of the hill. By the time the snowman"s nose was in place, the neighborhood was fully awake. A car whined in protest, but skidded staunchly out of its driveway. Buses ground forward like Marines, determined to take the hill. And all the while, the baby sat secure and warm in his arms. He knew, of course, that she wouldn"t remember any of this. For her there would be other snowfalls to recall. But for him, it was her first. Their first. And the memory would stay, cold and hard, fresh in his thoughts, long after the snowman melted.

有一年，美国洛杉矶发生大地震，30万人在不到四分钟的时间受到了不同程度的伤害。 在彻底的破坏与混乱之中，有位父亲将他的妻子在家里安顿好之后，跑到他儿子就读的学校，而触目所见，却是被夷为平地的校园。 看到这令人伤心的一幕，他想起了曾经对儿子所作的承诺："不论发生什么事，我都会在你身边。"至此，父亲热泪满眶。目睹曾经的学校成为了一堆瓦砾，真叫人绝望。但父亲的脑中仍然牢记着他对儿子说的诺言。 他开始努力回忆每天早上送儿子上学的必经之路，终于记起儿子的教室应该就在那幢建筑物后面，位于右边的角落里，他跑到那儿，开始在碎石砾中挖掘，搜寻儿子的下落。 当这位父亲正在挖掘时，其他束手无策的学生家长赶到现场，揪心地叫着："我的儿子呀！" "我的女儿呀！"一些好意的家长试图把这位父亲劝离现场，告诉他"一切都太迟了！"他们全死了！"这样做没用的"，"回去吧，这样做只会使事情更糟"。面对种种劝告，这位父亲的回答只有一句话："你们愿意帮我吗？"然后继续进行挖掘工作，在废墟中寻找他的儿子。 消防队长出现了，他也试图把这位父亲劝走，对他说："火灾频频出现，四处都在发生爆炸，你在这里太危险了，这边的事我们会处理，你回家吧！"对此，这位慈爱、关切儿子的父亲仍然回答："你们要帮我吗？" 警察赶到现场，对他说："我知道，你现在很着急，但是你这样未必能找到你的孩子。回家吧！我们会处理一切的。"这位父亲依旧回答："你们愿意帮我吗？" 然而，人们无动于衷。 为了弄清楚儿子是死是活，这位父亲独自一人鼓起勇气，继续进行他的工作。 他挖掘了8小时，--12小时，24小时，36小时--38小时后，父亲推开了一块巨大的石头，听到了儿子的声音。父亲尖叫着："阿曼达！"儿子的回音听到了："爸爸吗？是我，爸，我告诉其他的小朋友不要着急。我告诉他们如果你活着，你会来救我的。如果我获救了，他们也就获救了。你答应过我， 不论发生什么，我永远都会在你的身边， 你做到了，爸！" "你那里的情况怎样？有几个人活着？"父亲问。 "我们有14个活着。爸，我们好害怕，又渴又饿，谢天谢地，你在这儿。教室倒塌时，刚好形成一个三角形的洞，救了我们。" "快出来吧！儿子！" "不，爸，让我的同学先出来吧！因为我知道你会在和我在一起的！不管发生什么事，我知道你永远都会来到我的身边！"

台风台风来了海第一次作为一个低沉的咆哮。然后出现一个巨大的黑色云。云似乎是一个活着的东西，将自己塑造成这样的，竞争的风撕裂。然而它可能延伸到右侧或左侧，它继续向上蔓延，向东、西。一天黄昏，黑暗的声音的恐惧咆哮着冲向我的深处。我蜷缩在我的岩石等。首先，我记得，没有下雨，只有狂风翻腾的海。一个小时前，海很平静，蓝色。现在它是黑色的，有白色的泡沫creasts。下雨的时候很突然，仿佛乌云打开了。山和海之间一帘雨落，离我三英尺水固表。在山上，在风雨中倒伏的草和刷。我周围都是疯狂的，不受控制的非理性，，散漫的能量…暴风雨过去了最后。风分散了，雨一小雨和雾，云分崩离析，太阳照耀。我是从我的住所和调查破产留下。树倒在较低水平，沟挖到地球的岩石之间，很草和灌木平放和疲惫。

Sorry,I don"t know.

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Youth-青春 Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind.青春不是年华，而是心境； It is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees.青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，It is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, vigor of the emotions; 而是深沉的意志、宏伟的想象、炽热的感情；It is the freshness of the deep spring of life.青春是生命的深泉在涌流。Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity,青春气贯长虹，勇锐盖过怯弱，of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. 进去压倒苟安，如此锐气，This often exits in a man of 60, more than a boy of 20.二十后生有之，六旬男子则更多见。nobody grows merely by the number of years;we grow old by deserting our ideas. 年年有加，并非垂老；理想丢弃，方堕暮年。Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.岁月悠悠，衰微只及肌肤；热忱抛却，颓唐必至灵魂。 Worry, fear, self-distrust1 bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust. 烦忧、惶恐、丧失自信，定使心灵扭曲，意气如灰。 Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being"s heart the lure of wonders, 无论年届花甲，抑或二八芳龄，心中皆有生命之欢乐，奇迹之诱惑，the unfailing childlike appetite of what"s next and the joy of the game of living. 孩童般天真久盛不衰。In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station; 人人心中皆有一台天线，so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from infinite, 只要你从天上人间接受美好、希望、欢乐、勇气和力量的信号，so long as you are young. 你就青春永驻，风华常存。 When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with the snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, 一旦天线倒塌，锐气被冰雪覆盖，玩世不恭、自暴自弃油然而生，then you"ve grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up,几十年方二十，实已垂老矣；to catch waves of optimism, there"s hope you may die young at 80. 然则只要竖起天线，捕捉乐观的信号，你就有望在八十高龄告别尘寰时仍觉得年轻。以上为直译版，下面为意译版： 青春不是年华，而是心境；青春不是桃面，丹唇，柔膝，而是深沉的意志，恢宏的想象，炽热的感情；青春是生命的源泉在不息的涌流。 青春气贯长虹，勇锐盖过怯懦，进取压倒苟安。如此锐气，弱冠后生有之，耳顺之年，则亦多见，年岁有加，并非垂老；理想丢弃，方堕暮年。 岁月悠悠，衰微只及肌肤，热忱抛却，颓唐必至灵魂。忧烦，惶恐，丧失自信，定使心灵扭曲，意气如灰。 无论年届古稀，抑或二八芳龄，心中皆有生命之欢乐，奇迹之诱惑，孩童般天真久盛不衰。人人心中皆深植一片追求，只要你从天上，人间追求美好，希望，欢乐，勇气和力量，你就青春永驻，风华长存。 一旦追求消失，锐气如同冰雪覆盖，玩世不恭，自暴自弃油然而生，即使年方二十，实已老矣。然坚持追求，你就有望在百岁高龄告别尘寰时仍觉年青。

In people"s mind, exceeds others in ability has been brave, but I thought that exceeds others in ability is also good. If has the opportunity I certainly to be a time good superhuman. I fly poor person"s village first, takes away warm, the light to them and food. Teaches their some knowledge and the agricultural skill again, enables them to be possible to survive well. Then, I fly in again the hospital, invites the expert to see a doctor to the patient, such patient very will quickly recover the health, their family member will also reduce many pain. Then, I must go to these to roam about pet"s one"s side, comforts them in the warm room, lets them have many foods, has the place to settle down, no longer endure cold and hunger. I thought that the superhuman continues is the strength is formidable, but has the compassion very much, is very good, is very joyful, can let the people be happy.

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Clean production environment, and the work is staff quality and responsibility, love is the embodiment of the home, wuxi, also reflected the enterprise internal management and supervision system in bringing pleasurable, more make customers feel very relieved from soil reflect enterprise rigorous work attitude and philosophy, and lay a solid foundation for the win the market.Company introduction of advanced international level of management, system and mechanism, the model. The enterprises to formulate the internal management system has penetrated into various business processes and procedures, covering all the departments and posts, the decision-making, execution, supervision, feedback and so on each link, internal control ensures the unit interior work, set up a reasonable position of authority, and the reasonable to phase separation, ensure X duties and responsibilities between the different positions and interdependent, mutual supervision. In the fierce market competition environment survival and development, must from within, ramming foundation, repair skills, strong strength, zhuang scale from management point of view, is constantly perfect the internal control system of construction, from their own size, financial, human, such as X-ray and management needs from numerous is simple, practical, and theme-oriented from economy, practicality, practical action control, which is the objective requirement of the enterprise organization management, production and operation of enterprises is the fundamental guarantee for the smooth running of the subject and the market competition.Science and technology is the first productive force, only master advanced science and technology, China science is flowing in the body of the enterprise exists, is the blood of the internal force, it is the backbone enterprises to peak strength, is the enterprise strong fundamental, this is our soul, the introduction of advanced automatic many Japanese production line equipment and advanced technology, has yearly produces 15,000 tons of production capacity, fully guarantee the customer"s demand.Companies rely on the advanced production equipments, with strong technical superiority and the strict and standard management system to produce the high-quality products. High quality products are not only we win market share, create the powerful guarantee, the enterprise value is the cornerstone of our and society and consolidate the long-term friendly and mutually beneficial cooperation, make enterprise longterm and stable and sustainable development.

Ei里有的再用Google Scholar搜一次，在Scholar上导出的文献有GB（国标）标准规范格式可选择。

　　在经济全球化的大背景下,高度发达的传媒体系使 西方节日 在我国迅速流行,国民庆祝了多年的 母亲节 其实是美国的母亲节。下面是我带来的母亲节的英文 文章 ，欢迎阅读! 　 　母亲节的英文文章1 　　Mother"s Day History 　　母亲节由来 　　The history of Mother"s Day is centuries old and goes back to the times of ancient Greeks, who held festivities to honor Rhea, the mother of the gods. The early Christians celebrated the Mother"s festival on the fourth Sunday of Lent to honor Mary, the mother of Christ. Interestingly, later on a religious order stretched the holiday to include all mothers, and named it as the Mothering Sunday. The English colonists settled in America discontinued the tradition of Mothering Sunday because of lack of time. In 1872 Julia Ward Howe organized a day for mothers dedicated to peace. It is a landmark in the history of Mother"s Day. 　　母亲节的历史可以追溯到几百年前的古希腊，当时，人们都会举行庆祝活动纪念Rhea(瑞亚)，(古希腊的众神之母，她是主神宙斯和天后赫拉的母亲)。早期的__在大斋节的第四个星期日节日庆祝母亲节来纪念荣Mary(基督的母亲)。有趣的是，宗教秩序的改革使得这一节日包括了全体的母亲，并将这一日命名为“母亲节”。后来，在美国定居的英国殖民者由于缺少时间停止了这项传统。1872年朱丽娅伍德霍夫以致力于和平为母亲们设立一个节日。这是母亲节在历史上的里程碑。 　　In 1907, Anna M. Jarvis (1864-1948), a Philadelphia schoolteacher, began a movement to set up a national Mother"s Day in honor of her mother, Ann Maria Reeves Jarvis. She solicited the help of hundreds of legislators and prominent businessmen to create a special day to honor mothers. The first Mother"s Day observance was a church service honoring Anna"s mother. Anna handed out her mother"s favorite flowers, the white incarnations, on the occasion as they represent sweetness, purity, and patience. Anna"s hard work finally paid off in the year 1914, when President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the second Sunday in May as a national holiday in honor of mothers. 　　1907年，一位费城教师，安娜米贾维斯(1864-1948)，开始了一项在全国范围内纪念母亲的的节日，安娜米贾维斯荣誉日。她征求了数以百计的立法者和商界翘楚一起来创立一个特殊的日子来纪念母亲。第一个母亲节庆祝表彰是在一个教堂为安娜母亲举办的。安娜在仪式上发放了她母亲最喜爱的白色花朵，这是甜蜜，纯洁，耐心的化身。安娜的努力终于在1914年得到了回报，时任总统伍德罗威尔逊宣布将五月的第二个星期天作为母亲。 　　Slowly and gradually the Mother"s day became very popular and gift giving activity increased. All this commercialization of the Mother"s day infuriated Anna as she believed that the day"s sentiment was being sacrificed at the expense of greed and profit. 　　渐渐地，母亲节变得非常流行，送礼活动日趋增加。所有这一切商业化的活动激怒了安娜，她认为这一天的情绪都因为贪婪和利益所玷污了。 　　Regardless of Jarvis"s worries, Mother"s Day has flourished in the United States. Actually, the second Sunday of May has become the most popular day of the year. Although Anna may not be with us but the Mother"s day lives on and has spread to various countries of the world. Many countries throughout the world celebrate Mother"s Day at various times during the year, but some such as Denmark, Finland, Italy, Turkey, Australia, and Belgium also celebrate Mother"s Day on the second Sunday of May. 　　尽管Jarvis对此很担忧，但母亲节已盛行于美国。事实上，这一天已成为一年当中年最受欢迎的日子了。虽然安娜现在已不在我们身边了，但母亲节成立了而且已蔓延到世界各国。世界上的许多国家都在一年的不同时期庆祝着母亲节，但如丹麦，芬兰，意大利，土耳其，澳大利亚和比利时等还是在第五月第二个周日庆祝母亲节。 　 　母亲节的英文文章2 　　母亲节的英文 祝福语 　　To the world’s number one mom! 　　给世界上最好的妈妈! 　　Here’s a little token of my appreciation for all that you have done for me over the years. 　　这是我一点小小的心意，感谢您这么多年来所付出的一切。 　　Sometimes it may not seem like it, but I really do love you. 　　有时候好像不是这样，但是我真的爱您。 　　There may be moms all over the world, but you’re the only one that matters to me. 　　全世界也许到处都有妈妈，但您是我惟一最在意的。 　　Thank you for everything over the years, mom. 　　妈妈，谢谢您这些年来所做的一切。 　　This card is to let you know that you have done a super job raising us children. 　　这张卡片是想告诉您，在教养子女方面，您做得棒极了。 　　This is the day that we appreciate all the things that moms do for us. Thank you . 　　在这个日子里，我们感谢妈妈为我们所做的一切。谢谢您。 　　Roses are red, violets are blue. This card on Mother’s Day is especially for you. 　　玫瑰是红色的，紫罗兰是蓝色的。这张母亲卡是特别给您的。 　　We may not be angels all of the time, but we do appreciate what you do. 　　我们也许不是一直都像天使那样乖巧，但我们确实感谢您的教诲。 　　This card comes from the whole family. Happy Mother’s Day. 　　这张卡片是我们全家合送的。祝您母亲节快乐。 　　Today is your day to relax and let us take care of you. Happy Mother’s Day. 　　今天是您休息的日子，让我们来照顾您。母亲节快乐。 　　We will try to make this your best Mother’s Day ever. 　　我们将努力使今天成为您过得最愉快的母亲节。 　　On this day we honor you, dear mother. 　　亲爱的妈妈，我们向您致敬。 　　Though it is hard to tell you sometimes, I do love you dearly, mom. 　　虽然有时要告诉您并不太容易，但是我真的非常爱您，妈妈。 　　I may not often say it, but I do love you. 　　我也许并不常挂在嘴上，但我真正爱您。 　　There are little things that I should have said and done to show my gratitude, but it is appreciated what you do. 　　尽管我为表示谢意所说的和所做的都那么少，但同样也是表达对您所做一切的感激之情。 　　I don’t take the time to tell you this often, but I love you, mom. 　　虽然我经常没有时间告诉您，但我真的爱您，妈妈。 　　Sometimes I cry and make you sigh, but you know that I love you so. 　　有时候我哭泣而使您叹息，但您却知道，我是如此地爱您。 　　To mother on Mother’s Day: Thank you for all of the wonderful things that you h ave done for me. 　　母亲节给妈妈：谢谢您为我做了那么多奇妙的事。 　　Mom, thank you for being you. 　　妈妈，谢谢您的一切。 　　You are the one that we love the most. Have a happy Mother’s Day. 　　您是我们最爱的人。祝您有一个快乐的母亲节。 　　Take good care of yourself. We all love you, mom. 　　请好好地照顾自己。我们都爱您，妈妈。

Under the planned economy system, has formed each system which adapts with this, since 11 session of Third Session, the economic system has implemented the significant reform, but expense organizational reform lag.Since long ago, my 25 countries implement are under the low wages welfare expense system, the housing are the national minute, see a doctor are the national package, the school are the country open, finally, the national cloth wrapper back is heavier, the question are more and more many.Regarding the housing whether commercialization, do the sedan car whether enter the family, whether can implement reform continuously blow hot and colds and so on expense credit, causes the consumption hot spot difficulty with to form.Therefore the expense system and the expense policy have become the hindrance productive forces development the important attribute, must reform the expense system, must adjust the expense policy.Below this aspect, the key point is completes works: First, forms the country, the collective gradually, individual unifies, by individual burden primarily expense system.Second, speeds up the housing, the medical service, the education, the social security, the public vehicle reforms.Advances the housing commercialization, starts two levels of markets.To involves increases the disbursement to have personally to grasp the appearing time with individual disbursement anticipated reform, do not have too to concentrate. Third, start expense credit, advancement credit expense.The key point is the housing mortgage loan, the sedan car, the big electrical appliances, the big agricultural tools and machinery the installment payment, must establish individual credit appraisal system for this which expends to individual participation credit, forms the network.The bank deposit carries out the solid famous system, the bank expense credit through the securitization evasion risk.Fourth, must encourage the city and countryside inhabitant to act according to individual payment ability, enters the spirit (service) to expend.For instance: Education training, the medical health care, the literary style entertainment, the books and periodicals subscription, the domestic and foreign traveling, the dining service, the leisure expend, the household management service, the cosmetology style hair and so on.Performs the standardization, the legalization management to these professions. Fifth, the adjustment limit expends taxes and fees reform.Cancels the nonessential additional tax and the extra charge.For instance: In the past the family used electricity surpasses certain quantity to have to add collects the electrical bill, now should the other way, to use electricity surpasses certain quantity to be possible to reduce the electrical bill.Purchase commodity housing some expenses should further reduce or cancel.Sixth, the start rents the expense, and formulates the related policy laws and regulations.In 1995, the world renting industry turnover amounted to 550 billionUS dollars, and by yearly average 20% speed growth, but China atpresent renting industry management volume only then not to 1 billionUS dollars.An American hertz automobile rents the company to have rents vehicle 500,000.Spends buys the commodity the right of use to have to take one kind of encouragement the expense policy.Rents the key point, one is the production and the construction needs the equipment; Two is the transportation vehicle, specially compact car; Three is the housewares, specially electrical appliances, furniture, child thing, medical health care recovery thing and so on; Four is the agriculture uses the machinery; Five is the residents and the office; Six is the office accommodation.The reform expense system, the adjustment expense policy, the development expense domain, the expanded expense demand, is our country an important issue which must have to solve in the turn of the century, this question solution results in the quality in, whether to realizes expands needs, guaranteed the national economy the stable growth relations is enormous.

（一段一段弄，然后补充添加）奥林匹克运动会是一个国际性的综合运动会，涵盖各种各样的运动项目。奥运会是最重要的和广受欢迎的国际赛事之一。全世界的体育迷们都在期待着它。今日奥运会的踪迹可以追溯到古希腊的奥林匹克运动会。在古希腊，运动竞赛是为献给宙斯神而举办的一项活动。随着时间的推移，奥运会赛事采取了一种全新的形式。大会从业余性质转向了职业化，并邀请全球众多国家广泛参与。时代的发展变化给奥运会增添了魅力，同时，其商业化的发展也达到了相当大的程度。奥运会最初开始发展时是小型的。而今日，它已是世界上的一项大型赛会，万众瞩目。奥运会每四年在不同的国家来举办，每一个国家都期待着有机会来承办。北京2008年举办了这项赛事，伦敦是2012年。

内容提要： 随着新闻媒介商业化运作的力度加大，新闻娱乐化趋势日益突出。新闻娱乐是市场经济条件下必然产生的现象，但不可能成为媒介主流，硬性决策参考信息仍将是社会信息需求的绝对主本。中国正处于社会转型期，既不可能取消大众化通俗媒体，也不可能一味走娱乐化之路，而应施行主流媒体和通俗媒体分流、分向发展。 经济领域一切真正的改革都应以市场为取向。近20年来，在这种理念支配下，市场化大潮几 乎席卷了世界的各个角落。经济的变革必然影响甚至决定媒介的发展，媒介的商业化运作和 市场取向已历经数百年，然而近20年的市场经济大潮却促使各国传媒在这条路上走得更远、更彻底。一方面是纯商业性的媒介大量涌现，另一方面是国有、公营媒介迫于市场压力，特别是私营媒介的激烈竞争，或迫于自身减轻财政压力的需要，也纷纷下海，实施商业化运作。这场市场化变革使得很多国家的媒介在操作方法、运营模式、编辑方针等方面都不同程度地突出了商业化取向。表现在媒介内容上则是娱乐化倾向的强化，其中最深刻也是最危险的变化，就是新闻娱乐化的潮流。 改革：娱乐征服新闻? 毫无疑问，对于商业性或具有商业化倾向的媒介，市场逻辑成为主宰，发行量、收视率等标志着受众群的量的指标，已成为生命线。企业的利润最大化原则转化为对受众群的追逐，而媒介产品生产和销售也不可避免地执行市场经济商品的大数原则和通用原则，即什么商品最好销，消费群最大，就生产什么。市场经济条件下，人们的兴趣和观点以及利益要求各异， 最大共通点在哪里呢?� 媒介的选择是：娱乐。� 无论男女老幼，无论身份、阶级、种族、国别、教育等各方面的差异，只要是人，娱乐通常总是需要的。大众化时代，娱乐产品最容易成为畅销品。� 在这样消费逻辑引导之下的媒介自然表现出越来越明显的娱乐化倾向：最初是纯娱乐消闲的娱乐性节目和内容的大幅上升，最终则发展到把距离娱乐性最远的那部分媒介内容——新 ，向娱乐强行拉近，使新闻与娱乐之间的界限变得日益模糊，即所谓新闻娱乐化。� 综合媒介新闻娱乐化的现象来看，就内容和形式可分为二部分：� 一方面，娱乐化最突出的表现是软新闻(在西方媒介也有称之为“大众新闻”〔1〕) 的流行。即减少严肃新闻的比例，将名人趣事、日常事件及带煽情性、刺激性的犯罪新闻、暴力事件、灾害事件、体育新闻、花边新闻等软性内容作为新闻的重点，这股潮流不仅在通俗性报刊和广电节目中盛行，而且有逐渐扩大、蔓延至往日以权威、严肃著称的主流媒体之势：英国ITV的名牌新闻节目“十点钟新闻”，1990至1995年之间，国际新闻比例从43%下降到15%，娱乐和体育新闻比例则从8.5%增加到17%。美国三大新闻网1990年一年花在娱乐性新闻上的时间比前两年增加了一倍多〔2〕。在美国新闻工作协会的调查中，美国16家重要媒体中的硬新闻与娱乐性新闻之比在1997年内为25%比40%，而20年前的1977年，这一比例是32%对15%。《美国新闻与世界报道》总编辑JAMES FALLOWS披露，在他统计的1990至1994年间，约500集哥伦比亚电视网著名时事节目《六十分钟》〔3〕节目中，超过三分之一是名人访问、娱乐报道或揭露丑闻，而真正严肃的政治内容不足五分之一。� 娱乐化的另一个结果就是媒介在内容和形式上都尽力使硬性新闻软化。在内容上，新闻界竭力从严肃的政治、经济变动中挖掘其娱乐价值：媒介极端关注辛普森案不是在于反思种族问题和司法问题，而是在于炒作体育明星的凶杀案；媒介关注独立检查官斯塔尔的报告和莱文斯基的一举一动，不是在于反思美国总统的品行和美国的司法制度，而是在于炒作总统的风流韵事。在表现技巧上，强调故事性、情节性，从最初强调硬新闻写作中适度加入人情味因素加强贴近性，实现硬新闻软着陆发展到极致，衍变为一味片面追求趣味性和吸引力，强化事件的戏剧悬念或煽情、刺激的方面，走新闻故事化、新闻文学化道路。连我国一些颇为知名的新闻学者也在强调：在网络和有线电视时代，人们越来越把新闻当成娱乐看。报纸和新闻期刊普遍发展趋势是在新闻写作和制作上，更多地采用特写和人情味的手法。这种趋势使新闻读起来更具有戏剧性，从而要求记者在新闻的陈述与写作上更像一个讲故事的人，并不仅仅是一个报道员。� 总之，从内容到形式，从理念到表现技法，新闻与娱乐的合流之势日显，直至明确出现信息娱乐或娱乐信息的新概念(将INFORMATION和ENTERTAININTNT合成为INFORTAINWENT）〔4〕。 就我国而言，因为媒介所有制的本质区别，使我国媒介在运营模式、理念和操作方法上都明显区别于西方纯商业性的媒介，不可能走上彻底市场化的道路，而只是适度市场取向的改革。我国的媒介始终坚持上层建筑和信息产业的双重属性的认定，坚持社会效益和经济效益双轮并进，并始终强调媒介应坚持社会主义方向，为人民服务，把社会效益放在首位，坚持正确的舆论导向。这在很大程度上保证了严肃和高质量的媒介产品始终占领着我国媒介产品的主阵地(包括新闻报道)。� 然而，不可否认的是，在近20年的新闻改革过程中，伴随我国媒介市场化步伐加快，产业性质凸显，特别是90年代以来媒介大众化、市场化浪潮的勃兴：在报刊界，1991年左右周末报纸盛行；1994年左右晚报在全国范围内兴起迅速占领大片媒介市场；1996年左右都市报以彻底市民化、平民化的姿态成为报刊新锐，在媒介市场上气势逼人。在广播界，以经济台为主导加上文艺台、交通台等各专业台涌现。无线电视、有线电视、卫生电视和教育台相继兴起，…… 这种现象中绝大部分都表现出较强的大众化、通俗化倾向，内容强调“软”、“近”、“实 ”(实用)，这对改变以往我国媒介内容一味重宣传轻信息、重教育轻娱乐的状况，做到人民群众喜闻乐见极有益处。但同时也产生了某些负效应，其中之一就是过分强调通俗化以争夺市场，结果走向庸俗化，过于强调软性内容的号召力，片面模仿国外媒介的某些做法，走娱乐化甚至是新闻娱乐化的道路；某些媒介或热衷于炒作名人轶闻、奇闻异事，或热衷于将镜头聚焦于都市光怪陆离的百姓琐事，或热衷于凶杀、色情等事件的追逐，追求一时的轰动效应，执着于一时的赢利。在写法上，从强调人情味、趣味性到强调煽情性，甚至是耸人听闻，力求故事性，不惜无中生有，节外生枝，甚至于制造假新闻，以曲折离奇吸引受众 。 事实上，在近10余年来的媒介产业化、大众化浪潮中，通俗类媒介获得了长足的发展，取得了突出的经济效益，成为媒介市场的生力军。有些同志据此即认为：市场化＝大众化＝通俗化＝娱乐化，娱乐化是媒介市场化的必由之路，是市场经济条件下的当然选择，中外皆然，其中也包括新闻产品。不仅通俗媒介的新闻产品应当如此，严肃的主流媒介的信息产品为与之争夺市场，也应向之靠拢：要走近千家万户，就要大报小报化，党报晚报化，大台小台化，不如此，主流权威媒体难以与通俗媒体抗衡。有的党报编辑甚至私下教导记者要“逃避深刻，远离崇高”，有的电视新闻制片人公开号召“新闻是快乐的”，电视24小时就是快乐24小时……，“生产快乐”似乎是媒介最响亮的口号。看上去，新闻娱乐化似乎是媒介市场化 的必然选择和当然取向，然而，事实果真如此吗?� 软些、再软些：市场的必然?从中外新闻媒介发展的历史和现状来看，新闻娱乐化是市场经济条件下必然产生的现象和必经的发展阶段，但它不可能长久的成为市场经济条件下的媒介主流。� 新闻娱乐化在近二十年中特别是进入90年代以来步入高潮，但从整个媒介历程角度而言，这并不是什么新现象，这股潮流早在大众报纸产生之时就已经出现并达到相当的程度。� 以美国新闻史为例，18世纪70年代至19世纪初是美国新闻史的政党报时期，这一时期报纸党派色彩浓厚，以宣传本党派的观点、主张为原则，甚至不惜捏造事实、虚报新闻，连美国新闻自由的奠基人杰弗逊也愤怒地指责“我国报纸信口雌黄，捏造事实，“他们《联邦党人》 将其报刊塞满谎话、诽谤和狂言。〔5〕”这样的报纸自然很难吸引读者尤其是淡漠于党派纷争的下层劳动者。� 19世纪30年代后，《纽约太阳报》、《纽约先驱报》等一批面向大众的廉价报纸(“便士报 ”)，以超越于党派之外的独立报纸的姿态出现，以赢利为目的，开媒介商业化之先河。也正是为了赢利的大众化之路，适合当时教育程度普遍不高、生活相对贫困的城市平民需要， 同时避免由于过于浓厚的意识形态得罪党派、政府，影响报纸销路和生存，报纸开始以新闻 为主，新闻简短、通俗，政治色彩弱，而以人情味、趣味性甚至是刺激性、煽情性的社会生活内容取胜。这种伴随大众化报纸的煽情之风可以看作新闻娱乐性潮流的起始。 这股潮流到19世纪末期的黄色新闻泛滥达到最高点，(最富代表性的当属普利策所办《世界报》与黄色新闻大王赫斯特《纽约日报》黄色新闻之争)，这部分新闻“建立在煽情主义基础上，也是注重犯罪、丑闻、流言蜚语、离婚、性的问题，强调灾害和体育新闻的报道”，“ 使用大写字煽动性标题(黑体字或套红色印刷)，经常对不甚重要的新闻加以渲染、夸张，整个报纸版面给人以耸人听闻的虚假感……”〔6〕 这些作法和近10年来媒介娱乐潮中的许多作法已十分近似，虽然现代娱乐潮伴随广播电视和网络等新兴电子媒介，借助更为现代化的手段传播，但理念上的趋同是显著的：即以尽可能 软性、情感化甚至刺激性的内容和表现手段抢占媒介市场。因此从人情味新闻至黄色新闻的 泛滥可以看作新闻娱乐化的起步和第一次高潮。� 新闻娱乐化的第二次高潮则是本文开头所述近二十年来的世界媒介市场化的潮流所引发的媒介变化。� 就这种现象在西方媒介产生和发展的背景不难看出，新闻娱乐产生和发展的需要往往出于两种可能： 第一种可能是在媒介(起初主要是报纸)从革命时期政党宣传型的“言论纸”向大众信息型的“新闻纸”转化的转型期，社会市场经济经过初始化阶段有了较大的发展，但尚未进入成熟期。媒介商业化的条件逐步完善，受众面较宽，有一定信息需求，但大面积的受众教育程度偏低，信息需求偏向较为明显，对严肃的决策参考信息需求度低于对自身生活和下层社会生活信息的关注程度。这直接导致了大众媒介内容和操作方法上的偏向，从这点上说，娱乐化有其产生的必然性。� 第二种情况是在西方资本主义市场经济进入发达的成熟稳定期，整个社会包括媒介在内的市场化程度都很高，受众对信息的需求也是显现复杂的多元化状态。一方面社会大众的教育程度普遍提高，接触和使用的媒介数量和种类大幅上升；另一方面除了严肃的决策参考信息需求之外，由于生活和工作条件改善，闲暇时间增多，又有可能同时需要休闲、娱乐、消遣性的内容。同时，媒介市场高度发达，媒介种类和数量有极大的增长，媒介的信息供应量也达到前所未有的程度(特别是有线电视、卫生电视、网络等新兴电子媒介的迅猛发展)，甚至产生了诸如CNN、FOX电视新闻、英国空中广播等等之类约24小时全天候专门供应新闻的频道。就一定程度而言社会信息量供大于求，处于激烈的甚至是过于残酷的市场竞争下的部分媒介采取娱乐化策略以求生存、争市场。� 我国正在建立的是社会主义市场经济，其内涵和特征均有别于西方资本主义市场经济，那么，又如何理解我国媒介的这股看上去有些类似的娱乐之风呢?� 我国目前处于转轨与转型同步的特殊时期：即从计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济转轨，从一个封闭的、落后的农业社会向一个开放的、多元化的现代化社会转型，整个社会处于迅速深入的变革期和市场经济的建立探索期。社会市场化程度不高，社会发展也不平衡。受众面广，但层次区分度大，受众教育程度也有很大差别，导致受众信息需求层次和种类差别也很大。在媒介改革之初，不少软性偏向内容和强调贴近化的作风，对于改变计划经济年代一味强调灌输的生硬的作法起了很大的积极作用，媒介的确在很大程度上走下“神坛”，走近了 群众，这是中国媒介不可否认的巨大进步。进入90年代，随着媒介产业化步伐加快，由于软性内容贴近性强，适用受众面广，使得一大批通俗性的相对“软”化的媒介成为市场的宠儿。再加上我国媒介在特殊转型期在数量和结构上出现了超过实际正常需求的过度膨胀：报纸从1978年的186种增至1996年的2163种，电视台从80年代初的38家增至1996年的2827座，广播电台从80年代的114座增到1320座。〔7〕后虽几经压缩，但数量仍相当庞大。媒介市场的过度拥挤和各地区、各种类的媒介在人才、经济实力上的巨大差别，导致媒介信息在供应量上虽然大幅增加，但在质上却千差万别。硬新闻采编在政策和人才、技术、资金上的难度，使得不少媒介“望而却步”，转而选择难度低、花费小却可能市场效果好的且受众兼容面宽的软性内容和技巧，以求在过于激烈的市场竞争中求生。因此，我国媒介娱乐化潮流既带有转型时期媒介市场化、大众化的必然性，又带有媒介发展脱离社会发展实际的不正常竞争导致的畸形产物特征。� 总之，无论处于哪种情况，就阶段性来说，以软取胜的娱乐化在市场经济条件下会成为某种带有必然性的现象，但从成熟的市场经济内涵和信息需求主流以及媒介自然属性两方面看，新闻娱乐化与市场经济的主流精神是相悖离的，它不应当也不可能成为所有媒介的必然的、最重要的取向。� 信息的选择：决策为王�人类出于生存发展的需要，需要及时了解周围环境的变化以利于自身的决策和行动，这是人类获取信息特别是新闻信息的主要动因。〔8〕市场经济条件下，这种信息需要不是 弱化而是日益凸显。 信息的最重要作用在于为决策提供根据，只有正确的决策才能使主体采取趋利避害的理性的最佳选择，而决策的正确与否取决于信息获取的迅速、真实和完备程度。在相对固定的条件下，决策主体行动的风险程度取决于其获取信息的速度和质量。〔9〕而市场经济的特点就在于决策主体多元化并且追求利益最大化。政府、企业、家庭、个人都面临更多的决策需要和可能。渴望及时、充分、可靠、有用的决策参考信息以供正确决策成为市场经济条件下众多分散的、多元化的决策主体的当然选择，而这部分决策参考信息大部分属于严肃的政治、经济和社会内容，不属于软性消闲内容。随着市场经济的深入和成熟，这部分需求会变得更加明显和突出。� 这就不难理解，为什么传播信息会成为新闻媒介的首要功能。也不难解释，为什么大规模、集中化和职业化的现代新闻事业被归结为“资本主义商品经济的产物”〔10〕。 决策需要产生信息需求。市场经济大量的、多样化的决策需要产生大规模的新闻事业供应大批的决策参考信息，这是市场经济与媒介互动的真实内涵所在。在已经来临并持续深入的知识经济时代，信息将成为越来越重要的社会资源，而其中硬性参考信息毫无疑问是绝对主体 。� 所以新闻娱乐化是市场经济在某些特定发展阶段的产物，但正像从信息需要出发娱乐不可能成为新闻媒介的主功能一样，从市场经济的内在精神出发，决策参考度低的软性内容也不可能成为市场经济条件下受众的主要信息需求点。只有在硬性的决策性信息获求程度较低的市场化初期和在整个社会市场化发育程度较高、媒介又相对发达基本可以较充分地满足社会硬性信息需要的基础上，新闻娱乐化才有可能较明显或突出，但它不可能也不应当成为新闻信息的主流。否则，它可能导致媒介信息“告知”功能弱化，消遣娱乐功能凸显而最终造成新闻媒介自身主功能的转移，从而背离根本性的社会需要。为此，西方不少媒介知名人士也在大声呼吁，提出警惕这股表面顺应市场而内在背离市场的媒介逆流。〔11〕相较之下， 我国某些学者却大力倡导新闻娱乐性，将之视为媒介大势所趋，实在令人费解。� 市场经济初期新闻娱乐化的某些作法在媒介商业化、通俗化方面有其历史的进步意义，是新闻媒介成为真正意义上的“大众”传媒的必然阶段之一，但物极必反，新闻事业发展必须遵循社会发展的内在规律。当市场经济发育程度越来越高，硬性参考信息需求趋势转旺，盛极一时的新闻娱乐潮必然让位于以真实、迅速、权威、客观、公正取胜的严肃新闻，以适应社会真实需要。盛极一时的便士报最终让位于《纽约时报》等有着更广泛影响的以硬新闻著称的严肃的高级报纸，真实、客观、公正最终取代煽情、偏见和刺激成为世界性的新闻媒介的主流观念就是明证。这是社会需要决定媒介发展的规律使然。迄今为止，过度商业化导致的新闻娱乐化在西方传媒虽有较大发展，但就权威性和社会影响力而言，严肃的媒介和严肃的新闻节目仍占优势。� 我国社会主义经济既带有市场经济的某些共性，又与西方资本主义有显著区别，媒介所有制和运行机制也有很大不同，更兼处于特殊的转轨期，社会发展较为复杂，比较稳妥的作法就是在适度减少媒介数量、优化结构的同时实行媒介的分流、分向发展。� 方向：两个层次上的竞争处于变革时代的中国，社会“异质”化程度上升，多元性的利益群体产生，社会群体分化和多元的趋势已相当明显；社会教育普及程度不高，受众层次区分度大；这种利益和层次的分化必然导致信息需求的分化和多样。同时社会各方面包括媒介自身也都呈现出发展差别大的不均衡特点。多元、多层次、不平衡是当代中国受众群体的基本特点。� 适应上述特点，中国媒介既不可能取消大众化通俗媒体，也不能一味地、一窝风地走娱乐化之路，而应施行以硬新闻为主的严肃的主流媒体和贴近性的健康的通俗媒体分流、分向发展 ：� 一、强化以党报、综合台、传统媒体网站等以硬新闻为主的主流媒体，改革其报道模式。近10年来通俗媒体的大发展程度不同地冲击着党报等主流媒体市场；从中央到地方，不少党报发行量下降，广播电视台的新闻节目敌不过搞笑的娱乐节目，但据此认为是硬新闻敌不 过软新闻，主流媒体敌不过通俗媒体，严肃节目敌不过娱乐节目，进而主张全面走软性化道 路是错误的。 越是处于变革期，社会变化速度快，变化程度深，人们了解变动以供决策的需求就会越加旺盛。这种情况下，当代中国受众对严肃的、硬性的、解释性的决策参考信息需求只会转旺，而在媒介发展还不够成熟的情况下甚至出现某种程度的“信息饥渴”状态。受众决不会忽略、漠视与自身利益密切相关的新变化。在2000年我国城市社会接触大众传媒状况调查的报告中显示，“反映群众的呼声”、“客观地报道新近发生的重大事件”、“帮助人民了解党和 政府的决策”以及“报道最大多数群众感兴趣的新闻”和“推动社会变革”、“提高群众的 知识和文化水平”、“帮助人们实行舆论监督”以及“及时提供背景帮助人们理解新闻”分 别成为媒介报道题材中受众需求的两个最大热点〔12〕。 问题不在于争论是否强化主流媒体的硬新闻，而在于探索如何摆脱计划经济年代的旧的报道模式和套路，适应市场经济条件下的受众信息需求，改革现有硬新闻的报道思路和模式，这对于以干部、企业家、中高级知识分子等社会决策层和思想精英显得尤为重要。当前迫切需要做的是：� 变印证性的指令性政策宣传为解释性的政策信息，加大信息含量，减少空话、套话，突出信息质，以质求胜；对于以速度和数量见长的广电、网络等电子主传媒，以大量真、短、快、新的纯信息取胜，对于以深度见长的报纸则强化解释性和综合性，在深度、广度和信息的过滤性、整合性上下功夫，而不是主要强调“硬新闻软着陆”，为贴近而贴近。� 对于某些涉及面广、专业性强、事实错综复杂、综合程度高、影响重大，且时间要求低的综合性报道，可以适当考虑采取一些技巧性的处理方法(例如可以借鉴《华尔街日报》经常采用的“华尔街日报叙事体”，采用由点入面、由卷入事件的个体或场景入手，过渡至事件 的详细展开报道)，适应更广泛的受众，特别是非专业、理解程度不高但有决策需要的受众 ，但决不是走过分软化的道路。硬性的严肃内容始终是其主体。� 二、由于市场化初期受众层次上的区分度大，受众信息需求和信息理解程度上的差异大，通俗化、大众化的媒体对于文化程度不高、有一定信息需求、理解程度不深的中下层市民和农村受众仍是必须的，但其“软”是有限度的，不能一“软”到底。何况改革时期这部分受众也并非真正需要那些软化或刺激性的内容，他们需要的是通俗易懂但又直接与其利害相关的信息，其次才是消闲性的内容。社会越发展，受众越成熟，教育的程度越高，这种趋向会越明显。把大众化和娱乐化划等号是偏颇的。近年来，《北京青年报》、《南方周末》等以大众舆论监督、批评报道、平民维权见长的通俗媒体广受欢迎，不少最初以“软”起家的都市报也在纷纷开始转向追求和强化硬性内容的含量(当然其技法操作上更通俗化，且深度无法与主流媒体硬新闻相较)。小报向往大报风，可以看作是市场对媒介误区的“自然矫正”之 一。� 以硬为绝对主体，适时适度技法上硬中求“软”，是严肃主流媒体的选择；以“软”取胜， 但并不唯“软”是从，适时适量增加普通百姓关心的硬新闻也是通俗媒体占领市场的法宝之一。 这样，软、硬既分流，又兼用，是特定转型期中国媒介适应特定社会市场经济信息需要的真正可行的改革和发展方向。那种市场经济下的媒介必须一概走娱乐化之路的作法是行不通的，也与市场经济的内在精神相悖离。� Synopsis : With the commercialization of the media operation has been intensified, entertainment, news trends have become increasingly prominent. Information entertainment market is the inevitable result of the phenomenon of economic conditions, but will not become mainstream media, rigid decision-making reference information will remain the absolute master of this community information needs. China is undergoing a period of social transition, we can not abolish the popular popular media, it is impossible to blindly follow the path of entertainment, but should go mainstream media and popular media streaming, hours to develop. All real economic field should be market-oriented reforms. Over the past 20 years, the concept of dominance in such, several between market tide swept every corner of the world. The change affects the economic development of the media and even the decision, the media and market-oriented commercial operations have experienced for centuries, but the tide of the market economy over the past 20 years has prompted national media on the road go further and more thoroughly. While purely commercial media influx, on the other hand, state-owned, public media by market pressures, especially the private media competition, or forced themselves to alleviate the financial pressure needs have put the implementation of commercialization operation. The market changes have led many countries in the operation of media methods, operating models, such as editorial guidelines are highlighted in varying degrees commercialization orientation. Performance in the entertainment media content is a tendency enhanced, the most profound change is the most dangerous is the trend of entertainment news. Reform : the conquest of entertainment news? There is no doubt that the business or have a tendency of the commercial media, the logic of the market become dominated, circulation, ratings, and other marks audience groupings of indicators has become the lifeblood. Enterprises maximum profits principles into the chase group to the audience, and the production and marketing of media products are inevitably marked by the implementation of market economy principles and overall commodity principle that what best-selling merchandise, the largest consumer groups in the production of anything. Conditions of a market economy, people"s interests and views as well as different interests, the greatest common point in all of this? Engineering Media choice is : entertainment. Engineering Young or old, regardless of status, class, race, country, education and other differences, so long as it is, entertainment usually always needed. Popular times, the most vulnerable-selling entertainment products supplies. Engineering In this consumer guide, the logic of natural media show more obvious tendency toward entertainment : the first is a purely entertainment and leisure entertainment programs and content increased significantly, and eventually to the development of recreational removed from the portion of me

英语长篇阅读 smart home technology并没有指出文章内容以及题目。英语阅读理解的解题技巧具体如下：细节题解题技巧：细节题的命题方法很多，如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节(通常是四个)放在一起要求考生判断是非(选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项)或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换)。扩展资料：英语中仍然保留的曲折变化有：所有格：He is Fred"s best friend. -"s动词的第三人称单数：Alfredo works. -s过去时：Fred worked. -ed ，但亦有不规则变化。现在分词/进行时态：Fred is working. -ing（如果动词的末音节为辅音结尾的闭音节，则须双写末辅音，如running）过去分词：The car was stolen. -en；Fred has talked to the police. -ed，但亦有不规则变化。动名词：Working is good for the soul. -ing复数：Fred has two blue eyes. -s（如果名词的尾字是s、x或sh，则需加-es，如boxes，dishes）比较级：Fred is smarter than Rick.形容词末尾加-er，多音节（3+）在前面加more，如“more difficult”最高级：Fred has the fastest car.形容词末尾加-est，多音节（3+）词在前面加most，如“the most difficult”

Description and technical featuresCotton is a natural fibre of vegetable origin, like linen, jute or hemp. Mostly composed of cellulose (a carbohydrate plant substance) and formed by twisted, ribbon-like shaped fibres, cotton is the fruit of a shrubby plant commonly referred to as the "cotton plant". The cotton plant, a variety of plants of the genus Gossypium, belongs to the Malvacae family, which comprises approximately 1,500 species, also including the baobab tree, the bombax or the mallow. The plant, growing up to 10 metres high in the wild, has been domesticated to range between 1 to 2 metres under commercial cultivation. Either herbaceous or ligneous, it thrives in dry tropical and subtropical areas. Whereas by nature the plant is a perennial tree (lasting about 10 years), under extensive cultivation it is mostly grown as an annual shrub. The cotton flower has five large petals (showy, white, white-creamy, or even rose in colour), which soon fall off, leaving capsules, or "cotton bolls", having a tick and rigid external layer. The capsule bursts open upon maturity, revealing the seeds and masses of white/creamy and downy fibres. Cotton fibres of the Gossypium hirsutum species range from about 2 to 3 centimetres in length, whereas Gossypium barbadense cotton produces long-staple fibres up to 5 centimetres length. Their surface is finely indented, and they become kinked together and interlocked. The cotton plant is almost exclusively cultivated for its oleaginous seeds and for the seminal fibres growing from them (i.e. cotton, strictly speaking). In ordinary usage, the term "cotton" also makes reference to fibres that are made into fabric wires suitable for use in the textile industry. Although the cotton plant is native to tropical countries, cotton production is not limited to the tropics. Indeed, the emergence of new varieties, as well as advances in cultivation techniques led to the exapansion of its culture within an area straddling from approximately 47 degrees North latitude (Ukraine) to 32 degrees South (Australia). Although cotton is widely planted in both hemispheres, it remains a sun-loving plant highly vulnerable to freezing temperatures. Cotton is crucially important to several developing countries. Out of the 85 cotton-producing countries in 2005, 80 were developing countries, 28 of which were indexed by the United Nations among the least developed countries (LDCs).

Cotton textiles touch every aspect of our lives.Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant . The fibre is most often spun into thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile.Cotton is a valuable crop because only about 10% of the raw weight is lost in processing. Once traces of wax, protein, etc. are removed, the remainder is a natural polymer of pure cellulose. This cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength, durability, and absorbency. Each fibre is made up of twenty to thirty layers of cellulose coiled in a neat series of natural springs. When the cotton boll (seed case) is opened the fibres dry into flat, twisted, ribbon-like shapes and become kinked together and interlocked. This interlocked form is ideal for spinning into a fine yarn.Cotton has been used to make very fine lightweight cloth in areas with tropical climates for millennia. Some authorities claim that it was likely that the Egyptians had cotton as early as 12,000 BC, and they have found evidence of cotton in Mexican caves (cotton cloth and fragments of fibre interwoven with feathers and fur) which dated back to approximately 7,000 years ago. There is archaeological evidence that people in South America and India domesticated independently different species of the cotton plant thousands of years ago.The earliest written reference is to Indian cotton. Cotton has been grown in India for more than three thousand years, and it is referred to in the Rig-Veda, written in 1500 BC. A thousand years later the great Greek historian Herodotus wrote about Indian cotton: "There are trees which grow wild there, the fruit of which is a wool exceeding in beauty and goodness that of sheep. The Indians make their clothes of this tree wool." By the end of the 16th century BC, cotton had spread to warmer regions in Americas, Africa and Eurasia.Today, Cotton is produced in many parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas and Australia, using cotton plants that have been selectively bred so that each plant grows more fibre.For years, cotton clothing, home furnishings and industrial goods have enhanced our quality of life by providing comfort, expression and individuality. From towels to T-shirts, from bedding to blue jeans, cotton surrounds us on a daily basis.The cotton industry relies heavily on chemicals such as fertilisers and insecticides, although some farmers are moving towards an organic model of production, and chemical-free organic cotton products are now available. Historically, one of the most economically destructive pests in cotton production has been the boll weevil.Most cotton is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are generally used in regions where it is too windy to grow picker varieties of cotton and generally used after application of a defoliant or natural defoliation occurring after a freeze. Cotton is a perennial crop in the tropics and without defoliation or freezing, the plant will continue to grow. Premium cotton fiber quality is essential to high-tech spinning operations. Technologically advanced equipment requires fiber that spins into consistent, high-strength yarn at speeds unheard of just 15 years ago. As a result, textile mills now can spin nearly 600 pounds of cotton into yarn per spindle each year. Ten years ago, each spindle only transformed about 200 pounds of cotton. 字数多了,最后一段可以删除 ^_^,希望可以帮助你

GoldfishFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.For the Pepperidge Farm brand of snack crackers marketed in North America, see Goldfish (snack). The goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) was one of the earliest fish to be domesticated, and is still one of the most commonly-kept aquarium fish. A relatively small member of the carp family (which also includes the koi and the Crucian carp), the goldfish is a domesticated version of a dark-gray carp native to East Asia (first domesticated in China) that was introduced to Europe in the late 17th century. It may grow to a maximum length of 23 inches (59.0 cm) and a maximum weight of 6.6 lb (3.0 kg), although this is rare: most individuals grow to under half this size.Goldfish natively live in rivers, lakes, and other slow or still moving bodies of water in depths up to 20 m (65.6 ft. They natively live in a subtropical climate and prefer freshwater with a 6.0 - 8.0 pH, a water hardness of 5.0 - 19.0 dGH, and a temperature range of 32 to 106 °F (0 to 41 °C). Their diet consists of crustaceans, insects, and plant matter. They lay their eggs on aquatic vegetation. They quickly hatch into fry visible to the naked eye, often described as appearing like "an eyelash with two eyeballs". Within a week or so, they begin to look more like a goldfish in shape, although it can be as much as a year before they take their mature goldfish color. In those first weeks, they grow remarkably fast; an adaptation borne of the high risk of getting devoured by the adult goldfish in their environment.Part of its popularity is due to the goldfish"s hardiness. Their supposed reputation in some areas for dying quickly is often due to poor care amongst uninformed buyers, especially children, looking for a "cheap" pet. The goldfish is a cold-water fish, and can live in an unheated aquarium or in an outdoor water garden. In a pond, it will even survive brief periods of ice forming on the surface, so long as there is enough oxygen remaining in the water and the pond does not freeze solid. It is important to remember that sudden changes in water temperature can be fatal to a goldfish; when transferring a store-bought goldfish to either a garden pond or an indoor tank, equalize the temperature in the transportation container by leaving it in the destination container for at least 20 minutes before releasing the goldfish. In addition, some temperature changes might simply be too great for even the hardy goldfish to adjust to. For example, buying a goldfish in a store, where the water might be 70 °F (approximately 21 °C), and hoping to release it into your garden pond at 40 °F (4 °C) will probably result in the death of the goldfish, even if you use the slow immersion method just described. A goldfish will need a lot more time, perhaps days or weeks, to adjust to such a different temperature.GoldfishFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.For the Pepperidge Farm brand of snack crackers marketed in North America, see Goldfish (snack).?GoldfishConservation status: Secure Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Genus: Carassius Species: C. auratus Subspecies: C. a. auratus Trinomial name Carassius auratus auratus(Linnaeus, 1758) The goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) was one of the earliest fish to be domesticated, and is still one of the most commonly-kept aquarium fish. A relatively small member of the carp family (which also includes the koi and the Crucian carp), the goldfish is a domesticated version of a dark-gray carp native to East Asia (first domesticated in China) that was introduced to Europe in the late 17th century. It may grow to a maximum length of 23 inches (59.0 cm) and a maximum weight of 6.6 lb (3.0 kg), although this is rare: most individuals grow to under half this size.Goldfish natively live in rivers, lakes, and other slow or still moving bodies of water in depths up to 20 m (65.6 ft. They natively live in a subtropical climate and prefer freshwater with a 6.0 - 8.0 pH, a water hardness of 5.0 - 19.0 dGH, and a temperature range of 32 to 106 °F (0 to 41 °C). Their diet consists of crustaceans, insects, and plant matter. They lay their eggs on aquatic vegetation. They quickly hatch into fry visible to the naked eye, often described as appearing like "an eyelash with two eyeballs". Within a week or so, they begin to look more like a goldfish in shape, although it can be as much as a year before they take their mature goldfish color. In those first weeks, they grow remarkably fast; an adaptation borne of the high risk of getting devoured by the adult goldfish in their environment.Part of its popularity is due to the goldfish"s hardiness. Their supposed reputation in some areas for dying quickly is often due to poor care amongst uninformed buyers, especially children, looking for a "cheap" pet. The goldfish is a cold-water fish, and can live in an unheated aquarium or in an outdoor water garden. In a pond, it will even survive brief periods of ice forming on the surface, so long as there is enough oxygen remaining in the water and the pond does not freeze solid. It is important to remember that sudden changes in water temperature can be fatal to a goldfish; when transferring a store-bought goldfish to either a garden pond or an indoor tank, equalize the temperature in the transportation container by leaving it in the destination container for at least 20 minutes before releasing the goldfish. In addition, some temperature changes might simply be too great for even the hardy goldfish to adjust to. For example, buying a goldfish in a store, where the water might be 70 °F (approximately 21 °C), and hoping to release it into your garden pond at 40 °F (4 °C) will probably result in the death of the goldfish, even if you use the slow immersion method just described. A goldfish will need a lot more time, perhaps days or weeks, to adjust to such a different temperature.

Dumping - Anti-Dumping(chinadaily.com.cn)Updated: 2006-10-09 14:58If a company exports a product at a price (export price) lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market (normal value), it is said to be "dumping" the product. Dumping can harm the domestic industry by reducing its sales volume and market shares, as well as its sales prices. This in turn can result in decline in profitability, job losses and, in the worst case, in the domestic industry going out of business. Often, dumping is mistaken and simplified to mean cheap or low priced imports. However, it is a misunderstanding of the term. On the other hand, dumping, in its legal sense, means export of goods by a country to another country at a price lower than its normal value. Thus, dumping implies low priced imports only in the relative sense (relative to the normal value), and not in absolute sense. Anti dumping is a measure to rectify the situation arising out of the dumping of goods and its trade distortive effect. Thus, the purpose of anti dumping duty is to rectify the trade distortive effect of dumping and re-establish fair trade. The use of anti dumping measure as an instrument of fair competition is permitted by the WTO. In fact, anti dumping is an instrument for ensuring fair trade and is not a measure of protection for the domestic industry. It provides relief to the domestic industry against the injury caused by dumping. Anti dumping measures do not provide protection per se to the domestic industry. It only serves the purpose of providing remedy to the domestic industry against the injury caused by the unfair trade practice of dumping. What is anti-duThe anti-dumping duty is the provisional additional duty levied by the importing countries on the imported products which are identified as exporting dumping and bring about damage to the relevant domestic industries in order to boycott the dumping of the exporting countries and protect the domestic industries. Dumping refers to that the imported products come into Chinese market at an export price lower than their normal value in normal trade. According to the Regulations of the People"s Republic of China on Antidumping promulgated by the State Council on November 26， 2001 and effective as of January 1， 2002， any natural person， legal entity or relevant organization of domestic industry or representing domestic industry may apply to the MOFI"EC by law for anti-dumping investigation. Based on the results of the investigation， the MOFFEC and the State Economic and Trade Commission may make primary judgement respectively on dumping， damage and the tenability of causality of them. Where the primary judgement confinus that the dumping is tenable and the dumping brings damages to the domestic industry， the provisional antidumping measures including levying interim anti-dumping duty may be taken. The level of the interim anti-dumping duty should be matching with the dumping level primarily verified true. The levying of the interim anti-dumping duty shall be suggested by MOFTEC， determined by the Tariff and Classification Committee of the State Council and then announced by MOFTEC. The Customs shall execute it from the date of its announcement. The time period of the provisional anti-dumping measures shall be norreally 4 months starting from the date of decision announcement. In case of special circumstances， the time period may be prolonged to 9 months. Within 60 days after the announcement of the anti-dumping investigation， no provisional anti-dumping measures should be taken. During the antidumping investigation， the exporters dumping the imported products may promise to the MOFFEC of price change or stopping exportation at dumping price. Where the MOFFEC believes that the price promise of the exporters may be acceptable， it may suspend or terminate the anti-dumping investigation and will not take the provisional anti-dumping measures or levy anti- dumping duty after discussion with the State Economic and Trade Commission. Where the exporters break their price promise， the MOFFEC may， after discussion with the State Economic and Trade Connnission， immediately resmne the anti-dumping investigation. Based on the best information available， the MOFTEC may decide to take the anti-dumping measures and may retroactively pursue the anti-dumping duty on the products imported within 90 days prior to the taking of the provisional anti-dumping measure， except for the products imported before breaking the price promise. Where the decision of the primary judgement justifies the dumping，damage and tenabihty of causality of them， the MOFFEC and the State Economic and Trade Commission should continue the investigation on the dumping and its level， damage and the level of the damage and make the final decision of judgement on basis of the results of the investigation. Where the final decision of judgement justifies that the dumping is tenable and that it damages the domestic industry， anti-dumping duty may be levied. The levying of the anti-dumping duty shall be suggested by MOFTEC，determined by the Tariff and Classification Committee of the State Council upon the suggestion of MOFTEC and then announced by MOFTEC. The Customs shall execute it from the date as announced. The anti-dumping duty is applicable to the products imported after the date of the announcement of the final decision of judgement except otherwise Med. The payers of the anti-dumping duty shall be the importing businessmen of the dumping products. The anti-dumping duty should be determined in line with the dumping level of the exporters. In case of need to levy anti-dumping duty on the dumping importation products of exporters beyond the investigation， the antidumping duty should be determined in line with fair form. The level of the anti-dumping duty should not exceed the dumping level determined in final judgement. Where the final judgement justifies the existence of the material damage and where the provisional anti-dumping measures have been taken before that， the anti-dumping duty may be pursued retroactively to the period of provisional anti-dumping measures. Where the final judgement justifies the existence of threat of material damage and where the provisional anti-dumping measure have been taken for the reason that later judgement of material damages would be made if not taking the provisional antidumping measm"es， the antidumping duty may be pursued retroactively to the period of the provisional antidumping measures. Where the anti-dumping duty finally judged is higher than the interim antidumping duty paid or payable or than the value estimated for guaranty purpose， the part under collected shall be given up. Where the antidumping duty is lower than the interim anti-dumping duty paid or payable or than the value estimated for guaranty purpose， the part of duty overcollected should be rebated based on the practical circumstance or the duty should be recomputed. The anti-dumping duty may be retroactively pursued to the dumping products imported within 90 days prior to the provisional antidumping measures if the following two circumstances coexist except for the products imported before the case is put on investigation： a. The dumping products have a dumping history of damaging the domestic industries， or the imposing businessmen of the dumping products know or should know that the exporters are dumping the products and this dumping shall bring damage to the domestic industries； b. Large quantity of the dumping products are imported in very short period and may serious damage the remedial effect of the antidumping duty. Where the final judgement determines no antidumping duty to be levied or where the final judgement does not justify the retroactive pursue of antidumping duty， the interim anti-dumping duty already collected should be rebated. Where the importers of the dumping import products have evidence proving that the anti-dumping duty paid is over the dumping level， they may apply to the MOFTEC for rebate of the duty. Upon examination， checking up and suggestion of the MOFTEC， the Tariff and Classification Committee of the State Council may decide to rebate the duty based on the suggestion of the MOFTEC. The rebate shall be executed by the Customs. After levying anti-dumping duty on imported products， if the new exporters who do not export to China those products during the investigation can prove that they have nothing to do with the exporters subject to antidumping duty， they may apply to the MOFTEC for separate determination of the dumping level. The MOFTEC should quickly examine that and make final decision of judgement. During the examination， no anti-dumping duty should be levied on those products. The time period for levying the anti-dumping duty is 5 years at maximum. However， the levying period of the anti-dumping duty may be extended properly if the termination of the levying might lead to continuity or recur rnce of the dumping and damage. After the effectiveness of the anti-dumping duty， the MOFTEC may，after consulting with the State Economic and Trade Commission and under the condition of fair argument， decide to review the necessity of continuing to levy anti-dumping duty， or may， after fair length of time， decide to re iew the necessity of continuing to levying the anti-dumping duty at the request of the interest party and after examination of the evidence provided by the interest party. Based on the review result， the MOFTEC shall put forward the suggestions as to maintain， revise or abohsh the anti-dumping duty. The Tariff and Classification Committee of the State Council shall make decision upon the suggestions of the MOFTEC and then the decision shall be announced by the MOFTEC.mping duty Duties？希望能帮到你：）

i do not konw

The Old Cat An old woman had a cat. The cat was very old; she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because she was so old. One day the old cat saw a mouse; she jumped and caught the mouse. But she could not bite it; so the mouse got out of her mouth and ran away, because the cat could not bite it. Then the old woman became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse. She began to hit the cat. The cat said, "Do not hit your old servant. I have worked for you for many years, and I would work for you still, but I am too old. Do not be unkind to the old, but remember what good work the old did when they were young." 【译文】 老猫 一位老妇有只猫，这只猫很老，它跑不快了，也咬不了东西，因为它年纪太大了。一天，老猫发现一只老鼠，它跳过去抓这只老鼠，然而，它咬不住这只老鼠。因此，老鼠从它的嘴边溜掉了，因为老猫咬不了它。 于是，老妇很生气，因为老猫没有把老鼠咬死。她开始打这只猫，猫说：“不要打你的老仆人，我已经为你服务了很多年，而且还愿意为你效劳，但是，我实在太老了，对年纪大的不要这么无情，要记住老年人在年青时所做过的有益的事情。”

关于进一步加强全局领导干部学法用法工作的实施意见为推进全局领导干部学法用法工作的深入开展，增强领导干部法律素质，提高依法执政、依法行政、依法决策的能力和水平，根据市委组织部、宣传部、市司法局、依法治市办公室《关于进一步加强全市领导干部学法用法工作实施方案》的通知精神，结合我局实际，特提出本实施意见。主要任务“六五”普法期间，全局各级领导干部学法用法要适应中国特色社会主义法律体系对领导干部法律素质提出的新要求，以全国普法办编写的《领导干部学法用法读本》和《公务员学法用法读本》为基本教材，学习的重点内容是：突出学习宪法。坚持把学习宪法放在首位，深入学习宪法的基本原则和基本内容，牢固树立一切权利属于人民的观念，牢固树立权利与义务相统一的观念，自觉崇尚宪法、遵守宪法、维护宪法的权威。深入学习社会主义法治理念。认真学习社会主义法治理念，进一步牢固树立并自觉践行依法治国、执法为民、公平正义、服务大局、党的领导理念，自觉把社会主义法治理念的基本要求贯穿到经济、政治、文化、社会等各项事业的管理中。深入学习中国特色社会主义法律体系。认真学习中国特色社会主义法律体系形成的重要意义、基本经验、基本构成和基本特征，认真学习构成中国特色社会主义法律体系的基本法律；深入学习与经济社会发展和人民生产生活密切相关的法律法规；深入学习加强和创新社会管理的法律法规，不断增强依法管理经济文化社会事务的能力。深入学习与本职工作密切相关的法律法规。认真学习与履行岗位职责相关的法律法规知识，熟练运用法律处理事务，解决问题；及时学习国家、省政府新颁布的法律法规，不断更新法律知识，更好地适应依法管理港口事务的需要；深入开展反腐倡廉法制宣传教育，不断增强全局各级领导干部反腐倡廉意识，提高廉洁自律的自觉性。深入推进法治实践。坚持法制宣传教育与法治实践相结合，积极推进各级领导干部结合岗位需求开展用法活动，严格按照法律规定管理港口事务，严格按照法定程序处理各种矛盾和问题，自觉依法决策、依法管理、依法办事，不断提高各项工作的法治化管理水平。主要措施大力推进领导干部学法用法制度落实。一是坚持和完善党组中心组集体理论学习学法制度，党组中心组每年安排专题学习法律知识不少于2次，时间不得少于8小时。二是坚持和完善领导干部集中学法制度，采取专题学习、会议学习、观看影像等多种方式，集中学习相关法律法规，增强学法效果。每年最少举办1次法制专题讲座，讲座内容结合工作和形势需要，就有关重要政策和法律问题，开展专题法律知识学习。要充分利用召开各种会议的时机，在会前根据形式和会议议题，组织学习相关法律法规。三是坚持和完善领导干部法律培训制度，把法制教育纳入领导干部理论学习计划，有计划地进行法律知识培训。局内举办的各种培训班，要根据不同的类别和学员特点，安排相应的法制学习内容和课时，有条件的可以组织专题研讨，注重各级领导干部学法需求调研有针对性地安排学习内容。四是坚持和完善领导干部自学法律制度，领导干部要结合自身的工作性质与特点，联系工作实际，确定学习内容，坚持自学，每年自学不少于30个小时。要坚持撰写学法笔记，持之以恒，并主动接受各种形式的辅导，要结合工作实际，就相关法治课题积极撰写调研报告，努力提高学习效果。（二）大力推进领导干部学法用法方式创新。一是充分利用广播、电视、报刊、网络等大众传媒，通过开办专栏、专刊、专题节目等，拓宽领导干部学法用法的渠道和空间。参加“安徽干部教育在线”学习时，将法律法规学习作为必学内容。加强机关学法阵地建设，充分利用单位网站开辟学法专栏；二是积极参与法治实践，通过组织领导干部到警示教育基地或参加法院庭审等形式，接受法制教育；涉诉单位主要领导干部要积极主动参加法庭诉讼活动，增强法治意识。三是不断丰富“法律进机关”形式，将法律知识学习作为“学习型机关”建设的重要内容，积极营造机关法治文化氛围；结合“12.4”全国法制宣传日、“江淮普法行”以及各法律法规颁布施行纪念日，组织开展专题法制宣传教育活动，扎实开展推进依法行政工作示范单位创建活动，大力培育依法行政工作先进典型，充分发挥典型的示范带动作用。四是各级领导干部应通过主动参与立法调研、执法监督检查、案例讨论、工作研讨等形式，把学习法律与运用法律解决实际问题紧密结合起来，不断增强学法的针对性和实效性。（三）大力推进领导干部学法用法考评机制落实。建立领导干部法律知识资格证制度并与干部管理中的各个环节结合起来，定期对领导干部完成年度或阶段性学法情况、法律知识考试情况和遵纪守法、依法行政、依法执政、依法办事等情况进行考核；建立领导干部学法用法述职评议制度，把领导干部学法用法情况以及所在单位、部门的普法依法治理工作情况作为领导干部述职评议的重要内容。（四）大力推进领导干部依法决策机制建设。局本级继续实行法律顾问制度，局所属单位应全部配备法制员，充分发挥法律顾问在制定决策过程中的参谋助手作用，把法律顾问参与决策论证作为我局决策的必经程序，不断提高各级领导干部运用法治思维和法律手段解决问题、推动发展的能力。严格落实行政执法责任制和执法过错责任制，对各级领导因不依法决策，造成重大失误的，实行责任追究。三、工作保障（一）加强组织领导。局属各单位、科室，在局“六五”普法领导小组的统一领导下，按照“谁执法谁普法”以及“谁管理谁普法”的原则要求，切实履行职责，发挥职能作用，加强协调配合，进一步形成各司其职、各负其责、齐抓共管的工作格局。组织人事科牵头抓好各级领导干部学法用法工作，完善和规范领导干部学法用法工作相关制度，把领导干部学法用法列入干部培训计划；加强对领导干部法律素质和依法执政能力的考核，把依法决策、依法管理、依法办事等考核结果作为干部综合评价的重要内容；同时抓好党组中心组理论学习学法活动，健全完善党组中心组学法制度，把学法用法情况列入年度理论学习考核内容。综合法规科协助组织人事科做好领导干部学法用法具体工作，并负责对领导干部学法用法工作进行检查指导，督促各单位、部门全面完成任务。（二）加强措施保障。要建立健全领导干部学法用法各项工作制度，推进工作制度化、规范化；要加强经费保障，安排和落实专项经费，保证领导干部学法用法工作正常开展。（三）严格考核奖惩。加强领导干部学法用法工作考核，科学设定考核指标并纳入年度目标考核体系，作为“六五”普法各类考核的重点内容，并将考核结果作为对领导干部综合考核评价的重要依据。

researchgate搜不到文章，可能是因为防火墙的原因，researchgate是国外网站，上面有肯多学术大佬发表文章的情况预告，是很著名的网站，搜不到文章，可能是因为网络限制，也可能是因为这篇文章尚未发表。

看具体是那篇文章researchgate是一个学术交流平台,类似于学术圈里面的微信朋友圈,可以及时了解最新的学术动态。

自己翻译

researchgate让对方看不到更新文章的方法如下。1、进入火狐浏览器找到右上方三条杠的菜单图标。2、从弹出的窗口中找到选项功能。3、进入到设置界面中点击主页。4、在Firefox主页内容版块中，将常用网站取消勾选就可以了。

人格发展的典型手段增强和修饰人的外在和内在的自我对人生的积极变化。每个人都有一个独特的人物，可以开发，抛光和精炼。这个过程包括增强一个人的信心，提高沟通和语言表达能力，拓宽知识的范围，发展一定的爱好或技能，学习好的礼仪和礼貌，添加风格和优雅的方式看，谈判和走全面吸取自己的积极性，活泼和和平。 这个发展的整个过程发生在一段时间内。即使有很多的人在人格发展的碰撞课程，可供所有年龄组的人，实施这对您的日常和带来的积极变化在自己需要相当数量的时间。这是没有必要加入一个个性发展课程，一个可以采取一些技巧和发展他或她自己的光环或魅力。 你也许听过这一百万次“想”。它工作。 微笑。再微笑一些。它增加了你的价值和你的个性。 大声朗读报纸上的几篇文章，这将有助于流利的交流。 遵守餐桌礼仪和用餐礼仪。 照顾好你的健康，穿着整洁，有条理。 准备一个图表，提到你的长处和短处。现在专注于后者，并找到方法来改善相同的。不要忘记加强你的力量。 花一些时间独自集中在你和你自己。 练习冥想和瑜伽。这将有助于你发展出内在的和平与和谐，这将体现在外部。 不要过单调的生活。有创意，做新的事情。没有什么比创造满足感更大的快乐。 个性发展正获得越来越重要的作用，因为它能让人们对自己有一个良好的印象，帮助他们建立和发展人际关系，帮助你的事业发展，也有助于改善你的财务需求。 毕竟，个性发展只是一种工具，帮助你认识到你的能力和你的力量，让你更坚强，更快乐，更快乐的人。

1. Hello,everyone.Welcome to Beijing!I hope you have a good trip here.Let me tell you the weather in the city from Monday to wednesday first. On Monday,the weather is great!It is sunny and warm. You can wear a shirt or a skirt.There are many quiet streets and parks in the city.you can enjoy them. On Tuseday,it is cloudy and windy.It may rain on Tuseday,,the weather isn"t bad.It is sunny but a little cold ,so please wear pants

　　不知道你的具体是哪个杂志，我之前中了两篇AM，发过来的话是一样的，没有这一句“As your manuscript has been judged to be very important and very urgent, it will be copyedited, proofread, and published online with maximum priority”，然后后面的让你考虑封面的话是差不多的。AM彩图收费，印象中400还是800欧一张彩图，并且我记得当时编辑要求我们至少选择一张图作为彩图，可能对中国没这个要求吧。做封面要加钱，具体多少忘了，反正不便宜，但是做封面逼格一下就上去了，我觉得有机会还是花点钱的好，值。想必以wiley的德行，am系列的杂志应该都是不坑你钱不舒服斯基的

曾经，很久以前在一个遥远的地方，住着四个小家伙在迷宫中寻找奶酪来滋养他们，让他们高兴。两个老鼠，名“嗅”和“匆匆”和两个小的人谁是老鼠一样小，但他看上去很像今天的人类。他们的名字是“哼哼”和“唧唧”。由于其体积小，它不容易注意到他们四人做的。但如果你凑近仔细看，你会发现最奇妙的事情！每一天，小鼠和人很少花时间在迷宫寻找他们自己的特殊的奶酪。老鼠，嗅嗅和匆匆，只拥有简单的啮齿类动物的大脑，但良好的直觉，寻找着他们喜欢硬奶酪，老鼠经常做。两个小矮人，哼哼和唧唧，用他们的大脑，充满信念和情感，去寻找一个非常不同的孩子的奶酪”资本C”，他们认为这会给他们带来快乐和成功。尽量小老鼠和小的人，他们有一个共同点：每天早上，他们会各自穿上运动服和运动鞋，离开他们的小房子，和弧形进入迷宫寻找他们各自喜欢的奶酪。迷宫是一个迷宫的走廊和房间，其中一些美味的奶酪。但也有一些黑暗的角落和死胡同。任何人都容易迷路。然而，对找到出路的人来说，迷宫的秘密，让他们享受更好的生活。老鼠，嗅嗅和匆匆，使用简单，但效率不高，试验和错误的方法寻找奶酪。他们跑进一条走廊，如果它是空的，他们转身跑到另一个。嗅嗅可以嗅出奶酪大致的方向，用他的大不，匆匆则跑在前面开路。他们迷了路，正如你想象的，走错方向，经常撞到墙上。然而，这两个小矮人，哼哼和唧唧，用的是他们想从过去的经验中学习能力的不同方法，并学习他们的经验，虽然，他们有时也会通过他们的信仰和情感困惑。最终，他们以自己的方式，他们找到了他们想要的东西他们都找到了自己想要在一个在奶酪C站的奶酪走廊尽头的一天

主要讲青少年犯罪和自杀的缘由，以及解决方法。 文字有点多，如果不赶时间，倒是可以给你翻。

维兹·卡利法，多奇怪的名字啊！但这个男孩却是公告牌音乐奖的最佳新人奖得主。 Cameron Jibril Thomaz，出生于1987年8月8号，其实他的艺名“维兹·卡利法”更广为人知。他的父母都在军队做事，因为这个缘故，他的童年是在往返世界各地中度过的。最终，他定居于匹兹堡并在那里上了高中。维兹在在2006年发行了第一张专辑并获得好评。然而，他的明星之路并没有他预想的那么平坦。 2010年当他发行《黄与黑》时，一切都随之改变。这首歌很快就跃居公告牌排行榜的第一名。直到那时，他的音乐事业才开始起飞。 尽管维兹被冠以“最佳新人”的称号，但他从事音乐事业已经有很长时间了。幸好，他所有的努力终究是得到了回报。

What is a Computer?A computer is a programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).Modern Computers DefinedModern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery -- wires, transistors, and circuits -- is called hardware; the instructions and data are called software.All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:memory: enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs.mass storage device: allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives.input device: usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer.output device: a display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished.central processing unit (CPU): the heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions.In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to another.Computer Classification, By Size and PowerComputers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap:personal computer: a small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data.workstation: a powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.minicomputer: a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.mainframe: a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.supercomputer: an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.Computer Related Questions1. What is computer history?2. What is computer hardware?3. What is computer software?4. What is computer science?5. What is computer interface?1. What is computer history?The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate.The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable computing devices.In this Webopedia reference article you"ll learn about each of the five generations of computers and the technology developments that have led to the current devices that we use today. Our journey starts in 1940 with vacuum tube circuitry and goes to the present day -- and beyond -- with artificial intelligence.Related Webopedia Definitions: computer, magnetic drums, binary, integrated circuit, semiconductor, nanotechnologyFirst Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum TubesThe first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.A UNIVAC computer at the Census BureauA UNIVAC computer at the Census Bureau.Image Source: United States Census BureauSecond Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsTransistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsThe development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.Fourth Generation (1971-Present) MicroprocessorsThe microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.2. What is computer hardware?Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips. In contrast, software is untouchable. Software exists as ideas, concepts, and symbols, but it has no substance.Books provide a useful analogy. The pages and the ink are the hardware, while the words, sentences, paragraphs, and the overall meaning are the software. A computer without software is like a book full of blank pages -- you need software to make the computer useful just as you need words to make a book meaningful.3. What is computer software?Software means computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is software, in contrast to storage devices and display devices which are called hardware.The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and adjectives. For example, you can say: "The problem lies in the software," meaning that there is a problem with the program or data, not with the computer itself. You can also say: "It"s a software problem."The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally linked. Clearly, when you purchase a program, you are buying software. But to buy the software, you need to buy the disk (hardware) on which the software is recorded.Categories of SoftwareSoftware is often divided into two categories. Systems software includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to function. Applications software includes programs that do real work for users. For example, word processors, spreadsheets, and database management systems fall under the category of applications software.4. What is computer science?Computer science is the study of computers, including both hardware and software design. Computer science is composed of many broad disciplines, including artificial intelligence and software engineering. Most universities now offer bachelor, master, and doctorate degrees in computer science.5. What is computer interface?Interface is a boundary across which two independent systems meet and act on or communicate with each other. In computer technology, there are several types of interfaces.user interface - the keyboard, mouse, menus of a computer system. The user interface allows the user to communicate with the operating system. Also see GUI.software interface - the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other and with the hardware.hardware interface - the wires, plugs and sockets that hardware devices use to communicate with each other.

我与地坛　　史铁生　　一　　我在好几篇小说中都提到过一座废弃的古园，实际就是地坛。许多年前旅游业还没有开展，园子荒芜冷落得如同一片野地，很少被人记起。　　地坛离我家很近。或者说我家离地坛很近。总之，只好认为这是缘分。地坛在我出生前四百多年就座落在那儿了，而自从我的祖母年轻时带着我父亲来到北京，就一直住在离它不远的地方——五十多年间搬过几次家，可搬来搬去总是在它周围，而且是越撤离它越近了。我常觉得这中间有着宿命的味道：仿佛这古园就是为了等我，而历尽沧桑在那儿等待了四百多年。　　它等待我出生，然后又等待我活到最狂妄的年龄上忽地残废了双腿。四百多年里，它一面剥蚀了古殿檐头浮夸的琉璃，淡褪了门壁上炫耀的朱红，坍记了一段段高墙又散落了玉砌雕栏，祭坛四周的老柏树愈见苍幽，到处的野草荒藤也都茂盛得自在坦荡。这时候想必我是该来了。十五年前的一个下午，我摇着轮椅进入园中，它为一个失魂落魄的人把一切都准备好了。那时，太阳循着亘古不变的路途正越来越大，也越红。在满园弥漫的沉静光芒中，一个人更容易看到时间，并看见自己的身影。　　自从那个下午我无意中进了这园子，就再没长久地离开过它。我一下子就理解了它的意图。正如我在一篇小说中所说的：“在人口密聚的城市里，有这样一个宁静的去处，像是上帝的苦心安排。”　　两条腿残废后的最初几年，我找不到工作，找不到去路，忽然间几乎什么都找不到了，我就摇了轮椅总是到它那儿去，仅为着那儿是可以逃避一个世界的另一个世界。我在那篇小说中写道：“没处可去我便一天到晚耗在这园子里。跟上班下班一样，别人去上班我就摇了轮椅到这儿来。园子无人看管，上下班时间有些抄近路的人们从园中穿过，园子里活跃一阵，过后便沉寂下来。”“园墙在金晃晃的空气中斜切下—溜荫凉，我把轮椅开进去，把椅背放倒，坐着或是躺着，看书或者想事，撅一杈树枝左右拍打，驱赶那些和我一样不明白为什么要来这世上的小昆虫。”“蜂儿如一朵小雾稳稳地停在半空；蚂蚁摇头晃脑捋着触须，猛然间想透了什么，转身疾行而去；瓢虫爬得不耐烦了，累了祈祷一回便支开翅膀，忽悠一下升空了；树干上留着一只蝉蜕，寂寞如一间空屋；露水在草叶上滚动，聚集，压弯了草叶轰然坠地摔开万道金光。”“满园子都是草木竟相生长弄出的响动，悉悉碎碎片刻不息。”这都是真实的记录，园子荒芜但并不衰败。　　除去几座殿堂我无法进去，除去那座祭坛我不能上去而只能从各个角度张望它，地坛的每一棵树下我都去过，差不多它的每一米草地上都有过我的车轮印。无论是什么季节，什么天气，什么时间，我都在这园子里呆过。有时候呆一会儿就回家，有时候就呆到满地上都亮起月光。记不清都是在它的哪些角落里了。我一连几小时专心致志地想关于死的事，也以同样的耐心和方式想过我为什么要出生。这样想了好几年，最后事情终于弄明白了：一个人，出生了，这就不再是一个可以辩论的问题，而只是上帝交给他的一个事实；上帝在交给我们这件事实的时候，已经顺便保证了它的结果，所以死是一件不必急于求成的事，死是一个必然会降临的节日。这样想过之看我安心多了，眼前的一切不再那么可怕。比如你起早熬夜准备考试的时候，忽然想起有一个长长的假期在前面等待你，你会不会觉得轻松一点?并且庆幸并且感激这样的安排?　　剩下的就是怎样活的问题了，这却不是在某一个瞬间就能完全想透的、不是一次性能够解决的事，怕是活多久就要想它多久了，就像是伴你终生的魔鬼或恋人。所以，十五年了，我还是总得到那古园里去、去它的老树下或荒草边或颓墙旁，去默坐，去呆想、去推开耳边的嘈杂理一理纷乱的思绪，去窥看自己的心魂。十五年中，这古园的形体被不能理解它的人肆意雕琢，幸好有些东西的任谁也不能改变它的。譬如祭坛石门中的落日，寂静的光辉平铺的—刻，地上的每一个坎坷都被映照得灿烂；譬如在园中最为落寞的时间，—群雨燕便出来高歌，把天地都叫喊得苍凉；譬如冬天雪地上孩子的脚印，总让人猜想他们是谁，曾在哪儿做过些什么、然后又都到哪儿去了；譬如那些苍黑的古柏，你忧郁的时候它们镇静地站在那儿，你欣喜的时候它们依然镇静地站在那儿，它们没日没夜地站在那儿从你没有出生一直站到这个世界上又没了你的时候；譬如暴雨骤临园中，激起一阵阵灼烈而清纯的草木和泥土的气味，让人想起无数个夏天的事件；譬如秋风忽至，再有——场早霜，落叶或飘摇歌舞或坦然安卧，满园中播散着熨帖而微苦的味道。味道是最说不清楚的。味道不能写只能闻，要你身临其境去闻才能明了。味道甚至是难于记忆的，只有你又闻到它你才能记起它的全部情感和意蕴。所以我常常要到那园子里去。　　二　　现在我才想到，当年我总是独自跑到地坛去，曾经给母亲出了一个怎样的难。　　她不是那种光会疼爱儿子而不懂得理解儿子的母亲。她知道我心里的苦闷，知道不该阻止我出去走走，知道我要是老呆在家里结果会更糟，但她又担心我一个人在那荒僻的园子里整天都想些什么。我那时脾气坏到极点，经常是发了疯一样地离开家，从那园子里回来又中了魔似的什么话都不说。母亲知道有些事不宜问，便犹犹豫豫地想问而终于不敢问，因为她自己心里也没有答案。她料想我不会愿意她限我一同去，所以她从未这样要求过，她知道得给我一点独处的时间，得有这样一段过程。她只是不知道这过程得要多久，和这过程的尽头究竟是什么。每次我要动身时，她便无言地帮我准备，帮助我上了轮椅车，看着我摇车拐出小院；这以后她会怎样，当年我不曾想过。　　有一回我摇车出了小院；想起一件什么事又返身回来，看见母亲仍站在原地，还是送我走时的姿势，望着我拐出小院去的那处墙角，对我的回来竟一时没有反应。待她再次送我出门的时候，她说：“出去活动活动，去地坛看看书，我说这挺好。”许多年以后我才渐渐听出，母亲这话实际上是自我安慰，是暗自的祷告，是给我的提示，是恳求与嘱咐。只是在她猝然去世之后，我才有余暇设想。当我不在家里的那些漫长的时间，她是怎样心神不定坐卧难宁，兼着痛苦与惊恐与一个母亲最低限度的祈求。现在我可以断定，以她的聪慧和坚忍，在那些空落的白天后的黑夜，在那不眠的黑夜后的白天，她思来想去最后准是对自己说：“反正我不能不让他出去，未来的日子是他自己的，如果他真的要在那园子里出了什么事，这苦难也只好我来承担。”在那段日子里——那是好几年长的一段日子，我想我一定使母亲作过了最坏的准备了，但她从来没有对我说过：“你为我想想”。事实上我也真的没为她想过。那时她的儿子，还太年轻，还来不及为母亲想，他被命运击　　昏了头，一心以为自己是世上最不幸的一个，不知道儿子的不幸在母亲那儿总是要加倍的。她有一个长到二十岁上忽然截瘫了的儿子，这是她唯一的儿子；她情愿截瘫的是自己而不是儿子，可这事无法代替；她想，只要儿子能活下去哪怕自己去死呢也行，可她又确信一个人不能仅仅是活着，儿子得有一条路走向自己的幸福；而这条路呢，没有谁能保证她的儿子终于能找到。——这样一个母亲，注定是活得最苦的母亲。　　有一次与一个作家朋友聊天，我问他学写作的最初动机是什么?他想了一会说：“为我母亲。为了让她骄傲。”我心里一惊，良久无言。回想自己最初写小说的动机，虽不似这位朋友的那般单纯，但如他一样的愿望我也有，且一经细想，发现这愿望也在全部动机中占了很大比重。这位朋友说：“我的动机太低俗了吧?”我光是摇头，心想低俗并不见得低俗，只怕是这愿望过于天真了。他又说：“我那时真就是想出名，出了名让别人羡慕我母亲。”我想，他比我坦率。我想，他又比我幸福，因为他的母亲还活着。而且我想，他的母亲也比我的母亲运气好，他的母亲没有一个双腿残废的儿子，否则事情就不这么简单。　　在我的头一篇小说发表的时候，在我的小说第一次获奖的那些日子里，我真是多么希望我的母亲还活着。我便又不能在家里呆了，又整天整天独自跑到地坛去，心里是没头没尾的沉郁和哀怨，走遍整个园子却怎么也想不通：母亲为什么就不能再多活两年?为什么在她儿子就快要碰撞开一条路的时候，她却忽然熬不住了?莫非她来此世上只是为了替儿子担忧，却不该分享我的一点点快乐?她匆匆离我去时才只有四十九呀!有那么一会，我甚至对世界对上帝充满了仇恨和厌恶。后来我在一篇题为“合欢树”的文章中写道：“我坐在小公园安静的树林里，闭上眼睛，想，上帝为什么早早地召母亲回去呢?很久很久，迷迷糊溯的我听见了回答：‘她心里太苦了，上帝看她受不住了，就召她回去。"我似乎得了一点安慰，睁开眼睛，看见风正从树林里穿过。”小公园，指的也是地坛。　　只是到了这时候，纷纭的往事才在我眼前幻现得清晰，母亲的苦难与伟大才在我心中渗透得深彻。上帝的考虑，也许是对的。　　摇着轮椅在园中慢慢走，又是雾罩的清晨，又是骄阳高悬的白昼，我只想着一件事：母亲已经不在了。在老柏树旁停下，在草地上在颓墙边停下，又是处处虫鸣的午后，又是乌儿归巢的傍晚，我心里只默念着一句话：可是母亲已经不在了。把椅背放倒，躺下，似睡非睡挨到日没，坐起来，心神恍惚，呆呆地直坐到古祭坛上落满黑暗然后再渐渐浮起月光，心里才有点明白，母亲不能再来这园中找我了。　　曾有过好多回，我在这园子里呆得太久了，母亲就来找我。她来找我又不想让我发觉，只要见我还好好地在这园子里，她就悄悄转身回去，我看见过几次她的背影。我也看见过几回她四处张望的情景，她视力不好，端着眼镜像在寻找海上的一条船，她没看见我时我已经看见她了，待我看见她也看见我了我就不去看她，过一会我再抬头看她就又看见她缓缓离去的背影。我单是无法知道有多少回她没有找到我。有一回我坐在矮树丛中，树丛很密，我看见她没有找到我；她一个人在园子里走，走过我的身旁，走过我经常呆的一些地方，步履茫然又急迫。我不知道她已经找了多久还要找多久，我不知道为什么我决意不喊她——但这绝不是小时候的捉迷藏，这也许是出于长大了的男孩子的倔强或羞涩?但这倔只留给我痛侮，丝毫也没有骄傲。我真想告诫所有长大了的男孩子，千万不要跟母亲来这套倔强，羞涩就更不必，我已经懂了可我已经来不及了。　　儿子想使母亲骄傲，这心情毕竟是太真实了，以致使“想出名”这一声名狼藉的念头也多少改变了一点形象。这是个复杂的问题，且不去管它了罢。随着小说获奖的激动逐日暗淡，我开始相信，至少有一点我是想错了：我用纸笔在报刊上碰撞开的一条路，并不就是母亲盼望我找到的那条路。年年月月我都到这园子里来，年年月月我都要想，母亲盼望我找到的那条路到底是什么。母亲生前没给我留下过什么隽永的哲言，或要我恪守的教诲，只是在她去世之后，她艰难的命运，坚忍的意志和毫不张扬的爱，随光阴流转，在我的印象中愈加鲜明深刻。　　有一年，十月的风又翻动起安详的落叶，我在园中读书，听见两个散步的老人说：“没想到这园子有这么大。”我放下书，想，这么大一座园子，要在其中找到她的儿子，母亲走过了多少焦灼的路。多年来我头一次意识到，这园中不单是处处都有过我的车辙，有过我的车辙的地万也都有过母亲的脚印。　　三　　如果以一天中的时间来对应四季，当然春天是早晨，夏天是中午，秋天是黄昏，冬天是夜晚。如果以乐器来对应四季，我想春天应该是小号，夏天是定音鼓，秋天是大提琴，冬天是圆号和长笛。要是以这园子里的声响来对应四季呢?那么，春天是祭坛上空漂浮着的鸽子的哨音，夏天是冗长的蝉歌和杨树叶子哗啦啦地对蝉歌的取笑，秋天是古殿檐头的风铃响，冬天是啄木鸟随意而空旷的啄木声。以园中的景物对应四季，春天是一径时而苍白时而黑润的小路，时而明朗时而阴晦的天上摇荡着串串扬花；夏天是一条条耀眼而灼人的石凳，或阴凉而爬满了青苔的石阶，阶下有果皮，阶上有半张被坐皱的报纸；秋天是一座青铜的大钟，在园子的西北角上曾丢弃着一座很大的铜钟，铜钟与这园子一般年纪，浑身挂满绿锈，文字已不清晰；冬天，是林中空地上几只羽毛蓬松的老麻雀。以心绪对应四季呢?春天是卧病的季节，否则人们不易发觉春天的残忍与渴望；夏天，情人们应该在这个季节里失恋，不然就似乎对不起爱情；秋天是从外面买一棵盆花回家的时候，把花搁在阔别了的家中，并且打开窗户把阳光也放进屋里，慢慢回忆慢慢整理一些发过霉的东西；冬天伴着火炉和书，一；遍遍坚定不死的决心，写一些并不发出的信。还可以用艺术形式对应四季，这样春天就是一幅画，夏天是一部长篇小说，秋天是一首短歌或诗，冬天是一群雕塑。以梦呢?以梦对应四季呢?春天是树尖上的呼喊，夏天是呼喊中的细雨，秋天是细雨中的土地，冬天是干净的土地上的一只孤零的烟斗。　　　　四　　现在让我想想，十五年中坚持到这园子来的人都是谁呢?好像只剩了我和一对老人。　　十五年前，这对老人还只能算是中年夫妇，我则货真价实还是个青年。他们总是在薄暮时分来园中散步，我不大弄得清他们是从哪边的园门进来，一般来说他们是逆时针绕这园子走。男人个子很高，肩宽腿长，走起路来目不斜视，胯以上直至脖颈挺直不动；他的妻子攀了他一条胳膊走，也不能使他的上身稍有松懈。女人个子却矮，也不算漂亮，我无端地相信她必出身于家道中衰的名门富族；她攀在丈夫胳膊上像个娇弱的孩子，她向四周观望似总含着恐惧，她轻声与丈夫谈话，见有人走近就立刻怯怯地收住话头。我有时因为他们而想起冉阿让与柯赛特，但这想法并不巩固，他们一望即知是老夫老妻。两个人的穿着都算得上考究，但由于时代的演进，他们的服饰又可以称为古朴了。他们和我一样，到这园子里来几乎是风雨无阻，不过他们比我守时。我什么时间都可能来，他们则一定是在暮色初临的时候。刮风时他们穿了米色风衣，下雨时他们打了黑色的雨伞，夏天他们的衬衫是白色的裤子是黑色的或米色的，冬天他们的呢子大衣又都是黑色的，想必他们只喜欢这三种颜色。他们逆时针绕这园子一周，然后离去。他们走过我身旁时只有男人的脚步响，女人像是贴在高大的丈夫身上跟着漂移。我相信他们一定对我有印象，但是我们没有说过话，我们互相都没有想要接近的表示。十五年中，他们或许注意到一个小伙子进入了中年，我则看着一对令人羡慕的中年情侣不觉中成了两个老人。　　曾有过一个热爱唱歌的小伙子，他也是每天都到这园中来，来唱歌，唱了好多年，后来不见了。他的年纪与我相仿，他多半是早晨来，唱半小时或整整唱一个上午，估计在另外的时间里他还得上班。我们经常在祭坛东侧的小路上相遇，我知道他是到东南角的高墙下去唱歌，他一定猜想我去东北角的树林里做什么。我找到我的地方，抽几口烟，便听见他谨慎地整理歌喉了。他反反复复唱那么几首歌。文化革命没过去的时侯，他唱“蓝蓝的天上白云飘，白云下面马儿跑……”我老也记不住这歌的名字。文革后，他唱《货郎与小姐》中那首最为流传的咏叹调。“卖布——卖布嘞，卖布——卖布嘞！”我记得这开头的一句他唱得很有声势，在早晨清澈的空气中，货郎跑遍园中的每一个角落去恭维小姐。“我交了好运气，我交了好运气，我为幸福唱歌曲……”然后他就一遍一遍地唱，不让货郎的激情稍减。依我听来，他的技术不算精到，在关键的地方常出差错，但他的嗓子是相当不坏的，而且唱一个上午也听不出一点疲惫。太阳也不疲惫，把大树的影子缩小成一团，把疏忽大意的蚯蚓晒干在小路上，将近中午，我们又在祭坛东侧相遇，他看一看我，我看一看他，他往北去，我往南去。日子久了，我感到我们都有结识的愿望，但似乎都不知如何开口，于是互相注视一下终又都移开目光擦身而过；这样的次数一多,便更不知如何开口了。终于有一天——一个丝毫没有特点的日子，我们互相点了一下头。他说：你好。”我说：“你好。”他说：“回去啦?”我说：“是，你呢?”他说：“我也该回去了。”我们都放慢脚步(其实我是放慢车速)，想再多说几句，但仍然是不知从何说起，这样我们就都走过了对方，又都扭转身子面向对方。他说：“那就再见吧。”我说：“好，再见。”便互相笑笑各走各的路了。但是我们没有再见，那以后，园中再没了他的歌声，我才想到，那天他或许是有意与我道别的，也许他考上了哪家专业文文工团或歌舞团了吧?真希望他如他歌里所唱的那样，交了好运气。　　还有一些人，我还能想起一些常到这园子里来的人。有一个老头，算得一个真正的饮者；他在腰间挂一个扁瓷瓶，瓶里当然装满了酒，常来这园中消磨午后的时光。他在园中四处游逛，如果你不注意你会以为园中有好几个这样的老头，等你看过了他卓尔不群的饮酒情状，你就会相信这是个独一无二的老头。他的衣着过分随便，走路的姿态也不慎重，走上五六十米路便选定一处地方，一只脚踏在石凳上或土埂上或树墩上，解下腰间的酒瓶，解酒瓶的当儿迷起眼睛把一百八十度视角内的景物细细看一遭，然后以迅雷不及掩耳之势倒一大口酒入肚，把酒瓶摇一摇再挂向腰间，平心静气地想一会什么，便走下一个五六十米去。还有一个捕鸟的汉子，那岁月园中人少，鸟却多，他在西北角的树丛中拉一张网，鸟撞在上面，羽毛戗在网眼里便不能自拔。他单等一种过去很多面现在非常罕见的鸟，其它的鸟撞在网上他就把它们摘下来放掉，他说已经有好多年没等到那种罕见的鸟，他说他再等一年看看到底还有没有那种鸟，结果他又等了好多年。早晨和傍晚，在这园子里可以看见一个中年女工程师；早晨她从北向南穿过这园子去上班，傍晚她从南向北穿过这园子回家。事实上我并不了解她的职业或者学历，但我以为她必是学理工的知识分子，别样的人很难有她那般的素朴并优雅。当她在园子穿行的时刻，四周的树林也仿拂更加幽静，清淡的日光中竟似有悠远的琴声，比如说是那曲《献给艾丽丝》才好。我没有见过她的丈夫，没有见过那个幸运的男人是什么样子，我想象过却想象不出，后来忽然懂了想象不出才好，那个男人最好不要出现。她走出北门回家去。我竟有点担心，担心她会落入厨房，不过，也许她在厨房里劳作的情景更有另外的美吧，当然不能再是《献给艾丽丝》，是个什么曲子呢?还有一个人，是我的朋友，他是个最有天赋的长跑家，但他被埋没了。他因为在文革中出言不慎而坐了几年牢，出来后好不容易找了个拉板车的工作，样样待遇都不能与别人平等，苦闷极了便练习长跑。那时他总来这园子里跑，我用手表为他计时。他每跑一圈向我招下手，我就记下一个时间。每次他要环绕这园子跑二十圈，大约两万米。他盼望以他的长跑成绩来获得政治上真正的解放，他以为记者的镜头和文字可以帮他做到这一点。第一年他在春节环城赛上跑了第十五名，他看见前十名的照片都挂在了长安街的新闻橱窗里，于是有了信心。第二年他跑了第四名，可是新闻橱窗里只挂了前三名的照片，他没灰心。第三年他跑了第七名、橱窗里挂前六名的照片，他有点怨自已。第四年他跑了第三名，橱窗里却只挂了第一名的照片。第五年他跑了第一名——他几乎绝望了，橱窗里只有一幅环城容群众场面的照片。那些年我们俩常一起在这园子里呆到天黑，开怀痛骂，骂完沉默著回家，分手时再互相叮嘱：先别去死，再试着活一活看。现在他已经不跑了，年岁太大了，跑不了那么快了。最后一次参加环城赛，他以三十八岁之龄又得了第一名并破了纪录，有一位专业队的教练对他说：“我要是十年前发现你就好了。”他苦笑一下什么也没说，只在傍晚又来这园中找到我，把这事平静地向我叙说一遍。不见他已有好几年了，现在他和妻子和儿子住在很远的地方。　　这些人现在都不到园子里来了，园子里差不多完全换了—批新人。十五年前的旧人，现在就剩我和那对老夫老妻了。有那么一段时间，这老夫老妻中的一个也忽然不来，薄暮时分唯男人独自来散步，步态也明显迟缓了许多，我悬心了很久，怕是那女人出了什么事。幸好过了一个冬天那女人又来了，两个人仍是逆时针绕着园子定，一长一短两个身影恰似钟表的两支指针；女人的头发白了许多，但依旧攀着丈夫的胳膊走得像个孩子。“攀”这个字用得不恰当了，或许可以用“搀”吧，不知有没有兼具这两个意思的字。　　五　　我也没有忘记一个孩子——一个漂亮而不幸的小姑娘。十五年前的那个下午，我第一次到这园子里来就看见了她，那时她大约三岁，蹲在斋宫西边的小路上捡树上掉落的“小灯笼”。那儿有几棵大梨树，春天开一簇簇细小而稠密的黄花，花落了便结出无数如同三片叶子合抱的小灯笼，小灯笼先是绿色，继尔转白，再变黄，成熟了掉落得满地都是。小灯笼精巧得令人爱惜，成年人也不免捡了一个还要捡一个。小姑娘咿咿呀呀地跟自己说着话，一边捡小灯笼；她的嗓音很好，不是她那个年龄所常有的那般尖细，而是很圆润甚或是厚重，也许是因为那个下午园子里太安静了。我奇怪这么小的孩子怎么一个人跑来这园子里?我问她住在哪儿?她随便指一下，就喊她的哥哥，沿墙根一带的茂草之中便站起一个七八岁的男孩，朝我望望，看我不像坏人便对他的妹妹说：“我在这儿呢”，又伏下身去，他在捉什么虫子。他捉到螳螂，蚂蚱，知了和蜻蜒，来取悦他的妹妹。有那么两三年，我经常在那几棵大梨树下见到他们，兄妹俩总是在一起玩，玩得和睦融洽，都渐渐长大了些。之后有很多年没见到他们。我想他们都在学校里吧，小姑娘也到了上学的年龄，必是告别了孩提时光，没有很多机会来这儿玩了。这事很正常，没理由太搁在心上，若不是有一年我又在园中见到他们，肯定就会慢慢把他们忘记。　　那是个礼拜日的上午。那是个晴朗而令人心碎的上午，时隔多年，我竟发现那个漂亮的小姑娘原来是个弱智的孩子。我摇着车到那几棵大栾树下去，恰又是遍地落满了小灯笼的季节；当时我正为一篇小说的结尾所苦，既不知为什么要给它那样一个结尾，又不知何以忽然不想让它有那样一个结尾，于是从家里跑出来，想依靠着园中的镇静，看看是否应该把那篇小说放弃。我刚刚把车停下，就见前面不远处有几个人在戏耍一个少女，作出怪样子来吓她，又喊又笑地追逐她拦截她，少女在几棵大树间惊惶地东跑西躲，却不松手揪卷在怀里的裙裾，两条腿袒露着也似毫无察觉。我看出少女的智力是有些缺陷，却还没看出她是谁。我正要驱车上前为少女解围，就见远处飞快地骑车来了个小伙子，于是那几个戏耍少女的家伙望风而逃。小伙子把自行车支在少女近旁，怒目望着那几个四散逃窜的家伙，一声不吭喘着粗气。脸色如暴雨前的天空一样一会比一会苍白。这时我认出了他们，小伙子和少女就是当年那对小兄妹。我几乎是在心里惊叫了一声，或者是哀号。世上的事常常使上帝的居心变得可疑。小伙子向他的妹妹走去。少女松开了手，裙裾随之垂落了下来，很多很多她捡的小灯笼便洒落了一地，铺散在她脚下。她仍然算得漂亮，但双眸迟滞没有光彩。她呆呆地望那群跑散的家伙，望着极目之处的空寂，凭她的智力绝不可能把这个世界想明白吧?大树下，破碎的阳光星星点点，风把遍地的小灯笼吹得滚动，仿佛暗哑地响着无数小铃挡。哥哥把妹妹扶上自行车后座，带着她无言地回家去了。　　无言是对的。要是上帝把漂亮和弱智这两样东西都给了这个小姑娘，就只有无言和回家去是对的。　　谁又能把这世界想个明白呢?世上的很多事是不堪说的。你可以抱怨上帝何以要降请多苦难给这人间，你也可以为消灭种种苦难而奋斗，并为此享有崇高与骄傲，但只要你再多想一步你就会坠人深深的迷茫了：假如世界上没有了苦难，世界还能够存在么?要是没有愚钝，机智还有什么光荣呢?要是没了丑陋，漂亮又怎么维系自己的幸运?要是没有了恶劣和卑下，善良与高尚又将如何界定自己又如何成为美德呢?要是没有了残疾，健全会否因其司空见惯而变得腻烦和乏味呢?我常梦想着在人间彻底消灭残疾，但可以相信，那时将由患病者代替残疾人去承担同样的苦难。如果能够把疾病也全数消灭，那么这份苦难又将由(比如说)像貌丑陋的人去承担了。就算我们连丑陋，连愚昧和卑鄙和一切我们所不喜欢的事物和行为，也都可以统统消灭掉，所有的人都一样健康、漂亮、聪慧、高尚，结果会怎样呢?怕是人间的剧目就全要收场了，一个失去差别的世界将是一条死水，是一块没有感觉没有肥力的沙漠。　　看来差别永远是要有的。看来就只好接受苦难——人类的全部剧目需要它，存在的本身需要它。看来上帝又一次对了。　　于是就有一个最令人绝望的结论等在这里：由谁去充任那些苦难的角色？又有谁去体现这世间的幸福，骄傲和快乐?只好听凭偶然，是没有道理好讲的。　　就命运而言，休论公道。　　那么，一切不幸命运的救赎之路在哪里呢?　　设若智慧的悟性可以引领我们去找到救赎之路，难道所有的人都能够获得这样的智慧和悟性吗?　　我常以为是丑女造就了美人。我常以为是愚氓举出了智者。我常以为是懦夫衬照了英雄。我常以为是众生度化了佛祖。　　

MaydayMayday or Wu Yue Tian, is a Chinese rock band that originatedin the late 1990s but has since become one of the biggest rock bands to hitTaiwan pop culture. As one of Taiwan"s million-selling rock artists, they havereceived a range of accolades as well as moving records all over the world.They are locally regarded as the best rock band after Beyond,a popular rock band that is based in Hong Kong. Mayday"s songs resonate greatlywith many Taiwanese youths who can identify with their themes of love, worldpeace and growing up. They are also influenced by The Beatles, which is theirfavourite group whom they aspire to be like.Their music has the unique ability to bring the listener tohis feet or move the listener to tears. They sing songs mostly in Taiwanese andChinese although some fans profess that their Taiwanese songs are moreemotional and touching. Unlike some rock bands, they also project a clean andhealthy image and have never been seen smashing musical instruments wilfully,drinking or gambling. Mayday represent the zeigeist of the Taiwanese andChinese youth who identify with the band"s themes of innocence, childhood,dreams, aspirations, loneliness and determination. At the same time, the band"sunique outlook on life has attracted many fans who find their views refreshing.Mayday"s songs are written mostlyin Mandarin with some TaiwaneseHokkien tracks by Ashin, who speaks fluent Hokkien in additionto Mandarin. They are popular for their student band roots, and their abilityin capturing the zeitgeist of Taiwanese youth in the mid to late 1990s.They are often cited as one of the pioneers of rock music inTaiwan.Mayday"s early style of music wascharacterised by raw music production that tended towards Hokkien garage rock tunes. They were also vocaladvocates on the issue of gay rights, with several songs making obliquereferences to the issue.As they gained popularity however,the band gradually shed its hard-edged sound and moved towards slickerproduction and sprawling anthemic songs.Earlier lyrics written by Ashincentred around themes of teenage angst and growing up. However, in recentalbums, Ashin has alluded to several cultural icons notably the Chinese mythical monkey-god Sun Wu-Kong, Mickey Mouse, Superman, Neil Armstrong and Che Guevara. Ashin hasalso cited movies and novels as inspiration for his songs including "VivaLove"which was inspired by avant-garde Taiwanese director TsaiMing Liang"s 1994 movie, Vive L"Amour and the song "Armour"which was influenced by a Chinese dramaand Haruki Murakami"s novel, Kafka On the Shore.Mayday hasmade no secret of its admiration of the Beatles whom they cite as influencingtheir ideals of rock music.The eighth track of their fifth album has a trackcalled John Lennon where the band espouses its dreams to become the"Beatles of the Chinese World". Other diverse musical influencesinclude the Irish band U2, the British band Oasis, the Japanese pop musicartists Mr. Children, Sting as well as the Taiwaneserocker Wu Bai and China Blue.On his ownas a songwriter and lyricist, Ashin has helped Leehom Wangwrite lyricsfor a couple of songs in his Heroes of the Earthand 18 Martial Arts albums. He hasalso written for various other artistes including Fish Leong, Aska Yang on the song Onion, AngelicaLee, Jolin Tsai, Sandee Chen, Riche Ren, Della, Alien Huang and Jam Hsiaoon the song Loving Dearly. Also, he composed the song SHERO specially for S.H.E, which was chosen as the theme songfor the 2010 Taipei Flora Expo. Vocals-wise, he has collaborated withStefanie Sun twice on Mayday"s 4th albumTime Machine and on the upbeat track First Day which also included F.I.R. He has also dueted with Cheer Chen on the song "Eloping to theMoon." In 2008, he dueted with Della on her album “What I loved” and starred inher music video. A visual arts and design student in high school and at ShihCheng University, Ashin has also dabbled in the design area, working notablywith graphic designer No2goodon a line of T-shirts by the name of Stay Real and designinga dogtag player for BenQ Music"s Player. As an author, Ashin has released twobooks called Happy.BIRTH.day which he called a "book of rock poems".It includes photos taken by him and lyrics of the songs he wrote for the bandthe other artists. His latest book Escape to Japan, which is a traveloguereflection on Japan.The othermembers of Mayday have also worked with other artistes mainly in the areas ofsongwriting and producing. Masa and Monster have helped with songwriting andinstrument playing duties on tracks by fellow Rock Records artistes Fish Leong, Victor Huang and Ding Dang. Both Monsterand Stone have also produced albums, notably Monster for Ding Dang"s debutalbum and Stone for Victor Huang"s 2007 album.

trend是趋势fashion是时尚流行fad是一时的风尚兴趣或许fad和fashion稍微有点像，可trend的意思就完全有别于其他两个单词了~

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The game still half an hour, dressed in a white unlined upper garment of yi finally dedicated following stadium, but he didn"t immediately into the stadium, but "hide" in the lounge."For everything here is so familiar, fans still so enthusiastic, former brother is not much change." For three seasons in the NBA has the yi still some introverted, "this is my first time to go home after the NBA as brothers,NBA Jersey, I think they will win." Yi is in the late 17th in following due to jet lag, yesterday, he had the day, until 5 p.m. to get more dinner.Although in the United States in the NBA, but united have been concerned about the domestic CBA league. &quot,NFL jerseys On Sale;When I return in Shanghai, I was a text is confident they can enter the final." Yi said.When the steps, yi from tunnel into the ground, he immediately caused the arrival of the fans warm applause and cheers. All eyes were focused on yi, photographic camera on the correspondents clap him incessantly,Yi to donate NBA Jersey 20 million yushu disaster, to close contact with yi, individual excited fans rushed into renamed. Standing in the past, yi to nod frequently.Of course,cheap jerseys for sale, dongguan stadium back, yi is not just before the ball so simple, more important task he -- to qinghai earthquake donation of RMB 20 yushu. When he put the cheque to the dongguan charity federation representative, site again into warm applause. In addition, the tigers LiuHong club manager"s representative to the club in yushu earthquake donation of 20 million yuan. The LiuLinHong representative office director to yushu earthquake donation group of 30 million yuan.During the semi-finals, tigers and Shanghai joint initiative, as long as the club into a game 3, southwest to donate $1,000. Mainly The semi-finals, south during the total into the 41 written 3-pointers. Finally the donation will be added to the club and to 50,000 dongguan charity federation.

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宝岛的真实故事一直以来宝岛都被认为是罗伯特。路易斯。斯蒂芬孙想象的产物。然而，近来的研究却发现了这项激动人心作品的真实故事。斯蒂芬孙，一位苏格兰人，在国外居住多年。1881年，带着美国人妻子芬尼和儿子罗伊德，他回到苏格兰度假。每天早上斯蒂芬孙都会带他们到山上散步，几天来他们一直都乐于此事，直到天气突然变糟。一直被大雨困在室内，罗伊德觉得日子极其乏味。为了使儿子快乐，罗伯特就让他画画。一天早上，小男孩带着一幅有着岛屿的好看地图去找罗伯特。罗伯特发现小男孩在岛屿中间画了一个大十字。“那是什么？”他问道。“那是埋藏的宝藏。”小男孩说道。罗伯特突然间在儿子的画中看见某些类似冒险故事的东西。雨还在下，罗伯特坐在火堆旁写了一个故事。他把主人公塑造为一个就像罗伊德一样的12岁男孩，但是谁会成为海盗呢？罗伯特有一个叫亨利的好友，靠着一个木制假肢行走。罗伯特一直想在故事中加一个这样的人。于是，隆。约翰。西尔万。有着木制假肢的海盗诞生了。因此，多亏了在苏格兰9月的那场雨，一个有木制假肢的朋友，以及一个12岁男孩的想象力。我们有了一本英语中最伟大的冒险故事。自己翻译的 凑合着用吧

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PERSONAL DETAILS 个人介绍 Name: Lionel Andrés Messi 里奥内尔 ~~ 梅西 Position: forward 前锋 Place of birth: Santa Fe (Argentina) 阿根廷的某个地方 Date: 24-06-1987 1987年六月二十四日 Heignt: 1"69 身高 1.69米 Weight: 67 体重 67公斤 Statistics 07/08 Lionel Andrés Messi This Argentinian striker"s footballing career started in 1995 at Newell"s Old Boys, where he played until the year 2000. At the age of 13, Lionel Messi crossed the Atlantic to try his luck in Barcelona, and joined the Under 14s. 这位阿根廷射手的足球生涯是从1995年的newell old boys足球俱乐部开始的，他在那里效力了五年。在梅西13岁的时候，他横跨大西洋到巴塞罗那试试运气，后来他加入了14岁以下的青训队 Messi made spectacular progress at each of the different age levels, climbing through the ranks of the different youth teams and then Bar04a C, followed by Bar04a B and the first team in record time.梅西在不同的年龄水平中取得惊人的进步，从青年队到C队，从C队到B队，从B对来到一线队在短时间内~ In the 2003-2004 season, when he was still only 16, Messi made his first team debut in a friendly with Porto that marked the opening of the new Dragao stadium. The following championship-winning season, Messi made his first appearance in an official match on October 16, 2004, in Barcelona"s derby win against Espanyol at the Olympic Stadium (0-1).在03-04赛季，只有16岁的梅西在巴塞罗那与porto友谊赛中上演自己的处子秀。他在正式比赛首次上场是在04年欧冠，10月16号在奥林匹亚体育馆，巴塞罗那与西班牙人的巴塞罗纳德比的比赛中 With several first team players seriously injured, the services of several reserve team players were called upon, and Messi became a regular feature of Bar04a squads. On May 1, 2005, he became the youngest player ever to score a league goal for FC Barcelona - against Albacete when Messi was only 17 years, 10 months and 7 days old. That record would eventually be beaten by Bojan.随着几位一队队员严重受伤，几位预备队的球员来到了1队，梅西成为了正式巴萨的一名球员~在2005年5月1号，对Albacete 他成为巴萨进球史上最为年轻的球员~~当时他只有17岁零10个月零7天大，现在这项纪录已被Bojan打破~~~ At the Under 20 World Cup in Holland, Messi not only won the title with Argentina, but was also the leading goalscorer and was voted best player in the tournament. Aged 18 years, he had become one of the hottest properties in the world game. Shortly after, he made his first full international appearance in a friendly against Hungary.在荷兰U20世青赛中，他不仅带领阿根廷赢得冠军，还凭借着他的进球，被评为最佳球员。年仅18岁就成为最热的球星之一，不久后他第一次代表国家队上场与匈牙利进行友谊赛。 His breakthrough as a player came in the 2005-06 season, starting with an amazing performance in the Joan Gamper Trophy match against Juventus. He was also outstanding at the Santiago Bernabéu, in Barcelona"s unforgettable 3-0 win, and also at Stamford Bridge, in the Champions League match against Chelsea. Injury kept him sidelined for much of the latter stage of the season. Messi played a total of 17 league games, 6 in the Champions League and 2 in the Copa del Rey. Messi scored eight goals.他作为一名球员来到05-06赛季的重大突破,是在xxx锦标赛对阵尤文图斯，上令人惊讶的表演开始的。他在的Santiago Bernabéu，在巴萨令人难忘的3-0的的比赛中和欧冠中在斯坦福对阵切尔西中都有突出的表现。伤病使他在这赛季中经常坐板凳~~。梅西总共上场17场比赛，6场是欧冠的，2场是Copa del Rey。他的总进球数为8 CHARACTERISTICS Messi is an unusual player. He is highly creative, and has the skills to take on defenders with ease. He is a versatile left-footed player who can play either in the middle or on either wing, or even as a centre forward.梅西是个不同寻常的球员。他难以预测，他所具有的即时可以使他轻松面对后卫们。他不仅可以当左边锋，他还可以打中路或者是边路，甚至是中锋~~ Although he is quite short, he is so fast and physically strong that he can cope with larger opponents. He is incredibly powerful, and a specialist in such dead ball situations as corners, free kicks and penalties.虽然他很矮，但是他跑起来很快，身体上的强壮使他可以很对手抗衡。他有着不可相信的能量，在角球、定位球和点球上算得上专家 Leo Messi is cool-headed and able to assume several responsibilities in times of need. He is a player who is destined to have a very successful career in football.里奥梅西有着冷静理智的头脑，能够在需要的时候承担很大的责任~。他是一个命中注定将在足球生涯中获得成功的球员。

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